CN110023573A - 地板和用于制造地板的方法 - Google Patents

地板和用于制造地板的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110023573A
CN110023573A CN201780069578.4A CN201780069578A CN110023573A CN 110023573 A CN110023573 A CN 110023573A CN 201780069578 A CN201780069578 A CN 201780069578A CN 110023573 A CN110023573 A CN 110023573A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
layer
floor
substrate
foaming
thermoplastic material
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CN201780069578.4A
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English (en)
Other versions
CN110023573B (zh
Inventor
K·范维拉森若德
P·布鲁塞尔
N·范胡勒
J·博叙
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Unilin BV
Flooring Industries Ltd SARL
Original Assignee
IVC BV
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Publication date
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Publication of CN110023573A publication Critical patent/CN110023573A/zh
Application granted granted Critical
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Active legal-status Critical Current
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Classifications

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Abstract

具有基材(2)和在其上设置的装饰(3)的地板(1),特征在于该基材(2)包含至少热塑性材料发泡层(4)和至少增强层(8)。本发明进一步还涉及用于制造这样的地板(1)的方法。

Description

地板和用于制造地板的方法
本发明涉及地板并且涉及用于制造地板的方法。
更特别地,本发明涉及具有基材和在其上设置的装饰的地板。这样的地板本身是众所周知的,例如采用具有印刷装饰的MDF或HDF板的形式(例如WO 97/47834的层合板),采用乙烯基板的形式(例如在WO 2013/026559中),或采用具有乙烯基顶层的所谓WPC(木材塑料复合材料)板的形式(例如在WO 2014/065953中)。
在WO 2013/026559的情况下,这涉及具有软的或柔性的聚氯乙烯或PVC基材的耐水地板。此外,装饰和在其之上设置的PVC盖层提供令人满意的行走舒适性而没有发出嘀嗒声,因为这确实可为使用层合板的情况。然而,采用WO’559的地板,存在透印(telegraphy)效应的风险。在本文中,在一定时间段之后在下面的表面中的不平坦将在地板覆盖物的表面上变得可见,这是不吸引人的。除此之外,这样的地板相对难以安装,因为由于载体的柔性,地板将容易弯曲或变形。软的基材对由温度变化所致的尺寸改变敏感。随着地板覆盖物的局部升温(例如窗户处阳光的直射)可出现问题。在这些位置处可发生元件的膨胀。地板受限制的刚性将使地板覆盖物将局部隆起。可能的连接装置例如锁定榫槽仅显示有限的强度。软的盖层对刮擦和污渍敏感,即使在该PVC盖层之上设置表面UV硬化的漆层。这样的表面漆层具有有限的功效,因为其可已经在使用最初几年中通过在其上行走而被去除。
WO 2013/026559在一定程度上提供对具有软PVC的基材尺寸稳定性问题的解决方案。通过使用浸渍在PVC中的增强层,更特别地浸渍在软PVC中的具有65克/平方米重量的玻璃纤维垫,获得了在基材和玻璃纤维层之间改进的相互作用,以及由温度变化所致尺寸稳定性的有限改进。
在WO 2014/006593的情况下,地板涉及具有饰面层(例如乙烯基顶层)作为装饰的经挤出的合成材料复合物的基材。例如可在一方面从高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)或PVC并且在另一方面从竹、木和/或软木的粉末获得合成材料复合物。基材是刚性的并且提供减小的所述透印效应的风险。此外,可在这种较强的基材中设置可能的连接部。然而,这样的挤出的基材倾向变形或翘曲,并且尺寸稳定性与上述WO’559的乙烯基板为相同水平。
本发明主要目的在于替代性地板,其中,对应于优选实施方案,提供了对现有技术的地板的一个或多个问题的解决方案。
为了这个目的,本发明根据其第一独立方面涉及具有基材和在其上设置的装饰的地板,特征在于该基材包含至少热塑性材料发泡层和至少增强层。发明人发现了发泡层比具有相同热塑性材料的非发泡层具有更好的尺寸稳定性。此外,采用发泡层,增强层对于限制由温度变化所致的可能的尺寸膨胀而言具有更有效的结果。
注意到在本发明的范围内,通过“基材”是指位于所述装饰下方的地板的所有部分。通过发泡层意指包含中空空间的层,其优选为这样的量:使得材料的密度减小至少10%并优选至少25%。优选地,这涉及所谓的“闭孔”泡沫。通过非发泡层是指没有中空空间的层,或无论如何至多具有中空空间的量使得密度减小没有或者不大于10%,并优选甚至不大于2%。
大体上,还注意到在本发明的范围内,发泡层不必必须为以均匀方式发泡的。可能的是发泡层在跨其厚度上包含变化比例的中空空间。所以例如可在该层中心实现最高的比例,而在这样的层的一个或多个表面上可存在较少发泡或甚至未发泡的区域。
各个发泡层优选被中心放置在基材中,或者换句话说形成存在于基材厚度中心的至少基材部分。
各个发泡层优选形成所述基材的厚度的至少30%。优选地,其甚至形成基材的厚度的40%或更多。
清楚的是不排除可在所述基材中存在多个发泡层。发泡层的总厚度优选在地板厚度的30和70%之间,或者在基材厚度的25和65%之间。
优选地,所述发泡层涉及发泡的聚氯乙烯(PVC)层。优选地,这涉及所谓的刚性PVC,即不含增塑剂或含有12phr或更小增塑剂含量的PVC。优选地,增塑剂的含量在1和6phr之间。这样的硬质泡沫层的刚性比得上非发泡层的刚性;然而,由于其低的重量,在安装过程中其提供人体工程学优势。明显的是本发明不限于PVC发泡层,但是还应用在由另一种热塑性材料(例如酚醛泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫、聚丙烯泡沫、聚乙烯泡沫或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯泡沫)形成发泡层的地板中。
优选地,发泡层包含填料材料例如白垩或滑石。发明人发现了白垩还导致提高的尺寸稳定性。优选地,在所述发泡层中应用至少30phr的矿物填料。
可采用各种可能的方式获得发泡层,本文以下列出各种可能的方式中三种最重要的可能性。
根据第一可能性,至少通过机械发泡方法的方式获得发泡层。据此意味着通过外来材料的方式将热塑性材料推出从而形成各个层的中空空间。这可涉及例如在基于PVC的层中使用膨胀颗粒。更特别地,可利用从WO 2013/178561已知的微球。明显的是至少根据这个第一可能性获得的地板将显示以下特征:发泡层含有中空空间,通过各个已膨胀颗粒的壁的方式包覆中空空间的壁。
