JP2008259229A - 符号化装置 - Google Patents
符号化装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2008259229A JP2008259229A JP2008126503A JP2008126503A JP2008259229A JP 2008259229 A JP2008259229 A JP 2008259229A JP 2008126503 A JP2008126503 A JP 2008126503A JP 2008126503 A JP2008126503 A JP 2008126503A JP 2008259229 A JP2008259229 A JP 2008259229A
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- H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
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- H04N21/234318—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs involving reformatting operations of video signals for distribution or compliance with end-user requests or end-user device requirements by decomposing into objects, e.g. MPEG-4 objects
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Abstract
【解決手段】シーンの変化があったとき、連続する2枚のイントラコード化されたフレームを自動的に挿入することにより、一方のフレームが失われても一方のフレームで復元できるようにする。
【選択図】図1B
Description
本出願文書の開示の一部に、著作権保護の対象となる資料が含まれている。著作権所有者は、特許商標庁の特許ファイル又は記録として、誰が特許文書又は特許開示のファクシミリ複製を行おうと異存はないが、それ以外では、いかなる形であれ全ての著作権を留保する。
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N2501, November 1998、及び“Coding
of Audio-Visual Objects: Visual”14496-2、ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N2502, November 1998で定義されており、またMPEG−4ビデオ検証モデルは、“MPEG-4 Video Verification Model 17.0”ISO/IEC
JTC1/SC29/WG11 N3515, Beijing、China、July 2000で定義されている。
114、ラップトップコンピュータ116、及び/又はデスクトップコンピュータ118に組み込むこともできる。コンピュータ102はさらに、キーボード、マウス、トラックボール、タッチパッド、又はタッチスクリーンなどの入力装置、及びコンピュータ画面、プリンタ、スピーカーなどの出力装置、又は既存又は今後開発されるその他の入力装置を備えることができる。
Windows(登録商標)3.1、Microsoft(登録商標) Windows(登録商標)95、Microsoft(登録商標) Windows(登録商標)98、Microsoft(登録商標)
Windows(登録商標)NT、Microsoft(登録商標) Windows(登録商標)2000、Microsoft(登録商標) Windows(登録商標)Me、Microsoft(登録商標)
Windows(登録商標)XP、Apples(登録商標)MacOS(登録商標)、IBM(登録商標)OS/2(登録商標)、Microsoft(登録商標) Windows(登録商標)CE、又はPalm
OS(登録商標)などの適切なオペレーティングシステムを実行する。従来のように、適切なオペレーティングシステムは、無線ネットワークを含むネットワーク上で受け渡される全ての着信及び送信メッセージトラフィックを処理する、通信プロトコル実装を備えると都合がよい。他の実施の形態では、オペレーティングシステムはコンピュータの種類によって異なることもあるが、オペレーティングシステムは、ネットワークとの通信リンクを確立するために必要な適切な通信プロトコルを提供し続ける。
VOPなどのVOP、又はピクチャを含むこともできる。同様に、VOPという用語は、本明細書で使用しているように、フレームを意味する場合もある。MPEG−4では、VOPは、ビデオオブジェクトプレーンのグループ(GOV)として構造化することができる。MPEG−2の用語を使うと、フレーム又はピクチャを、ピクチャのグループ(GOP)に配列できるということである。わかりやすくするため、本明細書で使用している「シーン」という用語は、GOV又はGOPをも意味し、またその逆にGOV又はGOPはシーンを意味する。
