HRP990012A2 - Preparation of a lipid blend and a phospholipid suspension containing the lipid blend - Google Patents
Preparation of a lipid blend and a phospholipid suspension containing the lipid blendInfo
- Publication number
- HRP990012A2 HRP990012A2 HR60/071,332A HRP990012A HRP990012A2 HR P990012 A2 HRP990012 A2 HR P990012A2 HR P990012 A HRP990012 A HR P990012A HR P990012 A2 HRP990012 A2 HR P990012A2
- Authority
- HR
- Croatia
- Prior art keywords
- suspension
- lipid
- lipid mixture
- anhydrous solvent
- mixture
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 180
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 145
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 title claims description 83
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 30
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 90
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical group CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 84
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 68
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 26
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- KILNVBDSWZSGLL-KXQOOQHDSA-N 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC KILNVBDSWZSGLL-KXQOOQHDSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical class [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical group COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- QYSGYZVSCZSLHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N octafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F QYSGYZVSCZSLHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229960004065 perflutren Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940068886 polyethylene glycol 300 Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 15
- SORGEQQSQGNZFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [azido(phenoxy)phosphoryl]oxybenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(=O)(N=[N+]=[N-])OC1=CC=CC=C1 SORGEQQSQGNZFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000008364 bulk solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- -1 fatty acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000008215 water for injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011146 sterile filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003828 vacuum filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- TXLHNFOLHRXMAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-benzylphenoxy)-n,n-diethylethanamine;hydron;chloride Chemical compound Cl.C1=CC(OCCN(CC)CC)=CC=C1CC1=CC=CC=C1 TXLHNFOLHRXMAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002872 contrast media Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002961 echo contrast media Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013020 final formulation Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002390 rotary evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical group [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004102 animal cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000011038 discontinuous diafiltration by volume reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002592 echocardiography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000887 hydrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000013190 lipid storage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012792 lyophilization process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002906 microbiologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011085 pressure filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013341 scale-up Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012285 ultrasound imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
- A61K49/22—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations
- A61K49/222—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, liposomes
- A61K49/226—Solutes, emulsions, suspensions, dispersions, semi-solid forms, e.g. hydrogels
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Liposomes
- A61K9/1277—Processes for preparing; Proliposomes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
- A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/44—Oils, fats or waxes according to two or more groups of A61K47/02-A61K47/42; Natural or modified natural oils, fats or waxes, e.g. castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, montan wax, lignite, shellac, rosin, beeswax or lanolin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
- A61K49/22—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations
- A61K49/222—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, liposomes
- A61K49/227—Liposomes, lipoprotein vesicles, e.g. LDL or HDL lipoproteins, micelles, e.g. phospholipidic or polymeric
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/24—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, nitrogen or sulfur, e.g. cyclomethicone or phospholipids
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Description
Područje izuma
Ovaj se izum odnosi općenito na postupak za pripravu lipidne smjese i jednolične fosfolipidne suspenzije koja se može filtrirati i koja sadrži lipidnu smjesu, a takva suspenzija je koristan agens za kontrast kod ultrazvuka.
Stanje tehnike
Proizvodnja fosfolipidnog, kontrastnog agensa može se podijeliti u slijedeće stupnjeve:
(1) pripravu lipidne smjese;
(2) sastavljanje otopine na veliko, što uključuje hidrataciju i disperziju lipidne smjese u, u biti, vodenom mediju, da se proizvede lipidna suspenzija;
(3) filtraciju otopine na veliko kroz sterilizirajući(e) filter(e) da se dobije suspenzija bez mikrobioloških zagađivača;
(4) raspodjeljivanje sterilne suspenzije u individualne bočice za lijekove u kontroliranom aseptičkom prostoru; stavljanje bočica s raspodijeljenom suspenzijom u komoru za liofilizaciju, da se plin u gornjem prostoru bočice nadomjesti plinom perfluorpropanom (PFP);
(5) prenošenje začepljenih bočica nakon izmjene plina u autoklav za krajnju sterilizaciju. U ovom su procesu tri glavne zapreke:
(1) ujednačenost lipidne smjese;
(2) hidratacija lipidne smjese;
(3) ujednačenost i veličina zrna suspenzije; i,
(4) sterilna filtracija suspenzije kroz sterilizirajući(e) filter(e).
Fosfolipidne smjese se tipično proizvode otapanjem ili suspendiranjem potrebnih lipida u odgovarajućem vodenom ili bezvodnom sistemu otapala, a zatim smanjivanjem volumena ili liofilizacijom ili destilacijom. Idealno, ovaj postupak proizvodi izmiješanu krutinu velike ujednačenosti i čistoće. Međutim, dok je to dobro za rad u malom, laboratorijskom mjerilu, ovaj jednostavan pristup je često problematičan kod povećanog mjerila za količine industrijskog mjerila. Poteškoće uključuju: (1) održavanje dovoljne jednoličnosti u stupnju uklanjanja otapala (radi različitih topivosti); (2) održavanje čistoće (često je to problem ako se koristi voda, radi hidrolitičkih nusreakcija); (3) povećanje čistoće; (4) smanjivanje volumena otapala; i (5) vađenje konačne krutine (npr., nije praktično strugati krutinu iz velikog reaktora).
Nakon proizvodnje lipidne smjese, konačno miješanje tipično uključuje uvođenje smjese u vodeni medij. Budući da su fosfolipidi hidrofobni i nisu lako topivi u vodi, dodavanje fosfolipida ili lipidne smjese izravno u vodenu otopinu uzrokuje agregaciju lipidnog praha uz stvaranje gruda koje se vrlo teško dispergiraju. Prema tome, proces hidratacije ne može se kontrolirati unutar prihvatljivog procesnog vremena. Izravna hidratacija fosfolipida ili lipidne smjese u vodenom mediju proizvodi zamućenu suspenziju s česticama koje se kreću od 0,6 μm do 100 μm. Radi raspodjele relativno velikih čestica po veličini, suspenzija se ne može filtrirati kod temperature okoline kada je temperatura otopine suspenzije ispod temperature prijelaza lipida iz gela u tekuću kristaliničnu fazu. Lipidi bi se nakupljali u filtrima uzrokujući ograničenje brzine strujanja, a u većini slučajeva, filtri bi se potpuno blokirali kratko nakon toga. Daljnje smanjenje veličine čestica suspenzije ne može se postići uobičajenim postupkom šaržiranja, čak nakon produljenog miješanja (npr., 6 sati) kod povišene temperature (npr., 40ºC do 80ºC) s uobičajeno korištenim brodskim propelerom.
