EP2984929A1 - Compositions d'acides percarboxyliques stables et leurs utilisations - Google Patents

Compositions d'acides percarboxyliques stables et leurs utilisations Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2984929A1
EP2984929A1 EP15184379.4A EP15184379A EP2984929A1 EP 2984929 A1 EP2984929 A1 EP 2984929A1 EP 15184379 A EP15184379 A EP 15184379A EP 2984929 A1 EP2984929 A1 EP 2984929A1
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Prior art keywords
acid
composition
ppm
concentration
alkyl
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2984929B1 (fr
Inventor
Junzhong Li
David Mcsherry
Allison BREWSTER
Richard Staub
Renato DE PAULA
John Wilhelm BOLDUC
Robert J. Ryther
Victor V. KEASLER
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Ecolab USA Inc
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Ecolab USA Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
    • C02F1/722—Oxidation by peroxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/40—Devices for separating or removing fatty or oily substances or similar floating material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing ingredients stabilising the active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
    • A01N37/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group; Thio analogues thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/68—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/68—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water
    • C02F1/682—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water by addition of chemical compounds for dispersing an oily layer on water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
    • C11D3/3902—Organic or inorganic per-compounds combined with specific additives
    • C11D3/3937—Stabilising agents
    • C11D3/394—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
    • C11D7/02—Inorganic compounds
    • C11D7/04—Water-soluble compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
    • C11D7/22—Organic compounds
    • C11D7/26—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D7/265—Carboxylic acids or salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
    • C11D7/22—Organic compounds
    • C11D7/32—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C11D7/3281—Heterocyclic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
    • C11D7/22—Organic compounds
    • C11D7/36—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/32—Hydrocarbons, e.g. oil
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/007—Contaminated open waterways, rivers, lakes or ponds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/02—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply
    • C02F2103/023—Water in cooling circuits
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/10—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from quarries or from mining activities
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/42—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from bathing facilities, e.g. swimming pools
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/02—Odour removal or prevention of malodour
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/04—Disinfection
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
    • C02F2305/02—Specific form of oxidant
    • C02F2305/023—Reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen, OH radical

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to stable percarboxylic acid compositions comprising, inter alia, at least two stabilizing agents, and various uses for water treatments, including water treatments in connection with oil- and gas-field operations.
  • the present invention also relates to slick water compositions and gel based compositions that comprise stable percarboxylic acid compositions and the use thereof in oil- and gas-field operations.
  • Peroxycarboxylic acids are increasingly used as biocides in various fields owing to their broad biocidal efficacy and excellent environmental profiles.
  • the most commonly used peroxycarboxylic acid is peracetic acid.
  • Peracetic acid is a colorless, freely water soluble liquid which has great biocidal efficacy toward various microorganisms, such as bacteria, virus, yeast, fungi and spores. When decomposed, peracetic acid results in acetic acid (vinegar), water and oxygen.
  • Pure peroxycarboxylic acids, such as peracetic acid are unstable and explosive, and thus commercially available peroxycarboxylic acids are usually sold in an equilibrium solution.
  • an equilibrium solution also contains the corresponding carboxylic acid, hydrogen peroxide and water.
  • hydrogen peroxide only has negligible biocidal efficacy, but may pose environmental issues in some applications if it exceeds the specific release limitation.
  • the presence of hydrogen peroxide has negative impacts on the efficacy of peroxycarboxylic acid toward some microorganisms.
  • the hydrogen peroxide that is in the peroxycarboxylic acid compositions may interact with other components used in the applications, such as gelling agents, friction reducers, corrosion inhibitors and scale inhibitors, etc.
  • the presence of hydrogen peroxide in these solutions may cause the performance failure.
  • a peroxycarboxylic acid composition which has as high as possible peroxycarboxylic acid to hydrogen peroxide ratio for applications as a biocide in general, and in particular for water treatment in oil and gas drilling.
  • peroxycarboxylic acid compositions generally have significantly less, or roughly equal, weight amounts of peroxycarboxylic acid than hydrogen peroxide. It is known that among other factors, the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to peroxycarboxylic acid plays a significant role in the stability of the peroxycarboxylic acid compositions. The higher the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to peroxycarboxylic acid, the more stable of the composition. Some commonly available peroxycarboxylic acid compositions have a ratio of about 1.5 to 1 hydrogen peroxide to peroxycarboxylic acid. While compositions with higher ratio of peroxycarboxylic acid to hydrogen peroxide are commercially available, these compositions are in small packaging sizes limited by self accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) transportation limitations and require controlled temperature storage due to the limited stability of the compositions.
  • SADT self accelerating decomposition temperature
  • Various stabilizers are used in peroxycarboxylic acid compositions to stabilize the compositions.
  • pyridine carboxylic acid based stabilizers such as picolinic acid and salts, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and salts, and phosphonate based stabilizers, such as phosphoric acid and salts, pyrophosphoric acid and salts and most commonly 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and salts
  • these stabilizers can significantly improve the stability of the peroxycarboxylic acid compositions, and for the conventional peroxycarboxylic acid compositions, the stability profile achieved with these stabilizers allows for the commercial use of these compositions.
  • peroxycarboxylic acid compositions with high ratios of peroxycarboxylic acid to hydrogen peroxide the extra stability challenge cannot be met by these stabilizers used in the traditional matter.
  • the present invention relates to stable percarboxylic acid compositions and uses thereof.
  • the present invention relates to a stable peracid composition with high ratio of peracid to hydrogen peroxide.
  • the level of hydrogen peroxide is further reduced by adding a catalase or peroxidase either in use solution, or in the diluted concentrate prior to use.
  • the compositions disclosed are particularly useful in treating the water for use in fracturing drilling of oil and gas well.
  • the present invention relates to the following embodiments.
  • composition which composition comprises:
  • the present invention is directed to a method for storing a percarboxylic acid containing composition, which method comprises storing the above composition, wherein said composition retains at least about 80% of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity after storage of about 30 days at about 50°C.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for transporting a percarboxylic acid containing composition, which method comprises transporting the above composition, preferably in bulk, wherein the SADT of said composition is elevated to at least 45°C during transportation.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for treating water, which method comprises providing the above composition to a water source in need of treatment to form a treated water source, wherein said treated water source comprises from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of said C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for treating a target, which method comprises a step of contacting a target with the above composition in a diluted level to form a treated target composition, wherein said treated target composition comprises from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm of said C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid, and said contacting step lasts for sufficient time to stabilize or reduce microbial population in and/or on said target or said treated target composition.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for reducing the level of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), hydrosulfuric acid or a salt thereof in a water source, which method comprises a step of contacting a water source with the above composition in a diluted level to form a treated water source, wherein said treated water source comprises from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm of said C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid, and said contacting step lasts for sufficient time to stabilize or reduce the level of H 2 S, hydrosulfuric acid or a salt thereof in said treated water source.
  • H 2 S hydrogen sulfide
  • the present invention also relates to slick water compositions useful in oil and/or gas drilling that comprise stable percarboxylic acid compositions and uses thereof.
  • the present invention is directed to a composition, which composition comprises:
  • the present invention is directed to a method for slick water fracturing, which method comprises directing the above composition into a subterranean environment.
  • the present invention further relates to gel based compositions useful in oil and/or gas drilling that comprise stable percarboxylic acid compositions and uses thereof.
  • the present invention is directed to a composition, which composition comprises:
  • the present invention is directed to a method for high-viscosity fracturing, which method comprises directing the above composition into a subterranean environment.
  • the term “about” refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring and liquid handling procedures used for making concentrates or use solutions in the real world; through inadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients used to make the compositions or carry out the methods; and the like.
  • the term “about” also encompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditions for a composition resulting from a particular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term “about”, the claims include equivalents to the quantities.
  • cleaning means to perform or aid in soil removal, bleaching, microbial population reduction, or combination thereof.
  • successful microbial reduction is achieved when the microbial populations are reduced by at least about 50%, or by significantly more than is achieved by a wash with water. Larger reductions in microbial population provide greater levels of protection.
  • compositions may include additional steps, components, ingredients or the like, but only if the additional steps, components and/or ingredients do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed methods and compositions.
  • the term "disinfectant” refers to an agent that kills all vegetative cells including most recognized pathogenic microorganisms, using the procedure described in A.O.A.C. Use Dilution Methods, Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, paragraph 955.14 and applicable sections, 15th Edition, 1990 (EPA Guideline 91-2).
  • the term “high level disinfection” or “high level disinfectant” refers to a compound or composition that kills substantially all organisms, except high levels of bacterial spores, and is effected with a chemical germicide cleared for marketing as a sterilant by the Food and Drug Administration.
  • intermediate-level disinfection or “intermediate level disinfectant” refers to a compound or composition that kills mycobacteria, most viruses, and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a tuberculocide by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
  • low-level disinfection or “low level disinfectant” refers to a compound or composition that kills some viruses and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a hospital disinfectant by the EPA.
  • the term “free,” “no,” “substantially no” or “substantially free” refers to a composition, mixture, or ingredient that does not contain a particular compound or to which a particular compound or a particular compound-containing compound has not been added.
  • the reduction and/or elimination of hydrogen peroxide according to embodiments provide hydrogen peroxide-free or substantially-free compositions.
  • the amount of the compound shall be less than about 3 wt-%. More preferably, the amount of the compound is less than 2 wt-%, less than 1 wt-%, and most preferably the amount of the compound is less than 0.5 wt-%.
  • microorganism refers to any noncellular or unicellular (including colonial) organism. Microorganisms include all prokaryotes. Microorganisms include bacteria (including cyanobacteria), spores, lichens, fungi, protozoa, virinos, viroids, viruses, phages, and some algae. As used herein, the term “microbe” is synonymous with microorganism.
  • percarboxylic acid composition As used herein, the terms “mixed” or “mixture” when used relating to "percarboxylic acid composition,” “percarboxylic acids,” “peroxycarboxylic acid composition” or “peroxycarboxylic acids” refer to a composition or mixture including more than one percarboxylic acid or peroxycarboxylic acid.
  • sanitizer refers to an agent that reduces the number of bacterial contaminants to safe levels as judged by public health requirements.
  • sanitizers for use in this invention will provide at least a 99.999% reduction (5-log order reduction). These reductions can be evaluated using a procedure set out in Germicidal and Detergent Sanitizing Action of Disinfectants, Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, paragraph 960.09 and applicable sections, 15th Edition, 1990 (EPA Guideline 91-2 ). According to this reference a sanitizer should provide a 99.999% reduction (5-log order reduction) within 30 seconds at room temperature, 25 ⁇ 2°C, against several test organisms.
  • Antimicrobial compositions can affect two kinds of microbial cell damage. The first is a lethal, irreversible action resulting in complete microbial cell destruction or incapacitation. The second type of cell damage is reversible, such that if the organism is rendered free of the agent, it can again multiply.
  • the former is termed microbiocidal and the later, microbistatic.
  • a sanitizer and a disinfectant are, by definition, agents which provide antimicrobial or microbiocidal activity.
  • a preservative is generally described as an inhibitor or microbistatic composition.
  • water for treatment according to the invention includes a variety of sources, such as freshwater, pond water, sea water, salt water or brine source, brackish water, recycled water, or the like. Waters are also understood to optionally include both fresh and recycled water sources (e.g. "produced waters"), as well as any combination of waters for treatment according to the invention.
  • produced water or reuse water refers to a mixture of water that comprises both water recycled from previous or concurrent oil- and gas-field operations, e.g. , fracking, and water that has not been used in oil- and gas-field operations, e.g ., fresh water, pond water, sea water, etc.
  • weight percent As used herein, “weight percent,” “wt-%,” “percent by weight,” “% by weight,” and variations thereof refer to the concentration of a substance as the weight of that substance divided by the total weight of the composition and multiplied by 100. It is understood that, as used here, “percent,” “%,” and the like are intended to be synonymous with “weight percent,” “wt-%,” etc.
  • range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed sub-ranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
  • the present invention relates to stable percarboxylic acid compositions and uses thereof.
  • the present invention is directed to a composition, which composition comprises:
  • the present composition is an equilibrated composition that comprises peracid, hydrogen peroxide, carboxylic acid and a solvent, e.g ., water.
  • the present composition does not comprise a mineral acid, e.g., the mineral acids disclosed in WO 91/07375 .
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid can be used at any suitable concentration relative to the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide. In some embodiments, the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 6 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide. In other embodiments, the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 10 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide. In still other embodiments, the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the present invention includes a carboxylic acid with the peracid composition and hydrogen peroxide.
  • a carboxylic acid includes any compound of the formula R--(COOH) n in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkyne, acylic, alicyclic group, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocylic group, and n is 1, 2, or 3.
  • R includes hydrogen, alkyl, or alkenyl.
  • suitable carboxylic acids include a variety monocarboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, and tricarboxylic acids.
  • Monocarboxylic acids include, for example, formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, mandelic acid, etc.
  • Dicarboxylic acids include, for example, adipic acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, etc.
  • Tricarboxylic acids include, for example, citric acid, trimellitic acid, isocitric acid, agaicic acid, etc.
  • a particularly well suited carboxylic acid is water soluble such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, citric acid, mandelic acid, glutaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, etc.
  • a composition of the invention includes acetic acid, octanoic acid, or propionic acid, lactic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, or nonanoic acid.
  • any suitable C 1 -C 22 carboxylic acid can be used in the present compositions.
  • the C 1 -C 22 carboxylic acid is a C 2 -C 20 carboxylic acid.
  • the C 1 -C 22 carboxylic acid is a C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 14 , C 18 , C 19 , C 20 , C 21 , or C 22 carboxylic acid.
  • the C 1 -C 22 carboxylic acid comprises acetic acid, octanoic acid and/or sulfonated oleic acid.
  • the C 1 -C 22 carboxylic acid can be used at any suitable concentration. In some embodiments, the C 1 -C 22 carboxylic acid has a concentration from about 10 wt-% to about 90 wt-%. In other embodiments, the C 1 -C 22 carboxylic acid has a concentration from about 20 wt-% to about 80 wt-%. In still other embodiments, the C 1 -C 22 carboxylic acid has a concentration at about 10 wt-%, 20 wt-%, 30 wt-%, 40 wt-%, 50 wt-%, 60 wt-%, 70 wt-%, 80 wt-%, or 90 wt-%.
  • a peracid is included for antimicrobial efficacy in the compositions.
  • the term “peracid” may also be referred to as a "percarboxylic acid” or “peroxyacid.”
  • Sulfoperoxycarboxylic acids, sulfonated peracids and sulfonated peroxycarboxylic acids are also included within the term “peracid” as used herein.
  • the terms “sulfoperoxycarboxylic acid,” “sulfonated peracid,” or “sulfonated peroxycarboxylic acid” refers to the peroxycarboxylic acid form of a sulfonated carboxylic acid as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication Nos.
  • a peracid refers to an acid having the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group in carboxylic acid replaced by a hydroxy group. Oxidizing peracids may also be referred to herein as peroxycarboxylic acids.
  • a peracid includes any compound of the formula R--(COOOH) n in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkyne, acylic, alicyclic group, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic group, and n is 1,2, or 3, and named by prefixing the parent acid with peroxy.
  • R includes hydrogen, alkyl, or alkenyl.
  • alkyl includes a straight or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl (1-methylethyl), butyl, tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl), and the like.