根据第二可能性,至少通过化学发泡方法的方式获得发泡层。由此意味着通过气态反应产物的方式来形成各个层的中空空间。例如,可利用偶氮二甲酰胺。当升温时这种材料释放氮气,其以气泡形式保持存在于发泡层中。
根据第三可能性,至少通过填料的方式获得发泡层,其中这些填料本身包含一个或多个中空空间。本文例如可利用已经提到的微球的已膨胀条件。
优选地,前述增强层涉及玻璃纤维层,例如织造或非织造玻璃纤维层。优选地,这样的增强层或玻璃纤维层具有至少30g/m2和优选小于100g/m2的重量。更好地,玻璃纤维层的增强层的重量涉及在35和65克/平方米之间的重量,其中50g/m2是良好值。
前述增强层优选位于发泡层的表面中的一者上。在该位置处,它可限制发泡层的各个表面穿孔或变形的风险,并且它导致提高的耐各个表面隆起性。优选地,各个增强层位于朝向前述装饰的发泡层的表面上。以这种方式,获得提高的耐压痕(例如通过椅子或桌腿)性。
根据最优选的实施方案,所述基材进一步还包封第二增强层。两个增强层优选包封至少一部分所述发泡层并且以这种方式在两个表面上提供所述耐变形性效果。优选地,两个增强层是相同种类例如都是具有处于30和75克/平方米重量的玻璃纤维层。与发明人的预期相反,考虑到尺寸稳定性的改进,发明人发现了应用两个增强层比选择单个增强层的重量或强度尽可能高更重要。因此,可使用具有有限重量的两个增强层,这是经济上有利的。所以例如可使用50克/平方米或大约50克/平方米的两个玻璃纤维层。
大体上,还注意到在地板中存在多于一个增强层的情况下,本文增强层的总重量优选小于150克/平方米。
根据重要的实施方案,所述基材优选进一步还包含至少尚未发泡的热塑性材料层。这样的非发泡层优选位于基材中这样的位置使得其完全位于中心之外。如前述,发泡层优选被中心放置在基材中。根据本发明还包含发泡层和增强层的地板中非发泡层的可用性形成对透印效应的阻碍,并且取决于这个非发泡层的位置而可导致各种其他优势。
优选地,前述非发泡层与前述发泡层的表面中的一者相邻和/或与可能在该发泡层的该表面上设置的增强层相邻。在各个表面朝向所述装饰的情况下,通过所述非发泡层的方式获得额外的耐压痕性。因为以这种方式在较稳定的在下面的表面上设置装饰,所以改进了地板作为整体的耐冲击性。
如前述,优选将非发泡层放置在基材的中心之外。以这种方式,获得了基材和因此整个地板的提高的弯曲刚性。
优选地,前述非发泡层含有与前述发泡层相同的热塑性材料或者基于相同的热塑性材料。当然,其可具有不同含量的添加剂例如增塑剂和/或填料。
优选地,所述非发泡层不含增塑剂或包含小于12phr、并且仍然更好的是小于7phr的增塑剂含量。
除了其他的,对于聚氯乙烯而言合适的增塑剂涉及DINP、DOTP和DINCH。
根据重要的实施方案,前述基材进一步还包含至少第二非发泡的热塑性材料层,其中各个非发泡层包封至少一部分所述发泡层。根据这种实施方案,获得基材令人关注的组成,其为轻质的并且仍然显示高弯曲刚性。此外,这样的组成导致稳定的基材或基材部分。优选地,所述基材进一步包含至少第三非发泡的热塑性材料层,其中这个第三非发泡层位于装饰与前述第一和第二非发泡层中至少一者之间。优选地,第三非发泡层位于装饰与发泡层和第一和第二非发泡层的整体之间。可将前述第三非发泡层的特征,并且更特别地它的柔性和可压缩性与这个第三非发泡层的期望功能匹配。所以例如它可包含高于所述第一和/或第二非发泡层中可能存在的增塑剂含量的增塑剂含量。当这样的层位于在装饰与发泡层和第一和第二非发泡层的整体之间的位置时,它可实现一定消声从而提高行走舒适性,并且它在制备技术方面提供优势。所以例如在地板表面上设置的压痕可延续直至这个第三非发泡层中,由此可获得具有大于0.1mm或甚至0.4mm或更大的深度的压痕。在这样的情况下,前述第三非发泡层优选直接位于前述装饰下方,或至少在装饰下方小于0.15mm距离处。使用这样的压痕,所述装饰自身还被带出平面,使得可获得非常逼真的例如木或石表面的仿制品。
大体上,所述基材优选进一步还包含至少另一个热塑性材料层,其中这种热塑性材料含有含量大于所述发泡层中可能的增塑剂含量的增塑剂。在本文中,这可能涉及所述第三非发泡层。然而,明显的是当所述第一和/或第二非发泡层不存在时,这样的层也是令人关注的。此外,具有更高增塑剂含量的层可能是发泡的,然而不是必要地。优选地,所述具有更高增塑剂含量的层位于所述发泡层和所述装饰之间。以这种方式,本文也可实现本文以上提到的与第三非发泡层有关的消声的优势和在制备技术方面的优势。优选地,所述具有更高增塑剂含量的层含有与所述发泡层相同的热塑性材料,即优选聚氯乙烯(PVC)。优选地,所述具有更高增塑剂含量的层没有发泡。
根据最优选的实施方案,基材包含发泡的热塑性材料层,优选具有小于12phr的增塑剂含量或没有增塑剂的PVC,其中该基材进一步还包含在发泡层的两个表面上的一个或多个非发泡层,还每次优选具有小于12phr的增塑剂含量的PVC,其中在一个表面上所有非发泡层的厚度与在发泡层的另一表面上非发泡层的厚度的比例在0.6和1.70之间或仍然更好的是在0.75和1.33之间。通过使发泡层下方和上方的非发泡层的这个整体大约一样厚,或至少具有在所述比例内的相当厚度,产生了稳定的夹层。优选地,在下表面处非发泡层的整体比发泡层的上表面处非发泡层的整体更薄;然而,在所述比例内。在这样的情况下在上表面处非发泡层的平均增塑剂含量高于在下表面处非发泡层的平均增塑剂含量。清楚的是根据本发明,基材还包封至少增强层。优选地,应用至少两个增强层,即优选地每次一个/前述发泡层的表面。这些增强层然后优选地每次形成在发泡层和前述非发泡层整体之间的分隔。
优选地,所述装饰包含印刷的图形。可在热塑性箔例如PVC箔上设置这样的印刷的图形。在本发明的范围内,在目前情况下将这样的箔视为前述装饰的部件并因此不视为基材的部分。代替使用箔,可使用在基材上进行的印刷,其具有例如通过白色PVC塑料溶胶的方式获得的底层的中间产物,其中这些底层在本发明的范围内并且在目前情况下因此也被认为形成所述装饰的部分。
优选地,印刷的图形涉及木材脉路(nerves)和/或石材的图案。优选地,地板显示仅一种木板的图形。
虽然印刷的图形是优选的,但是不排除可通过例如真正木材的饰面或真正石材的饰面或通过粉末例如PVC粉末或PVC颗粒的固化混合物来形成装饰。
优选地,地板进一步还包含在所述装饰之上设置的半透明或透明的耐磨层。优选地,这样的耐磨层基本上由热塑性材料(优选为PVC)组成,例如具有在0.15和0.75毫米之间的厚度。然而,这样的耐磨层优选还显示表面漆层。合适的漆层的实例为基于丙烯酸氨基甲酸酯,聚酯丙烯酸酯和/或环氧丙烯酸酯的漆层。优选地,这涉及通过UV辐射或受激准分子辐射的方式固化的漆层。各个漆层可包含例如氧化铝和/或二氧化硅的硬质颗粒以便实现提高的耐磨性。
注意到本发明的实施方案,其中具有低增塑剂含量或没有增塑剂的一个或多个层位于增强层和装饰之间,提供关于漆层选择而言的特别优势。即,可选择更有效的漆层,而仍然限制不期望的副作用的风险。即,更有效的漆层将显示某种收缩并且结果是在应用软的基材的情况下可导致边缘升高。没有增塑剂或具有有限增塑剂含量(例如小于12phr或小于7phr接近地板表面)的层的存在限制这种风险。对于有效的漆而言的合理选择是基于丙烯酸氨基甲酸酯的漆,具有大于15重量%、或甚至具有25重量%或更大的例如氧化铝和/或二氧化硅的硬质颗粒含量。可使漆层比平常更厚,例如具有大于20微米的厚度,使得其将较长保持有效。漆层较大的厚度还允许应用较粗大的硬质颗粒,则其关于耐磨性是有利的。优选地,应用具有大于10微米平均颗粒尺寸的硬质颗粒。
优选地,在厚度方面查看,地板并且优选地基材,包含至少2毫米的热塑性材料,所述热塑性材料不含增塑剂或显示小于12phr或仍然更好的是小于7phr的增塑剂含量。发明人发现了硬质热塑性材料的这个量足以排除最重要的透印效果。清楚的是根据本发明可通过发泡或非发泡层来形成这个厚度。
优选地,在厚度方面查看,地板包含最大5毫米或仍然更好的是最大3毫米的发泡的热塑性材料。优选地,本发明的发泡层显示最大4毫米的厚度,其中如前所述,则优选在基材中心存在所述发泡层。