Premda je moguća filtracija kod povišene temperature, tj., iznad temperature faznog prijelaza lipida, bit će još isključena značajna količina velikih lipidnih čestica kada se koristi normalan tlak za filtriranje. Tako bi koncentracije sterilnog filtrata imale različiti sadržaj lipida od šarže do šarže, ovisno o tome kako se lipidi na početku hidratiziraju, što je opet sa svoje strane određeno fizikalnim karakteristikama, npr., morfologijom, početnih tvari.
Ovaj postupak izravne hidratacije lipida ili lipidne smjese da se proizvede jednolična suspenzija i filtracija suspenzije kroz sterilizirajući(e) filter(e), može se teško i skupo proširivati do nekog prihvatljivog komercijalnog mjerila, npr., >20 l.
Prema tome, sadašnji postupci za proizvodnju lipidne smjese i kasnije fosfolipidne suspenzije teže rješenju gornjeg problema osiguravanjem praktičnog postupka kojem se može lako mijenjati mjerilo i prilagoditi različitim proizvodnim mogućnostima bez opsežnih preinaka ili prilagodbe postojeće opreme.
Sažetak izuma
Prema tome, jedan cilj predstavljenog izuma je da osigura novi postupak za pripravu lipidne smjese.
Drugi cilj predstavljenog izuma je da osigura novi postupak za pripremu fosfolipidne suspenzije iz lipidne smjese.
Ovi i drugi ciljevi koji će postati očiti za vrijeme slijedećeg detaljnog opisa, postignuti su otkrićem pronalazača, da otapanje lipidne smjese u prikladnom bezvodnom otapalu prije uvođenja vodene otopine omogućuje proizvodnju lipidne suspenzije.
Detaljan opis izuma
1. Prema tome, u prvoj izvedbi, predstavljeni izum daje novi postupak za pripravu fosfolipidne suspenzije, obuhvaćajući:
(1) dovođenje u doticaj lipidne smjese s bezvodnim otapalom, pomoću čega se lipidna smjesa stvarno otapa u bezvodnom otapalu; i,
(2) dovođenje u doticaj otopine iz stupnja (1) s vodenom otopinom da se formira lipidna suspenzija.
2. U preferiranoj izvedbi, bezvodno otapalo se izabire iz propilen-glikola, etilen-glikola, i polietilen-glikola 300.
3. U više preferiranoj izvedbi, bezvodno otapalo je propilen-glikol.
4. U drugoj, preferiranoj izvedbi, lipidna smjesa obuhvaća:
(a) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidilkolin;
(b) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfotidnu, mononatrijevu sol; i,
(c) N-(metoksipolietilen-glikol 5000 karbamoil)-1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidiletanolamin, mononatrijevu sol.
5. U drugoj, preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (1), bezvodno otapalo se zagrijava do temperature od oko 30 do 70ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s lipidnom smjesom.
6. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, bezvodno otapalo se zagrijava do temperature od oko 50 do 55ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s lipidnom smjesom.
7. U drugoj, preferiranoj izvedbi, odnos lipidne smjese prema bezvodnom otapalu je od oko 5 mg lipidne smjese po ml bezvodnog otapala do oko 15 mg/ml.
8. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, odnos lipidne smjese prema bezvodnom otapalu je oko 10 mg/ml.
9. U drugoj, preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (2), vodena se otopina izabire od vode, slane vode, smjese slana voda/glicerin, i smjese slana voda/glicerin/bezvodno otapalo.
10. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, vodena otopina je smjesa slane vode i glicerina.
11. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, vodena otopina je smjesa slane vode, glicerina i propilen-glikola.
12. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, prisutno je 6,8 mg/ml natrijevog klorida, prisutno je 0,1 ml/ml glicerina, prisutno je 0,1 ml/ml propilen-glikola i prisutno je oko 0,75 do 1,0 mg/ml lipidne smjese.
13. U čak još više preferiranoj izvedbi, prisutno je 0,75 mg/ml lipidne smjese.
14. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, prisutno je 1,0 mg/ml lipidne smjese.
15. U drugoj, preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (2), vodena se otopina zagrijava do temperature od oko 45 do 60ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s otopinom iz stupnja (1).
16. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, vodena otopina se zagrijava do temperature od oko 50 do 55ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s otopinom iz stupnja (1).
17. U drugoj, preferiranoj izvedbi, postupak dalje obuhvaća:
(3) zagrijavanje lipidne suspenzije iz stupnja (2) do temperature otprilike jednake, ili iznad najviše temperature za prijelaz u tekuću kristaliničnu fazu, lipida prisutnih u suspenziji.
18. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (3), lipidna suspenzija se zagrijava do temperature od najmanje oko 67ºC.
19. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, postupak dalje obuhvaća:
(4) filtriranje lipidne suspenzije kroz sterilizirajući filter.
20. U drugoj, dapače još više preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (4), filtracija se izvodi korištenjem dva filterska uloška.
21. U daljnjoj preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (4), sterilizirajući filterski ulošci su kod temperature od oko 70 do 80ºC.
22. U drugoj, daljnjoj preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (4), koriste se hidrofilni filteri od 0,2 μm.
23. U drugoj, čak još više preferiranoj izvedbi, postupak dalje obuhvaća:
(5) raspodjelu filtrirane otopine iz stupnja (4) u bočicu za lijekove.
24. U drugoj, daljnjoj preferiranoj izvedbi, postupak dalje obuhvaća:
(6) zamjenu plina u gornjem dijelu bočice iz stupnja (5) s plinom perfluorugljik.
25. U drugoj, dapače daljnjoj preferiranoj izvedbi, plin perfluorugljik je perfluorpropan.
26. U drugoj, dapače daljnjoj preferiranoj izvedbi, zamjena plina u gornjem dijelu bočice se izvodi korištenjem komore za liofilizaciju.
27. U drugoj, dapače daljnjoj preferiranoj izvedbi, postupak dalje obuhvaća:
(7) sterilizaciju bočice iz stupnja (6).
28. U još daljnjoj preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (7), bočica se sterilizira kod oko 126-130ºC 1 do 10 minuta.
29. U drugoj izvedbi, predstavljeni izum daje novi postupak za pripravu lipidne smjese, obuhvaćajući:
(a) dovođenje u doticaj barem dva lipida s prvim bezvodnim otapalom;
(b) koncentriranje otopine do čvrstog ;
(c) dovođenje u doticaj čvrstog s drugim bezvodnim otapalom; i,
(d) sakupljanje nastale krutine.
30. U preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (a), lipidi su:
(i) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidilkolin;
(ii) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfotidna, mononatrijeva sol; i,
(iii) N-(metoksipolietilen-glikol 5000 karbamoil)-1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidiletanolamin, mononatrijeva sol.
31. U drugoj, preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (a), prvo bezvodno otapalo je smjesa metanola i toluena.