  • alkyl or “alkyl groups” also refers to saturated hydrocarbons having one or more carbon atoms, including straight-chain alkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, etc.), cyclic alkyl groups (or “cycloalkyl” or “alicyclic” or “carbocyclic” groups) (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, etc.), branched-chain alkyl groups (e.g., isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, etc.), and alkyl-substituted alkyl groups (e.g., alkyl-substituted cyclo
  • alkyl includes both "unsubstituted alkyls” and “substituted alkyls.”
  • substituted alkyls refers to alkyl groups having substituents replacing one or more hydrogens on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone.
  • substituents may include, for example, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogeno, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate,
  • alkenyl includes an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, such as, for example, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, and the like.
  • the alkyl or alkenyl can be terminally substituted with a heteroatom, such as, for example, a nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atom, forming an aminoalkyl, oxyalkyl, or thioalkyl, for example, aminomethyl, thioethyl, oxypropyl, and the like.
  • alkyl or alkenyl can be interrupted in the chain by a heteroatom forming an alkylaminoalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl, for example, methylaminoethyl, ethylthiopropyl, methoxymethyl, and the like.
  • alicyclic includes any cyclic hydrocarbyl containing from 3 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • suitable alicyclic groups include cyclopropanyl, cyclobutanyl, cyclopentanyl, etc.
  • heterocyclic includes any closed ring structures analogous to carbocyclic groups in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring is an element other than carbon (heteroatom), for example, a nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atom. Heterocyclic groups may be saturated or unsaturated.
  • heterocyclic groups include for example, aziridine, ethylene oxide (epoxides, oxiranes), thiirane (episulfides), dioxirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, dioxetane, dithietane, dithiete, azolidine, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, oxolane, dihydrofuran, and furan.
  • suitable heterocyclic groups include groups derived from tetrahydrofurans, furans, thiophenes, pyrrolidines, piperidines, pyridines, pyrrols, picoline, coumaline, etc.
  • alkyl, alkenyl, alicyclic groups, and heterocyclic groups can be unsubstituted or substituted by, for example, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkenyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, amino, carboxy, halo, nitro, cyano, --SO 3 H, phosphono, or hydroxy.
  • alkyl, alkenyl, alicyclic group, or heterocyclic group is substituted, preferably the substitution is C 1-4 alkyl, halo, nitro, amido, hydroxy, carboxy, sulpho, or phosphono.
  • R includes alkyl substituted with hydroxy.
  • aryl includes aromatic hydrocarbyl, including fused aromatic rings, such as, for example, phenyl and naphthyl.
  • heteroaryl includes heterocyclic aromatic derivatives having at least one heteroatom such as, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, or sulfur, and includes, for example, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, etc.
  • heteroaryl also includes fused rings in which at least one ring is aromatic, such as, for example, indolyl, purinyl, benzofuryl, etc.
  • aryl and heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted on the ring by, for example, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, amino, carboxy, halo, nitro, cyano, --SO 3 H, phosphono, or hydroxy.
  • aryl, aralkyl, or heteroaryl is substituted, preferably the substitution is C 1-4 alkyl, halo, nitro, amido, hydroxy, carboxy, sulpho, or phosphono.
  • R includes aryl substituted with C 1-4 alkyl.
  • Peracids suitable for use include any peroxycarboxylic acids, including varying lengths of peroxycarboxylic and percarboxylic acids (e.g. C1-22) that can be prepared from the acid-catalyzed equilibrium reaction between a carboxylic acid described above and hydrogen peroxide.
  • a peroxycarboxylic acid can also be prepared by the auto-oxidation of aldehydes or by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with an acid chloride, acid hydride, carboxylic acid anhydride, or sodium alcoholate.
  • peracids can be prepared through non-equilibrium reactions, which may be generated for use in situ, such as the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Application Ser. Nos.
  • composition of the invention includes peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid, peroxypropionic acid, peroxylactic acid, peroxyheptanoic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and/or peroxynonanoic acid.
  • a peroxycarboxylic acid includes at least one water-soluble peroxycarboxylic acid in which R includes alkyl of 1-22 carbon atoms.
  • a peroxycarboxylic acid includes peroxyacetic acid.
  • a peroxycarboxylic acid has R that is an alkyl of 1-22 carbon atoms substituted with hydroxy.
  • a sulfoperoxycarboxylic acid has the following formula: wherein R 1 is hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group; X is hydrogen, a cationic group, or an ester forming moiety; or salts or esters thereof.
  • a sulfoperoxycarboxylic acid is combined with a single or mixed peroxycarboxylic acid composition, such as a sulfoperoxycarboxylic acid with peroxyacetic acid and peroxyoctanoic acid .(PSOA/POOA/POAA).
  • a mixed peracid is employed, such as a peroxycarboxylic acid including at least one peroxycarboxylic acid of limited water solubility in which R includes alkyl of 5-22 carbon atoms and at least one water-soluble peroxycarboxylic acid in which R includes alkyl of 1-4 carbon atoms.
  • a peroxycarboxylic acid includes peroxyacetic acid and at least one other peroxycarboxylic acid such as those named above.
  • a composition of the invention includes peroxyacetic acid and peroxyoctanoic acid. Other combinations of mixed peracids are well suited for use in the current invention.
  • a mixture of peracetic acid and peroctanoic acid is used to treat a water source, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,314,687 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the peracid mixture is a hydrophilic peracetic acid and a hydrophobic peroctanoic acid, providing antimicrobial synergy.
  • the synergy of a mixed peracid system allows the use of lower dosages of the peracids.
  • a tertiary peracid mixture composition such as peroxysulfonated oleic acid, peracetic acid and peroctanoic acid are used to treat a water source, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/00021557 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a combination of the three peracids provides significant antimicrobial synergy providing an efficient antimicrobial composition for the water treatment methods according to the invention.
  • the high acidity built in the composition assists in removing chemical contaminants from the water (e.g. sulfite and sulfide species).
  • compositions of the invention can include a peroxycarboxylic acid, or mixtures thereof.
  • peracids Various commercial formulations of peracids are available, including for example, peracetic acid (15%) available as EnviroSan (EcolabInc., St. Paul MN). Most commercial peracid solutions state a specific percarboxylic acid concentration without reference to the other chemical components in a use solution. However, it should be understood that commercial products, such as peracetic acid, will also contain the corresponding carboxylic acid (e.g. acetic acid), hydrogen peroxide and water.
  • peracetic acid 15%) available as EnviroSan (EcolabInc., St. Paul MN).
  • EnviroSan EcolabInc., St. Paul MN
  • Most commercial peracid solutions state a specific percarboxylic acid concentration without reference to the other chemical components in a use solution. However, it should be understood that commercial products, such as peracetic acid, will also contain the corresponding carboxylic acid (e.g. acetic acid), hydrogen peroxide and water.
  • carboxylic acid e
  • any suitable C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid can be used in the present compositions.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid is a C 2 -C 20 percarboxylic acid.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic is a C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 14 , C 18 , C 19 , C 20 , C 14 , or C 22 carboxylic acid.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid comprises peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and/or peroxysulfonated oleic acid.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid can be used at any suitable concentration. In some embodiments, the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration from about 1 wt-% to about 40 wt-%. In other embodiments, the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration from about 1 wt-% to about 20 wt-%.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration at about 1 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 5 wt-%, 6 wt-%, 7 wt-%, 8 wt-%, 9 wt-%, 10 wt-%, 11 wt-%, 12 wt-%, 13 wt-%, 14 wt-%, 15 wt-%, 16 wt-%, 17 wt-%, 18 wt-%, 19 wt-%, 20 wt-%, 25 wt-%, 30 wt-%, 35 wt-%, or 40 wt-%.
  • the present invention includes the use of hydrogen peroxide.
  • Hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2
  • Another advantage of hydrogen peroxide is that it decomposes into water and oxygen. It is advantageous to have these decomposition products because they are generally compatible with substances being treated.
  • the decomposition products are generally compatible with metallic substance (e.g., substantially noncorrosive) and are generally innocuous to incidental contact and are environmentally friendly.
  • hydrogen peroxide is initially in an antimicrobial peracid composition in an amount effective for maintaining an equilibrium between a carboxylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, a solvent such as water, and a peracid.
  • the amount of hydrogen peroxide should not exceed an amount that would adversely affect the antimicrobial activity of a composition of the invention.
  • hydrogen peroxide concentration is significantly reduced within an antimicrobial peracid composition, preferably containing hydrogen peroxide at a concentration as close to zero as possible. That is, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is minimized, through the use of a selected catalase or peroxidase enzymes according to the invention.
  • the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is reduced and/or eliminated as a result of distilled equilibrium peracid compositions, other catalysts for hydrogen peroxide decomposition (e.g. biomimetic complexes) and/or the use of anionic perhydrolysis of esters (e.g. triacetin) to obtain peracids with very low hydrogen peroxide.
  • other catalysts for hydrogen peroxide decomposition e.g. biomimetic complexes
  • anionic perhydrolysis of esters e.g. triacetin
  • an advantage of minimizing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is that antimicrobial activity of a composition of the invention is improved as compared to conventional equilibrium peracid compositions. Without being limited to a particular theory of the invention, significant improvements in antimicrobial efficacy result from enhanced peracid stability from the reduced hydrogen peroxide concentration in use solution.
  • the hydrogen peroxide can be used at any suitable concentration.
  • the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration from about 0.5 wt-% to about 10 wt-%.
  • the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration from about 1 wt-% to about 2 wt-%.
  • the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration at about 0.5 wt-%, 1 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 5 wt-%, 6 wt-%, 7 wt-%, 8 wt-%, 9 wt-%, or 10 wt-%.
  • the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration at about 1 wt-%, 1.1 wt-%, 1.2 wt-%, 1.3 wt-%, 1.4 wt-%, 1.5 wt-%, 1.6 wt-%, 1.7 wt-%, 1.8 wt-%, 1.9 wt-%, or 2 wt-%.
  • the C 1 -C 22 carboxylic acid is acetic acid and the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid is peracetic acid.
  • the C 1 -C 22 carboxylic acid, e.g., acetic acid has a concentration of about 70 wt-%
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid, e.g., peracetic acid has a concentration of about 15 wt-%
  • the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration of at least about 1 wt-%.
  • more than one type of stabilizer is used in the compositions.
  • at least one stabilizer is a phosphonic acid or a derivative thereof.
  • phosphonic acid based stabilizers such as HEDP, also act as an acid catalyst and aid in the formation of the peroxycarboxylic acid from the corresponding carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
  • a pyridine carboxylic acid based stabilizer is used as a second stabilizer.
  • Pyridine carboxylic acids such as 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (DPA), are well known chelators for metal ions. It is thought that by using two different types of stabilizers, the transition metals responsible for the catalytic decomposition of peroxycarboxylic acids are more efficiently deactivated by forming a more stable complex(es) involving both chelators.
  • any suitable first stabilizing agent can be used in the present compositions.
  • the first stabilizing agent is a picolinic acid, or a salt thereof.
  • the first stabilizing agent is 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof.
  • the first stabilizing agent can be used at any suitable concentration.
  • the first stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.005 wt-% to about 5 wt-%. In other embodiments, the first stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.05 wt-% to about 0.15 wt-%.
  • the first stabilizing agent has a concentration at about 0.005 wt-%, 0.01 wt-%, 0.1 wt-%, 1 wt-%,2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, or 5 wt-%. In yet other embodiments, the first stabilizing agent has a concentration at about 0.05 wt-%, 0.06 wt-%, 0.07 wt-%, 0.08 wt-%, 0.09 wt-%, 0.10 wt-%, 0.11 wt-%, 0.12 wt-%, 0.13 wt-%, 0.14 wt-%, or 0.15 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent is 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), or a salt thereof.
  • the second stabilizing agent can be used at any suitable concentration.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.1 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, e.g., 0.1 wt-%, 0.5 wt-%, 1 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 5 wt-%, 6 wt-%, 7 wt-%, 8 wt-%, 9 wt-%, or 10 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.5 wt-% to about 5 wt-%, e.g., 0.5 wt-%, 1 wt-%, 1.5 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 2.5 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 3.5 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 4.5 wt-% or 5 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.6 wt-% to about 1.8 wt-%, e.g., 0.6 wt-%, 0.7 wt-%, 0.8 wt-%, 0.9 wt-%, 1.0 wt-%, 1.1 wt-%, 1.2 wt-%, 1.3 wt-%, 1.4 wt-%, 1.5 wt-%, 1.6 wt-%, 1.7 wt-%, 1.8 wt-%.
  • the present composition can further comprise a substance that aids solubilization of the first and/or second stabilizing agent(s).
  • exemplary substances that can aid solubilization of the first and/or second stabilizing agent(s) include hydrotropes such as sodium xylene sulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonates, and surfactants, such as anionic surfactants and noinionic surfactants.
  • the first stabilizing agent is a 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof
  • the second stabilizing agent is HEDP, or a salt thereof.
  • the first and second stabilizing agents act synergistically to delay or prevent the composition from meeting its self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT).
  • SADT refers to the lowest temperature at which self-accelerating decomposition may occur with a composition.
  • SADT refers to the lowest temperature at which self-accelerating decomposition may occur under the commercial packaging, storage, transportation and/or use condition(s). SADT can be estimated, calculated, predicted and/or measured by any suitable methods.
  • SADT can be estimated, or measured directly by one of 3 methods (H1,H2 and H4) recommended by UN Committee for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods in "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations" (Rev.17) ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.17.
  • H1,H2 and H4 3 methods recommended by UN Committee for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods in "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations” (Rev.17) ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.17.
  • the methodology disclosed in Malow and Wehrstedt, J. Hazard Mater., 120(1-3):21-4 (2005 ) can be used.
  • the present compositions can retain any suitable level or percentage of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity under the usual packaging, storage, transportation and/or use condition(s). In some embodiments, the present compositions retain at least about 80% of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity after storage of about 30 days at about 50°C. Preferably, the present compositions retain at least about 85%, 90% or higher percentage of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity after storage of about 30 days at about 50°C.
  • compositions can optionally include additional ingredients to enhance the composition for water treatment according to the invention, including for example, friction reducers, viscosity enhancers and the like.
  • Additional optional functional ingredients may include for example, peracid stabilizers, emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors and/or descaling agents (i.e. scale inhibitors), surfactants and/or additional antimicrobial agents for enhanced efficacy (e.g. mixed peracids, biocides), antifoaming agents, acidulants (e.g. strong mineral acids), additional carboxylic acids, and the like.
  • no additional functional ingredients are employed.
  • Friction reducers are used in water or other water-based fluids used in hydraulic fracturing treatments for subterranean well formations in order to improve permeability of the desired gas and/or oil being recovered from the fluid-conductive cracks or pathways created through the fracking process.
  • the friction reducers allow the water to be pumped into the formations more quickly.
  • Various polymer additives have been widely used as friction reducers to enhance or modify the characteristics of the aqueous fluids used in well drilling, recovery and production applications.
  • friction reducers examples include polyacrylamide polymers and copolymers.