k=5、及び
元のビデオシーケンスのフレームレート=25フレーム/秒(fps)であれば、サブサンプリングされたシーケンスのフレームレート=5fpsである。
Common Intermediate Format(QCIF)フレームサイズに関して正規化された、フレームレートを計算する発見的方程式例である。
[1からソースフレームレートまで]
さらに、適応型フレームスキップを特定のシーンの時間的複雑度に依存しないものとするために、オプションとして重み係数λが、指定されたシーケンス全体の平均RMS又はMADに等しくなるように設定される。
<幅> <高さ> <ソースフレームレート> <ターゲットビットレート> <誤り耐性フラグ>
誤りが全くないか少ない場合に、誤り耐性は低いが視覚的結果に優れる適応型フレームスキップと、誤り耐性に優れるが視覚的結果が劣る固定フレームスキップとを切り替えるために、誤り耐性フラグはユーザーによってセットされる。
Bi=シーンiのビット割当値
B=1つ又は複数のシーンを含むクリップのビット割当値
Nc=クリップのコーディングフレームの数
Ns=クリップ内のシーンの数。通常は、誤り耐性を高める目的で連続するIフレームを含めない場合、Ns=I−VOP(イントラコーディングVOP)の数
Tc=クリップ内のVOPの相当する総数
及び
Tc=Nc+(Ratio_Of_I_to_P−1)*Ns 式9
式8で定義されているように、与えられたシーンのビット割り当ては、シーン内のフレームの総数に基づいており、イントラコーディングフレームは、複数の予測フレームと同等に正規化される。複雑度及び計算のオーバーヘッドを減らすために、このビット割り当て公式の例では、各GOV又はGOPの空間的及び時間的複雑度を考慮しない。別の実施の形態では、十分な計算的及び時間的資源が利用できる場合に、ビット割り当て公式において、時間的及び空間的複雑度を考慮し、GOV毎にさらに理にかなったビット割り当てを行うことができる。
VM R−Qモデル[MPEG4VM]に基づいて、現在のフレームiをコーディングするのに使用されるビット総数をRiとすると、テクスチャビットTi=Ri−Hiは次のように表すことができる。
λ=0
ビット割当値Br(特定の数のGOV又はGOPに対応する与えられた時間枠に対するビット割り当て)=B
初期送信バッファ飽和度β1=Td×R
インデックス1のGOV又はGOPの開始、即ち最初のGOV又はGOP。
R=チャネルレート
F=選択されたフレームレート
N(g)=インデックスgのGOV又はGOP内のフレーム数
λ=バッファ変動と複雑度の要求との間の重み係数
であり、
βg-1+Bt(g)−(R/F)×N(g)<MarginFactor1×βmax
ここで、例えば、MarginFactor1=0.8が、バッファ調整の安全マージン(最大バッファサイズの0.8)となる。
βg=βg-1+Bt(g)−(R/F)×N(g)
残りの割当値Brは次のように調整される。
Br−Bt(g)
プロセス1008は、状態1002に戻り、λの値は0に設定される。次のインデックスg+1のGOV又はGOPの割り当てが実行される。
Bf=λ×(R/F)+(1−λ)×C(g,i)×Bg’/(Cg') 式14
ここで、
Bg’=ランニングビット=(現在のGOPへのビット割り当て−既にコーディングされたフレームに使用されたビット数)
Cg’=ランニング複雑度=(現在のGOPの複雑度−既にコーディングされたフレームの複雑度)
R=ターゲットビットレート
F=フレームレート
一実施の形態では、以下の説明に従ってマクロブロックレベルQP調整906を代わりに実行することができる。シーン及び上記で説明したフレームレベルビット割り当てプロセスでは、安全マージン(例えば最大バッファの0.8)がバッファ調整用に用意される。計算複雑度を低減するために、他の実施の形態では、1パスレート制御を使用して、全てのマクロブロックを同じ量子化パラメータ(QP)で量子化する。QP値は、以下の反復プロセスを使用してフレームレベルレート制御の一部として決定される。
QPli+l=QPi+l.
If Bactual(i)≦1.15*Bt(i)
then if Bactual(i)<0.85*Bt(i)
QPi+l=QPi-1
else QPi+l=QPi.
//QPi+l が有効なQP範囲1〜31にあることを保証するため、以下のクリッピング操作を実行
QPi+l=max(QPi+l,1);
QPi+l=min(QPi+l,31).
しかし、バッファが比較的小さい場合、後述するマクロブロックレベルレート制御プロセスを使用することができる。
QPnext=min(31,INT(QPcur+StepUpPrcnt*QPcur));
Else if(現在のビット使用度<割り当てられたビット割当値*Margin2)
QPnext=max(1,INT (QPcur-StepDwnPrcnt* QPcur));
End If.