32. U drugoj, preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (c), drugo bezvodno otapalo je metil-t-butil-eter.
33. U drugoj, preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (a), otopina se zagrijava do temperature koja je dovoljna da se završi otapanje lipida u otapalu.
34. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (a), otopina se zagrijava na oko 25 do 75ºC.
35. U drugoj, preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (d), sakupljena krutina se ispire metil-t-butil-eterom i osuši u vakuumu.
36. U trećoj izvedbi, predstavljeni izum daje novu fosfolipidnu suspenziju, koja obuhvaća:
(a) lipidnu smjesu u količini od oko 0,75 - 1,0 mg/ml suspenzije;
(b) natrijev klorid u količini od oko 6,8 mg/ml suspenzije;
(c) glicerin u količini od oko 0,1 ml/ml suspenzije;
(d) propilen-glikol u količini od oko 0,1 ml/ml suspenzije; i
(e) vodu;
u čemu se suspenzija pripravlja postupkom koji obuhvaća:
(1) dovođenje u doticaj lipidne smjese s bezvodnim otapalom, pomoću čega se lipidna smjesa u biti otapa u bezvodnom otapalu;
(2) dovođenje u doticaj otopine iz stupnja (1) s vodenom otopinom da se formira lipidna suspenzija;
(3) zagrijavanje lipidne suspenzije iz stupnja (2) do temperature koja je jednaka ili iznad najviše temperature prijelaza u tekuću kristaliničnu fazu, lipida prisutnih u suspenziji; i,
(4) filtriranje lipidne suspenzije kroz sterilizirajući filter.
37. U drugoj, preferiranoj izvedbi, lipidna smjesa obuhvaća:
(a) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidilkolin;
(b) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfotidnu, mononatrijevu sol; i,
(c) N-(metoksipolietilen-glikol 5000 karbamoil)-1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidiletanolamin, mononatrijevu sol.
38. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, bezvodno otapalo se zagrijava do temperature od oko 50 do 55ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s lipidnom smjesom.
39. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, odnos lipidne smjese prema bezvodnom otapalu je oko 10 mg/ml.
40. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, vodena otopina je smjesa soli, glicerina i propilen-glikola.
41. U čak više preferiranoj izvedbi, prisutno je 0,75 mg/ml lipidne smjese.
42. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, vodena otopina se zagrijava do temperature od oko 50 do 55ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s otopinom iz stupnja (1).
43. U drugoj, više preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (3), lipidna suspenzija se zagrijava do temperature od najmanje oko 67ºC.
44. U drugoj, daljnjoj preferiranoj izvedbi, u stupnju (4), koriste se dva hidrofilna filtera od 0,2 μm.
Formulacija
Namjera je za predstavljeni izum, da ga se prakticira u barem multigramskom mjerilu, kilogramskom mjerilu, multikilogramskom mjerilu, ili industrijskom mjerilu. Multigramsko mjerilo, kako se ovdje koristi, je prvenstveno mjerilo, gdje je barem jedan početni materijal prisutan u količini od 10 grama ili više, povoljnije barem 50 grama ili više, čak još povoljnije barem 100 grama ili više. Multigramskim mjerilom, kako se ovdje koristi, smatra se mjerilo, gdje se koristi više od jednog kilograma barem jednog početnog materijala. Industrijskim mjerilom, kako se koristi ovdje, smatra se mjerilo, koje je drugačije nego laboratorijsko mjerilo, i koje je dovoljno da dade proizvod dostatan ili za klinička ispitivanja ili za distribuciju do potrošača.
Namjera je, da lipidna smjesa ili fosfolipidna smjesa, kako se ovdje koristi, predstavlja dva ili više lipida koji su smiješani. Općenito je lipidna smjesa u praškastom obliku. Poželjno je, da je barem jedan od lipida fosfolipid. Poželjno je da lipidna smjesa sadrži 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidilkolin (DPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfotidnu, mononatrijevu sol (DPPA), i N-(metoksipolietilen-glikol 5000 karbamoil)-1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidil etanol amin, mononatrijevu sol (MPEG5000-DPPE). Količina svakog lipida prisutnog u smjesi, ovisit će o željenom krajnjem produktu. Preferirani omjeri svakog lipida opisani su u poglavlju primjera.
Široka raznovrsnost drugih lipida, kao onih opisanih u Unger et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,469,854, sadržaji kojih su time uključeni referencom, mogu se koristiti u predstavljenom izumu.
Fosfolipid, kako se ovdje koristi, je masna supstanca koja sadrži uljni(e) (hidrofobni(e)) ugljikovodični(e) lanac(ce) s polarnom (hidrofilnom) fosfornom glavnom skupinom. Fosfolipidi su amfifilični. Oni spontano tvore granice i zatvorene mjehuriće u vodenom mediju. Fosfolipidi sačinjavaju oko 50% mase plazmatske membrane životinjskih stanica.
Priprava lipidne smjese
Lipidna smjesa može se pripraviti postupkom liofilizacije vodene suspenzije ili postupkom otapanja i precipitacije iz otopine organskog otapala, koristeći organska otapala. U postupku liofilizacije vodene suspenzije, željeni lipidi se suspendiraju u vodi kod povišene temperature, a zatim koncentriraju liofilizacijom. Poželjno je da se koristi postupak otapanja.
Stupanj (a):
Postupak otapanja i precipitacije iz organskog otapala uključuje dovođenje u doticaj željenih lipida (npr. DPPA, DPPC, i MPEG5000 DPPE) s prvim bezvodnim sistemom otapala. Ovaj sistem je tipično kombinacija otapala, npr. CHCl3/MeOH, CH2Cl2/MeOH, i toluen/MeOH. Prvo bezvodno otapalo je prvenstveno smjesa toluena i metanola. Može biti poželjno da se otopina lipida zagrijava do temperature koja je dovoljna da se postigne potpuno otapanje. Takva temperatura je poželjno oko 25 do 75ºC, povoljnije oko 35 do 65ºC.
Nakon otapanja može biti poželjno ukloniti neotopljene strane tvari filtracijom u vrućem ili hlađenjem do sobne temperature, a zatim filtriranjem. Mogu se koristiti poznate metode filtracije (npr. filtriranje uz gravitaciju, filtriranje pod vakuumom, filtriranje pod tlakom).
Stupanj (b):
Otopina se tada koncentrira do čvrstog gela/polukrutine. Koncentriranje se prvenstveno izvodi destilacijom pod vakuumom. Mogu se također koristiti druge metode koncentriranja otopine, kao što je rotaciono isparavanje. Temperatura ovog stupnja je prvenstveno oko 20 do 60ºC, povoljnije 30 do 50ºC.