  • additional suitable friction reducers may include acrylamide-derived polymers and copolymers, such as polyacrylamide (sometime abbreviated as PAM), acrylamide-acrylate (acrylic acid) copolymers, acrylic acid-methacrylamide copolymers, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide copolymers (PHPA), partially hydrolyzed polymethacrylamide, acrylamide-methyl-propane sulfonate copolymers (AMPS) and the like.
  • PAM polyacrylamide
  • PHPA partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide copolymers
  • AMPS acrylamide-methyl-propane sulfonate copolymers
  • Various derivatives of such polymers and copolymers e.g., quaternary amine salts, hydrolyzed versions, and the like, should be understood to be included with the polymers and copolymers described herein.
  • Friction reducers are combined with water and/or other aqueous fluids, which in combination are often referred to as "slick water” fluids.
  • Slick water fluids have reduced frictional drag and beneficial flow characteristics which enable the pumping of the aqueous fluids into various gas- and/or oil-producing areas, including for example for fracturing.
  • a friction reducer is present in a use solution in an amount between about 100 ppm to 1,000 ppm.
  • a friction reducer is present in a use solution in an amount of at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 5 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 1 wt-%, more preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 0.5 wt-%, and still more preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 0.1 wt-%.
  • compositions and methods of the invention do not negatively interfere with friction reducers included in an aqueous solution. Without being limited to a particular theory of the invention, it is thought that the reduction and/or elimination of the oxidant hydrogen peroxide from the peracid composition promotes the stability and efficacy of any variation in the amount of friction reducer present in a use solution.
  • Viscosity enhancers are additional polymers used in water or other water-based fluids used in hydraulic fracturing treatments to provide viscosity enhancement. Natural and/or synthetic viscosity-increasing polymers may be employed in compositions and methods according to the invention. Viscosity enhancers may also be referred to as gelling agents and examples include guar, xanthan, cellulose derivatives and polyacrylamide and polyacrylate polymers and copolymers, and the like.
  • a viscosity enhancer is present in a use solution in an amount between about 100 ppm to 1,000 ppm. In a further aspect, a viscosity enhancer is present in a use solution in an amount of at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 5 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 1 wt-%, at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 2 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 1 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 0.5 wt-%.
  • compositions and methods of the invention do not negatively interfere with viscosity enhancer included in an aqueous solution. Without being limited to a particular theory of the invention, it is believed the reduction and/or elimination of the oxidant hydrogen peroxide from the peracid composition promotes the stability and efficacy of any variation in the amount of viscosity enhancer present in a use solution.
  • Corrosion inhibitors are additional molecules used in oil and gas recovery operations. Corrosion inhibitors that may be employed in the present disclosure include the exemplary corrosion inhibitors disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,965,785 , U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 12/263,904 , GB Pat. No. 1,198,734 , WO/03/006581 , WO04/044266 , and WO08/005058 , each incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • a corrosion inhibitor is present in a use solution in an amount between about 100 ppm to 1,000 ppm.
  • a corrosion inhibitor is present in a use solution in an amount of at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 5 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 1 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 0.1 wt-%, and still more preferably at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 0.05 wt-%.
  • compositions and methods of the invention do not negatively interfere with corrosion inhibitor included in an aqueous solution. Without being limited to a particular theory of the invention, it is believed the reduction and/or elimination of the oxidant hydrogen peroxide from the peracid composition promotes the stability and efficacy of any variation in the amount of corrosion inhibitor present in a use solution.
  • Scale inhibitors are additional molecules used in oil and gas recovery operations. Common scale inhibitors that may be employed in these types of applications include polymers and co-polymers, phosphates, phosphate esters and the like.
  • a scale inhibitor is present in a use solution in an amount between about 100 ppm to 1,000 ppm.
  • a scale inhibitor is present in a use solution in an amount of at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 1 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 0.1 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 0.05 wt-%.
  • the compositions and methods of the invention do not negatively interfere with scale inhibitor included in an aqueous solution. Without being limited to a particular theory of the invention, it is thought that the reduction and/or elimination of the oxidant hydrogen peroxide from the peracid composition promotes the stability and efficacy of any variation in the amount of scale inhibitor present in a use solution.
  • Additional antimicrobial agents may be included in the compositions and/or methods of the invention for enhanced antimicrobial efficacy.
  • additional antimicrobial agents and biocides may be employed.
  • Additional biocides may include, for example, a quaternary ammonium compound as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,627,657 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the presence of the quaternary ammonium compound provides both synergistic antimicrobial efficacies with peracids, as well as maintains long term biocidal efficacy of the compositions.
  • the additional biocide may include an oxidizer compatible phosphonium biocide, such as tributyl tetradecyl phosphonium chloride.
  • the phosphonium biocide provides similar antimicrobial advantages as the quaternary ammonium compound in combination with the peracids.
  • the phosphonium biocide is compatible with the anionic polymeric chemicals commonly used in the oil field applications, such as the methods of the fracking disclosed according to the invention.
  • Additional antimicrobial and biocide agents may be employed in amounts sufficient to provide antimicrobial efficacy, as may vary depending upon the water source in need of treatment and the contaminants therein.
  • Such agents may be present in a use solution in an amount of at least about 0.1 wt-% to about 50 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.1 wt-% to about 20 wt-%, more preferably from about 0.1 wt-% to about 10 wt-%.
  • Acidulants may be included as additional functional ingredients in a composition according to the invention.
  • a strong mineral acid such as nitric acid or sulfuric acid can be used to treat water sources, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,587,264 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the combined use of a strong mineral acid with the peracid composition provides enhanced antimicrobial efficacy as a result of the acidity assisting in removing chemical contaminants within the water source (e.g. sulfite and sulfide species).
  • some strong mineral acids, such as nitric acid provide a further benefit of reducing the risk of corrosion toward metals contacted by the peracid compositions according to the invention.
  • Exemplary products are commercially available from Enviro Tech Chemical Services, Inc. (Reflex brand) and from Solvay Chemicals (Proxitane® NT brand).
  • Acidulants may be employed in amounts sufficient to provide the intended antimicrobial efficacy and/or anticorrosion benefits, as may vary depending upon the water source in need of treatment and the contaminants therein.
  • Such agents may be present in a use solution in an amount of at least about 0.1 wt-% to about 50 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.1 wt-% to about 20 wt-%, more preferably from about 0.1 wt-% to about 10 wt-%.
  • a catalase or peroxidase enzyme is used to reduce and/or eliminate the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in an antimicrobial peracid composition.
  • the enzymes catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
  • the reduction and/or elimination of hydrogen peroxide results in other additives for a water treatment source (e.g . water source) not being degraded or rendered incompatible.
  • Various additives used to enhance or modify the characteristics of the aqueous fluids used in well drilling, recovery and production applications are at risk of degradation by the oxidizing effects of hydrogen peroxide. These may include for example, friction reducers and viscosity enhancers used in commercial well drilling, well completion and stimulation, or production applications.
  • catalase enzymes may be employed according to the invention, including: animal sources such as bovine catalase isolated from beef livers; fungal catalases isolated from fungi including Penicillium chrysogenum , Penicillium notatum, and Aspergillus niger ; plant sources; bacterial sources such as Staplylcoccus aureus, and genetic variations and modifications thereof.
  • fungal catalases are utilized to reduce the hydrogen peroxide content of a peracid composition.
  • Catalases are commercially available in various forms, including liquid and spray dried forms. Commercially available catalase includes both the active enzyme as well as additional ingredients to enhance the stability of the enzyme.
  • Some exemplary commercially available catalase enzymes include Genencor CA-100 and CA-400, as well as Mitsubishi Gas and Chemical (MGC) ASC super G and ASC super 200, and Optimase CA 400L from Genecor International. Additional description of suitable catalase enzymes are disclosed and herein incorporated by reference in its entirety from U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0269324 .
  • catalase enzymes have a high ability to decompose hydrogen peroxide.
  • the reduction or elimination of hydrogen peroxide from oxidizing compositions obviates the various detriments caused by oxidizing agents.
  • the use of catalase with the peracids compositions provides enhanced antimicrobial benefits without causing the damage associated with conventional oxidizing agents (e.g . peracetic acid, hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid, and/or chlorine dioxide), such as corrosion.
  • Peroxidase enzymes may also be employed to decompose hydrogen peroxide from a peracid composition. Although peroxidase enzymes primarily function to enable oxidation of substrates by hydrogen peroxide, they are also suitable for effectively lowering hydrogen peroxide to peracid ratios in compositions. Various sources of peroxidase enzymes may be employed according to the invention, including for example animal sources, fungal peroxidases, and genetic variations and modifications thereof. Peroxidases are commercially available in various forms, including liquid and spray dried forms. Commercially available peroxidases include both the active enzyme as well as additional ingredients to enhance the stability of the enzyme.
  • the catalase or peroxidase enzyme is able to degrade at least about 50% of the initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide in a peracid composition.
  • the enzyme is provided in sufficient amount to reduce the hydrogen peroxide concentration of a peracid composition by at least more than about 50%, more preferably at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%. In some embodiments, the enzyme reduces the hydrogen peroxide concentration of a peracid composition by more than 90%.
  • the enzymes are suitable for use and have a tolerance to a wide range of temperatures, including the temperatures ranges in water treatment applications which may range from about 0-180°C.
  • a suitable catalase enzyme will maintain at least 50% of its activity under such storage and/or application temperatures for at least about 10 minutes, preferably for at least about 1 hour.
  • the catalase or peroxidase enzymes described herein have a tolerance to pH ranges found in water treatment applications.
  • Acetic acid levels (or other carboxylic acid) in a water treatment application can widely range in parts per million (ppm) of acetic or other carboxylic acid.
  • the solutions may have a corresponding range of pH range from greater than 0 to about 10.
  • a suitable catalase or peroxidase enzyme will maintain at least about 50% of its activity in such solutions of acetic or other carboxylic acid over a period of about 10 minutes.
  • a catalase or peroxidase enzyme is present in a use solution of the water treatment and peracid composition in sufficient amounts to reduce the concentration of hydrogen peroxide from the peracid composition by at least 50% within about 10 minutes, preferably within about 5 minutes, preferably within about 2 to 5 minutes, more preferably within about 1 minute.
  • concentration of the enzymes will vary depending upon the amount of time within which 50% of the hydrogen peroxide from the peracid composition is removed.
  • a catalase or peroxidase enzyme is present in a use solution composition including the water source to be treated in amounts between about 1 ppm and about 1,000 ppm, preferably between about 5 ppm and 500 ppm, and more preferably between about 10 ppm and about 100 ppm.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for storing a percarboxylic acid containing composition, which method comprises storing the above compositions, wherein said composition retains at least about 80% of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity after storage for any suitable time under any suitable conditions, e.g ., retaining at least about 80% of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity after storage of about 30 days at about 50°C.
  • the present compositions retain at least about 85%, 90% or higher of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity after storage of about 30 days at about 50°C.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for transporting a percarboxylic acid containing composition, which method comprises transporting the above compositions under ambient conditions, preferably in bulk e.g., 1,000 gallons and above, wherein the SADT of said composition is at least 45°C during transportation.
  • the SADT of said composition is higher than at least 50°C, 55°C, 60°C 65°C or 70°C.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for treating water, which method comprises providing the above compositions to a water source in need of treatment to form a treated water source, wherein said treated water source comprises from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of said C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid.
  • the present methods can be used to treat any suitable or desirable water sources.
  • the present methods can be used to treat fresh water, pond water, sea water, produced water and a combination thereof.
  • the water source comprises at least about 1 wt-% produced water.
  • the water source comprises at least about 1 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 5 wt-%, 6 wt-%, 7 wt-%, 8 wt-%, 9 wt-%, or 10 wt-%, 15 wt-%, 20 wt-%, 25 wt-%, 30 wt-% or more produced water.
  • the treated water source can comprise any suitable concentration of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid.
  • the treated water source comprises from about 10 ppm to about 200 ppm of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid.
  • the treated water source comprises about 1 ppm, 10 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm or1,000 ppm of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid.
  • the present methods can be used to treat any suitable or desirable water sources.
  • the present methods can be used to treat fresh water, pond water, sea water, produced water and a combination thereof.
  • the water source comprises at least about 1 wt-% produced water. In other embodiments, the water source comprises at least about 1 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 5 wt-%, 6 wt-%, 7 wt-%, 8 wt-%, 9 wt-%, or 10 wt-%, 15 wt-%, 2 0 wt -%, 25 wt-%, 30 wt-% or more produced water.
  • Any suitable C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid can be used in the present methods.
  • peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and/or peroxysulfonated oleic acid can be used.
  • a combination of peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and peroxysulfonated oleic acid is used.
  • the treated water source can comprise any suitable concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the treated water source comprises from about 1 ppm to about 15 ppm of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the treated water source comprises about 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm, 5 ppm, 6 ppm, 7 ppm, 8 ppm, 9 ppm, 10 ppm, 11 ppm, 12 ppm, 13 ppm, 14 ppm, or 15 ppm of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the treated water source can retain any suitable concentration and/or percentage of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity in the treated water source for any suitable time period after the treated water source is formed. In some embodiments, the treated water source retains at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% or 90% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity in the treated water source for a suitable time after the treated water source is formed. In other embodiments, the treated water source retains at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% or 90% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity in the treated water source for at least 15 minutes after the treated water source is formed.
  • the level of a microorganism, if present in the water source is stabilized or reduced by the present methods. For example, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% or more of the microorganism, if present in the water source, is killed, destroyed, removed and/or inactivated by the present methods.
  • the antimicrobial efficacy of the composition used in the present methods on the treated water source is comparable to antimicrobial effect of a water source that does not contain produced water.
  • the treated water source reduces corrosion caused by hydrogen peroxide and reduces microbial-induced corrosion, and the composition used in the present methods does not substantially interfere with a friction reducer, a viscosity enhancer, other functional ingredients present in the treated water source, or a combination thereof.
  • the present methods can comprise adding a peroxidase or a catalase to further reduce the hydrogen peroxide level in the treated water source.
  • the peroxidase or catalase can be added in any suitable manner.
  • the peroxidase or catalase can be added to the water source before a composition used in the present methods is provided to the water source.
  • the present compositions can be diluted into a suitable intermediate volume, and the peroxidase or catalase can be added to the diluted, intermediate volume. Thereafter, the diluted, intermediate volume, which contains the peroxidase or catalase, can be added to the water source.
  • Any suitable peroxidase or catalase including the ones described below, can be used in the present methods.
  • the present methods can further comprise directing the treated water source into a subterranean environment or disposing of the treated water source.
  • the water source treated by the present methods does not comprise reuse water
  • the treated water source comprises from about 10 ppm to about 20 ppm of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid and from about 1 ppm to about 2 ppm of hydrogen peroxide and the treated water source does not comprise a friction reducer and/or a rheology modifier.
  • the water source treated by the present methods is a blended water source that comprises about 80 wt-% fresh water or pond water and about 20 wt-% of reuse water, the treated water source comprises from about 25 ppm to about 35 ppm of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid and from about 2 ppm to about 3 ppm of hydrogen peroxide and catalase, the treated water source does not comprise a friction reducer and/or a rheology modifier, and the treated water source is formed before reaching a blending tub.
  • the water source treated by the present methods is a blended water source that comprises about 80 wt-% fresh water or pond water and about 20 wt-% of reuse water, the treated water source comprises from about 25 ppm to about 35 ppm of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid and from about 2 ppm to about 3 ppm of hydrogen peroxide and catalase, the treated water source comprises a friction reducer and/or a rheology modifier, and the treated water source is formed in a blending tub.