优选地,所述基材其厚度的至少40%由所述发泡层组成,其中剩余的基材材料优选是未发泡的。作为替代,基材在接近它的下表面还可显示额外的发泡层,这独立于第一发泡层的厚度,如前所述其被优选中心放置在基材中。所述额外的发泡层优选还包含热塑性材料。虽然不排除其由与发泡层相同的热塑性材料组成,但是独立于发泡层的材料其优选为基于聚乙烯的。这可涉及例如具有0.7至3mm厚度的交联或互连的聚乙烯(XPE)层。
可以许多不同的方式实现各种基材层并且可通过热层合工艺的方式将各种基材层在彼此之上附着。在基材在其下侧显示额外的发泡层的情况下,优选通过胶合连接的方式将这个层附着至剩余的基材部分。
优选地,通过散布和固结无论是否处于颗粒形式的至少前述热塑性材料的方式来获得基材的一个或多个热塑性层。用于制造地板的散布处理本身是已知的,例如来自WO2013/179261。
优选可将本发明的地板应用于实现浮动地板覆盖物。为了这个目的,它们可在一个或多个边缘上设有形状。本发明地板的层组成可与这样的形状的实际形式显示各种协同效果。以下将列出这样的形状的许多优选特征。
优选地,本发明的地板显示以下特征,在至少两个相对边缘上设有允许将两个这样的地板连接在一起的连接装置,其中在各个边缘处至少在与该地板的平面垂直的竖直方向上实现锁定,其中前述边缘中的至少一者设有槽,该槽的最深点位于所述发泡层中。至少部分在发泡材料中实现了该槽提供关于尺寸稳定性的优势。优选地,所述增强层在形成前述槽的边界的凸缘之一中不间断地延伸。在基材显示两个增强层的情况下,那些增强层每个优选在这些凸缘之一的至少一部分中延伸,即一个在上槽凸缘中并且一个在下槽凸缘中。优选地,增强层为至少不间断的直至槽开口,即各个凸缘中最短凸缘的远端所位于的地方。根据最后这个可能性,在地板之间获得非常稳定的竖直锁定,并且使地板表面上的边缘升高的风险最小化。清楚的是各个槽优选与类似地板的相对边缘上的榫配合或者与还与类似地板的相对边缘配合的单独的连接件配合。在两种情况下两个这样的地板的连接状态中优选产生一对或多对竖直活动的锁定表面。优选地,至少这样的一对位于前述槽中,即在一个或两个槽凸缘上,其中所述一个或多个增强层然后优选不间断地延伸直至各对竖直活动的锁定表面下方。优选地,在前述发泡层的材料上形成所述对中至少一者和仍然更好的是两对竖直活动的锁定表面。可利用各个接触表面上的一定张力,由此获得非常稳定的连接。可例如通过在这些接触表面位置处提供过量材料来实现这样的张力。通过合理选择一个或多个增强层和可能的非发泡层的位置,可防止可能的张力传向地板的表面。
优选地,本发明的地板显示以下特征,在至少两个相对的边缘上设有允许将两个这样的地板彼此连接的连接装置,其中在各个边缘处至少在该地板的平面内并与边缘垂直的水平方向上实现锁定,其中前述边缘中的至少一者设有向上的钩形锁定部,其中所述锁定部至少部分地在一部分不含所述发泡层的基材中延伸。通过这个特征的方式,获得了明确限定的水平锁定。即,可处理非发泡层具有较高精度。
优选地,本发明的地板显示以下特征,在至少两个相对的边缘上设有允许将两个这样的地板彼此连接的连接装置,其中在各个边缘处至少在与该地板的平面垂直的竖直方向上实现锁定,其中前述边缘中的至少一者设有槽,其中通过上凸缘和下凸缘形成这个槽的边界,并且其中在所述发泡层中至少部分形成该下凸缘的上表面。有利的以这种材料设置下凸缘,因为如以上所述其显示良好的尺寸稳定性。这个特征导致改进的机械连接,其中限制了在所连接边缘之间间隙形成的风险。当然,不排除在一部分不含所述发泡层的基材中(例如参加水平方向上可能的锁定的一部分上表面)还至少部分形成前述下凸缘的上表面。
优选地,本发明的地板显示以下特征,在至少两个相对的边缘上设有允许将两个这样的地板彼此连接的连接装置,其中在各个边缘处至少在与该地板的平面垂直的竖直方向上实现锁定,其中前述边缘中的至少一者设有槽,其中通过上凸缘和下凸缘形成这个槽的边界并且其中在所述发泡层中至少部分形成该上凸缘的下表面。
优选地,本发明的地板显示以下特征,在至少两个相对的边缘上设有允许将两个这样的地板彼此连接的连接装置,其中在各个边缘处至少在与该地板的平面垂直的竖直方向上实现锁定,其中前述边缘中的至少一者设有槽,其中通过上凸缘和下凸缘形成这个槽的边界并且其中在一部分不含所述发泡层的基材中至少部分形成该上凸缘的下表面。
优选地,本发明的地板显示以下特征,在至少两个相对的边缘上设有允许将两个这样的地板彼此连接的连接装置,其中在各个边缘处至少在与该地板的平面垂直的竖直方向上,以及在该地板的平面内并与各个边缘垂直的水平方向上实现锁定,其中通过在所述发泡层中形成的至少一对配合的接触表面设置所述竖直方向上的锁定,而通过由一部分不含所述发泡层的基材形成的至少一对配合的接触表面设置水平方向上的所述锁定。
优选地,本发明的地板显示以下特征,在至少两个相对的边缘上设有允许将两个这样的地板彼此连接的连接装置,其中在各个边缘处至少在与该地板的平面垂直的竖直方向上,以及在该地板的平面内并与各个边缘垂直的水平方向上实现锁定,其中通过两对配合的接触表面设置竖直方向上的所述锁定,其中在所述发泡层中形成第一对,而通过一部分不含所述发泡层的基材形成第二对。
优选地,本发明的地板显示以下特征,在至少两个相对的边缘上设有允许将两个这样的地板彼此连接的连接装置,其中在各个边缘处至少在与该地板的平面垂直的竖直方向上实现锁定,其中前述边缘中的至少一者设有槽,其中通过上凸缘和下凸缘形成这个槽的边界并且其中所述增强层在所述上凸缘中延伸。
大体上,清楚的是优选将本发明应用于地板,该地板在至少一对边缘上设有允许将两个这样的地板彼此连接的机械连接装置,以这样的方式在与所连接的板的平面垂直的竖直方向上,以及在与所连接边缘垂直并在该板的平面内的水平方向上产生锁定。优选地,连接装置还显示以下特征中一个或者两个或更多个的组合:
-特征在于,机械连接装置或连接部基本上实现为通过上凸缘和下凸缘形成边界的榫槽,其中这个榫槽基本上负责在所述竖直方向上锁定,并且其中榫槽设有基本上负责在所述水平方向上锁定的额外锁定部。优选地,该锁定部包含在边缘下侧上具有榫的锁定槽和在槽下凸缘上设置的钩形部。例如从WO 97/47834已知这样的连接装置和锁定部;
-特征在于,机械连接装置或连接部将所连接的地板彼此压靠,例如因为这些机械连接装置由从EP 1026341本身已知的所谓预张装置(pretension)实现。可例如结合上述特征,通过当试图弹回时压靠在榫下侧上的在连接位置向外弯曲的下凸缘的方式来获得使地板彼此压靠或压向彼此的张力;
-特征在于,机械连接装置允许通过板朝向彼此水平移动或准水平移动的方式来连接;
-特征在于,机械连接装置允许通过沿着各个边缘的转动W的方式来连接;
-特征在于,机械连接装置允许通过凸出连接部向下运动至凹入连接部中的方式来连接,所述凸出连接部例如具有榫,所述凹入连接部例如具有槽;
-特征在于,机械连接装置或至少附属的上边缘通过具有旋转铣削工具的铣削处理的方式来实现。
优选地,本发明地板的基材具有4至8毫米的厚度。
具有与第一方面中相同的目的,本发明根据其第二独立方面涉及用于制造地板的方法,其中这种地板包含至少基材和在其上设置的装饰,其中用于形成该基材的方法包括至少以下步骤:
-设置预制片、优选玻璃纤维层的步骤;
-设置热塑性材料的步骤;
-使所述热塑性材料发泡用于形成发泡的基材或基材部分的步骤,其中在所述预制片的存在下发生发泡。
因为在所述预制片的存在下发生发泡,所以可根据预制片的属性和它相对于发泡材料的位置来实现各种有利效果。
优选地,所述设置热塑性材料的步骤包括至少散布处理。优选地,使用所谓的干混物而不是使用颗粒进行散布处理。
为了发泡,还可利用以上提到的机械发泡以及化学发泡。
优选地,在连续压机的压带之间进行发泡步骤。以这种方式,可将获得的基材或基材部分的厚度控制为一定程度。
优选地,在发泡步骤过程中还进行各个层材料的固结和/或将预制片连接至相应基材或基材部分。
优选地,在相同的压机处理中进行至少发泡和固结。
如前所述,预制片优选涉及玻璃纤维层。在本文中,这可涉及织造的或非织造的。优选地,增强层或玻璃纤维层具有至少30克/平方米,然而优选小于100克/平方米的重量。
