EP0775884B1 - Wärmetauscher und ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Wärmetauschers - Google Patents

Wärmetauscher und ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Wärmetauschers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0775884B1
EP0775884B1 EP96116846A EP96116846A EP0775884B1 EP 0775884 B1 EP0775884 B1 EP 0775884B1 EP 96116846 A EP96116846 A EP 96116846A EP 96116846 A EP96116846 A EP 96116846A EP 0775884 B1 EP0775884 B1 EP 0775884B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
tube
receiver tank
long
connecting surfaces
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96116846A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0775884A2 (de
EP0775884A3 (de
Inventor
Franco Ghiani
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mahle Behr GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Behr GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Behr GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Behr GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP0775884A2 publication Critical patent/EP0775884A2/de
Publication of EP0775884A3 publication Critical patent/EP0775884A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0775884B1 publication Critical patent/EP0775884B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
    • F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/0408—Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/0408—Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids
    • F28D1/0426—Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids with units having particular arrangement relative to the large body of fluid, e.g. with interleaved units or with adjacent heat exchange units in common air flow or with units extending at an angle to each other or with units arranged around a central element
    • F28D1/0435—Combination of units extending one behind the other
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
    • F28F1/025—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular with variable shape, e.g. with modified tube ends, with different geometrical features
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
    • F28F1/04—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular polygonal, e.g. rectangular
    • F28F1/045—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular polygonal, e.g. rectangular with assemblies of stacked elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0219—Arrangements for sealing end plates into casing or header box; Header box sub-elements
    • F28F9/0221—Header boxes or end plates formed by stacked elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0219—Arrangements for sealing end plates into casing or header box; Header box sub-elements
    • F28F9/0224—Header boxes formed by sealing end plates into covers
    • F28F9/0226—Header boxes formed by sealing end plates into covers with resilient gaskets
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/04—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates
    • F28F9/16—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling
    • F28F9/18—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling by welding
    • F28F9/182—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling by welding the heat-exchange conduits having ends with a particular shape, e.g. deformed; the heat-exchange conduits or end plates having supplementary joining means, e.g. abutments
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/008—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
    • F28D2021/0084—Condensers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/06—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material
    • F28F21/067—Details
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S165/00—Heat exchange
    • Y10S165/454—Heat exchange having side-by-side conduits structure or conduit section
    • Y10S165/471—Plural parallel conduits joined by manifold
    • Y10S165/488—Header is rounded in cross section, e.g. circular, oval

