CN106386370B - Southern area cherry rain shelter cultivation method - Google Patents
Southern area cherry rain shelter cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106386370B CN106386370B CN201611101010.XA CN201611101010A CN106386370B CN 106386370 B CN106386370 B CN 106386370B CN 201611101010 A CN201611101010 A CN 201611101010A CN 106386370 B CN106386370 B CN 106386370B
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- 241000167854 Bourreria succulenta Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 235000019693 cherries Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000005070 ripening Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
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- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 23
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- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000013138 pruning Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;phosphoric acid Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP(O)(O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002426 superphosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 11
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- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- JNVCSEDACVAATK-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Ca+2].[S-]SSS[S-] Chemical compound [Ca+2].[S-]SSS[S-] JNVCSEDACVAATK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001124076 Aphididae Species 0.000 claims description 2
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- 241000669151 Synanthedon pyri Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000013039 cover film Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005089 fruit drop Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protection of plants
- A01G13/20—Protective coverings for plants
- A01G13/21—Protective coverings for plants providing overhead protection, i.e. canopies
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protection of plants
- A01G13/30—Ground coverings
- A01G13/32—Mats; Nets; Sheets or films
- A01G13/33—Sheets or films
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种南方地区中国樱桃避雨栽培方法,包括如下步骤:1)苗木栽植;2)设立避雨棚;3)避雨时间:31)树体避雨:花前5~10天植株做好避雨棚,花前5天完成顶部盖膜工作,进行树体避雨,采果后至9月份去掉覆盖膜;32)地面避雨:果实开始差色时进行地面避雨,在地面铺设银色反光膜,无滴灌系统时保留树盘四周50cm的范围不盖,有滴灌系统时全覆盖,在果实采收完备后无滴灌系统时去掉地面避雨膜,有滴灌系统时不去膜;4)避雨后的水份管理。本发明采用避雨栽培,在开花前后进行树体避雨,可在花期遇雨时充分授粉,促进坐果,在生长期进行树体避雨能减少病害发生;果实成熟前后进行地面避雨,可有效防止成熟期遇雨时裂果的产生,提高产量和品质。
The invention discloses a rain-proof cultivation method for Chinese cherries in the southern region, which comprises the following steps: 1) planting seedlings; 2) setting up a rain shelter; 3) rain shelter time: 31) tree body rain shelter: 5 to 10 days before flowering The plants should be protected from the rain, and the top cover film work should be completed 5 days before flowering, and the tree body should be protected from rain. After the fruit is picked, the cover film should be removed until September; Lay silver reflective film on the ground. If there is no drip irrigation system, keep the 50cm area around the tree tray without covering it. If there is a drip irrigation system, it will be fully covered. After the fruit is harvested, remove the rain-proof film on the ground if there is no drip irrigation system. If there is a drip irrigation system, do not remove the film. ; 4) Moisture management after sheltering from the rain. The present invention adopts rain-shelter cultivation, and sheltering trees from rain before and after flowering can fully pollinate when encountering rain in the flowering stage, and promote fruit setting, and sheltering trees from rain during the growing period can reduce the occurrence of diseases; taking shelter from rain on the ground before and after fruit ripens can Effectively prevent fruit cracking when it rains during the ripening period, and improve yield and quality.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种樱桃栽培方法,尤其是涉及一种南方地区中国樱桃避雨栽培方法。The invention relates to a method for cultivating cherries, in particular to a method for cultivating Chinese cherries sheltered from rain in southern regions.
背景技术Background technique
中国樱桃在南方地区一般在2月开花,4~5月成熟。由于开花早,在开花期常有倒春寒或连阴雨,从而影响授粉和坐果,造成产量低;在果实成熟期(4~5月),正值春末夏初,也是南方的第一个梅雨季节,经常出现樱桃成熟期连续下雨的气候情况,从而引起裂果,使果实丧失商品价值,严重者甚至颗粒无收。Chinese cherries generally bloom in February in southern China and mature in April to May. Due to early flowering, there are often late spring cold or continuous rain during the flowering period, which affects pollination and fruit setting, resulting in low yield; in the fruit ripening period (April to May), it is the end of spring and early summer, and it is also the first rainy season in the south. It often occurs that the cherries continue to rain during the ripening period, which will cause fruit cracking, and the fruit will lose its commercial value, and in severe cases, even the grains will not be harvested.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的就是为了解决上述问题,提供一种南方地区中国樱桃避雨栽培方法,目的在于避免花期阴雨引起的落果和成熟期连阴雨引起的裂果问题。The object of the present invention is to solve the above problems and provide a rain-proof cultivation method for Chinese cherries in the southern region. The purpose is to avoid fruit drop caused by cloudy rain in the flowering period and fruit cracking caused by continuous rain in the ripening period.