在第二方面的方法中,预制片可起到各种可能的功能,其中一些在以下列出,其不努力为穷尽的。
根据第一可能性,所述预制片形成对于相应热塑性材料和/或对于另一种基材部分的热塑性材料的载体。以这种方式,预制片允许简单的制备,其可能以连续方式进行。
根据第二可能性,所述预制片形成在所述发泡层的热塑性材料和另一层热塑性材料之间的分隔。当通过散布处理或采用液相的方式设置这些层中的一个或多个时,这种实施方案是特别重要的。预制片至少在一定程度上防止将层分开的材料的混合。这对于可靠地设定相应预制片上方和下方的基材部分的厚度,并且对于保持相应基材部分的可能不同的组成是相关的。优选地,将发泡层以及所述另一个层初始设为散布的热塑性材料并且在预制片的存在下将它们固结在一起。如前所述,所述另一层的热塑性材料的组成可不同于所述发泡层的组成。
根据第三可能性,所述预制片涉及增强层,其特别是具有玻璃纤维层的情况。
根据本发明方法的特定实施方案,在张力下将所述预制片连接至所述热塑性材料。因为该片在张力下,所以可在制备中实现各种有利效果。所以例如在发泡、固结和/或连接过程中,可在所述发泡层中出现至少收缩。这样的收缩导致预制片的压缩,使得随着由温度变化所致的可能的基材膨胀,这个片仅在再次撤去了压缩时变得有效。因此,预制片仅在延迟时而不是在第一次膨胀过程中变得有效。根据本文特定实施方案,通过应用张力,预制片可在基材小得多的膨胀的情况下已经变得有效。优选地,预制片中所述张力导致在这个片中的膨胀为前述收缩的至少20%。以这种方式,保证了随着出现为所述收缩80%的膨胀值时预制片作为获得的基材或基材部分中的稳定剂已经是有效的。在制备过程中片中张力越高,预制片优选玻璃纤维层可越快变得有效。
优选地,该方法进一步还包括设置至少另一个热塑性材料的基材层的步骤,其中这种热塑性材料包含含量高于所述发泡层中可能的增塑剂含量的增塑剂。优选地,在具有发泡层的前述已经形成的基材部分上以液体形式设置相应基材层。
优选地,第二方面的方法进一步还包括在所述基材或基材部分上设置装饰的步骤。这样的装饰可包含例如印刷的箔。
清楚的是可优异地将第二方面的方法用于制造第一方面和其优选实施方案的地板。因此,进一步还清楚的是第一方面的各种基材部分的组成可对应于第二方面的热塑性材料的组成。
为了更好地显示本发明的特征,在下文中,作为没有任何限制特性的实例,参照附图描述了一些优选实施方案,其中:
图1表示具有本发明特征的地板;
图2以较大比例表示根据图1中所指的线Ⅱ-Ⅱ的横截面;
图3以相同比例表示两个这样的地板的连接状态;
图4至10以类似的视图表示变体;
图11以较大比例表示根据图1中所指的线Ⅺ-Ⅺ的横截面;
图12至14以类似的视图表示变体;和
图15示意表示根据本发明方法中的一些步骤。
图1表示矩形地板1。
图2清楚地显示地板1包含基材2和在其上设置的装饰3。
基材2包含热塑性材料(在这种情况下为聚氯乙烯(PVC))的发泡层4。放置这个发泡层4使得其至少中心存在于基材2中,即在中心线C上。在这种情况下,发泡层的厚度T1形成大于40%的基材厚度T2。至于其他,在这种情况下基材2仅包含尚非发泡的层5-6-7。
来自图1和2的实例的地板1的基材2包含第一和第二增强层8-9,在这种情况下为玻璃纤维层,更特别地为玻璃纤维垫(非织造)。第一增强层8位于发泡层4的朝向装饰3的表面10上,并且与第二增强层9一起包封发泡层4。本文所述第二增强层9位于发泡层4的相对表面11上。
所述装饰3包含印刷的图形并表示单个木板。在热塑性箔12即PVC箔上设置印刷的图形。此外,地板1包含在所述装饰3之上设置的透明的或半透明的耐磨层13。
在实例中,所述非发泡层5-6-7包含第一非发泡层5和第二非发泡层6,其分别与发泡层4的所述表面10-11相邻,并且在这种情况下还与那里存在的增强层8-9相邻。这些第一和第二非发泡层5-6由与发泡层4相同的热塑性材料即PVC组成,然而优选含有较高含量的填料例如白垩或滑石。图2的地板形成基材2的实例,其中各个非发泡层5-6包封发泡层4。
图2的基材2进一步还包含热塑性材料的第三非发泡层7。这个第三非发泡层7位于装饰3和所述第一非发泡层5之间并且含有高于发泡层4中可能存在的增塑剂含量和/或高于第一和/或第二非发泡层5-6中可能存在的增塑剂含量的增塑剂含量。
优选地,使在发泡层4的下表面11上的非发泡层6,即第二非发泡层6比发泡层4的上表面10上的所述第一发泡层5更厚,例如具有大于第一非发泡层5厚度T5的1.5倍的厚度T6。优选地,第一非发泡层5的厚度T5和第三非发泡层7的厚度T7的和大约等于、等于或大于第二非发泡层6的厚度T6,优选地大至少10%,然而大小于50%。以这种方式,第二发泡层6可以优化的方式抵消第一和第三发泡层5-7中可能的剩余张力。
图4的地板1的基材2形成在说明中提到的最优选实施方案的实例,其中基材2包含发泡的热塑性材料层4,优选具有增塑剂含量小于12phr或没有增塑剂的PVC,并且其中基材2进一步还在发泡层4的两个表面10-11上显示一个或多个非发泡层5-6-7,该非发泡层分别还优选地为具有增塑剂含量小于12phr的PVC。在一个表面11上所有非发泡层6的总厚度与在发泡层4的另一个表面10上非发泡层5-7的厚度的比例在0.75和1.33之间,即在这种情况下大约为0.8。在这种情况下在下表面11上非发泡层6整体比发泡层4的上表面10上非发泡层5-7整体更薄;然而在所述比例内。在上表面10上非发泡层5-7的平均增塑剂含量高于在下表面11上非发泡层6的平均增塑剂含量,如上所述第三非发泡层7含有比第一和第二非发泡层5-6中可能的增塑剂含量更高的增塑剂含量。在该实例中,所述增强层8、9分别形成在发泡层4和所述非发泡层整体之间的分隔。
来自该实例的地板1至少在两个相对的长边14-15上设有允许将两个这样的地板1彼此连接的连接装置16,其中如图3中所示,在各个边缘14-15处在与地板1的平面垂直的竖直方向V上,以及与各个边缘垂直并在地板1的平面内的水平方向H上实现锁定。为了这个目的,板1在它的长边中至少一者15上设有槽17,其中这个槽17的最深点18位于所述发泡层4中。在这种情况下,设置槽17用于与相对边缘14上的榫19配合并且通过上凸缘20和下凸缘21形成槽17的边界,其中在远端方向下凸缘21延伸超过上凸缘20,或者换句话说超过槽开口22。图2表示可通过绕各个边缘14-15转动W的方式将榫19插入槽18中。
在这种情况下,完全由所述发泡层4的材料形成下凸缘21的上表面23,并且下凸缘21接近其远端24设有钩形锁定部25,其在这种情况下也由发泡层4的材料组成。钩形部25用于在连接状态下与在边缘14(设有所述榫19)的下侧上的锁定槽26配合,并实现水平方向H上的所述锁定。为了这个目的,在所述钩形部25和锁定槽26之间形成一对水平活动的接触表面27-28。在发泡层4的材料上形成接触表面27-28。
在该实例中,实际上完全在一部分不含所述发泡层4的基材2中形成上凸缘20的下表面29。在连接状态下,在这个不含发泡层4的材料的部分上形成第一对竖直活动的接触表面30-31。在下凸缘21的上表面23上并且在发泡层4的材料上形成第二对竖直活动的接触表面32-33。在这种情况下,第二对竖直活动的接触表面32-33至少部分位于上凸缘20下方,即因此在关于槽开口22最近的实际的槽17中。
增强层9之一在所述下凸缘21中不间断延伸,而第二所述增强层8在所述榫19的材料中延伸。以这种方式,将额外地支撑从边缘14-15突出的材料部分。在本文中,榫19中以及下凸缘21中存在一部分非发泡层5-6-7也是有利的。通过上凸缘20存在的非发泡层5-7来保证上凸缘20的稳定性。
发泡层4以及第一和第二非发泡层5-6不含增塑剂或含有小于12phr的增塑剂含量。第三非发泡层7也含有小于12phr的增塑剂含量。因此,如果增塑剂存在于所有各个层4-5-6中,则基材2完全由具有小于12phr的增塑剂含量的层4-5-6-7组成。
通过热层合工艺的方式将在此表示的基材2的层彼此附着。通过散布和固结无论是否处于颗粒或所谓干混物形式的热塑性材料的方式获得发泡层4和第一和第二非发泡层5-6。