Stupanj (c):
Čvrsti gel/polukrutina se zatim dispergira u drugom bezvodnom otapalu. Smjesa se suspendira, prvenstveno blizu temperature okoline (npr., 15-30ºC). Upotrebljiva druga bezvodna otapala su ona, koja prouzrokuju precipitaciju lipida iz filtrirane otopine. Drugo bezvodno otapalo je prvenstveno metil-t-butil-eter (MTBE). Mogu se koristiti drugi eteri i alkoholi.
Stupanj (d):
Krutina proizvedena nakon dodatka drugog bezvodnog otapala se zatim sakupi. Prvenstveno se sakupljena krutina ispere još jednim obrokom drugog bezvodnog otapala (npr., MTBE). Sakupljanje se može izvesti pomoću filtracije pod vakuumom ili centrifugiranjem, prvenstveno kod temperature okoline. Preferira se da se nakon sakupljanja, krutina suši u vakuumu pri temperaturi od oko 20-60ºC.
Postupak otapanja i precipitacije iz organskog otapala ima prednost pred postupkom liofilizacije vodene suspenzije iz slijedećih razloga:
(1) Budući da su lipidi potpuno topivi u toluenu/metanolu, količine otapala se značajno smanjuju (u odnosu na vodeni postupak).
(2) Radi ove povećane topivosti, procesna temperatura je također niža u odnosu na vodeni postupak, izbjegavajući time hidrolitičku nestabilnost estera masnih kiselina.
(3) Kada se hladi natrag na sobnu temperaturu, toluenska/metanolna otopina lipida ostaje homogena, dopuštajući filtraciju kod sobne temperature da se uklone krute strane tvari.
(4) Precipitacija uz MTBE dopušta brzu i laku izolaciju krutine lipidne smjese. S vodenim postupkom koristi se radi izolacije tvari, postupak liofilizacije, za koji treba vremena.
(5) Precipitacija uz MTBE također omogućuje uklanjanje bilo kojih nečistoća topivih u MTBE, koje idu u struju otpadnog filtrata. Ova mogućnost za uklanjanje nečistoća se ne ostvaruje kada se otopina izravno koncentrira ili liofilizira do krutine.
(6) Predočeni postupak daje jednoličnu krutinu.
Priprava lipidne suspenzije
Stupanj (1):
U stupnju jedan, lipidna smjesa se dovodi u doticaj s bezvodnim otapalom, pomoću čega se lipidna smjesa u biti otapa u bezvodnom otapalu. Druga je mogućnost da se pojedinačni lipidi mogu dovesti u doticaj s bezvodnim otapalom jedan za drugim slijedećim redom: DPPC, DPPA, i MPEG5000-DPPE; DPPC, MPEG5000-DPPE, i DPPA; MPEG5000-DPPE; DPPA, i DPPC; ili MPEG5000-DPPE, DPPC, i DPPA. DPPA, koji je najmanje topiv i ima najmanje lipida, se ne dodaje prvi. Dodavanje jednog od ostalih lipida prije ili istodobno s dodavanjem DPPA olakšava otapanje DPPA. U jednoj drugoj mogućnosti se pojedinačni lipidi mogu spojiti u njihovim krutim oblicima i kombinacija krutina dovesti u doticaj s bezvodnim otapalom.
Stvarno otapanje se općenito pokaže, kada mješavina lipidne smjese i bezvodnog otapala postane bistra. Kako je prethodno spomenuto, fosfolipidi općenito nisu topivi u vodi. Prema tome, direktno uvođenje mješavine lipidne smjese u vodeni medij prouzrokuje agregaciju lipidne smjese uz tvorbu grudica, koje se vrlo teško dispergiraju. Predstavljeni izum svladava ovo ograničenje otapanjem lipidne smjese u bezvodnom otapalu prije uvođenja vodene otopine. Ovo omogućuje da se lipidna smjesa jednolično dispergira u tekućini. Tekuća disperzija se tada može uvesti u željeni vodeni medij.
Bezvodnim se smatra otapalo ili smjesa otapala, gdje je količina vode prisutna u dovoljno maloj količini da ne sprječava otapanje lipidne smjese. Količina bezvodnog otapala ovisit će o topivosti lipidne smjese i također o željenoj konačnoj koncentraciji svakog sastojka. Kao što bi to svatko redovno izobražen u struci mogao procijeniti, udio prisutne vode u bezvodnom otapalu koji se može tolerirati, varirat će na osnovi topivosti u vodi pojedinačnih lipida u lipidnoj smjesi. [to je pojedini fosfolipid topiviji u vodi, to više vode može biti prisutno u stupnju (1). Preferira se, da se propilen-glikol koristi kao bezvodno otapalo. Međutim, mogu se upotrijebiti i ostali članovi porodice poliola, kao što je etilen-glikol i polietilen-glikol 300.
Da bi se postiglo potpuno otapanje, može biti neophodno mehaničko miješanje lipidne smjese i bezvodnog otapala. Netko uredno izobražen u struci će prihvatiti da su na raspolaganju razni načini miješanja. Poželjno je da se koristi homogenizator visokog stupnja usitnjavanja (high shear homogenizer).
Netko uredno izobražen u struci bi prepoznao da bi povišenje temperature otapala pripomoglo otapanju lipidne smjese. Temperatura pri kojoj se može izvoditi stupanj (1) može biti u rasponu od temperature okoline do vrelišta izabranog otapala. Preferira se da je temperatura od oko 30 do oko 70ºC, više se preferira oko 45 do oko 60ºC, a čak još više oko 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 ili 55ºC. Kada se koristi etilen-glikol ili polietilen-glikol 300, preferira se da temperatura bude oko 50 do 60ºC, a više se preferira oko 55ºC. Održavanjem otopine na povišenoj temperaturi smanjio bi se viskozitet otopine i olakšala priprava formulacije.
Preferirani postupak za otapanje lipidne smjese je kako slijedi:
(a) Dodaj propilen-glikol u odgovarajući spremnik za vaganje.
(b) Zagrijavaj propilen-glikol do oko 40-80ºC u kupci za zagrijavanje.
(c) Izvaži lipidnu smjesu u posebni spremnik.
(d) Kada je propilen-glikol dosegao željeno temperaturno područje, prenesi otopinu u spremnik koji sadrži lipidnu smjesu.
(e) Stavi spremnik natrag u kupku za zagrijavanje dok se otopina ne razbistri.
(f) Mehanički miješaj otopinu lipidna smjesa/propilen-glikol da se dalje osigura potpuno otapanje i ujednači disperzija lipidne smjese.
Udio lipidne smjese prema bezvodnom otapalu će dakako biti ograničen topivošću lipidne smjese. Na ovaj će udio također utjecati željena količina lipidne smjese u konačnoj formulaciji. Preferira se da je udio oko 1 mg lipidne smjese po ml otapala (mg/ml) do oko 100 mg/ml. Više se preferira da je lipidna smjesa prisutna s 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 ili 15 mg/ml. Čak se više preferira da je lipidna smjesa prisutna s oko 10 mg/ml.