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heat exchanger according to the preamble of claim 1, a A method of manufacturing a heat exchanger and an arrangement of a first Heat exchanger to a second.
  • JP -A- 63-169 497 discloses a heat exchanger in which the narrow sides of Pipe ends are arranged side by side and in these openings for fluid flow are provided.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the problem, a heat exchanger, and an arrangement of heat exchangers and a method for producing a Specify heat exchanger so that heat exchanger in a simple way and can be inexpensively manufactured in a small footprint.
  • the invention has the features of claim 1, the Claim 14 and of claim 18.
  • the tubes are widened at the tube ends such that on the one hand long connecting surfaces are formed for connecting the tube ends with adjacent tube ends and on the other hand short connecting surfaces are formed for connection to a collecting container placed in the end regions of the tubes.
  • the expansion of the pipe end is perpendicular to the longitudinal side of the tube, wherein perpendicular to the narrow side of the tube, a narrowing occurs. Due to the widening of the tube perpendicular to the longitudinal side of the tube, a direct contact of the long connecting surfaces of a pipe end with a connecting surface of an adjacent pipe end is made possible. The provision of a tube plate can therefore be omitted.
  • the collecting container can be connected to the tube block directly on the outside connecting surfaces, in particular on the short connecting surfaces, which extend while reducing the spatial extent of the tube perpendicular to the narrow side in the transverse direction of the tube.
  • a substantial reduction in the space requirement of the heat exchanger is achieved in its depth.
  • the narrowing on the narrow sides of the tube is dimensioned such that it is greater than or equal to the leg thickness of the collecting container. This ensures that the heat exchanger is not formed in its total depth greater than the tube block depth.
  • the tubes, the ribs and the collecting container made of a single-grade metal material, so that the heat exchanger is easily recyclable.
  • the tubes, the ribs and the aluminum alloy storage container to the largest possible To achieve weight reduction.
  • Fig. 1 shows a front view of a heat exchanger 10 with parallel tubes 11 which extend from a sump 12 to an opposite sump 13, which can be used in automotive technology for engine cooling.
  • Side parts 8 delimit the heat exchanger 10 in the vertical direction and are each end connected to the collecting containers 12 and 13.
  • the collecting container 12 has, in one end region, a supply nozzle 6 for feeding a medium to be cooled into the collecting container 12.
  • the medium to be cooled is distributed in the collecting container 12 and is passed via the tubes 11 to the second collecting container 13, from which it is led out via a discharge nozzle 7 from the collecting container 13.
  • the tubes 11 are formed as flat-oval or rectangular tubes in cross-section with opposite longitudinal sides 14 and narrow sides 15 arranged laterally. In one end region, the tube ends 16 are widened perpendicular to the longitudinal side 14.
  • the longitudinal sides 14 of the tube 11 extend over conical long transition surfaces 17 to long connecting surfaces 18 of the pipe end 16.
  • the narrow sides 15 of the tube 11 narrow in the direction of the pipe end 16 via a short transition surface 19, which is tapered in the direction of a central axis 20 of the Tube 11 extends to a short connection surface 22.
  • the tubes 11 are arranged in a row, wherein between the tubes 11 air-guiding corrugated fins 21 are arranged.
  • the tube end 16 is rectangular in cross section, in the form of parallel, opposite long connecting surface 18 and arranged at right angles thereto, opposite short connecting surface 22.
  • the expansion takes place such that the circumferential length of the pipe end 16th along the long and short connecting surfaces 18 and 22 equal to the peripheral surface of the tube 11 in the region of the longitudinal and narrow sides 14 and 15, so that the thickness of the long and short connecting surfaces 18 and 22 equal to the thickness of the longitudinal and narrow sides 14 and 15th is.
  • An increase in surface area of the tube 11 at the tube ends 16 does not take place.
  • the long connecting surfaces 18 abut against the long connecting surfaces 18 of adjacent pipe ends 16 and are connected thereto by soldering.
  • the inclination of the cone-shaped long transition surfaces 17 is determined by the width of the corrugated fins 21. The greater the depth of the Wellrippem 21, the greater must be the angle of the long transition surfaces 17 with respect to the central axis 20, so that the adjacent long connecting surfaces 18 may be adjacent.
  • a U-shaped collecting container 23 having a flat limb 24 and a curved limb 25 is placed on the tube ends 16.
  • the leg ends 26 and 27 abut against the short connection surfaces 22 and are soldered thereto.
  • the leg ends 26, 27 fitted in a form-fitting manner in provided grooves of the side part 8 and are connected to these simultaneously by soldering.
  • the short connecting surfaces 22 are arranged in the direction of the central axis 20 compared to the narrow sides 15, wherein the distance reduction to the central axis 20 is at least equal to or greater than the thickness of the leg ends 26, 27, the collecting container 23 is in the lateral direction of the tubes 11 not over.
  • the lateral extent of the sump 23 is thus equal to or less than the transverse extent of the tubes 11.
  • the collecting container 23 by extruding a Blocks made into a U-shaped profile. Furthermore can the collecting container 23 also by rolling and subsequent bending, be formed in particular by deep drawing. It is on it to ensure that by planting a suitable tool in lateral Direction, namely the short connecting surfaces 22 the same are arranged perpendicular to the long connecting surfaces 17, so that the edge between short connection surface 22 and long connection surface 17 has a small radius. This will be the education prevents a gap or gap, so that the leg ends 26, 27 of the collecting container 23 with the short connecting surfaces 22 of the tube block connected by sealing soldering are.
  • the collecting container may be formed as a cylindrical collecting container 29 according to a second embodiment according to FIGS. 5 and 7 .
  • This collecting container 29 is preferably produced by deep drawing.