图4表示根据本发明地板1的实例,其显示与图1至3的地板1相同的层组成,不同之处是在基材下侧上的额外的泡沫层34。在此,这涉及交联或互连的聚乙烯(XPE)的泡沫层34,其通过胶合的方式附着至剩余的基材部分,特别是非发泡层6。在这种情况下,这涉及软的泡沫。
图4进一步清楚地显示在这种情况下完全由发泡层4形成上凸缘20的下表面29,包括那里存在的竖直活动的接触表面对30-31。在连接状态下,在这个实例中,在榫19的下侧上存在空间35,该空间至少从榫19的凸缘延伸至超过上凸缘20。增强层8、9位于上凸缘20中以及下凸缘21中,并且在这些中不间断延伸。
在图3以及图4的情况下,锁定槽26延伸直至基材的上半部中,即直至水平线C以上。优选地,基材2包含至少一个增强层8,如在此处情况下所述增强层8在所述锁定槽26上方不间断延伸,而至少在所述锁定槽26的位置处省略或去除可能的另一个增强层9。
图5表示具有与图4类似基材部分的实例。然而,边缘外形是不同的。在发泡层4的材料中以及在下面的非发泡层6的材料中部分形成下凸缘21的上表面23。在本文中,在发泡层4的下表面11上的增强层9在所述上表面23中最深的区域36位置处是间断的。优选地,如此处所示,在这个最深区域36的位置处整个非发泡层6的至少一半的厚度仍然保存在下表面11处。在发泡层4的材料上形成主要部件的水平活动的接触表面27-28,然而也在下面的非发泡层6的材料上形成部件。增强层9在所述下凸缘21中是不间断的,然而,与前述水平活动的接触表面27-28相交。
在图5的实例中,实际上完全在基材2的发泡部分4中形成上凸缘20的下表面29。在连接状态下,在这个部分上形成第一对竖直活动的接触表面30-31。在下凸缘20的上表面23上还在发泡层4的材料上形成第二对竖直活动的接触表面32-33。在这种情况下,第二对竖直活动的接触表面32-33位于至少部分地,并且此处甚至完全在上凸缘21下方,或者换句话说,即在关于槽开口22最近的实际的槽17中。
对于基材2而言图6显示与图4和5类似的层构造。在这种情况下在装饰3之上施加耐磨层13,该耐磨层13还包含表面漆层37。各个漆层37中可能的剩余张力几乎对上凸缘21没有任何影响,因为这显示非发泡层5-7的部分不含增塑剂或具有小于12phr或仍然更好的是小于7phr的增塑剂含量。此外,增强层8在这个上凸缘20中不间断延伸。
明显的是表面漆层37可形成根据本发明的地板1的任何实施方案的部分耐磨层13。
在图6的情况下,边缘外形包含在榫侧14处具有凸面下侧的连接装置16和在槽侧15处与其配合的下凸缘20的凹面上表面23。在水平活动的接触表面27-28的位置处,在连接装置16的轮廓中设置重叠38,使得在连接状态下至少在这些水平活动的接触表面27-28上产生张力。使用在榫19上侧上和上凸缘20下侧上的竖直活动的接触表面30-31,也可通过在该位置处轮廓中的局部重叠或通过在水平活动的接触表面27-28的位置处的所述重叠38来产生张力,在水平活动的接触表面27-28的位置处的所述重叠38产生对竖直活动的接触表面30-31有影响的张力。通过稍微倾斜竖直活动的接触表面30-31来优选实现这个后者,如此处的情况。优选地,在这样的情况下并且全局查看,这些竖直活动的接触表面30-31包围2°至15°范围内的角A。
清楚的是可在具有本发明特征的任何地板1中应用第一对竖直活动的接触表面30-31的这样的倾角,这独立于无论是否在连接装置16的轮廓中应用重叠38的事实。图1至9此外还都形成应用轻微的倾角(即小于10°)的实例。在图10的实例中,应用大于10°然而仍然小于45°的倾角,即在该实例中大约为30°。
此外,清楚的是在水平活动的接触表面27-28的位置处的重叠38还可应用在具有本发明特征的任何地板1中。
图7表示其中与图6中类似地构造了基材2的实例,然而不同之处是在基材2下侧上的额外的发泡层34。虽然在图6中在发泡层4的材料上形成竖直活动的接触表面30-31和水平活动的接触表面27-28,但是在图7的情况下在发泡层4的上表面10上存在的非发泡层5上形成竖直活动的接触表面30-31。虽然在图6中下凸缘21中增强层9是间断的,但是增强层9在图7的实施方案的下凸缘21中不间断延伸。在图7中钩形部25上实现的轮廓的重叠38比图6的情况下更有限。
图8表示具有与图2的实例大约相同的基材部分的实例,然而其中省略了图2提到的第三发泡层7。边缘外形显示与图4的那些相同的形状,然而在此实现它们使得在泡沫层4的下表面11上存在的非发泡层6中形成主要部件的上凸缘20的上表面。在所述泡沫层4的材料中以及在下面的非发泡层6的材料中形成钩形部25上的水平活动的接触表面27-28。增强层9在所述下凸缘21中是间断的,然而与所述水平活动的接触表面27-28相交,在这种情况下大约在中间。优选地,如此处所示,在下凸缘21的上表面中最深区域36的位置处,在发泡层4的下表面11上维持至少一半的整个非发泡层6的厚度。
图9显示以下实例,其中基材2包含发泡层4与位于该发泡层4的上表面10上的增强层8,并且其中基材2进一步还包含在所述上表面10上尚非发泡的层7A。在这种情况下,所应用的非发泡层7A显示在前述实例的范围内提到的第三非发泡层7的组成,即大于发泡层4中可能的增塑剂含量的增塑剂含量。在这种情况下,通过固结和发泡热塑性材料的散布粉末的方式获得发泡层4,而通过液体施加或压延热塑性材料至已经形成的发泡层4上来获得非发泡层7A。基材2包含仅一个增强层8,即在所述发泡层4的上表面10上。
对于其主要部件而言,在发泡层4中形成图9的实例中表示的边缘外形。在这个实例中,在连接状态下在榫19的下侧上存在空间35,该空间至少从榫19的凸缘延伸至超过上凸缘20。增强层8位于上凸缘20中。然而,竖直活动的接触表面32-33位于比上凸缘21更远(即超过槽开口)的下凸缘20的上表面23上。在这种情况下,甚至钩形部25的上表面形成竖直活动的接触表面39。这个后者不是必要的。
图10表示另一种实施方案,其中应用如图9中的基材2的类似构造,然而,其中在这种情况下将单个增强层8嵌入发泡层4中,在这种情况下嵌入在发泡层4中心或大约中心。
在图10的边缘外形中,部分地在所述发泡层4上和部分地在所述非发泡层6上形成在上凸缘20的下侧29上的一对竖直活动的接触表面30-31。在连接状态下,在这个实例中,在榫19的下侧上存在空间35A,该空间从榫19的凸缘延伸直至在上凸缘21下方的位置。在下凸缘21的上表面23上,形成一对竖直活动的接触表面32-33,其从实际的槽17中延伸至超过上凸缘20。在这对竖直活动的接触表面32-33和在钩形部25上形成的水平活动的接触表面27-28之间设置空间40。
图10进一步还显示可在地板1的表面上形成深的压纹41。在这种情况下,这至少涉及具有用于形成倒角的大约0.4mm深度D的压纹41。图10清楚地显示非发泡层7A容纳一部分压纹41,因为在这种情况下已经选择了具有比发泡层4更高增塑剂含量的非发泡层7A。存在的装饰3遵循压纹41。
与图6和7中表示的轮廓重叠38有关,再次注意到类似的轮廓重叠当然在所有实施方案中是可能的。在两个这样的地板的连接状态下,这样的轮廓重叠38可导致存在向外弯曲的下凸缘21,如说明中提到的,或至少在水平活动的接触表面27-28的位置处导致材料压缩。
在所有实例中,槽17的深度G小于发泡层4的厚度T1。考虑到连接的稳定性和特别地上凸缘20的稳定性,这样的外形是优选的,然而不是必不可少的。当利用表面漆层37作为耐磨层13的一部分时这是特别重要的。
如已经提到的,在所有实例中使榫19的上侧和上凸缘的下表面29上的竖直活动的接触表面30-31倾斜。在图1至9的情况下,相当受限制,即具有在2°和15°之间的角度,或在图1至8的情况下甚至在2和7°之间。在图10的情况下,应用大于15°的倾角,即在这种情况下大约为30°。
在所有实例中,槽17的下凸缘21突出超过上凸缘20大于至少两倍发泡层A厚度T1的距离E。虽然下凸缘21没有必要必须突出,并且还可应用具有较短或等长的下凸缘的连接装置16,例如WO 97/47834或WO 01/98603的连接装置,但是突出的下凸缘21是优选的。下凸缘的突出程度或距离E优选为发泡层4的厚度T1的至少一倍。突出的程度优选小于1.5倍的地板1总厚度T,并且优选大于地板1厚度T的一半,如此处所有实例中的情况。