ここで、
Margin1は、現在のビット使用度が割り当てられたビット割当値を超えることを許す係数であり、システムが安定化する機会が得られる。例えば、Margin1を1.15に設定することで、現在のビット使用度が割り当てられたビット割当値を15%だけ超えられる。
Margin2は、現在のビット使用度が割り当てられたビット割当値を下回ることを許す係数であり、システムが安定化する機会が得られる。例えば、Margin2を0.85に設定することで、現在のビット使用度が割り当てられたビット割当値を15%だけ下回ることができる。
StepUpPrcntは、量子化パラメータをどれだけ増やすかということに関係する定数である。例えば、StepUpPrcntを0.1に設定することができる。
StepDwnPrcntは、量子化パラメータをどれだけ減らすかということに関係する定数である。例えば、StepDwnPrcntを0.1に設定することができる。
QPI=QPI+StepUp;
Else if(Bact<Margin4*Bass)
QPI=QPI+StepDwn;
End If
ここで、例えば、
Margin3=1.2
Margin4=0.8
StepUp=2
StepDwn=-2
である。
第1のVOPは、要素802、804を含むシーン変化フレームである。したがって、第1のVOP内の全てのマクロブロックが、図8A[a]に示されているように、イントラモードで符号化される。図8A[b]に示されているように、リフレッシュマップは「0」に設定されるが、0はイントラリフレッシュが実行されないことを示し、1はイントラリフレッシュを実行することを示しており、これは第1のVOPが前のVOPを参照せずに符号化されるからである。
第2のVOPはP
VOPとしてインターコーディングされる。要素802、804は、1マクロブロック分下、1ブロック分右に移動している。イントラリフレッシュは、このVOPでは実行されないが、それは、図8A[c]に示されているように、リフレッシュマップ内の全ての値がまだ0であるからである。エンコーダモジュール106Bは、それぞれのマクロブロックの動きを推定する。与えられたマクロブロックのSADがSADthよりも大きい場合、図8A[e]の斜線部に示されているように、与えられたそのマクロブロックは動き領域とみなされ、したがって、リフレッシュマップは、図8A[f]に示されているように更新され、動きマクロブロックに対応するリフレッシュマップエントリは1に設定される。
要素802、804は、さらに1マクロブロック分下、1ブロック分右に移動している。第3のVOPが符号化されると、エンコーダモジュール106Bは図8A[g]で示されているリフレッシュマップを参照する。マクロブロックがイントラリフレッシュされるべきことをリフレッシュマップが示している場合、そのマクロブロックは、図8A[h]で「X」を含むマクロブロックにより示されているように、イントラモードで符号化される。イントラコーディングされたマクロブロックの対応するリフレッシュマップの値が、図8A[i]に示されているように、1だけ減らされる。
この処理は、第3のVOPと実質的に同じである。現在のマクロブロックがリフレッシュマップ内でそれと関連する1を持つ場合、これは、図8A[m]の「X」を含むマクロブロックにより示されているようにイントラモードで符号化される。イントラコーディングされたマクロブロックの対応するリフレッシュマップの値が、図8A[n]に示されているように、1だけ減らされる。
EC=MBQ−MBC
式16
ここで、MBQは誤りのない再構成であり、MBCは単一誤りの再構成である。
EC0=EC
ECh/2=水平半ピクセル動きによる誤り(図8Dのばつ「X」の位置で計算された値)
ECv/2=垂直半ピクセル動きによる誤り(図8Dの菱形の位置で計算された値)
EChv/2=水平及び垂直半ピクセル動きによる誤り(図8Dの正方形の位置で計算された値)
4種類の誤り配列のそれぞれについて、0平均の仮説のもとで誤差分散を近似する対応するエネルギーを計算する。
(式17)
σ2Ec,σ2Ech/2,σ2Ecv/2及びσ2Echv/2
その後、以下の4つの遷移又は強度係数を次のように定義することができる。
γhv/2=γh/2+γv/2+γh/2γv/2 式19
半ピクセル水平及び半ピクセル垂直動きの遷移係数を使用すれば、これによって、半ピクセル水平及び垂直伝搬強度又は遷移係数の計算に要する計算時間を短縮し、リソースを減らすことができる。さらに、伝搬強度は正でなければならない。したがって、負の伝搬強度の結果は丸めるか、又は0に設定される。
D(n)=pσ2EC(n)+qD’(n−1) 式20
ここで、D’(n−1)は、Framen-1からFramenまでの可能な半ピクセル動きを考慮するために遷移係数によって修正されたFramen-1の参照マクロブロックの予想歪みである。Framen-1の参照ブロックに関してこの式を展開し、予想歪みを次のように定義する。