  • the treated water source comprises from about 30 ppm or less of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid and about 0.5 ppm or less of the hydrogen peroxide, the treated water source comprises a friction reducer and/or a rheology modifier, and the treated water source is directed into or is at a subterranean environment.
  • the methods disclosed for water treatment in oil and gas recovery provide effective antimicrobial efficacy without deleterious interaction with functional agents, including for example friction reducers.
  • the methods for water treatment provide increased antimicrobial efficacy compared to the use of the antimicrobial peracids alone.
  • the methods of use result in the disposal of cleaner water with low numbers of microorganisms.
  • the reduction and/or elimination of H 2 O 2 from the peracid compositions minimizes the negative effects of the oxidant H 2 O 2 .
  • the methods of the invention reduce the volume expansion within sealed systems used in oil and gas recovery methods, as a result of the reduction and/or elimination of H 2 O 2 from the systems.
  • the treated peracid compositions can be used for a variety of industrial applications, e.g ., to reduce microbial or viral populations on a surface or object or in a body or stream of water.
  • the invention includes methods of using the treated peracid compositions to prevent biological fouling in various industrial processes and industries, including oil and gas operations, to control microorganism growth, eliminate microbial contamination, limit or prevent biological fouling in liquid systems, process waters or on the surfaces of equipment that come in contact with such liquid systems.
  • microbial contamination can occur in various industrial liquid systems including, but not limited to, air-borne contamination, water make-up, process leaks and improperly cleaned equipment.
  • peracid and catalase compositions are used to control the growth of microorganisms in water used in various oil and gas operations.
  • the compositions are suitable for incorporating into fracturing fluids to control or eliminate microorganisms.
  • treated peracid compositions can employ a variety of peracid compositions having a low to substantially no hydrogen peroxide concentration.
  • These treated peracid compositions include peracid compositions with a catalase or peroxidase enzyme to reduce the hydrogen peroxide to peracid ratio and/or other reduced hydrogen peroxide peracid compositions disclosed herein.
  • peracid and catalase use solutions having reduced or substantially no hydrogen peroxide are introduced to a water source in need of treatment.
  • the methods by which the treated peracid use solutions are introduced into the aqueous fluids according to the invention are not critical. Introduction of the treated peracid compositions may be carried out in a continuous or intermittent manner and will depend on the type of water being treated. In some embodiments, the treated peracid compositions are introduced into an aqueous fluid according to the methods disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 13/645,671 (Attorney Docket No. 8421), titled "New Method and Arrangement for Feeding Chemicals into a Hydrofracturing Process and Oil and Gas Applications", which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the treated peracid use solutions are added to waters in need of treatment prior to the drilling and fracking steps in order to restrict the introduction of microbes into the reservoir and to prevent the microbes from having a negative effect on the integrity of the fluids.
  • the treatment of source waters (e.g . pond, lake, municipal, etc.) and/or produced waters is particularly well suited for use according to the invention.
  • the treated waters according to the invention can be used for both slick water fracturing (i.e. using frictions reducers) and/or gel fracturing ( i.e. using viscosity enhancers), depending on the type of formation being fractured and the type of hydrocarbon expected to be produced.
  • Use of a treated peracid use solution, including a catalase treated peracid composition use solution having low to substantially no hydrogen peroxide, is suitable for both slick water fracturing and gel fracturing.
  • pretreating the peracid peracetic acid (including a mixture of acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and water) with catalase substantially removes the hydrogen peroxide with minimal to no impact on the fracturing fluids and the well itself.
  • the peracetic acid pretreated with catalase allows the formation of gel suitable for gel fracturing, as opposed to untreated peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide solutions that do not allow a gel to form under certain conditions.
  • the treated peracid use solutions are added to waters in need of treatment in the subterranean well formations ( e.g. introduced through a bore hole in a subterranean formation).
  • the treated peracid use solutions are added to waters in need of treatment before disposal.
  • flow back waters e.g . post fracking
  • flow back waters are treated to minimize microbial contaminations in the waters and to remove solids prior to disposal of the water into a subterranean well, reuse in a subsequent fracturing application or return of the water into local environmental water sources.
  • the water source in need of treatment may vary significantly.
  • the water source may be a freshwater source (e.g . pond water), salt water or brine source, brackish water source, recycled water source, or the like.
  • seawater sources are often employed (e.g . saltwater or non-saltwater).
  • the peracid compositions, with or without catalase, of the invention are suitable for use with any types of water and provide effective antimicrobial efficiency with any of such water sources.
  • recycled water sources e.g . produced waters
  • Recycled or produced water are understood to include non-potable water sources.
  • the use of such produced waters (in combination with freshwater, pond water or seawater) reduces certain economic and/or environmental constraints.
  • thousands to millions of gallons of water may be employed and the combination of produced water with fresh water sources provides significant economic and environmental advantages.
  • as much produced water as practical is employed.
  • at least 1% produced water is employed, preferably at least 5% produced water is employed, preferably at least 10% produced water is employed, preferably at least 20% produced water is employed, or more preferably more than 20% produced water is employed.
  • the method includes a pretreatment step, wherein the peracid composition is treated with a catalase enzyme to reduce the hydrogen peroxide concentration in a use solution.
  • the pretreatment step occurs prior to combining the peracid antimicrobial composition and/or catalase to a water source in need of treatment.
  • the pretreatment may occur within a few minutes to hours before addition to a water source.
  • a commercial peracid formulation is employed (e.g . peracetic acid).
  • the peracid and catalase composition use solution may be diluted to obtain the desired peracetic acid concentrations, with low and/or no hydrogen peroxide concentration.
  • a sufficient amount of the pretreated peracid use solution composition, with or without catalase, is added to the aqueous water source in need of treatment to provide the desired peracid concentration for antimicrobial efficacy.
  • a water source is dosed amounts of the peracid and catalase use solution composition until a peracid concentration within the water source is detected within the preferred concentration range ( e.g. about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm peracid).
  • the methods of use as described herein can vary in the temperature and pH conditions associated with use of the aqueous treatment fluids.
  • the aqueous treatment fluids may be subjected to varying ambient temperatures according to the applications of use disclosed herein, including ranging from about 0°C to about 130°C in the course of the treatment operations.
  • the temperature range is between about 5°C to about 100°C, more preferably between about 10°C to about 80°C.
  • the peracid composition aqueous treatment fluids i.e.
  • pH ranges such as from 1 to about 10.5.
  • the pH range is less than about 9, less than about 8.2 (pKa value of the representative peracid peracetic acid) to ensure the effective antimicrobial efficacy of the peracid.
  • the antimicrobial compositions of the invention are fast-acting. However, the present methods require a certain minimal contact time of the compositions with the water in need of treatment for occurrence of sufficient antimicrobial effect.
  • the contact time can vary with concentration of the use compositions, method of applying the use compositions, temperature of the use compositions, pH of the use compositions, amount of water to be treated, amount of soil or substrates in the water to be treated, or the like.
  • the contact or exposure time can be at least about 15 seconds. In some embodiments, the exposure time is about 1 to 5 minutes. In other embodiments, the exposure time is at least about 10 minutes, 30 minutes, or 60 minutes. In other embodiments, the exposure time is a few minutes to hours.
  • the contact time will further vary based upon the concentration of peracid in a use solution.
  • the methods of use provide an antimicrobial for use that does not negatively impact the environment.
  • the degradation of the compositions of the invention provides a "green” alternative.
  • utilizing peroxyacetic acid is beneficial as the by-products are non-toxic, non-persistent in the environment, certified as organic and permitted for discharge in surface waters.
  • the methods of use provide an antimicrobial for use that does not negatively interfere with friction reducers, viscosity enhancers and/or other functional ingredients.
  • the methods of use do not negatively interfere with any additional functional agents utilized in the water treatment methods, including for example, corrosion inhibitors, descaling agents and the like.
  • the compositions administered according to the invention provide extremely effective control of microorganisms without adversely affecting the functional properties of any additive polymers of an aqueous system.
  • the treated peracid composition use solutions provide additional benefits to a system, including for example, reducing corrosion within the system due to the decreased or substantially eliminated hydrogen peroxide from a treated peracid composition.
  • the non-deleterious effects of the treated peracid compositions (with or without a catalase) on the various functional ingredients used in water treatment methods are achieved regardless of the make-up of the water source in need of treatment.
  • the methods of use prevent the contamination of systems, such as well or reservoir souring. In further aspects, the methods of use prevent microbiologically-influenced corrosion of the systems upon which it is employed.
  • the reduction and/or elimination of H 2 O 2 from the systems reduces volume expansion within sealed systems (e.g . wells). As a result there is a significantly decreased or eliminated risk of well blow outs due to the removal of gases within the antimicrobial compositions used for treating the various water sources.
  • the methods of use employ the antimicrobial and/or bleaching activity of the peracid compositions.
  • the invention includes a method for reducing a microbial population and/or a method for bleaching. These methods can operate on an article, surface, in a body or stream of water or a gas, or the like, by contacting the article, surface, body, or stream with the compositions. Contacting can include any of numerous methods for applying the compositions, including, but not limited to, providing the antimicrobial peracid compositions in an aqueous use solution and immersing any articles, and/or providing to a water source in need of treatment.
  • compositions are suitable for antimicrobial efficacy against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, providing broad spectrum bactericidal and fungistatic activity.
  • the peracid biocides of this invention provide broad spectrum activity against wide range of different types of microorganisms (including both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms), including bacteria, yeasts, molds, fungi, algae, and other problematic microorganisms associated with oil- and gas-field operations.
  • Exemplary microorganisms susceptible to the peracid compositions of the invention include, gram positive bacteria (e.g., Staplylococcus aureus, Bacillus species (sp.) like Bacillus subtilis, Clostridia sp.), gram negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., Desulfovibrio sp., and Desulfotomaculum sp.), yeasts ( e.g ., Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans ), molds ( e.g ., Aspergillus niger, Cephalosporium acremonium , Penicillium notatum , and Aureobasidium pullulans ), filamentous fungi ( e.g ., Aspergillus niger and Cla
  • exemplary microorganisms susceptible to the peracid compositions of the invention include the exemplary microorganisms disclosed in U.S. patent application US 2010/0160449 A1 , e.g., the sulfur- or sulfate-reducing bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum species.
  • Additional embodiments of the invention include water treatments for various industrial processes for treating liquid systems.
  • liquid system refers to flood waters or an environment within at least one artificial artifact, containing a substantial amount of liquid that is capable of undergoing biological fouling.
  • Liquid systems include but are not limited to industrial liquid systems, industrial water systems, liquid process streams, industrial liquid process streams, industrial process water systems, process water applications, process waters, utility waters, water used in manufacturing, water used in industrial services, aqueous liquid streams, liquid streams containing two or more liquid phases, and any combination thereof.
  • compositions can also be used to treat other liquid systems where both the compositions' antimicrobial function and oxidant properties can be utilized.
  • waste water is often rich in malodorous compounds of reduced sulfur, nitrogen or phosphorous.
  • a strong oxidant such as the compositions disclosed herein converts these compounds efficiently to their odor free derivatives e.g . the sulfates, phosphates and amine oxides. These same properties are very useful in the pulp and paper industry where the property of bleaching is also of great utility.
  • the present invention also relates to slick water compositions useful in oil and/or gas drilling that comprise stable percarboxylic acid compositions and uses thereof.
  • the present invention is directed to a composition, which composition comprises:
  • the present composition is an equilibrated composition that comprises peracid, hydrogen peroxide, carboxylic acid and a solvent, e.g ., water.
  • the present composition does not comprise a mineral acid, e.g., the mineral acids disclosed in WO 91/07375 .
  • the present composition can comprise any suitable level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the hydrogen peroxide in the present compositions has a concentration of about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm, e.g., 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm, 5 ppm, 6 ppm, 7 ppm, 8 ppm, 9 ppm, or 10 ppm.
  • the present composition can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid relative to the level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 6 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 10 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the present composition can comprise any suitable friction reducer.
  • the friction reducer is a polyacrylamide polymer and/or copolymer, or an acrylamide-derived polymer and/or copolymer.
  • Other exemplary friction reducers include the ones described in the above Section B.
  • the present composition can comprise any suitable level of the friction reducer.
  • the friction reducer has a concentration from about 50 ppm to about 5,000 ppm, preferably from about 100 ppm to about 1,000 ppm.
  • the friction reducer has a concentration at about 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 2,000 ppm, 3,000 ppm, 4,000 ppm, or 5,000 ppm.
  • the present composition can further comprise any substances suitable for oil and/or gas drilling.
  • the present composition can further comprise a proppant, a surfactant and/or a scale inhibitor.
  • Any suitable proppant can be used.
  • the proppant is a sand or a ceramic bead.
  • Any suitable scale inhibitor can be used.
  • the scale inhibitor is a polymer, a phosphonate or a phosphate ester.
  • any suitable C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid can be used in the present compositions.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid is a C 2 -C 20 percarboxylic acid.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid comprises peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and/or peroxysulfonated oleic acid.
  • Other exemplary C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acids are described in the above Section B.
  • the present composition can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, e.g., 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, or 30 ppm
  • the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 3 ppm, e.g., 1 ppm, 1.5 ppm, 2 ppm, 2.5 ppm, or 3 ppm.
  • any suitable first stabilizing agent can be used in the present compositions.
  • the first stabilizing agent is a picolinic acid, or a salt thereof.
  • the first stabilizing agent is 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof.
  • the first stabilizing agent can be used at any suitable concentration.
  • the first stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.005 wt-% to about 5 wt-%. In other embodiments, the first stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.05 wt-% to about 0.15 wt-%.
  • the first stabilizing agent has a concentration at about 0.005 wt-%, 0.01 wt-%, 0.1 wt-%, 1 wt-%,2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, or 5 wt-%. In yet other embodiments, the first stabilizing agent has a concentration at about 0.05 wt-%, 0.06 wt-%, 0.07 wt-%, 0.08 wt-%, 0.09 wt-%, 0.10 wt-%, 0.11 wt-%, 0.12 wt-%, 0.13 wt-%, 0.14 wt-%, or 0.15 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent is 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), or a salt thereof.
  • the second stabilizing agent can be used at any suitable concentration.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.1 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, e.g., 0.1 wt-%, 0.5 wt-%, 1 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 5 wt-%, 6 wt-%, 7 wt-%, 8 wt-%, 9 wt-%, or 10 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.5 wt-% to about 5 wt-%, e.g., 0.5 wt-%, 1 wt-%, 1.5 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 2.5 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 3.5 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 4.5 wt-% or 5 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.6 wt-% to about 1.8 wt-%, e.g., 0.6 wt-%, 0.7 wt-%, 0.8 wt-%, 0.9 wt-%, 1.0 wt-%, 1.1 wt-%, 1.2 wt-%, 1.3 wt-%, 1.4 wt-%, 1.5 wt-%, 1.6 wt-%, 1.7 wt-%, or 1.8 wt-%.
  • the first stabilizing agent is a 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof
  • the second stabilizing agent is HEDP, or a salt thereof.
  • the present compositions can retain any suitable level or percentage of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time after the composition is formed. In some embodiments, the present composition retains at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% or 90% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time after the composition is formed. In other embodiments, the present composition retains at least about 60% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 24 hours, or longer after the composition is formed.