虽然在附图中每次以地板1上边缘处的倾角的形式表示倒角,但是这在本发明范围内不是必不可少的。也可在没有倒角的情况下或使用另一类型的倒角来实现相应上边缘。根据特定实施方案,可利用通过直至在下面的基材部分中的所述装饰3进行的倒角。相应基材部分本身然后可能设有匹配的或可能鲜明对比的均匀着色,或者倾角的表面可设有分开的装饰性覆盖物,例如漆层或印刷。例如这样的倒角参考WO 2012/004701。
图11表示图1至3的地板1的短边42-43。在本文中,应用具有凸出部44和凹入部45的边缘外形,其允许在各个边缘42-43处通过凸出部44向下运动M进凹入部45的方式连接两个这样的地板1,其中在连接状态下在水平方向H上以及在竖直方向V上实现锁定。在长边14-15处可转动的外形(例如根据图2至10中任一个)和短边44-45处可向下连接的外形(例如根据图11至14中任一个)的组合导致产生地板1,其可通过所谓“折叠(Fold-down)”运动的方式连接。在本文中,通过转动W在彼此设置长边14-15,其中通过短边42-43处的这种转动W产生向下运动M,其提供在凹入部45中存在的凸出部44。
采用地板1的材料一体地制成在此表示的这样的可向下连接的外形的实例,并且为了实现锁定包含配合的搭锁钩(snap hook)46和掏槽47以及在下凸缘21上的钩形部25,该钩形部25在这种情况下还包含掏槽47A。制备钩形部25处的掏槽47A使得其形成与竖直呈1°至10°、并优选大约为5°的角A1。与前述钩形部25配合的锁定槽26完全位于发泡层4的上表面10处的增强层8下方。
前述配合的搭锁钩46和掏槽47在这种情况下在连接状态下包含部分在发泡层4中并且部分在位于其上方的非发泡层5中实现的配合的竖直活动的接触表面30-31。完全在发泡层4的材料中实现钩形部25的水平以及竖直活动的接触表面27A-28A。
下凸缘21的上表面23完全由发泡层4的材料组成。在连接状态下,边缘形状还具有在这个上表面23上形成的竖直活动的接触表面32-33。在这些竖直活动的接触表面32-33和水平活动的接触表面27A-28A之间存在空间40。下增强层9一体地在下凸缘21中延伸,并且上增强层8一体地在前述锁定槽26上方延伸。
在下凸缘21的下侧处,实现凹部48,其延伸至少部分在下面的所述空间40。甚至采用轮廓中所示的重叠38,这个后者提供更顺滑的连接。
图12表示可采用向下运动M彼此连接的外形变体,其中搭锁钩46位于凹入部45的下凸缘21的远端24处,而在凸出部44中设置掏槽47。在此,还完全由发泡层4的材料形成下凸缘21的上表面23,并且在连接状态下边缘外形包含在这个上表面23上形成的竖直活动的接触表面32-33。在这些竖直活动的接触表面32-33和水平活动的接触表面27A-28A之间存在空间40。下增强层9一体地在下凸缘21中延伸,并且上增强层8在所述锁定槽26上方延伸。
在图12的实例中,还用掏槽47A实现钩形部25,其中实现这个掏槽47A使得其形成与竖直呈1°至10°、并优选大约为5°的角A1。明显的是在图11以及图12中在钩形部25上水平活动的接触表面27A-28A的位置处这样的掏槽47A不是必要的并且也同样可使用接触表面27-28,该接触表面27-28为竖直的或没有比竖直的倾斜得陡峭,例如具有倾角与图1至10中水平活动的接触表面27-28的倾角相当,即其中各个接触表面27-28包围与水平呈45°至90°角的角。
图13表示可向下连接外形的变体,其中由单独的插入件49形成搭锁钩46,在这种情况下在凸出部44中设置该插入件49。这样的单独的插入件49还优选由热塑性材料形成,例如至少为PVC或ABS(丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯),并且在连接状态下例如在此优选包含具有凹入部45的非发泡层7材料的竖直活动的接触表面50。以这种方式,可实现凸出部44在凹入部45中的准确竖直定位。在这个实例中,所述单独的插入件49位于基座中,该基座具有由未发泡材料形成的上壁51和由发泡材料形成的下壁52。
图14表示仍然另一个外形实例,其可在向下的方向上彼此连接,其中在这个实例中通过单独的插入件49形成掏槽47,为了这个目的在这种情况下在凹入部45中设置该插入件49。这样的单独的插入件49还优选由热塑性材料(例如至少为PVC或ABS(丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯))形成,并且在连接状态下例如在此优选包含具有凸出部44的发泡层材料的竖直活动的接触表面50。所述单独的插入件49位于基座中,该基座具有由未发泡材料形成的上壁51和由发泡材料形成的下壁52。
涉及图13和14,还注意到有利的是在单独的插入件49的底座上方还具有未发泡材料,其优选具有小于12phr并且仍然更好的是小于7phr的增塑剂含量。即以这种方式,实现了使由在连接过程中或在连接状态下力效应所致地板1的上表面变形的风险最小化。
清楚的是在图11至14的实例中分别在凸出部44处与锁定槽26配合的钩形部25分别向上延伸至基材的上半部中,从而至水平线C以上。
清楚的是可以各种供选择的方式实现图11至14的边缘外形,其中可在不同的基材部分上实现存在的接触表面,类似于在本文说明中对于榫和/或槽而言上述可能性,然而其中通过无论是否为一体的搭锁钩46替代榫19,并且通过无论是否由单独的插入件49设置的掏槽47形成槽17。
此外,清楚的是还可将来自图2至10的边缘外形应用在短边42-43上,其中然后将相同或不相同的外形应用在长边14-15处以及短边42-43处。
还注意到当然还可将边缘外形例如图11至14的那些应用在其他具有本发明特征的基材2中,例如图4至6和8至10的基材2中。
图15示意表示用于制造地板1的可能方法中的一些步骤。
方法包括设置热塑性材料53的步骤S1。在这种情况下,通过三个单独的散布处理54A-54B-54C的方式进行这个步骤S1三次。该方法进一步还包括设置预制片(在这种情况下两个玻璃纤维垫8-9,其分别位于前述三个散布的材料中的两者之间)的步骤S2。
在第一散布处理54A中,散布材料用于第一层,该第一层不是待发泡的。在第二散布处理54B中,散布材料用于第一层,该第一层是待发泡的。在第三散布处理54C中,散布材料用于第二层,该第二层不是待发泡的。清楚的是通过第二散布处理54B的方式设置的组成至少不同于第一和第三散布处理54A-54C的组成。所述玻璃绒8-9形成在这些材料之间的有效分隔。此外,通过连续的制备方法它们与在下面的传输带55一起携带所散布的材料。
清楚的是本文以上描述的散布处理54A-54B-54C可应用于获得具有中心发泡层4的基材部分,该中心发泡层4在两个表面10-11上设有玻璃纤维垫8-9和与其相邻的非发泡层5-6,类似于来自图2至8和11至14的实例的发泡层4、增强层8-9和第一和第二非发泡层5-6。
在随后步骤S3中,在前述玻璃纤维垫8-9的存在下使至少第二散布处理54B的材料发泡。这在双带压机56的皮带之间进行。在第一部件57中加热并在第二部件58中冷却该双带压机56。考虑到其可充当隔离物,获得的泡沫可对压机中的热转移有影响。为了避免对生产线速度的过大影响,散布材料在压机中被处理之前优选是预加热的。
在压机处理之后,在步骤4中可例如通过所谓压延处理61的方式,将另一个基材层60在液体状态下沉积在获得的基材部分59的表面上。参考图2至7,还注意到这个另一个基材层60例如可涉及那里提到的第三非发泡层7。
注意到在此处未进一步表示的步骤中,通过应用装饰3(可能采用印刷箔12的形式)和耐磨层13(其可能包含漆层37),该方法可被延续。
如说明中所述,可能在张力下例如通过在纵向方向上拉伸将一个或多个预制片即玻璃纤维垫8-9连接至热塑性材料53。
本发明绝不限于本文以上描述的实施方案,相反,这样的地板和方法可采用各种方式实现,而不脱离本发明的范围。

Claims (51)

1.具有基材(2)和在其上设置的装饰(3)的地板,特征在于该基材(2)包含至少热塑性材料发泡层(4)和至少增强层(8)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的地板,特征在于所述发泡层(4)涉及发泡的PVC层。