D(n)=pσ2EC(n) 式23
これは、DINTRAとも呼ばれる、マクロブロックの「全イントラモード歪み」を得るために、対応するイントラモード量子化歪みに加える必要がある予想誤り歪みを反映している。
C=D+λR 式24
その後、以下のイントラ/インター決定規則を求める。
・ΔR=0ならばΔD<0
・ΔR>0ならばΔD/ΔR<−λ
・ΔR<0ならばΔD/ΔR>−λ
そうでなければインターモードを選択する。
VLCを使用して、全てのDC係数をコーディングする。さらに、ac_pred_flagを全てのイントラマクロブロックに対して無効にすることができる。これらのオプションは両方とも、構文によって許可され、したがって、標準のデコーダによってサポートされ、送信で誤りが発生した場合でも品質を高められる。このような改善は、PSNRで0.1〜0.2dBのオーダーである。特に、データ分割が有効になっている場合、「INTER
VLC」テーブルとして知られているものを使用して、イントラマクロブロックの各8×8DCTブロックのDC係数を63個のAC DCT係数と一緒にコーディングするか、又は「INTRA
VLC」テーブルとして知られているものを使用して、別々にエンコーディングすることができる。
DCテーブルを使用し、DCデータをAC係数から分離することを意味する。これは、MPEG−4の標準構文要素であり、標準デコーダによってサポートされている。
Claims (15)
- ビデオコーディングコーディング装置であって、
プロセッサ読み取り可能なメモリ内に格納される、第1のフレームをイントラコーディングすることを示す指示を受信するように構成されている第1の命令と、
プロセッサ読み取り可能なメモリ内に格納される、前記指示に少なくとも部分的に応じて、前記第1のフレームをイントラコーディングするように構成されている第2の命令と、
プロセッサ読み取り可能なメモリ内に格納され、前記第1のフレームをイントラコーディングすることを指示した結果として、前記第1のフレームの直後のフレームを自動的にイントラコーディングするように構成されている第3の命令とを有する装置。 - 前記ビデオコーディングコーディング装置が集積回路である請求項8に記載のビデオコーディングコーディング装置。
- 前記ビデオコーディングコーディング装置が携帯電話である請求項1に記載のビデオコーディングコーディング装置。
- 前記ビデオコーディングコーディング装置がデスクトップコンピュータである請求項1に記載のビデオコーディングコーディング装置。
- 前記ビデオコーディング装置がパーソナルデジタルアシスタントである請求項1に記載のビデオコーディング装置。
- 前記第1のフレームがシーン変化フレームである請求項1に記載のビデオコーディング装置。
- 前記第1のフレームをイントラコーディングすることを示す前記指示を格納するために使用されるファイルをさらに有する請求項1に記載のビデオコーディング装置。
- ビデオフレームを符号化する方法であって、
第1のフレームをイントラコーディングする第1の命令を受信するステップと、
前記第1の命令への応答として前記第1のフレームをイントラコーディングするステップと、
前記第1のフレームをイントラコーディングする前記第1の命令の結果として第2のフレームをイントラコーディングするステップとを含む方法。 - 前記イントラコーディングされた第1のフレームと前記イントラコーディングされた次のフレームを送信するステップをさらに含む請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記第1のフレームがシーン変化フレームである請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記第2のフレームに、前記第1の命令がなかった場合にそのフレームのインターコーディングを実行させる活動レベルが設定されている請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記第2のフレームの直後にある第3のフレームを、少なくとも部分的に前記第3のフレームの相対的視覚的動きに基づいて、コーディングするステップをさらに含む請求項8に記載の方法。
- 符号化装置であって、
第1のフレームをイントラコーディングする第1の命令を受信する手段と、
前記第1の命令への応答として前記第1のフレームをイントラコーディングする手段と、
前記第1のフレームをイントラコーディングする前記第1の命令の結果として第2のフレームをイントラコーディングする手段とを備える符号化装置。 - 前記第1のイントラコーディングされたフレームと前記第2のイントラコーディングされたフレームとを供給する手段をさらに備える請求項13に記載の符号化装置。
- 前記符号化装置が集積回路に組み込まれている請求項13に記載の符号化装置。
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