  • the present compositions can comprise a peroxidase or a catalase to further reduce the hydrogen peroxide concentration. Any suitable peroxidase or a catalase can be used in the present compositions. Exemplary peroxidases and catalases are described in the above Section B.
  • the present compositions can further comprise a substance that aids solubilization of the first and/or second stabilizing agent(s). Exemplary substances that can aid solubilization of the first and/or second stabilizing agent(s) include hydrotropes such as sodium xylene sulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonates, and surfactants, such as anionic surfactants and noinionic surfactants.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for slick water fracturing, which method comprises directing the above composition into a subterranean environment.
  • the present compositions can be directed into a subterranean environment at any suitable speed.
  • the present composition is directed into a subterranean environment at a speed faster than 30 barrel (bbl)/min.
  • the present composition is directed into a subterranean environment at a speed from about 50 bbl/min. to about 100 bbl/min., e.g., 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 bbl/min.
  • compositions can be directed into any suitable subterranean environment.
  • the subterranean environment comprises a well in a shale gas and/or oil reservoir.
  • compositions can be directed into a subterranean environment by any suitable methods.
  • the composition is pumped down a well-bore.
  • the present invention further relates to gel based compositions useful in oil and/or gas drilling that comprise stable percarboxylic acid compositions and uses thereof.
  • the present invention is directed to a composition, which composition comprises:
  • the present composition is an equilibrated composition that comprises peracid, hydrogen peroxide, carboxylic acid and a solvent, e.g ., water.
  • the present composition does not comprise a mineral acid, e.g., the mineral acids disclosed in WO 91/07375 .
  • the present composition can comprise any suitable level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the hydrogen peroxide in the present compositions has a concentration of about 1 ppm to about 15 ppm, e.g., 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm, 5 ppm, 6 ppm, 7 ppm, 8 ppm, 9 ppm, 10 ppm, 11 ppm, 12 ppm, 13 ppm, 14 ppm, or 15 ppm.
  • the present composition can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid relative to the level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 6 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 10 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the viscosity enhancer is a conventional linear gel, a borate-crosslinked gel, an organometallic-crosslinked gel or an aluminium phosphate-ester oil gel.
  • Other exemplary viscosity enhancers include the ones described in the above Section B.
  • the viscosity enhancer can be used at any suitable levels.
  • the viscosity enhancer has a concentration from about 2 to about 100 units of pounds per thousand gallons, preferably from about 5 to about 65 units of pounds per thousand gallons. In other embodiments, the viscosity enhancer has a concentration at about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 units of pounds per thousand gallons.
  • the present composition can further comprise any substances suitable for oil and/or gas drilling.
  • the present composition can further comprise a proppant, a surfactant, a scale inhibitor and/or a breaker.
  • Any suitable proppant can be used.
  • the proppant is a sand or a ceramic bead.
  • Any suitable scale inhibitor can be used.
  • the scale inhibitor is a polymer, a phosphonate or a phosphate ester.
  • Any suitable breaker can be used.
  • the breaker is an oxidizer, an enzyme or a pH modifier.
  • any suitable C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid can be used in the present compositions.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid is a C 2 -C 20 percarboxylic acid.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid comprises peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and/or peroxysulfonated oleic acid.
  • Other exemplary C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acids are described in the above Section B.
  • the present composition can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration that is effective for its anti-microbial function and the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration that will not cause gel failure.
  • the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration that is about 14 ppm or less.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, e.g., 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, or 30 ppm
  • the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 3 ppm, e.g., 1 ppm, 1.5 ppm, 2 ppm, 2.5 ppm, or 3 ppm.
  • any suitable first stabilizing agent can be used in the present compositions.
  • the first stabilizing agent is a picolinic acid, or a salt thereof.
  • the first stabilizing agent is 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof.
  • the first stabilizing agent can be used at any suitable concentration.
  • the first stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.005 wt-% to about 5 wt-%. In other embodiments, the first stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.05 wt-% to about 0.15 wt-%.
  • the first stabilizing agent has a concentration at about 0.005 wt-%, 0.01 wt-%, 0.1 wt-%, 1 wt-%,2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, or 5 wt-%. In yet other embodiments, the first stabilizing agent has a concentration at about 0.05 wt-%, 0.06 wt-%, 0.07 wt-%, 0.08 wt-%, 0.09 wt-%, 0.10 wt-%, 0.11 wt-%, 0.12 wt-%, 0.13 wt-%, 0.14 wt-%, 0.15 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent is 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), or a salt thereof.
  • the second stabilizing agent can be used at any suitable concentration.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.1 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, e.g., 0.1 wt-%, 0.5 wt-%, 1 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 5 wt-%, 6 wt-%, 7 wt-%, 8 wt-%, 9 wt-%, or 10 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.5 wt-% to about 5 wt-%, e.g., 0.5 wt-%, 1 wt-%, 1.5 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 2.5 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 3.5 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 4.5 wt-% or 5 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.6 wt-% to about 1.8 wt-%, e.g., 0.6 wt-%, 0.7 wt-%, 0.8 wt-%, 0.9 wt-%, 1.0 wt-%, 1.1 wt-%, 1.2 wt-%, 1.3 wt-%, 1.4 wt-%, 1.5 wt-%, 1.6 wt-%, 1.7 wt-%, or 1.8 wt-%.
  • the first stabilizing agent is a 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof
  • the second stabilizing agent is HEDP, or a salt thereof.
  • the present compositions can retain any suitable level or percentage of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time after the composition is formed. In some embodiments, the present composition retains at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% or 90% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time after the composition is formed. In other embodiments, the present composition retains at least about 60% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 24 hours, or longer after the composition is formed.
  • the present compositions can comprise a peroxidase or a catalase to further reduce the hydrogen peroxide concentration. Any suitable peroxidase or a catalase can be used in the present compositions. Exemplary peroxidases and catalases are described in the above Section B.
  • the present compositions can further comprise a substance that aids solubilization of the first and/or second stabilizing agent(s). Exemplary substances that can aid solubilization of the first and/or second stabilizing agent(s) include hydrotropes such as sodium xylene sulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonates, and surfactants, such as anionic surfactants and noinionic surfactants.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for high-viscosity fracturing, which method comprises directing the above composition into a subterranean environment.
  • the present methods can be used to direct the above composition into any suitable subterranean environment.
  • the present methods can be used to direct the above composition into a subterranean environment comprising a well in a gas and/or oil field.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for treating a target, which method comprises a step of contacting a target with a composition in a diluted level to form a treated target composition, wherein said composition comprises:
  • the composition used in the present methods is an equilibrated composition that comprises peracid, hydrogen peroxide, carboxylic acid and a solvent, e.g ., water.
  • the composition used in the present methods does not comprise a mineral acid, e.g ., the mineral acids disclosed in WO 91/07375 .
  • the composition used in the present methods can comprise any suitable level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the hydrogen peroxide in the equilibrated composition has a concentration of about 0.1% to about 15%, e.g., about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15%.
  • the exemplary compositions can be diluted to a desired level.
  • composition used in the present methods can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid relative to the level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 6 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 10 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • any suitable C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid can be used in the present methods.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid is a C 2 -C 20 percarboxylic acid.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid comprises peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and/or peroxysulfonated oleic acid.
  • Other exemplary C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acids are described in the above Section B.
  • the composition used in the present methods can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid in the equilibrated composition has a concentration from about 0.1% to about 30 %, e.g., about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30%.
  • the exemplary compositions can be diluted to a desired level.
  • any suitable first stabilizing agent can be used in the composition used in the present methods.
  • the first stabilizing agent is a picolinic acid, or a salt thereof.
  • the first stabilizing agent is 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof.
  • the first stabilizing agent can be used at any suitable concentration.
  • the first stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.005 wt-% to about 5 wt-%. In other embodiments, the first stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.05 wt-% to about 0.15 wt-%.
  • the first stabilizing agent has a concentration at about 0.005 wt-%, 0.01 wt-%, 0.1 wt-%, 1 wt-%,2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, or 5 wt-%. In yet other embodiments, the first stabilizing agent has a concentration at about 0.05 wt-%, 0.06 wt-%, 0.07 wt-%, 0.08 wt-%, 0.09 wt-%, 0.10 wt-%, 0.11 wt-%, 0.12 wt-%, 0.13 wt-%, 0.14 wt-%, or 0.15 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent is 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), or a salt thereof.
  • the second stabilizing agent can be used at any suitable concentration.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.1 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, e.g., 0.1 wt-%, 0.5 wt-%, 1 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 5 wt-%, 6 wt-%, 7 wt-%, 8 wt-%, 9 wt-%, or 10 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.5 wt-% to about 5 wt-%, e.g., 0.5 wt-%, 1 wt-%, 1.5 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 2.5 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 3.5 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 4.5 wt-% or 5 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.6 wt-% to about 1.8 wt-%, e.g., 0.6 wt-%, 0.7 wt-%, 0.8 wt-%, 0.9 wt-%, 1.0 wt-%, 1.1 wt-%, 1.2 wt-%, 1.3 wt-%, 1.4 wt-%, 1.5 wt-%, 1.6 wt-%, 1.7 wt-%, or 1.8 wt-%.
  • the first stabilizing agent is a 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof
  • the second stabilizing agent is HEDP, or a salt thereof.
  • the composition used in the present methods can retain any suitable level or percentage of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time after the treated target composition is formed. In some embodiments, the present composition retains at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% or 90% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time after the treated target composition is formed. In other embodiments, the present composition retains at least about 60% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 24 hours, or longer after the treated target composition is formed.
  • the composition used in the present methods can comprise a peroxidase or a catalase to further reduce the hydrogen peroxide concentration. Any suitable peroxidase or a catalase can be used in the present compositions. Exemplary peroxidases and catalases are described in the above Section B.
  • the composition used in the present methods can further comprise a substance that aids solubilization of the first and/or second stabilizing agent(s). Exemplary substances that can aid solubilization of the first and/or second stabilizing agent(s) include hydrotropes such as sodium xylene sulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonates, and surfactants, such as anionic surfactants and noinionic surfactants.
  • the target can be a food item or a plant item and/or at least a portion of a medium, a container, an equipment, a system or a facility for growing, holding, processing, packaging, storing, transporting, preparing, cooking or serving the food item or the plant item.
  • the present methods can be used for treating any suitable plant item.
  • the plant item is a grain, fruit, vegetable or flower plant item.
  • the plant item is a living plant item or a harvested plant item.
  • the plant item comprises a seed, a tuber, a growing plant, a cutting, or a root stock.
  • the present methods are used for treating a living plant tissue comprising treating the plant tissue with the above composition in a diluted level to stabilize or reduce microbial population in and/or on the plant tissue.
  • the present methods are used for growing a plant on a hydroponic substrate in a hydroponic liquid supply medium, comprising: (a) establishing a growing and living plant tissue in the hydroponic substrate; (b) contacting the living plant tissue, the hydroponic substrate and the hydroponic liquid with a diluted composition of the present invention to stabilize or reduce microbial population in and/or on the living plant tissue; and (c) harvesting a usable plant product with reduced microbial contamination.
  • the present methods can be used for treating any suitable food item.
  • the food item can be an animal product, e.g., an animal carcass or an egg, a fruit item, a vegetable item, or a grain item.
  • the animal carcass can be a beef, pork, veal, buffalo, lamb, fish, sea food or poultry carcass.
  • the sea food carcass can be scallop, shrimp, crab, octopus, mussel, squid or lobster.
  • the fruit item can be a botanic fruit, a culinary fruit, a simple fruit, an aggregate fruit, a multiple fruit, a berry, an accessory fruit or a seedless fruit.
  • the vegetable item can be a flower bud, a seed, a leaf, a leaf sheath, a bud, a stem, a stem of leaves, a stem shoot, a tuber, a whole-plant sprout, a root or a bulb.
  • the grain item can be maize, rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, oat, triticale, rye, buckwheat, fonio or quinoa.
  • the present methods can be used for treating a target that is at least a portion of a container, an equipment, a system or a facility for holding, processing, packaging, storing, transporting, preparing, cooking or serving the food item or the plant item.
  • the target is at least a portion of a container, an equipment, a system or a facility for holding, processing, packaging, storing, transporting, preparing, cooking or serving a meat item, a fruit item, a vegetable item, or a grain item.
  • the target is at least a portion of a container, an equipment, a system or a facility for holding, processing, packaging, storing, or transporting an animal carcass.
  • the target is at least a portion of a container, an equipment, a system or a facility used in food processing, food service or health care industry.
  • the target is at least a portion of a fixed in-place process facility.
  • An exemplary fixed in-place process facility can comprise a milk line dairy, a continuous brewing system, a pumpable food system or a beverage processing line.
  • the present methods can be used for treating a target that is at least a portion of a solid surface or liquid media.
  • the solid surface is an inanimate solid surface.
  • the inanimate solid surface can be contaminated by a biological fluid, e.g., a biological fluid comprising blood, other hazardous body fluid, or a mixture thereof.
  • the solid surface can be a contaminated surface.
  • An exemplary contaminated surface can comprise the surface of food service wares or equipment, or the surface of a fabric.
  • the treated target composition can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid.
  • the treated target composition comprises from about 10 ppm to about 200 ppm of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid, e.g ., about 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm, 60 ppm, 70 ppm, 80 ppm, 90 ppm, 100 ppm, 110 ppm, 120 ppm, 130 ppm, 140 ppm, 150 ppm, 160 ppm, 170 ppm, 180 ppm, 190 ppm, or 200 ppm of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid.
  • the treated target composition can comprise any suitable C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid.
  • the treated target composition comprises peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and/or peroxysulfonated oleic acid.
  • the treated target composition can comprise any suitable level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the treated target composition comprises from about 1 ppm to about 15 ppm of the hydrogen peroxide, e.g ., about 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm, 5 ppm, 6 ppm, 7 ppm, 8 ppm, 9 ppm, 10 ppm, 11 ppm, 12 ppm, 13 ppm, 14 ppm, or 15 ppm of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the treated target composition can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid relative to the level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the treated target composition comprises the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid that has a concentration of at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the treated target composition can comprise any suitable first stabilizing agent and second stabilizing agent.
  • the treated target composition comprises a first stabilizing agent that is a 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof, and a second stabilizing agent that is HEDP, or a salt thereof.
  • the treated target composition can retain any suitable level of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time. In some embodiments, the treated target composition retains at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time. In other embodiments, the treated target composition retains a suitable level of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for at least 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 11 minutes, 12 minutes, 13 minutes, 14 minutes, or 15 minutes after the treated target composition is formed. In still other embodiments, the treated target composition retains at least about 60% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for 15 minutes after the treated target composition is formed.
  • the contacting step can last for any suitable time. In some embodiments, the contacting step lasts for at least 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, 40 seconds, 50 seconds, 1 minute, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 16 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, or longer.
  • the diluted composition can be applied to the target in any suitable manner.
  • the diluted composition is applied to the target by means of a spray, a fog, or a foam.
  • the diluted composition is applied to the target by applying in the form of a thickened or gelled solution.
  • all or part of the target is dipped in the diluted composition.
  • the target and/or the diluted composition can be subject to any suitable movement to help or facilitate the contact between the target and the diluted composition.