3.根据权利要求2所述的地板,特征在于所述PVC不含增塑剂或含有12phr或更小的增塑剂含量。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于至少通过机械发泡方法获得该发泡层(4)。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于至少通过化学发泡方法获得该发泡层(4)。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于所述增强层(8)涉及具有至少30g/m2和优选小于100g/m2的重量的玻璃纤维层。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于所述增强层(8)位于该发泡层(4)的表面(10)之一上。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于所述基材(2)进一步还包封第二增强层(9),其中各个增强层(8-9)包封至少一部分所述发泡层(4)。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于所述基材(2)进一步还包含至少热塑性材料非发泡层(5-6)。
10.根据权利要求9所述的地板,特征在于所述非发泡层(5-6)与所述发泡层(4)的表面(10-11)之一相邻和/或与可能在该表面(10-11)上设置的增强层(8-9)相邻。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的地板,特征在于所述非发泡层(5-6)包含与所述发泡层(4)相同的热塑性材料。
12.根据权利要求9至11中任一项所述的地板,特征在于所述非发泡层(5-6)不含增塑剂或含有小于12phr的增塑剂含量。
13.根据权利要求9至12中任一项所述的地板,特征在于前述基材(2)进一步还包含至少热塑性材料第二非发泡层(5-6),其中各个非发泡层(5-6)包封至少一部分所述发泡层(4)。
14.根据权利要求13所述的地板,特征在于所述基材(2)进一步还包含至少热塑性材料第三非发泡层(7),其中这个第三非发泡层(7)位于该装饰(3)和前述第一和第二非发泡层(5-6)中的至少一者之间。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于所述基材(2)进一步还包含至少热塑性材料层(7),其中这种热塑性材料含有含量高于所述发泡层中可能的增塑剂含量的增塑剂。
16.根据权利要求15所述的地板,特征在于具有更高增塑剂含量的所述层(7)位于所述发泡层(4)和所述装饰(3)之间。
17.根据权利要求15或16所述的地板,特征在于具有更高增塑剂含量的所述层(7)含有与所述发泡层(4)相同的热塑性材料。
18.根据权利要求15至17中任一项所述的地板,特征在于具有更高增塑剂含量的所述层(7)是未发泡的。
19.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于所述装饰(3)包含印刷的图形。
20.根据权利要求19所述的地板,特征在于在热塑性箔(12)上设置所述印刷的图形。
21.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于该地板(1)进一步还包含在所述装饰(3)之上设置的半透明或透明的耐磨层(13)。
22.根据权利要求21所述的地板,特征在于所述耐磨层(13)包含表面漆层(37)。
23.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于在至少两个相对的边缘(14-15)上各个地板(1)设有允许将两个这样的地板(1)彼此连接的连接装置(16),其中在各个边缘(14-15)处至少在与该地板(1)的平面垂直的竖直方向(V)上实现锁定,其中所述边缘中的至少一者(15)设有槽(17),该槽(17)的最深点(18)位于所述发泡层(4)中。
24.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于在至少两个相对的边缘(14-15)上各个地板(1)设有允许将两个这样的地板(1)彼此连接的连接装置(16),其中在各个边缘(14-15)处至少在该地板(1)的平面内并与边缘(14-15)垂直的水平方向(H)上实现锁定,其中所述边缘(14-15)中的至少一者设有向上导向的钩形锁定部(25),其中所述锁定部(25)至少部分地在一部分基材(2)中延伸,该一部分基材(2)不含所述发泡层(4)。
25.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于在至少两个相对的边缘(14-15)上各个地板(1)设有允许将两个这样的地板(1)彼此连接的连接装置(16),其中在各个边缘(14-15)处至少在与该地板(1)的平面垂直的竖直方向(V)上实现锁定,其中所述边缘(14-15)中的至少一者设有槽(17),其中通过上凸缘(20)和下凸缘(21)形成这个槽(17)的边界并且其中在所述发泡层(4)中至少部分形成该下凸缘(21)的上表面(23)。
26.根据权利要求25所述的地板,特征在于在一部分基材(2)中还至少部分形成下凸缘(21)的所述上表面(23),该一部分基材(2)不含所述发泡层(4)。
27.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于在至少两个相对的边缘(14-15)上各个地板(1)设有允许将两个这样的地板(1)彼此连接的连接装置(16),其中在各个边缘(14-15)处至少在与该地板(1)的平面垂直的竖直方向(V)上实现锁定,其中所述边缘(14-15)中的至少一者设有槽(17),其中通过上凸缘(20)和下凸缘(21)形成这个槽(17)的边界并且其中在所述发泡层(4)中至少部分形成该上凸缘(20)的下表面(29)。
28.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于在至少两个相对的边缘(14-15)上各个地板(1)设有允许将两个这样的地板(1)彼此连接的连接装置(16),其中在各个边缘(14-15)处至少在与该地板(1)的平面垂直的竖直方向(V)上实现锁定,其中所述边缘(14-15)中的至少一者设有槽(17),其中通过上凸缘(20)和下凸缘(21)形成这个槽(17)的边界并且其中在一部分基材(2)中至少部分形成该上凸缘(20)的下表面(29),该一部分基材(2)不含所述发泡层(4)。
29.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于在至少两个相对的边缘(14-15)上各个地板(1)设有允许将两个这样的地板(1)彼此连接的连接装置(16),其中在各个边缘(14-15)处至少在与该地板(1)的平面垂直的竖直方向(V)上,以及在该地板(1)的平面内并与各个边缘(14-15)垂直的水平方向(H)上实现锁定,其中通过在所述发泡层(4)中形成的至少一对配合的接触表面(30-31)来设置竖直方向(V)上的所述锁定,而通过由一部分基材(2)形成的至少一对配合的接触表面(27-28)来设置水平方向(H)上的所述锁定,该一部分基材(2)不含所述发泡层(4)。
30.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于在至少两个相对的边缘(14-15)上各个地板(1)设有允许将两个这样的地板(1)彼此连接的连接装置(16),其中在各个边缘(14-15)处至少在与该地板(1)的平面垂直的竖直方向(V)上,以及在该地板(1)的平面内并与各个边缘(14-15)垂直的水平方向(H)上实现锁定,其中通过两对配合的接触表面(30-31、32-33)来设置竖直方向(V)上的所述锁定,其中在所述发泡层(4)中形成第一对(32-33),而通过一部分基材(2)形成第二对(30-31),该一部分基材(2)不含所述发泡层(4)。