Stupanj (2):
Drugi stupanj uključuje dovođenje u doticaj otopine iz stupnja (1) s vodenom otopinom da nastane lipidna suspenzija. Vodena otopina može biti voda, slana voda, mješavina slane vode i glicerina, ili mješavina slana voda/glicerin/bezvodno otapalo. Kako je prethodno opisano, prednost se daje propilen-glikolu, kao bezvodnom otapalu. Za suspenziju, kako se koristi ovdje, misli se da znači disperziju u kojoj su netopive čestice dispergirane u tekućem mediju.
Kada je jednom dovršeno otapanje lipidne smjese, koje se postiže stupnjem (1), nastala otopina se može uvesti u vodenu otopinu. Vodena otopina može sadržavati jedan ili više sastojaka izabranih između natrijevog klorida, glicerina, i bezvodnog otapala. Preferira se vodena otopina koja sadrži glicerin i natrijev klorid.
Prije dodavanja otopine iz stupnja 1, u vodenoj otopini se preferira prisutnost dovoljne količine propilen-glikola, da bi se postigla željena konačna koncentracija propilen-glikola.
Ne očekuje se da redoslijed dodavanja željenih sastojaka ozbiljno utječe na rezultirajuću lipidnu suspenziju. Preferira se međutim, da se otopina lipidne smjese dodaje vodi, koja već može sadržavati gore navedene dodatne sastojke. Dodatni željeni sastojci se tada mogu dodati. Više se preferira da se otopina lipidne smjese dodaje otopini vode i natrijevog klorida (t.j. slanoj vodi). Nadalje se preferira da se otopina lipidne smjese dodaje otopini vode, natrijevog klorida i glicerina. Još se nadalje preferira da se otopina lipidne smjese dodaje otopini vode, natrijevog klorida, glicerina i propilen-glikola.
Preferira se da u formulaciji bude prisutno 6,8 mg NaCl po ml. Povoljna je prisutnost od 0,1 ml glicerina per ml u formulaciji. U formulaciji se preferira konačna koncentracija od 0,1 ml propilen-glikola per ml. Preferira se konačni pH formulacije oko 5,5 - 7,0. Preferira se, da je lipidna smjesa prisutna u količini od 0,75 - 1,0 mg/ml formulacije.
Temperatura vodene otopine može biti u rasponu od temperature okoline do 70ºC. Preferira se da je temperatura oko 45 do 60ºC, uz 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 ili 55, koja se čak više preferira. Da bi se dobilo potpuno otapanje, potrebno je smjesu tresti, preferira se miješanje. Također može biti nužno da se podesi pH, zavisno o željenoj konačnoj formulaciji. Može se dodati ili kiselina (npr. HCl) ili baza (npr. NaOH) da se izvede takvo podešavanje.
Lipidna suspenzija će sadržavati tekuće čestice različitih veličina. Jedna od prednosti prikazanog izuma je mogućnost da se dosljedno dobivaju male čestice gotovo ujednačene veličine. Prema tome se preferira, da je većina dobivenih čestica manja od 100 nm u promjeru, više se preferira manje od 50 nm.
Preferirani postupak za otapanje lipidne smjese je kako slijedi:
(a) Dodaj vodu za injekcije (WFI) u reakcionu posudu.
(b) Počni miješati i osiguraj da temperatura bude od 50-55ºC.
(c) Dodaj natrijev klorid u reakcionu posudu. Pričekaj dok se krutina potpuno ne otopi prije nastavljanja na slijedeći stupanj.
(d) Dodaj glicerin u reakcionu posudu. Ostavi dovoljno vremena za potpuno miješanje.
(e) Dodaj preostali propilen-glikol koji nije u otopini lipidne smjese/propilen-glikola. Ostavi vremena za temeljito miješanje.
(f) Smanji brzinu miješanja da se smanji turbulencija u reakcionoj posudi.
(g) Dodaj otopinu lipidne smjese/propilen-glikola u reakcionu posudu.
(h) Ponovno podesi miješanje na prvobitnu brzinu.
(i) Dodaj dodatnu WFI ako je potrebno.
(j) Nastavi s miješanjem tijekom približno 25 minuta i osiguraj potpuno miješanje.
(k) Provjeri i podesi otopinu na ciljni pH.
Stupanj (3):
Stupanj tri uključuje zagrijavanje lipidne suspenzije dobivene iz stupnja (2) do temperature približno jednake ili više od najviše temperature prijelaza u tekuću kristaliničnu fazu lipida koji su prisutni u otopini.
Jedan od ciljeva ovog stupnja je da se pripremi suspenzija koja se može filtrirati. Otopina/suspenzija se smatra da se može filtrirati ako nema značajnog smanjivanja brzine toka unutar normalnog postupka, i ako nema značajnog povećanja pada tlaka u sustavu filtracije.
Eksperimentalni podaci ukazuju da bi lipidi u formulaciji trebali biti iznad njihovih temperatura prijelaza iz u tekuću kristaliničnu fazu, da bi se pojednostavnila sterilna filtracija. Kad su lipidi iznad fazne prijelazne temperature, oni su u labavije organiziranoj konfiguraciji i tako se mogu lakše filtrirati.
DPPC i DPPA pokazuju fazne prijelaze od 41ºC, odnosno od 67ºC. MPEG5000-DPPE je topiv u vodi, i zbog toga se kod njega ne iskazuje prijelaz u tekuću kristaliničnu fazu, koji je karakterističan za većinu hidratiziranih lipidnih suspenzija. Budući da svi lipidi u preferiranoj formulaciji iskazuju različite prijelaze iz u tekuću fazu, preferira se da se za filtriranje otopine koristi najviša temperatura faznog prijelaza od 67ºC. Održavanjem temperatura na ili iznad 67ºC svi su lipidi svaki iznad svoje fazne tranzicije, osiguravajući labavu konfiguraciju za vrijeme prolaska kroz filtere.
Zagrijavanje se može postići oblaganjem reakcione posude zavojnicom toplinskog izmjenjivača. Topla voda/para iz upravljanog izvora, npr. toplovodne kupke ili grijača vode isporučivala bi dovoljno topline da se reakcijska otopina održava pri zadanoj temperaturi. Ostali izvori topline, poznati onima koji su izobraženi u struci, mogu se također koristiti.
Stupanj (4):
Stupanj 4 se izvodi filtriranjem lipidne suspenzije kroz filter za sterilizaciju. Svrha je ovog stupnja da se dobije suspenzija, bitno oslobođena bakterija. Smatra se da je filtrat bitno oslobođen bakterija, kada je vjerojatnost da će filtrat sadržavati najmanje jednu formirajuću koloniju mikroorganizama, manja od 10-6.