  • Parallel collars 30 and 31 form a recess of the collecting container 29, in which the tube package is applied to the inner sides of the collars 30 and 31 while bearing the short connecting surfaces 22.
  • the end faces of the collecting container 29 are sealingly connected to a lateral surface 32 of the collecting container 29.
  • the collecting container 29 may have an axial recess in the region of an end face for abutment of a nozzle, not shown.
  • the collecting container 29 comprises with its end faces the voltage applied to the outer long connecting surface 18 side part 9 and is with this connected by soldering.
  • the corrugated fins 21 and the tubes 11th composite tube package and the collection container 12, 13, 23, 29 from a varietal metal material Preferably consist of the corrugated fins 21 and the tubes 11th composite tube package and the collection container 12, 13, 23, 29 from a varietal metal material.
  • the recyclability of the Heat exchanger 10 is facilitated.
  • an aluminum alloy is used for these components, a weight reduction of the heat exchanger 10, in particular when used in the automotive industry, allows.
  • Next to it is the Use of other recyclable materials possible. It can too Materials of copper or steel for the pipes and plastic for the collecting container are used, wherein the tubes or the tube package glued to the collection container.
  • the following is the method of manufacturing the heat exchanger 10 is shown. After the for connection to the pipes 11 provided collecting container 12, 13, 23 and 29 different shape have been accurately formed by deep-drawing or extrusion, is the tube block with the expanded pipe ends 16 in the space provided Recesses of the sump 23 and 29 used. After that At the same time the pipe ends 16 at the long connecting surfaces 18 with each other and the pipe ends 16 at the short connecting surfaces 19 connected to the sump 23 or 29.
  • These Connection is preferably by soldering, at least the previously sprayed with a flux have been. Preferably, this flux is non-corrosive. to However, other parts are also suitable for connecting the relevant parts Soldering methods included in this invention.
  • the heat exchanger 10 with a second, connect immediately adjacent heat exchanger 28.
  • This Heat exchanger 28 may, for example, a condenser of an air conditioner or a charge air cooler.
  • the heat exchanger 10 can either with a U-shaped collection container 23 or a cylindrical Be performed collecting tank 29.
  • the first heat exchanger 10 is connected to the second heat exchanger 28 via a connecting element 5.
  • the connecting element 5 is U-shaped, wherein a first leg 33 engages in a groove 34 of the heat exchanger 10 and a second leg 35 of the connecting element 5 fits into a groove 36 of the heat exchanger 28.
  • the connection of the legs 33 and 35 with the heat exchanger 10, and 28 is carried out by soldering, which can be carried out simultaneously with the soldering of the tube package within the heat exchanger 10.
  • the sump 23 of the heat exchanger 10 is integrally connected to a sump 37 of the heat exchanger 31 via a web 38. As a result, the mechanical stability of the arrangement consisting of the heat exchanger 10 and the heat exchanger 31 is increased.
  • the heat exchanger 10 is integrally connected to a U-shaped connecting element 39, the leg 40 of which comprises a protruding lug 41 of an adjacent heat exchanger 42.
  • the heat exchanger 42 has a further arcuate nose 43 which rests on an attachment piece 44 of the collecting container 23.
  • the lugs 41 and 43 of the heat exchanger 42 are connected to the leg 40 and the extension piece 44 of the heat exchanger 10 by soldering, wherein this soldering occurs simultaneously with the soldering to form the heat exchanger 10.
  • the extension piece 44 has a recess 45 which serves, after connection of the heat exchanger set formed by the heat exchanger 10 and the heat exchanger 42 in a leak test to locate a possible leak easier.
  • the heat exchangers 28 and 42 are made of an aluminum alloy, where at least the points to be connected with a nonkorrisiven flux are provided.
  • the combination of a first heat exchanger 10 with a heat exchanger 28 or 42 getting produced.
  • a U-shaped collecting container 47 is connected to the tube packet in each case in the lateral region via a likewise U-shaped extension piece 48.
  • the collecting container 47 may be formed as a die-cast material or plastic part.
  • the extension piece 48 is placed with a short leg 49 on the short connection surfaces 22 and connected thereto by soldering.
  • a long leg 50 of the extension piece 48 extends parallel to the narrow side 15 of the tube 11, wherein the distance between the outer contours of the long and short leg 49, 50 is less than or equal to the distance between the short connection surface 22 and an imaginary extension of the narrow side 15 ,
  • a continuous sealing ring 51 is inserted into the groove formed by the extension piece 48 and then the collection container 47 with its two legs 52, 53 pressed onto the sealing ring 51 and by crimping with the long legs 50 of Endpiece 48 firmly connected to the same.
  • the legs 52, 53 have leg ends 54 and 55, which are inserted in alignment with the groove of the extension piece 48 in this.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Details Of Heat-Exchange And Heat-Transfer (AREA)
EP96116846A 1995-11-25 1996-10-19 Wärmetauscher und ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Wärmetauschers Expired - Lifetime EP0775884B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19543986A DE19543986A1 (de) 1995-11-25 1995-11-25 Wärmetauscher und ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Wärmetauschers
DE19543986 1995-11-25

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0775884A2 EP0775884A2 (de) 1997-05-28
EP0775884A3 EP0775884A3 (de) 1997-10-29
EP0775884B1 true EP0775884B1 (de) 2005-02-09

Family

ID=7778417

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96116846A Expired - Lifetime EP0775884B1 (de) 1995-11-25 1996-10-19 Wärmetauscher und ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Wärmetauschers

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (3) US6397937B1 (https=)
EP (1) EP0775884B1 (https=)
JP (2) JPH09170895A (https=)
DE (2) DE19543986A1 (https=)
ES (1) ES2236724T3 (https=)

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EP0775884A2 (de) 1997-05-28
US20050098306A1 (en) 2005-05-12
JP2001289590A (ja) 2001-10-19
US20020139522A1 (en) 2002-10-03
DE59611193D1 (de) 2005-03-17
US7048040B2 (en) 2006-05-23
EP0775884A3 (de) 1997-10-29
DE19543986A1 (de) 1997-05-28
US6397937B1 (en) 2002-06-04
US6899168B2 (en) 2005-05-31
JPH09170895A (ja) 1997-06-30
ES2236724T3 (es) 2005-07-16

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