  • the diluted composition can be agitated.
  • the diluted composition can be sprayed onto a target, e.g., an animal carcass, under suitable pressure and at a suitable temperature.
  • the diluted composition can be sprayed onto an animal carcass at a pressure of at least 50 psi at a temperature of up to about 60°C, resulting in a contact time of at least 30 seconds.
  • the present methods can comprise any suitable, additional steps.
  • the present methods can comprise a vacuum treatment step.
  • the present methods can comprise a step of applying an activated light source to the target, e.g., an animal carcass.
  • the present methods can be used to achieve any suitable reduction of the microbial population in and/or on the target or the treated target composition.
  • the present methods can be used to reduce the microbial population in and/or on the target or the treated target composition by at least one log 10 .
  • the present methods can be used to reduce the microbial population in and/or on the target or the treated target composition by at least two log 10 .
  • the present methods can be used to reduce the microbial population in and/or on the target or the treated target composition by at least three log 10 .
  • the present methods can be used to stabilize or reduce any suitable microbial population in and/or on the target or the treated target composition.
  • the present methods can be used to stabilize or reduce a prokaryotic microbial population in and/or on the target or the treated target composition.
  • Exemplary prokaryotic microbial population can comprise a bacterial or an archaeal population.
  • the present methods can be used to stabilize or reduce an eukaryotic microbial population in and/or on the target or the treated target composition.
  • Exemplary eukaryotic microbial population can comprise a protozoal or fungal population.
  • the present methods can be used to stabilize or reduce a viral population in and/or on the target or the treated target composition.
  • Exemplary viral population can comprise a population of a DNA virus, a RNA virus, and a reverse transcribing virus.
  • the present methods can be used to stabilize or reduce a microbial population in and/or on the target or the treated target composition, wherein the target is a food item or a plant item and the contacting step minimizes or does not induce an organoleptic effect in and/or on the food item or a plant item.
  • Typical organoleptic properties include the aspects of food or other substances as experienced by the senses, including taste, sight, smell, and touch, in cases where dryness, moisture, and stale-fresh factors are to be considered.
  • organoleptic procedures are performed as part of the meat and poultry inspections to detect signs of disease or contamination.
  • organoleptic tests are conducted to determine if package materials and components can transfer tastes and odors to the food or pharmaceutical products that they are packaged in. Shelf life studies often use taste, sight, and smell (in addition to food chemistry and toxicology tests) to determine whether a food product is suitable for consumption.
  • organoleptic tests are conducted as part of the Hurdle technology.
  • Hurdle technology refers to an intelligent combination of hurdles which secures the microbial safety and stability as well as the organoleptic and nutritional quality and the economic viability of food products. See generally , Leistner L (1995) “ In Gould GW (Ed.) New Methods of Food Preservation, Springer, pp. 1-21 ; and Leistner I (2000) “ International Journal of Food Microbiology, 55:181-186 .
  • the present methods can be conducted at any suitable temperature.
  • the present methods are conducted at a temperature ranging from about 0°C to about 70°C, e.g., from about 0°C to about 4°C or 5°C, from about 5°C to about 10°C, from about 11°C to about 20°C, from about 21°C to about 30°C, from about 31°C to about 40°C, including at about 37°C, from about 41°C to about 50°C, from about 51°C to about 60°C, or from about 61°C to about 70°C.
  • the present methods can be used in the methods, processes or procedures described and/or claimed in U.S. patent Nos. 5,200,189 , 5,314,687 and 5,718,910 .
  • the present methods can be used of sanitizing facilities or equipment comprises the steps of contacting the facilities or equipment with the diluted (or use) composition of the present invention at a temperature in the range of about 4°C to about 60°C.
  • the diluted (or use) composition is then circulated or left in contact with the facilities or equipment for a time sufficient to sanitize (generally at least 30 seconds) and the treated target composition is thereafter drained or removed from the facilities or equipment.
  • the present methods are useful in the cleaning or sanitizing of processing facilities or equipment in the food service, food processing or health care industries.
  • process facilities in which the present methods can be employed include a milk line dairy, a continuous brewing system, food processing lines such as pumpable food systems and beverage lines, etc.
  • Food service wares can also be disinfected with the present methods.
  • the present methods are also useful in sanitizing or disinfecting solid surfaces such as floors, counters, furniture, medical tools and equipment, etc., found in the health care industry. Such surfaces often become contaminated with liquid body spills such as blood, other hazardous body fluids or mixtures thereof.
  • the actual cleaning of the in-place system or other surface can be accomplished with a different material such as a formulated detergent which is introduced with heated water.
  • a different material such as a formulated detergent which is introduced with heated water.
  • the present composition can be applied or introduced into the system at a use solution concentration in unheated, ambient temperature water.
  • the present composition is found to remain in solution in cold (e.g ., 40°F/4°C.) water and heated (e.g ., 140°F/60°C.) water.
  • heating may be desirable to further enhance its antimicrobial activity.
  • a method of sanitizing substantially fixed in-place process facilities comprises the following steps.
  • the diluted (or use) composition of the present invention is introduced into the process facilities at a temperature in the range of about 4°C to about 60°C.
  • the solution is circulated throughout the system for a time sufficient to sanitize the process facilities (i.e ., to kill undesirable microorganisms).
  • the use composition or solution is drained from the system.
  • the system optionally may be rinsed with other materials such as potable water.
  • the present composition is preferably circulated through the process facilities for 10 minutes or less.
  • the present composition may also be employed by dipping food processing equipment into the diluted (or use) composition or solution of the present invention, soaking the equipment for a time sufficient to sanitize the equipment, and wiping or draining excess solution off the equipment.
  • the composition may be further employed by spraying or wiping food processing surfaces with the use solution, keeping the surfaces wet for a time sufficient to sanitize the surfaces, and removing the excess composition or solution by wiping, draining vertically, vacuuming, etc.
  • the present composition may also be used in a method of sanitizing hard surfaces such as institutional type equipment, utensils, dishes, health care equipment or tools, and other hard surfaces.
  • the present composition may also be employed in sanitizing clothing items or fabric which has become contaminated.
  • the use composition is contacted with any of the above contaminated surfaces or items at use temperatures in the range of about 4°C to about 60°C for a period of time effective to sanitize, disinfect, or sterilize the surface or item.
  • the concentrate composition can be injected into the wash or rinse water of a laundry machine and contacted with contaminated fabric for a time sufficient to sanitize the fabric. Excess composition or solution can then be removed by rinsing or centrifuging the fabric.
  • the present methods can be used in the methods, processes or procedures described and/or claimed in U.S. patent Nos. 6,165,483 and 6,238,685B1 , to treat field or greenhouse grown plant tissue, seeds, fruits, and growing media and containers.
  • the present composition in diluted (or use) form can lower the natural, plant pathogen and human pathogenic microbial load resulting in less waste to molding, spoilage, and destruction because of pathogenic poisons.
  • the present composition comprising mixed peracids can be used to protect growing plant tissue from the undesirable effects of microbial attack.
  • the mixed peracid materials can be applied to growing plant tissues and can provide residual antimicrobial effects after the plant has completed its growth cycle, fruit or vegetable material have been harvested and sent to market.
  • the present composition comprising mixed peracids can be an effective treatment of living or growing plant tissues including seeds, roots, tubers, seedlings, cuttings, rooting stock, growing plants, produce, fruits and vegetables, etc. Under certain circumstances, a single peroxyacid material can be effective, however, in other circumstances, a mixed peroxy acid has substantially improved and surprising properties.
  • the invention involves a peroxyacid antimicrobial concentrate and diluted end use composition including an effective microbicidal amount of a C 2 -C 4 peroxycarboxylic acid such as peracetic acid, an effective microbicidal amount of a C 5 -C 12 peroxyacid, preferably with a C 6 -C 12 or a C 8 -C 12 peroxy acid, or mixtures thereof, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above.
  • a peroxyacid antimicrobial concentrate and diluted end use composition including an effective microbicidal amount of a C 2 -C 4 peroxycarboxylic acid such as peracetic acid, an effective microbicidal amount of a C 5 -C 12 peroxyacid, preferably with a C 6 -C 12 or a C 8 -C 12 peroxy acid, or mixtures thereof, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above.
  • the concentrate composition can be diluted with a major proportion of water to form an antimicrobial sanitizing use solution having a pH in the range of about 2 to 8, with a C 2 -C 4 peroxycarboxylic acid concentration of at least about 4 ppm, preferably about 10 to 75 ppm, and a C 5 -C 12 , a C 6 -C 12 , or a C 8 -C 12 peroxyacid concentration of at least about 1 ppm, preferably about 1 to 25 ppm.
  • Other components may be added such as a hydrotrope coupling agent for solubilizing the peroxyfatty acid in the concentrate form and when the concentrate composition is diluted with water.
  • the invention involves a method of controlling fungi and microbial plant pathogens in growing plants by treating said growing plants with a dilute aqueous solution comprising an effective amount of a C 2 -C 4 peroxycarboxylic acid, an aliphatic C 5 -C 12 , a C 6 -C 12 or a C 8 -C 12 peroxycarboxylic acid, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above.
  • the invention further involves a process for controlling fungi and microbial plant pathogens in growing plants by diluting in an aqueous liquid a concentrate containing: about 1 to 20 wt-% of a C 2 -C 4 peroxycarboxylic acid; about 0.1 to 20 wt-% of an aliphatic C 5 -C 12 , a C 6 -C 12 or a C 8 -C 12 peroxycarboxylic acid, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above, to form a solution; and contacting said growing plants with said solution.
  • the invention further involves a process for controlling fungi and microbial plant pathogens in growing plants by diluting in an aqueous liquid a concentrate containing: about 1 to 20 wt-% of a C 2 -C 4 peroxycarboxylic acid; about 0.1 to 20 wt-% of an aliphatic C 5 -C 12 , a C 6 -C 12 or a C 8 -C 12 peroxycarboxylic acid; about 5 to 40 wt-% of a C 2 -C 4 carboxylic acid; about 1 to 20 wt-% of an aliphatic C 8 -C 12 carboxylic acid; about 1 to 30 wt-% of hydrogen peroxide, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above, to form a solution; and contacting said growing plants with said solution.
  • a low pH, (e.g ., preferably less than 7) C 5 + peroxyacids such as peroxyfatty acids are very potent biocides at low levels when used in combination with a C 2 -C 4 peroxycarboxylic acid such as peroxyacetic acid, a synergistic effect is obtained, providing a much more potent biocide than can be obtained by using these components separately. This means that substantially lower concentrations of biocide can be used to obtain equal biocidal effects.
  • a C 5 -C 12 peroxyacid (or peracid) is intended to mean the product of the oxidation of a C 5 -C 12 acid such as a fatty acid, or a mixture of acids, to form a peroxyacid having from about 5 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule.
  • the C 5 -C 12 peroxyacids are preferably aliphatic (straight or branched).
  • a C 2 -C 4 peroxycarboxylic acid is intended to mean the product of oxidation of a C 2 -C 4 carboxylic acid, or a mixture thereof. This includes both straight and branched a C 2 -C 4 carboxylic acids.
  • the invention is directed a method of controlling fungi and microbial plant pathogens in growing plants.
  • This treatment utilizes a combination of two different peroxy acids.
  • This mixture comprises at least 4 parts per million (ppm) of a smaller C 2 -C 4 peroxy carboxylic acid and at least 1 ppm of a larger C 5 -C 12 peroxy carboxylic acid, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above.
  • the preferred mixture comprises at least 4 ppm of a smaller C 2 -C 4 peroxy acid and at least 1 ppm of a large aliphatic C 8 -C 12 peroxy acid, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above.
  • composition includes a mixture of peroxyacetic acid and peroctanoic acid.
  • the composition used in the present methods also may contain a hydrotrope for the purpose of increasing the aqueous solubility of various slightly soluble organic compounds.
  • a hydrotrope chosen from the group of n-octanesulfonate, a xylene sulfonate, a naphthalene sulfonate, ethylhexyl sulfate, lauryl sulfate, an amine oxide, or a mixture thereof.
  • the composition used in the present methods may also contain a chelating agent for the purpose of removing ions from solution.
  • a chelating agent for the purpose of removing ions from solution.
  • the preferred embodiment of the invention uses 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid.
  • the invention also provides a process of controlling fungi and microbial plant pathogens in growing plants.
  • the plant is contacted with a solution made by diluting in an aqueous liquid a concentrate comprising two peroxy acids, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above.
  • This mixture includes C 2 -C 4 peroxy carboxylic acid and a larger C 8 -C 12 peroxy carboxylic acid.
  • the preferred mixture includes about 1-20 weight percent (wt %) of a smaller C 2 -C 4 peroxy acid and about 0.1-20 wt % of a larger C 8 -C 12 peroxy acid.
  • An especially preferred embodiment of the composition includes a mixture of peroxyacetic acid and peroxyoctanoic acid.
  • the composition may further contain about 1-15 wt % of a hydrotrope and about 5 wt-% of a chelating agent.
  • the invention also provides a process of controlling fungi and microbial plant pathogens in growing plants.
  • the plant is contacted with a solution made by diluting in an aqueous liquid a concentrate containing two peroxy acids, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above.
  • This mixture includes a smaller C 2 -C 4 peroxy carboxylic acid and a larger C 8 -C 12 aliphatic peroxy carboxylic acid.
  • An especially preferred embodiment of the composition includes a mixture of peroxyacetic acid and peroctanoic acid.
  • the composition may further contain a hydrotrope and a chelating agent.
  • the solution contains about 1-30 wt % of hydrogen peroxide.
  • the preferred composition includes a mixture of acetic acid and octanoic acid.
  • compositions of the present invention can be used in a method of treating animal carcasses to obtain a reduction by at least one log 10 in surface microbial population which method includes the step of treating said carcass with a diluted composition of the present invention comprising an effective antimicrobial amount comprising at least 2 parts per million (ppm, parts by weight per each one million parts) of one or more peroxycarboxylic acids having up to 12 carbon atoms, an effective antimicrobial amount comprising at least 20 ppm of one or more carboxylic acids having up to 18 carbon atoms, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above, to reduce the microbial population.
  • a diluted composition of the present invention comprising an effective antimicrobial amount comprising at least 2 parts per million (ppm, parts by weight per each one million parts) of one or more peroxycarboxylic acids having up to 12 carbon atoms, an effective antimicrobial amount comprising at least 20 ppm of one or more carboxylic acids having up to 18 carbon atoms, and the first and second stabilizing agents described
  • the present invention is directed to an antimicrobial composition adapted for cleaning and sanitizing animal carcasses which contains about 0.5 weight percent (wt-%) to about 20 wt-% of a mixture of one or more peroxycarboxylic acids having from 2-4 carbon atoms, and one or more peroxycarboxylic acids having from 8-12 carbon atoms, from about 0.5 wt-% to about 60 wt-% of an alpha-hydroxy mono or dicarboxylic acid having 3-6 carbon atoms, an effective amount of a sequestrant, an effective amount of a hydrotrope, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above.
  • the present invention is directed to an antimicrobial composition adapted for treating animal carcasses comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a mixture of peroxyacetic and peroxyoctanoic acid in a ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1, from about 0.1 to about 10 wt-% of acetic acid, from about 4 wt-% to about 10 wt-% of hydrogen peroxide and from about 0.5 wt-% to about 1.5 wt-% of a sequestering agent, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above.