Preferira se da se filtracija izvede koristeći filterske uloške za sterilizaciju. Također se mogu zahtijevati sredstva za potiskivanje otopine kroz filtere (npr., crpljenje ili tlačenje). Budući da se otopina koja se treba filtrirati, treba održavati pri najvišoj temperaturi prijelaza u tekuću kristaliničnu fazu lipida koji su prisutni u otopini ili iznad te temperature, filtracija bi se trebala izvoditi pri približno ovoj istoj temperaturi. Kako bi se ovo izvršilo, filteri (npr. ulošci filtera za sterilizaciju) su radije zatvoreni u obloženim filterskim kućištima, koja se kontinuirano griju, npr. strujom tople vode iz vodene kupke s kontroliranom temperaturom, za osiguranje da je suspenzija iznad temperature faznog prijelaza lipida. Preferira se da je temperatura filtera za sterilizaciju od 50 do 100ºC, više se preferira od 60 do 90ºC, a čak se još više preferira 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 ili 80ºC.
Za filtriranje suspenzije mogu se koristiti dva ili više filtera za sterilizaciju. Određivanje njihova broja zasnivat će se na njihovoj učinkovitosti u odstranjivanju bakterija. Preferira se da se koriste dva filtera. Veličina filterskih pora bit će ograničena potrebom da se osigura suspenzija slobodna od bakterija. Preferiraju se hidrofilni filteri od 0,2 μm.
Otopina na veliko preferirane formulacije bila je kontinuirano filtrirana kroz dva 0,2 μm hidrofilna filtera tijekom do 3 sata, brzinom od približno 1 litre na minutu (1 l/min), t.j. prolaskom od ukupno 180 litara suspendirane otopine kroz filtere. Eksperimentalni rezultati pokazuju da nema zapaženog blokiranja filtera. Analize lipida indiciraju da za vrijeme postupka filtracije nema mjerljivog gubitka (radi gomilanja u filterskom mediju).
Otopina na veliko preferirane formulacije je sastavljena pri 40ºC - 80ºC, a prije sterilne filtracije suspenzija se ohladila na temperaturu okoline. Nije jasno zapaženo ikakvo čepljenje filtera, što indicira da je distribucija veličine čestica suspenzije dosta ispod veličine filterskih pora od 0,2 μm. Tijekom filtracije poželjno je koristiti zagrijavanje radi osiguranja maksimalnog iskorištenja lipidne smjese u sterilnom filtratu (t.j. da se minimizira moguće zadržavanje lipidnih čestica u filterskom mediju).
Preferirani postupak filtracije lipidne suspenzije je kako slijedi:
(a) Osiguraj da su svi obloženi filteri pri 70ºC - 80ºC.
(b) Osiguraj da su svi ventili filtracijske jedinice zatvoreni.
(c) Spoji ulaznu cijev filtracije s ispustom iz reakcione posude.
(d) Otvori ventile da se otopini omogući prolazak kroz filtre.
(e) Isplavi tri litre otopine kroz filtere prije sakupljanja filtrata.
(f) Nastavi s filtracijom dok nije potpuna.
Stupanj (5):
Stupanj 5 je raspodjela filtrirane otopine u komplete bočica za lijekove. Preferira se da se ovaj stupanj izvodi u kontroliranom aseptičkom prostoru. Onaj koji je redovno izobražen u struci bi prihvatio, da bi izabrana bočica i količina suspenzije kojom se puni bočica, zavisila o razmatranoj konačnoj uporabi lipidne suspenzije. Raspodjela se može postići različitim metodama, uključujući pipetom, ručnom injekcionom štrcaljkom (npr. Flamatic® syringe dispensing machine), ili industrijskim automatom za doziranje (npr. Cozzoli ili TL auto filling machine).
Stupanj (6):
Stupanj šest se izvodi zamjenom plina iz gornjeg prostora bočica iz stupnja pet nekim perfluorugljikovim plinom. Preferira se metoda zamjene da se bočicama iz raspodjele napuni komora za liofilizaciju i zamijeni plin iz gornjeg prostora jednim perfluorugljikovim plinom. Preferira se plin perfluorpropan (PFP). Mogu se koristiti i ostale metode zamjene plina iz gornjeg prostora, koje su poznate onima koji su izobraženi u struci.
dovršetku ciklusa zamjene plina iz gornjeg prostora bočica, kada se pritisak u komori liofilizatora vrati na atmosferski pritisak punjenjem komore s PFP, bočice se začepe. Čepovi bočica se postave da zabrtve bočice.
Stupanj (7):
Stupanj sedam uključuje završno steriliziranje bočice nakon stupnja šest. Jedna od metoda završne sterilizacije je pomoću korištenja autoklava. Također, radi daljnje povećane sigurnosti sterilizacije proizvoda, bočice se mogu završno sterilizirati u parnom sterilizatoru. Postupku sterilizacije mora se posvetiti pažnja, budući da bi se kao rezultat obrade autoklavom, mogla zapaziti izvjesna degradacija lipida. Preferira se da se bočica sterilizira pri oko 126-130ºC tijekom 1 do 10 minuta.
Ostale značajke izuma postat će očite tijekom slijedećih opisa izvedbi iz primjera, koji su dati za ilustraciju izuma i nemaju svrhu da ga njima ograničavaju.
Primjeri
Tablica 1: Ciljani sastav lipidne smjese
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Postupak za proizvodnju lipidne smjese
Tikvica se puni toluenom (3,3 l), metanolom (1,2 l), DPPA (59,6 g), DPPC (535 g) i MPEG5000 DPPE (405 g).
Nakon ispiranja dodirnih površina krutine s 0,9 l metanola, suspenzija se zagrijava do 45-55ºC sve do potpunog otapanja.
Otopina se filtrira, a onda koncentrira pod vakuumom pri 35-45ºC do čvrstog . Dodaje se metil-t-butil-eter (MTBE, 5,4 l), a onda se smjesa suspendira pri 15-30ºC. Bijela krutina se prikuplja centrifugiranjem ili vakuumskom filtracijom i ispire s MTBE (0,9 l). Krutina se onda stavlja u vakuumsku peć i suši pri 40-50ºC do konstantne težine. Osušena lipidna smjesa se prenosi u bocu i sprema pri -15 do -25ºC.
U drugoj izvedbi postupka za proizvodnju lipidne smjese ovog izuma, može se također koristiti slijedeći postupak.
Alternativni postupak za proizvodnju lipidne smjese
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Količine fosfolipida prilagođene su čistoći, koja je bazirana na uporabnoj ("use as") vrijednosti iz certifikata analize. Veličina šarže (združene težine fosfolipida) u ovom eksperimentu bila je 2 kg.