31.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于在至少两个相对的边缘(14-15)上各个地板(1)设有允许将两个这样的地板(1)彼此连接的连接装置(16),其中在各个边缘(14-15)处至少在与该地板(1)的平面垂直的竖直方向(V)上实现锁定,其中所述边缘(14-15)中的至少一者设有槽(17),其中通过上凸缘(20)和下凸缘(21)形成这个槽(17)的边界并且其中所述增强层(9)在所述上凸缘(20)中延伸。
32.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于在厚度上查看该地板(1)包含至少2毫米的不含增塑剂或具有小于12phr的增塑剂含量的热塑性材料。
33.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于在厚度上查看该地板(1)包含至少4毫米的发泡的热塑性材料。
34.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于所述基材(2)就它的厚度(T2)的至少40%而言由所述发泡层(4)组成,其中剩余的基材材料优选是未发泡的。
35.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于通过热层合工艺的方式将该基材(2)的各个层彼此附着。
36.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于通过散布和固结无论是否处于颗粒形式的至少所述热塑性材料(53)的方式来获得该基材(2)的一个或多个热塑性层。
37.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的地板,特征在于该基材(2)在其下侧包含额外的泡沫层(34)。
38.用于制造地板的方法,其中这种地板包含至少基材(2)和在其上设置的装饰(3),其中用于形成该基材(2)的方法包括至少以下步骤:
-设置预制片、优选玻璃纤维层(8-9)的步骤(S2);
-设置热塑性材料(53)的步骤(S1);
-使所述热塑性材料(53)发泡用于形成发泡的基材或基材部分(59)的步骤(S3),其中在所述预制片(8-9)的存在下发生发泡。
39.根据权利要求38所述的方法,特征在于所述设置热塑性材料的步骤(S1)包括至少散布处理(54B)。
40.根据权利要求39所述的方法,特征在于所述预制片(8-9)形成了散布的热塑性材料的载体。
41.根据任何权利要求39或40所述的方法,特征在于所述预制片(8-9)形成在所述散布的热塑性材料和另一层热塑性材料之间的分隔。
42.根据权利要求41所述的方法,特征在于所述另一层也由散布的热塑性材料组成。
43.根据权利要求41或42中任一项所述的方法,特征在于所述另一层的热塑性材料(53)的组成不同于所述发泡层的组成。
44.根据权利要求38至43中任一项所述的方法,特征在于所述预制片(8-9)涉及增强层。
45.根据权利要求38至44中任一项所述的方法,特征在于在张力下将所述预制片(8-9)连接至所述热塑性材料(53)。
46.根据权利要求45所述的方法,特征在于在发泡、固结和/或连接过程中至少在所述发泡层(4)中发生收缩,并且预制片(8-9)中的所述张力在这个片中导致应变,该应变为所述收缩的至少20%。
47.根据权利要求38至46中任一项所述的方法,特征在于该方法还包括设置至少另一个热塑性材料基材层(60)的步骤(S4),其中这种热塑性材料含有含量高于所述发泡层中可能的增塑剂含量的增塑剂。
48.根据权利要求47所述的方法,特征在于在所述基材部分(59)上以液体状态设置所述基材层(60)。
49.根据权利要求38至48中任一项所述的方法,特征在于其进一步还包括在所述基材或基材部分(59)上设置装饰(3)的步骤。
50.根据权利要求49所述的方法,特征在于所述装饰(3)包含印刷的箔(12)。
51.根据权利要求38至50中任一项所述的方法,特征在于将其应用于制造具有权利要求1至37中任一项所述的特征的地板(1)。
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN116133839A (zh) * 2020-07-17 2023-05-16 地板工业有限公司 覆层面板
CN113322683A (zh) * 2021-04-25 2021-08-31 佛山市高明尚昂科技有限公司 一种可压纹硬质复合型人造革及其制备方法

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US20190292793A1 (en) 2019-09-26
BR112019009372A2 (zh) 2019-07-23
EP4043665A1 (en) 2022-08-17
BE1024734B1 (nl) 2018-06-19
KR20190084075A (ko) 2019-07-15
BR112019009372A8 (pt) 2022-08-23
BR112019009389A2 (zh) 2019-07-23
US10988939B2 (en) 2021-04-27
US20210332597A1 (en) 2021-10-28
BR112019009389B1 (pt) 2023-04-04
WO2018087637A1 (en) 2018-05-17
EA037589B1 (ru) 2021-04-19
KR102478410B1 (ko) 2022-12-15
US11668105B2 (en) 2023-06-06
KR20240046299A (ko) 2024-04-08
CO2019007196A2 (es) 2019-07-31
EA201991159A1 (ru) 2019-09-30
BE1024723A1 (nl) 2018-06-06
CN114482454A (zh) 2022-05-13
KR20240046624A (ko) 2024-04-09
CN110023573B (zh) 2022-04-01
CN114575551A (zh) 2022-06-03
CO2019007200A2 (es) 2019-07-31
US20230250642A1 (en) 2023-08-10
US20220213696A1 (en) 2022-07-07
CN114482455A (zh) 2022-05-13
US20220213695A1 (en) 2022-07-07
EP3538720A1 (en) 2019-09-18
US20220213697A1 (en) 2022-07-07
EA202190239A2 (ru) 2021-05-31
KR20230008924A (ko) 2023-01-16
CN110036161A (zh) 2019-07-19
EA202190239A3 (ru) 2021-08-31
KR20190085007A (ko) 2019-07-17
US11091919B2 (en) 2021-08-17
EP3538721A1 (en) 2019-09-18
BR112019009389A8 (pt) 2022-08-23
EA201991148A1 (ru) 2019-10-31
WO2018087638A1 (en) 2018-05-17
CA3040811A1 (en) 2018-05-17
BE1024734A1 (nl) 2018-06-11
US20210254348A1 (en) 2021-08-19
EP4043666A1 (en) 2022-08-17
EP4043664A1 (en) 2022-08-17
CA3040624A1 (en) 2018-05-17
US20200048915A1 (en) 2020-02-13

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