  • the present invention is directed to a method of treating an animal carcass to reduce a microbial population in resulting cut meat, the method comprising the steps of spraying an aqueous antimicrobial treatment composition onto said carcass at a pressure of at least 50 psi at a temperature of up to about 60°C resulting in a contact time of at least 30 seconds, the antimicrobial composition comprising an effective antimicrobial amount comprising least 2 ppm of one or more carboxylic acid, peroxycarboxylic acid or mixtures thereof, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above; and achieving at least a one log 10 reduction in the microbial population.
  • the present invention is directed to a method of treating an animal carcass to reduce a microbial population in resulting cut meat, the method comprising the steps of placing the animal carcass in a chamber at atmospheric pressure; filling the chamber with condensing steam comprising an antimicrobial composition, e.g ., a diluted composition of the present invention, for a short duration; and quickly venting and cooling the chamber to prevent browning of the meat carcass; wherein the duration of the steam thermal process may be from about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds and the chamber temperature may reach from about 50°C to about 93°C.
  • the antimicrobial composition can be applied in various ways to obtain intimate contact with each potential place of microbial contamination. For example, it can be sprayed on the carcasses, or the carcasses can be immersed in the composition. Additional methods include applying a foamed composition and a thickened or gelled composition. Vacuum and or light treatments can be included, if desired, with the application of the antimicrobial composition. Thermal treatment can also be applied, either pre-, concurrent with or post application of the antimicrobial composition.
  • One preferred spray method for treating carcasses with diluted compositions of the present invention involves spraying the carcass with an aqueous spray at a temperature less than about 60°C at a pressure of about 50 to 500 psi gauge wherein the spray comprises an effective antimicrobial amount of a carboxylic acid, an effective antimicrobial amount of a peroxycarboxylic acid or mixtures thereof, and the first and second stabilizing agents described above.
  • These sprays can also contain an effective portion of a peroxy compound such as hydrogen peroxide and other ingredients such as sequestering agents, etc.
  • the high pressure spray action of the aqueous treatment can remove microbial populations by combining the mechanical action of the spray with the chemical action of the antimicrobial materials to result in an improved reduction of such populations on the surface of the carcass.
  • Antimicrobial compositions may effect two kinds of microbial cell damages. The first is a truly lethal, irreversible action resulting in complete microbial cell destruction or incapacitation. The second type of cell damage is reversible, such that if the organism is rendered free of the agent, it can again multiply.
  • the former is termed bacteriocidal and the latter, bacteriostatic.
  • a sanitizer and a disinfectant are, by definition, agents which provide antibacterial or bacteriocidal activity and achieve at least a five-fold reduction (i.e., a five log10 reduction) in microbial populations after a 30 second contact time (see AOAC method 960.09).
  • the present methods can be used in the methods, processes or procedures described and/or claimed in U.S. patent Nos. 8,017,409 and 8,236,573 .
  • the present methods may be used for a variety of domestic or industrial applications, e.g ., to reduce microbial or viral populations on a surface or object or in a body or stream of water.
  • the diluted (or use) compositions of the present invention may be applied in a variety of areas including kitchens, bathrooms, factories, hospitals, dental offices and food plants, and may be applied to a variety of hard or soft surfaces having smooth, irregular or porous topography.
  • Suitable hard surfaces include, for example, architectural surfaces (e.g., floors, walls, windows, sinks, tables, counters and signs); eating utensils; hard-surface medical or surgical instruments and devices; and hard-surface packaging.
  • Such hard surfaces may be made from a variety of materials including, for example, ceramic, metal, glass, wood or hard plastic.
  • Suitable soft surfaces include, for example paper; filter media, hospital and surgical linens and garments; soft-surface medical or surgical instruments and devices; and soft-surface packaging.
  • Such soft surfaces may be made from a variety of materials including, for example, paper, fiber, woven or non-woven fabric, soft plastics and elastomers.
  • the diluted (or use) compositions may also be applied to soft surfaces such as food and skin ( e.g., a hand).
  • the diluted (or use) compositions may be employed as a foaming or non-foaming environmental sanitizer or disinfectant.
  • the diluted (or use) compositions of the present invention may be included in products such as sterilants, sanitizers, disinfectants, preservatives, deodorizers, antiseptics, fungicides, germicides, sporicides, virucides, detergents, bleaches, hard surface cleaners, hand soaps, waterless hand sanitizers, and pre- or post-surgical scrubs.
  • products such as sterilants, sanitizers, disinfectants, preservatives, deodorizers, antiseptics, fungicides, germicides, sporicides, virucides, detergents, bleaches, hard surface cleaners, hand soaps, waterless hand sanitizers, and pre- or post-surgical scrubs.
  • the diluted (or use) compositions of the present invention may also be used in veterinary products such as mammalian skin treatments or in products for sanitizing or disinfecting animal enclosures, pens, watering stations, and veterinary treatment areas such as inspection tables and operation rooms.
  • the diluted (or use) compositions may be employed in an antimicrobial foot bath for livestock or people.
  • the present methods may be employed for reducing the population of pathogenic microorganisms, such as pathogens of humans, animals, and the like.
  • pathogenic microorganisms include fungi, molds, bacteria, spores, and viruses, for example, S. aureus, E. coli, Streptococci, Legionella , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, mycobacteria, tuberculosis, phages, or the like.
  • pathogens may cause a varieties of diseases and disorders, including Mastitis or other mammalian milking diseases, tuberculosis, and the like.
  • the present methods may be used to reduce the population of microorganisms on skin or other external or mucosal surfaces of an animal.
  • the present methods may be used to kill pathogenic microorganisms that spread through transfer by water, air, or a surface substrate.
  • the diluted (or use) compositions of the present invention need only be applied to the skin, other external or mucosal surfaces of an animal water, air, or surface.
  • the present methods may also be used on foods and plant species to reduce surface microbial populations; used at manufacturing or processing sites handling such foods and plant species; or used to treat process waters around such sites.
  • the present methods may be used on food transport lines (e.g., as belt sprays); boot and hand-wash dip-pans; food storage facilities; anti-spoilage air circulation systems; refrigeration and cooler equipment; beverage chillers and warmers, blanchers, cutting boards, third sink areas, and meat chillers or scalding devices.
  • the present methods may be used to treat transport waters such as those found in flumes, pipe transports, cutters, slicers, blanchers, retort systems, washers, and the like.
  • Particular plant surfaces include both harvested and growing leaves, roots, seeds, skins or shells, stems, stalks, tubers, corms, fruit, and the like.
  • the present methods may also be used to treat animal carcasses to reduce both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbial levels.
  • the present methods may be useful in the cleaning or sanitizing of containers, processing facilities, or equipment in the food service or food processing industries.
  • the present methods may be used on food packaging materials and equipment, including for cold or hot aseptic packaging.
  • process facilities in which the present methods may be employed include a milk line dairy, a continuous brewing system, food processing lines such as pumpable food systems and beverage lines, etc.
  • Food service wares may be disinfected with the present methods.
  • the present methods may also be used on or in ware wash machines, dishware, bottle washers, bottle chillers, warmers, third sink washers, cutting areas (e.g., water knives, slicers, cutters and saws) and egg washers.
  • Particular treatable surfaces include packaging such as cartons, bottles, films and resins; dish ware such as glasses, plates, utensils, pots and pans; ware wash machines; exposed food preparation area surfaces such as sinks, counters, tables, floors and walls; processing equipment such as tanks, vats, lines, pumps and hoses ( e.g ., dairy processing equipment for processing milk, cheese, ice cream and other dairy products); and transportation vehicles.
  • Containers include glass bottles, PVC or polyolefin film sacks, cans, polyester, PEN or PET bottles of various volumes (100 ml to 2 liter, etc.), one gallon milk containers, paper board juice or milk containers, etc.
  • the present methods may also be used on or in other industrial equipment and in other industrial process streams such as heaters, cooling towers, boilers, retort waters, rinse waters, aseptic packaging wash waters, and the like.
  • the present methods may be used to treat microbes and odors in recreational waters such as in pools, spas, recreational flumes and water slides, fountains, and the like.
  • a filter containing the diluted (or use) compositions of the present invention may be used to reduce the population of microorganisms in air and liquids.
  • a filter may be used to remove water and air-born pathogens such as Legionella .
  • the present methods may be employed for reducing the population of microbes, fruit flies, or other insect larva on a drain or other surface.
  • the present methods may also be employed by dipping food processing equipment into the diluted (or use) composition or solution of the present invention, soaking the equipment for a time sufficient to sanitize the equipment, and wiping or draining excess composition or solution off the equipment.
  • the present methods may be further employed by spraying or wiping food processing surfaces with the use composition or solution, keeping the surfaces wet for a time sufficient to sanitize the surfaces, and removing excess composition or solution by wiping, draining vertically, vacuuming, etc.
  • the present methods may also be used for sanitizing hard surfaces such as institutional type equipment, utensils, dishes, health care equipment or tools, and other hard surfaces.
  • the present methods may also be employed in sanitizing clothing items or fabrics which have become contaminated.
  • the diluted (or use) compositions of the present invention can be contacted with any contaminated surfaces or items at use temperatures in the range of about 4°C to 60°C, for a period of time effective to sanitize, disinfect, or sterilize the surface or item.
  • the diluted (or use) compositions may be injected into the wash or rinse water of a laundry machine and contacted with contaminated fabric for a time sufficient to sanitize the fabric. Excess composition may be removed by rinsing or centrifuging the fabric.
  • the diluted (or use) compositions of the present invention may be applied to microbes or to soiled or cleaned surfaces using a variety of methods. These methods may operate on an object, surface, in a body or stream of water or a gas, or the like, by contacting the object, surface, body, or stream with the diluted (or use) composition. Contacting may include any of numerous methods for applying a composition, such as spraying the composition, immersing the object in the composition, foam or gel treating the object with the composition, or a combination thereof.
  • the diluted (or use) compositions of the present invention may be employed for bleaching pulp.
  • the compositions may be employed for waste treatment.
  • Such a composition may include added bleaching agent.
  • compositions of the present invention include clean-in-place systems (CIP), clean-out-of-place systems (COP), washer-decontaminators, sterilizers, textile laundry machines, ultra and nano-filtration systems and indoor air filters.
  • CIP clean-in-place systems
  • COP clean-out-of-place systems
  • washer-decontaminators sterilizers
  • textile laundry machines textile laundry machines
  • ultra and nano-filtration systems indoor air filters.
  • COP systems may include readily accessible systems including wash tanks, soaking vessels, mop buckets, holding tanks, scrub sinks, vehicle parts washers, non-continuous batch washers and systems, and the like.
  • concentrations of peracid and/or hydrogen peroxide in the diluted (or use) compositions of the present invention can be monitored in any suitable manner.
  • the concentrations of peracid and/or hydrogen peroxide in the diluted (or use) compositions can be monitored using a kinetic assay procedure, e.g., the exemplary procedure disclosed in U.S. patent Nos. 8,017,409 and 8,236,573 .
  • a kinetic assay procedure e.g., the exemplary procedure disclosed in U.S. patent Nos. 8,017,409 and 8,236,573 .
  • This can be accomplished by exploiting the difference in reaction rates between peracid and hydrogen peroxide when using, for example, a buffered iodide reagent to differentiate peracid and hydrogen peroxide concentrations when both these analyte compounds are present in the use composition.
  • the use composition monitor may also determine the concentrations of peracid and/or hydrogen peroxide in the presence of other additional ingredients, such as acidulants, one or more stabilizing agents, nonionic surfactants, semi-polar nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, amphoteric or ampholytic surfactants, adjuvants, solvents, additional antimicrobial agents or other ingredients which may be present in the use composition.
  • additional ingredients such as acidulants, one or more stabilizing agents, nonionic surfactants, semi-polar nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, amphoteric or ampholytic surfactants, adjuvants, solvents, additional antimicrobial agents or other ingredients which may be present in the use composition.
  • exemplary compositions of the present invention comprise the components set forth in the following Tables 1-3. Prior to or during use, the exemplary compositions can be diluted to a desired level. For example, the exemplary compositions can be diluted by 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, or 10,000 folds.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for reducing the level of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), hydrosulfuric acid or a salt thereof in a water source, which method comprises a step of contacting a water source with a composition in a diluted level to form a treated water source, wherein said composition comprises:
  • the composition used in the present methods is an equilibrated composition that comprises peracid, hydrogen peroxide, carboxylic acid and a solvent, e.g ., water.
  • the composition used in the present methods does not comprise a mineral acid, e.g., the mineral acids disclosed in WO 91/07375 .
  • the composition used in the present methods can comprise any suitable level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the hydrogen peroxide in the equilibrated composition has a concentration of about 0.1% to about 15%, e.g., about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15%.
  • the exemplary compositions can be diluted to a desired level.
  • composition used in the present methods can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid relative to the level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 6 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 10 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid has a concentration of at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • any suitable C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid can be used in the present methods.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid is a C 2 -C 20 percarboxylic acid.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid comprises peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and/or peroxysulfonated oleic acid.
  • Other exemplary C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acids are described in the above Section B.
  • the composition used in the present methods can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
  • the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid in the equilibrated composition has a concentration from about 0.1% to about 30 %, e.g., about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30%.
  • the exemplary compositions can be diluted to a desired level.
  • any suitable first stabilizing agent can be used in the composition used in the present methods.
  • the first stabilizing agent is a picolinic acid, or a salt thereof.
  • the first stabilizing agent is 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof.
  • the first stabilizing agent can be used at any suitable concentration.
  • the first stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.005 wt-% to about 5 wt-%. In other embodiments, the first stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.05 wt-% to about 0.15 wt-%.
  • the first stabilizing agent has a concentration at about 0.005 wt-%, 0.01 wt-%, 0.1 wt-%, 1 wt-%,2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, or 5 wt-%. In yet other embodiments, the first stabilizing agent has a concentration at about 0.05 wt-%, 0.06 wt-%, 0.07 wt-%, 0.08 wt-%, 0.09 wt-%, 0.10 wt-%, 0.11 wt-%, 0.12 wt-%, 0.13 wt-%, 0.14 wt-%, or 0.15 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent is 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), or a salt thereof.
  • the second stabilizing agent can be used at any suitable concentration.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.1 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, e.g., 0.1 wt-%, 0.5 wt-%, 1 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 5 wt-%, 6 wt-%, 7 wt-%, 8 wt-%, 9 wt-%, or 10 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.5 wt-% to about 5 wt-%, e.g., 0.5 wt-%, 1 wt-%, 1.5 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 2.5 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 3.5 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 4.5 wt-% or 5 wt-%.
  • the second stabilizing agent has a concentration from about 0.6 wt-% to about 1.8 wt-%, e.g., 0.6 wt-%, 0.7 wt-%, 0.8 wt-%, 0.9 wt-%, 1.0 wt-%, 1.1 wt-%, 1.2 wt-%, 1.3 wt-%, 1.4 wt-%, 1.5 wt-%, 1.6 wt-%, 1.7 wt-%, or 1.8 wt-%.
  • the first stabilizing agent is a 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof
  • the second stabilizing agent is HEDP, or a salt thereof.