Rotaciona tikvica za evaporaciju punjena je redom toluenom (3.300 ml), metanolom (1.200 ml), DPPA (122,9 g, korigirana za uporabnu ("use as") čistoću od 97,0%), DPPC (1.098,5 g sveukupno, 500,8 g iz lota s 96,7% uporabne čistoće i 597,7 g iz lota s 96,7 uporabne čistoće), i MPEG5000 DPPE (815,7 g, korigirano za uporabnu čistoću od 99,3%). Nakon ispiranja preostale krutine u tikvicu s metanolom (900 ml), tikvica se stavlja u rotacioni evaporator (ne vakuumski) i suspenzija se zagrijava do između 45 i 55ºC (eksterno). Nakon što je otapanje dovršeno, vanjska se temperatura snizi do između 35 i 45ºC, i podvrgne vakuumu, a otopina se koncentrira do bijele polu-krutine. Tikvica se izvadi iz evaporatora i krutina se razlomi lopaticom. Tikvica se ponovno stavi u evaporator i koncentriranje se nastavi. Nakon što se dostigne krajnja točka (konačni pritisak vakuuma 20 mbar, bijela, zrnata krutina u komadu), MTBE (5.400 ml) se dodaje kroz cijev rotacionog evaporatora za dodavanje, prekida se vakuum, i mješavina se suspendira tijekom 15 do 45 min pri 15 do 30ºC. Krutina se izolira ili centrifugalnom ili vakuumskom filtracijom, ispere s MTBE (3.800 ml), i suši do konstantne težine u vakuumskoj peći (40 do 50ºC). Prije presipavanja u polietilenske boce s polipropilenskim čepovima, krutina se oslobodi grudica kroz sito (očice od 0,079 inča), dobivajući 1.996,7 g (98%) lipidne smjese (SG896) kao bijele krutine.
Preferirana lipidna suspenzija sadrži:
1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfotidnu mononatrijevu sol (DPPA);
1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidilkolin (DPPC);
N-(metoksipolietilen-glikol 5000 karbamoil)-1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidiletanolamin, mononatrijevu sol (MPEG5000-DPPE);
Propilen-glikol, USP;
Glicerin, USP;
Natrijev klorid, USP; i
Vodu za injekcije, USP.
Tablica 2: Preferirane formulacije agensa za kontrast
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* Formulacija A ima lipidnu smjesu od 1 mg/ml. Formulacija B ima koncentraciju lipidne smjese od 0,75 mg/ml. ;* Lipidna smjesa se sastoji od 53 tež.% DPPC, 6,0 tež.% DPPA i 40,5 tež.% MPEG5000-DPPE.
Tablica 3: Preferirani spremnik i zatvaranje
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Volumen punjenja gotovog proizvoda može biti od 1,0-2,0 ml / po bočici.
Kod pripreme preferirane formulacije, kada se lipidna smjesa izravno hidratizira s vodenom matičnom otopinom, koja sadrži vodu za injekcije, natrijev klorid, glicerin i propilen-glikol, filtrati imaju manje lipida u usporedbi s otopinom na veliko prije filtriranja. Gubitak lipida varira od 12% do 48%. Ovi rezultati pokazuju da se postupkom sterilne filtracije ne upravlja učinkovito, i da je zbog toga sadržaj konačnog lipidnog proizvoda u velikoj mjeri promjenjiv.
Nasuprot tome, koristeći ovdje opisani postupak, rezultati ispitivanja lipida pokazuju potpuni povrat lipida za vrijeme postupka filtracije. Promjenjivost ispitnih rezutata približno teoretskim granicama je unutar normalne promjenjivosti kod ispitnih metoda. Raspodjela veličina čestica po broju, po volumenu i po intenzitetu refleksije neke suspenzije, pripremljene prvom otapajućom lipidnom smjesom u propilen-glikolu, pokazuje da je većina čestica manja od 50 nm u otopini na veliko prije filtriranja pri 55ºC, isto kao i pri 70ºC. Profil raspodjele čestica se nakon filtracije ne mijenja.
POGLAVLJE KORISNOSTI
Postupak, za koji se ovdje traži zaštita, je koristan za pripremu agensa za kontrast kod ultrazvuka. Takvi agensi bi trebali biti korisni za širok raspon primjene kod snimanja, uključujući za pojačavanje kontrasta u ehokardiografskim i radiološkim ultrazvučnim snimanjima.
Jasno je, moguće su brojne modifikacije i varijacije ovog izuma u svijetlu gornjih objašnjenja. Zbog toga se mora podrazumijevati da se unutar opsega priloženih zahtjeva, izum može iskorištavati i na drugi način od ovog, koji se unutar ovoga potanko opisuje.
Claims (44)
1. Postupak za pripremu fosfolipidne suspenzije, karakteriziran time, da obuhvaća:
(1) dovođenje u doticaj lipidne smjese s bezvodnim otapalom, u čemu se lipidna smjesa u biti otapa u bezvodnom otapalu; i
(2) dovođenje u doticaj otopine iz stupnja (1) s vodenom otopinom da nastane lipidna suspenzija.
2. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 1, karakteriziran time, da se u njemu bezvodno otapalo odabire od propilen-glikola, etilen-glikola i polietilen-glikola 300.
3. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 2, karakteriziran time, da je u njemu bezvodno otapalo propilen-glikol.
4. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 2, karakteriziran time, da u njemu lipidna smjesa sadrži:
(a) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidilkolin;
(b) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfotidnu mononatrijevu sol; i
(c) N-(metoksipolietilen-glikol 5000 karbamoil)-1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidil-etanolamin, mononatrijevu sol.
5. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 2, karakteriziran time, da se u njemu bezvodno otapalo zagrijava do temperature od oko 30 do 70ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s lipidnom smjesom.
6. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 5, karakteriziran time, da se u njemu bezvodno otapalo zagrijava do temperature od oko 50 do 55ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s lipidnom smjesom.
7. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 2, karakteriziran time, da je u njemu omjer lipidne smjese prema bezvodnom otapalu oko 5 mg lipidne smjese po ml bezvodnog otapala do oko 15 mg/ml.
8. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 7, karakteriziran time, da je u njemu omjer lipidne smjese prema bezvodnom otapalu oko 10 mg/ml.
9. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 2, karakteriziran time, da se u njegovu stupnju 2 vodena otopina izabire od vode, slane vode, smjese slana voda/glicerin, i smjese slana voda/glicerin/ bezvodno otapalo.
10. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 9, karakteriziran time, da je u njemu vodena otopina smjesa slane vode i glicerina.
11. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 9, karakteriziran time, da je u njemu vodena otopina smjesa slane vode, glicerina i propilen-glikola.
12. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 11, karakteriziran time, da je u njemu prisutno 6,8 mg/ml natrijevog klorida, 0,1 ml/ml glicerina, 0,1 ml/ml propilen-glikola i oko 0,75 do 1,0 mg/ml lipidne smjese.
13. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 12, karakteriziran time, da je u njemu prisutno 0,75 mg/ml lipidne smjese.
14. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 12, karakteriziran time, da je u njemu prisutno 1,0 mg/ml lipidne smjese.
15. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 2, karakteriziran time, da se u njegovu stupnju (2) vodena otopina zagrijava do temperature od oko 45 do 60ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s otopinom iz stupnja (1).
16. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 15, karakteriziran time, da se vodena otopina zagrijava do temperature od oko 50 do 55ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s otopinom iz stupnja (1).
17. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 1, karakteriziran time, da postupak u njemu nadalje obuhvaća:
(3) zagrijavanje lipidne suspenzije iz stupnja (2) do temperature koja je približno jednaka ili iznad najviše temperature prijelaza u tekuću kristaliničnu fazu lipida koji su prisutni u suspenziji.
18. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 17, karakteriziran time, da se u njegovu stupnju (3) lipidna suspenzija zagrijava do temperature od najmanje oko 67ºC.
19. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 17, karakteriziran time, da postupak u njemu nadalje obuhvaća:
(4) filtraciju lipidne suspenzije kroz filter za sterilizaciju.
20. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 19, karakteriziran time, da se u njegovu stupnju (4) provodi filtracija koristeći dva filterska uloška za sterilizaciju.
21. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 20, karakteriziran time, da su u njegovu stupnju (4) dva filterska uloška za sterilizaciju pri temperaturi od oko 70 do 80ºC.
22. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 21, karakteriziran time, da se u njegovu stupnju (4) koriste hidrofilni filteri od 0,2 μm.
23. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 19, karakteriziran time, da postupak nadalje obuhvaća:
(5) raspodjelu filtrirane otopine iz stupnja (4) u bočice za lijekove.
24. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 23, karakteriziran time, da postupak nadalje obuhvaća:
(6) zamjenu plina iz gornjeg dijela bočice iz stupnja (5) nekim perfluorugljikovim plinom.
25. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 24, karakteriziran time, da je perfluorpropan taj perfluorugljikov plin.
26. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 25, karakteriziran time, da se zamjena plina iz gornjeg dijela bočice izvodi koristeći komoru za liofilizaciju.
27. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 24, karakteriziran time, da postupak nadalje obuhvaća:
(7) sterilizaciju bočica za lijek iz stupnja (6).
28. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 27, karakteriziran time, da se u njegovu stupnju (7) bočica sterilizira pri oko 126-130ºC tijekom 1 do 10 minuta.
29. Postupak za pripremu lipidne smjese, karakteriziran time, da postupak obuhvaća:
(a) dovođenje u doticaj najmanje dva lipida s prvim bezvodnim otapalom;
(b) koncentriranje otopine do čvrstog ;
(c) dovođenje u doticaj čvrstog s drugim bezvodnim otapalom; i
(d) skupljanje nastale krutine.
30. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 29 karakteriziran time, da su u njegovu stupnju (a), lipidi:
(i) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidilkolin;
(ii) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfotidna mononatrijeva sol; i
(iii) N-(metoksipolietilen-glikol 5000 karbamoil)-1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidil-etanolamin, mononatrijeva sol.
31. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 30, karakteriziran time, da je u njegovu stupnju (a) prvo bezvodno otapalo smjesa metanola i toluena.
32. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 30, karakteriziran time, da je u njegovu stupnju (c) drugo bezvodno otapalo metil-t-butil-eter.
33. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 30, karakteriziran time, da se u njegovu stupnju (a) otopina zagrijava do temperature koja je dovoljna da se dovrši otapanje lipida u otapalu.
34. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 33, karakteriziran time, da se u njegovu stupnju (a) otopina zagrijava do oko 25 do 75ºC.
35. Postupak u skladu sa zahtjevom 30, karakteriziran time, da se u njegovu stupnju (d), skupljena krutina pere metil-t-butil-eterom i suši u vakuumu.
36. Fosfolipidna suspenzija, karakterizirana time, da sadrži:
(a) lipidnu smjesu u količini od oko 0,75 - 1,0 mg/ml suspenzije;
(b) natrijev klorid u količini od oko 6,8 mg/ml suspenzije;
(c) glicerin u količini od oko 0,1 ml/ml suspenzije;
(d) propilen-glikol u količini od oko 0,1 ml/ml suspenzije; i
(e) vodu;
u čemu se suspenzija pripravlja postupkom koji obuhvaća:
(1) dovođenje u doticaj lipidne smjese s bezvodnim otapalom, pomoću čega se lipidna smjesa u biti otapa u bezvodnom otapalu;
(2) dovođenje u doticaj otopine iz stupnja (1) s vodenom otopinom da se formira lipidna suspenzija;
(3) zagrijavanje lipidne suspenzije iz stupnja (2) do temperature koja je otprilike jednaka ili iznad najviše temperature prijelaza u tekuću kristaliničnu fazu, lipida prisutnih u suspenziji; i,
(4) filtriranje lipidne suspenzije kroz sterilizirajući filter.
37. Fosfolipidna suspenzija u skladu sa zahtjevom 36, karakterizirana time, da lipidna smjesa sadrži:
(a) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidilkolin;
(b) 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfotidnu mononatrijevu sol; i
(c) N-(metoksipolietilen-glikol 5000-karbamoil)-1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfatidil-etanolamin, mononatrijevu sol.
38. Fosfolipidna suspenzija u skladu sa zahtjevom 37, karakterizirana time, da se bezvodno otapalo zagrijava do temperature od oko 50 do 55ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s lipidnom smjesom.
39. Fosfolipidna suspenzija u skladu sa zahtjevom 37, karakterizirana time, da je omjer lipidne smjese prema bezvodnom otapalu oko 10 mg/ml.
40. Fosfolipidna suspenzija u skladu sa zahtjevom 37, karakterizirana time, da je vodena otopina smjesa slane vode, glicerina i propilen-glikola.
41. Fosfolipidna suspenzija u skladu sa zahtjevom 40, karakterizirana time, da je prisutno 0,75 mg/ml lipidne smjese.
42. Fosfolipidna suspenzija u skladu sa zahtjevom 37, karakterizirana time, da se bezvodna otopina zagrijava do temperature od oko 50 do 55ºC prije dovođenja u doticaj s otopinom iz stupnja (1).
43. Fosfolipidna suspenzija u skladu sa zahtjevom 37, karakterizirana time, da se u njegovu stupnju (3) lipidna suspenzija zagrijava do temperature od najmanje oko 67ºC.
44. Fosfolipidna suspenzija u skladu sa zahtjevom 43, karakterizirana time, da se u njegovu stupnju (4) koriste dva hidrofilna filtera od 0,2 μm.
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