  • the composition used in the present methods can retain any suitable level or percentage of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time after the treated target composition is formed. In some embodiments, the present composition retains at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% or 90% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time after the treated target composition is formed. In other embodiments, the present composition retains at least about 60% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 24 hours, or longer after the treated target composition is formed.
  • the composition used in the present methods can comprise a peroxidase or a catalase to further reduce the hydrogen peroxide concentration. Any suitable peroxidase or a catalase can be used in the present compositions. Exemplary peroxidases and catalases are described in the above Section B.
  • the composition used in the present methods can further comprise a substance that aids solubilization of the first and/or second stabilizing agent(s). Exemplary substances that can aid solubilization of the first and/or second stabilizing agent(s) include hydrotropes such as sodium xylene sulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonates, and surfactants, such as anionic surfactants and noinionic surfactants.
  • the treated water source can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid.
  • the treated water source comprises from about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid, e.g., about 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm, 60 ppm, 70 ppm, 80 ppm, 90 ppm, 100 ppm, 110 ppm, 120 ppm, 130 ppm, 140 ppm, 150 ppm, 160 ppm, 170 ppm, 180 ppm, 190 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm, or 1,000 ppm of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid.
  • the treated water source can comprise any suitable C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid.
  • the treated target composition comprises peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and/or peroxysulfonated oleic acid.
  • the treated water source can comprise any suitable level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the treated water source comprises from about 1 ppm to about 15 ppm of the hydrogen peroxide, e.g ., about 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm, 5 ppm, 6 ppm, 7 ppm, 8 ppm, 9 ppm, 10 ppm, 11 ppm, 12 ppm, 13 ppm, 14 ppm, or 15 ppm of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the treated water source can comprise any suitable level of the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid relative to the level of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the treated water source comprises the C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid that has a concentration of at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 times of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the treated water source can comprise any suitable first stabilizing agent and second stabilizing agent.
  • the treated water source comprises a first stabilizing agent that is a 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof, and a second stabilizing agent that is HEDP, or a salt thereof.
  • the treated water source can retain any suitable level of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time. In some embodiments, the treated water source retains at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for any suitable time. In other embodiments, the treated water source retains a suitable level of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for at least 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 11 minutes, 12 minutes, 13 minutes, 14 minutes, or 15 minutes after the treated target composition is formed. In still other embodiments, the treated water source retains at least about 60% of the initial C 1 -C 22 percarboxylic acid activity for 15 minutes after the treated water source is formed.
  • the contacting step can last for any suitable time. In some embodiments, the contacting step lasts for at least 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, 40 seconds, 50 seconds, 1 minute, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 16 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, or longer.
  • the present methods can be used for reducing the level of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), hydrosulfuric acid or a salt thereof in any suitable water source.
  • exemplary water source includes fresh water, pond water, sea water, produced water and a combination thereof.
  • the water source can comprise any suitable level of produced water, e.g., at least about 1 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 5 wt-%, 6 wt-%, 7 wt-%, 8 wt-%, 9 wt-%, 10 wt-%, 20 wt-%, 30 wt-%, 40 wt-%, 50 wt-%, 60 wt-%, 70 wt-%, 80 wt-%, 90 wt-%, or more produced water.
  • the present methods can be used for reducing the level of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), hydrosulfuric acid or a salt thereof in a water source by any suitable degree.
  • the level of H 2 S, hydrosulfuric acid or a salt thereof in the treated water source can be reduced by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more from the untreated level.
  • the present methods can be used for reducing the level of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), hydrosulfuric acid or a salt thereof in a water source from any suitable location.
  • the present methods can be used for reducing the level of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), hydrosulfuric acid or a salt thereof in a water source partially or completely obtained or derived from a subterranean environment, e.g ., an oil or a gas well.
  • the present methods can further comprise directing the treated water source into a subterranean environment, e.g ., an oil or a gas well, or disposing of the treated water source.
  • a subterranean environment e.g ., an oil or a gas well
  • composition I-A Composition I-B Composition I-C POAA% H 2 O 2 % POAA% H 2 O 2 % POAA% H 2 O 2 % 0 12.12 1.09 13.55 1.65 14.37 1.26 7 4.84 0.36 13.43 1.20 14.18 1.33 14 na na na na 14.11 1.26 21 0.13 0.0 11.93 1.06 14.00 1.30 28 0.0 0.0 10.97 1.01 13.95 1.25 35 0.0 0.0 10.23 0.88 13.74 1.28 42 0.0 0.0 9.44 0.90 13.65 1.23
  • composition I-A lost more than 60% of the peracetic acid formed after only 1 week under the test conditions.
  • Composition I-B which used only DPA as a stabilizer, had an improved stabilization effect compared to composition I-A, and lost about 20% peracetic acid in four weeks under the tested conditions.
  • Peracetic Acid Compositions with Various Stabilizers Component IIA-1 IIA-2 IIA-3 IIA-4 IIA-5 Acetic acid 83.0% 82.0% 83.0% 83.0% 79.0% H2O2 (50%) 16.01 % 16.01 % 16.01 % 16.01% 16.02% HEDP (60%) 1.00% 2.00% 3.01% 4.02% 5.00% DPA 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% POAA% (equilibrium) 11.60 11.63 11.68 11.88 11.80 H2O2 (equilibrium) 0.84 0.91 0.95 0.95 1.03 Component IIB-1 IIB-2 IIB-3 IIB-4 IIB-5 Acetic acid 83.88% 83.93% 83.93% 83.94% 83.96% H2O2 (50%) 16.02% 16.00% 16.02% 16.02% 16.00% HEDP (60%)
  • the combination of two stabilizers such as HEDP and DPA may form mixed ligand complexes with transition metals with an increased binding constant (Ksp) compared with that of the individual ligand metal complex formed when a single stabilizer is used.
  • Ksp binding constant
  • DPA and the related niacin compounds are known hydroxyl radical scavengers (see for example: Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2002, 66(3), 641-645 .), and by quenching the hydroxyl radicals formed and thus preventing the subsequent chain decomposition reaction involving the peracid species, the stability of the corresponding peracid composition will be further improved.
  • Figure 2 further illustrates the synergistic stabilizing capability of HEDP and DPA.
  • composition IIC-2 which contains 1.2% HEDP and 1,200ppm DPA stabilizers, retained 96% POAA; in contrast, composition IIA-2 which contains 1.2% HEDP as single stabilizer, retained 0.26% POAA; and composition IIB-1 which contains 1,200ppm DPA as single stabilizer, retained 73.5% POAA.
  • compositions IIA-2 and IIB-1 have the same stabilizer as IIC-2, but the sum of POAA retained from IIA-2 and IIB-1 is only 73.8%, much less than that of IIC-2.
  • ligands such as HEDP and DPA
  • the combination of two different types of ligands, such as HEDP and DPA may form mixed ligand complexes with the transition metals that catalytically decompose peracids, and the mixed ligand complexes formed have dramatically increased binding constant (Ksp) comparing with that of the individual ligand metal complex.
  • Ksp binding constant
  • the following SADT procedure is a standardized United Nations protocol to help determine the hazard classes of self-heating substances known as the " H4 method” (sect. 28.4.4, p. 314, UN “Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria", 5th revised edition (2009 ).)
  • the method is specific to the type of packaging used, and if the SADT temperature is found to be 45 degrees C or lower, the product must be shipped, stored and used with rigorous refrigerated controls. Such temperature controlled requirements make it impractical to ship, and store the products.
  • the self-heating behavior of chemistries in very large package sizes can be simulated in Dewar flasks which have previously been tested to determine that they closely reflect the heat transfer properties of the packaging to be used with the chemicals.
  • Bulk tanks are the largest potential package sizes and to model their heat transfer properties it is recommended to use spherical Dewar flasks.
  • the UN committee for transport of Dangerous Goods further builds a safety margin into the 300 gallon and larger package sizes by requiring that they have SADT's ⁇ 50 deg C.
  • the SADT by definition is greater than the oven temperature.
  • the guidelines further define the zero time as when the sample temperature is within 2 degrees of the oven temperature and require an 80% filled Dewar fitted with temperature monitoring and vented closures.
  • the use solution stability is a very important factor in evaluating the performance of a biocide, especially for water treatment application. It is preferred that the biocide is stable during the time period of treatment, as less biocide will be needed for the application and thus are economically and environmentally beneficial.
  • Peroxycarboxylic acids are less susceptible to decomposition than most oxidative biocides, such as halogen based biocides.
  • the stability of peroxycarboxylic acids in use solution are strongly dependent on the water conditions, such as contaminants and pH of the water. This is especially apparent in the case of impure ground waters related to oil or gas fracking operations. In order to conserve the water used on fracking sites, the water is partially recovered and recycled at each site.
  • the water used in this test contains 20% (volume) of used water from two oil and gas well fracking sites respectively, and 80%(volume) fresh water.
  • the peracetic acid compositions tested includes a commercial peracetic acid composition (around 15% POAA, 10% H 2 O 2 ) currently used as a biocide for oil and gas well water treatment; the stable, high POAA to H 2 O 2 ratio peracetic acid composition disclosed in this application (composition I-C as shown in Table 1), and a peracetic acid composition generated by adding a catalase enzyme (100 ppm) to the diluted commercial peracid composition (1% POAA) to eliminate H 2 O 2 to non-detectable level prior to the test.
  • a catalase enzyme 100 ppm
  • Hydrogen peroxide is a known gel breaker in oil and gas gel fracking application. It is expected that H 2 O 2 presented in a peracid composition will have negative impacts on the gel property. This experiment was designed to assess the levels of H 2 O 2 in peracid compositions and their impacts on the gel property.
  • the H 2 O 2 free peracetic acid was first prepared by treating a commercial peracetic acid product (15% POAA, 10% H 2 O 2 ) with catalase, and after the treatment, the catalase was confirmed to be inactivated. Then known amount of H 2 O 2 was added to the peracetic acid composition for the test. To ⁇ 500g of water was added a guar based gel additives except the cross linker. The mixture was mixed by a blender for ⁇ 10 min., then POAA prepared as described and H 2 O 2 was added to the mixture, and the pH of the mixture was then adjusted to 11.5 with KOH/K 2 CO 3 (11.5wt%/22.5%), immediately followed by the addition of the cross linker.
  • the kinetic viscosity of the mixture was then monitored by a viscometer (Kindler) at 275 K during a time period of 2.5 hr.
  • the success criteria is that the viscosity of the mixture maintains 200 cp or higher at the end of the test.
  • a gel mixture with the standard glutaraldehyde as the alternative biocide was also tested. The test results are shown in Figure 4 .
  • Figure 4 clearly shows that under the investigated conditions, at the upper use level of POAA (80ppm) as a biocide in oil and gas fracking applications, the presence of 7ppm of H 2 O 2 has no impact on the gel property comparing with the standard control (glutaraldehyde), while the presence of 14ppm H 2 O 2 cause the Gel failure.
  • POAA 80ppm
  • Example 5 The gelling experiment as described in Example 5 was carried out using different levels of a high POAA to H 2 O 2 ratio of peracetic acid composition (I-C) as disclosed in this application. The results are summarized in Table 10, along with the results of a commercial peracetic acid product.
  • Example 7 Enthalpy Part I - Potential Enthalpy of High and Low Hydrogen Peroxide Peroxyacid Products
  • Peroxyacids and hydrogen peroxide are characterized by a relatively weak O-O bond which typically and especially in the case of peroxyacids is prone to homolytic fission which ultimately produces molecular oxygen, water and the parent carboxylic acids.
  • the property of labile homolytic fission is essential to peroxyacids' utility in bleaching, polymerization and antimicrobial applications but it also can create unwelcome hazardous chemical reactions.
  • the eventual liberation of oxygen is a highly exothermic process (heat producing) and since oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent, downstream oxidation of organic residues are possible outcomes producing still greater amounts of heat and gas.
  • the worst case scenario is a violent explosion and or eruption of corrosive materials.
  • formulae III-A, III-B, and III-C possess approximately twice the potential enthalpy as do formulae I-A, I-B and I-C and yet both deliver 15% peroxyacetic acid. And while the reduction in hydrogen peroxide improves the enthalpic potential for the I-type formula, only in the I-C case does the product possess sufficient shelf stability to allow manufacturing, warehousing and usage before they have lost excessive portions of their initial peroxyacetic acid.
  • the synergistic stabilizer combination found in I-C allows 15% peroxyacetic acid formula with a greatly reduced hydrogen peroxide and thus a reduced potential heat of reaction upon a runaway of 230 joules/g (non-combustion scenario) or 745 joules/g if the combustion scenario predominates.
  • the more traditional peroxyacid product represented by III-A through III-C possesses a potential enthalpy of -515 joules/g (the non-combustion scenario) to -1661 joules/g if the combustion scenario predominates.
  • Example 8 Enthalpy Part II - Self-Accelerating Decomposition Testing of Low Hydrogen Peroxide Peroxyacetic Acid Chemistries
  • the following SADT procedure is a standardized United Nations protocol to help determine the hazard classes of self-heating substances known as the "H4 method.”
  • the method is package specific and if the SADT temperature is found to be 45 degrees C or lower the product must be shipped, stored and used with rigorous refrigerated controls. Such controlling requirements would likely render a product to be impractical for commerce as well as dangerous and unwelcome in most facilities.
  • the guidelines further define the zero time as when the sample temperature is within 2 degrees of the oven temperature and they require an 80% filled Dewar fitted with temperature monitoring and vented closures. These criteria were fulfilled as 3 spherical Dewar flasks were filled to 80% of full with chemistries I-A, I-B and I-C ( see Table 12 below).
  • formulae I-A and I-B containing respectively HEDP only and DPA only stabilizers exceeded the 6 degree exotherm limit within 1.5 days and 3 days respectively.
  • this synergistic combination uniquely earns the allowance of bulk storage and transport without refrigeration, at least for this exemplary type of percarboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide compositions (e.g., formula I-C type of formula).
  • the volume of peroxides' gases of decomposition was measured using a water filled U-tube fitted with a minimal volume tubing connected to a non-coring syringe needle.
  • the manometer made of pyrex glass was filled partially with deionized water colored with FD&C blue dye #1 and 1,000ppm of non-ionic surfactant. The dye allows for increased visibility of the water columns and the surfactant lowers the surface tension allowing for unbroken water columns.
  • the manometer was also fitted with a metric ruler to allow the convenient determination of the column heights difference. Given that 1 atmosphere of pressure corresponds with 1,006 cm of water column height and the limit of resolution on the column and ruler combination is about 1mm, the signal/noise ratio approximates 10:1.
  • test results are shown in the following Table 15, and in Figure 5A, 5B , 6A and 6B .
  • formulation 13523-37-1 at 1,000 ppm reduced H 2 S about 95%
  • formulation 13523-37-1 at 500 ppm reduced H 2 S about 80 %.
  • a low dosage seems to reduce the H 2 S to close to 50%.
  • H 2 S level was reduced to 175 ppm.
  • H 2 S level was reduced to 125 ppm.
  • Figure 5a shows an example of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) reaction in deionized water solution with different relative concentrations of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide ( see Table 15 for concentrations). Increased concentrations are shown to result in increased destruction of hydrogen sulfide.
  • Figure 5b shows another example of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) reaction in deionized water solution with different relative concentrations of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide ( see Table 15 for concentrations). Increased concentrations are shown to result in increased destruction of hydrogen sulfide.

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