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:一种南方地区中国樱桃避雨栽培方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions: a method for cultivating Chinese cherry from the rain in the southern region, which is characterized in that it comprises the steps:
1)苗木栽植;1) Seedling planting;
2)设立避雨棚;2) Set up rain shelters;
3)避雨时间:3) Rain shelter time:
31)树体避雨31) Tree shelter from rain
花前5~10天植株处设置避雨棚,花前5天完成顶部盖膜工作,进行树体避雨,采果后至9月份去掉树体覆盖膜;5 to 10 days before flowering, set up a rain shelter at the plant, complete the top film covering work 5 days before flowering, and take shelter from the rain on the tree body, and remove the tree body covering film until September after fruit picking;
32)地面避雨32) Ground shelter from rain
果实开始着色时进行地面避雨,地面铺设银色反光膜,有滴灌系统时地面全覆盖,无滴灌系统时除植株树盘四周50cm的范围不盖,余下地面及排水沟全覆盖,并控制外来雨水进入排水沟,果实采收完备后,有滴灌系统时不去地面避雨膜,无滴灌系统时去掉地面避雨膜;When the fruit starts to color, the ground should be protected from rain, and the ground should be covered with silver reflective film. If there is a drip irrigation system, the ground will be fully covered. If there is no drip irrigation system, except for the 50cm area around the plant tray, the rest of the ground and drainage ditches will be fully covered, and external rainwater will be controlled. After entering the drainage ditch, after the fruit is harvested, do not remove the rain-proof film on the ground when there is a drip irrigation system, and remove the rain-proof film on the ground when there is no drip irrigation system;
4)避雨后的水份管理4) Moisture management after shelter from rain
地面避雨时,灌水方式为:(a)当中午发现植株叶片萎蔫,到晚上就应适当浇水,浇水量以使植株到第二天傍晚叶片能恢复正常为准;或者,(b)当土壤持水量低于最大持水量的50%时就应浇水,浇水应在傍晚或早晨进行,浇水量以使土壤持水量控制在最大持水量的50%~70%之间为准;果实成熟采收期,保持适当干旱以提高果实的品质和耐贮运性,傍晚叶片能恢复正常就可不用灌水,反之则浇水,浇水量以植株第二天傍晚叶片能恢复正常为准。When the ground is sheltered from rain, the irrigation method is as follows: (a) when the leaves of the plants are found to be wilting at noon, they should be watered appropriately in the evening, and the amount of water should be based on the amount of water so that the leaves of the plants can return to normal by the evening of the next day; or, (b) When the water holding capacity of the soil is lower than 50% of the maximum water holding capacity, it should be watered. Watering should be carried out in the evening or in the morning. ; During the ripening and harvesting period of the fruit, maintain appropriate drought to improve the quality and storage and transportation resistance of the fruit. In the evening, the leaves can return to normal without irrigation. allow.
作为优选:步骤1)苗木栽植采用如下方式:As preferably: step 1) nursery stock planting adopts following mode:
避雨棚的设立和苗木栽植密度相结合,苗木栽植密度为4m×2m,即行距4m,株距2m,栽苗前按沟心4m开深40cm、宽40cm的排水沟,厢面宽3.6m,沟的泥土放于厢面中间,使厢面呈弧形,然后在厢面的中心按2m的距离挖定植穴,定植穴长、宽、深均为50cm,穴内分层压入腐熟的鸡粪或猪粪,结合施入磷肥,每667m2施入腐熟鸡粪2000kg,过磷酸钙100kg,回填泥土后,再等12~20天才栽苗,选用高60cm以上,地径1cm以上的壮苗定植。The establishment of the rain shelter is combined with the planting density of seedlings. The planting density of seedlings is 4m×2m, that is, the row spacing is 4m, and the plant spacing is 2m. The soil of the ditch is placed in the middle of the box surface, so that the box surface is curved, and then a planting hole is dug at a distance of 2m in the center of the box surface. Or pig manure, combined with the application of phosphate fertilizer, apply 2000kg of decomposed chicken manure and 100kg of superphosphate per 667m2, after backfilling the soil, wait 12 to 20 days before planting seedlings, choose strong seedlings with a height of more than 60cm and a ground diameter of more than 1cm for colonization .
作为优选:步骤2)设立避雨棚采用如下方式:As preferably: step 2) setting up rain shelter adopts the following methods:
苗木栽植第一年不设置避雨棚,在苗木栽植第二年挂果后设置避雨棚,避雨棚顺行设立,避雨棚包括若干十字形支架,支架顺行沿着长度方向布置,支架的立柱为镀锌钢管,横担、顶部弯梁、顶部支撑梁为镀锌钢管,横担设置在立柱上部,并沿着宽度方向布置,顶部弯梁设置在立柱的顶部,并沿着宽度方向布置,顶部支撑梁设置在立柱顶部,并沿着长度方向布置,顶部支撑梁上设置若干竹片支撑梁,支架的两侧分别设置一根塑料钢丝用于固定竹片及配合竹夹固定避雨膜。The rain shelter is not set up in the first year of seedling planting, and the rain shelter is set up after the seedlings are planted in the second year of fruit bearing. The rain shelter is set up along the line. The rain shelter includes several cross-shaped brackets. The column is galvanized steel pipe, the cross arm, top curved beam and top support beam are galvanized steel pipe. The cross arm is set on the upper part of the column and arranged along the width direction. Arrangement, the top support beam is set on the top of the column, and arranged along the length direction, a number of bamboo support beams are set on the top support beam, and a plastic steel wire is set on both sides of the bracket to fix the bamboo and cooperate with the bamboo clip to fix the rain membrane.
作为优选:中国樱桃品种为乌皮樱桃、红妃或者南早红樱桃。As preferred: the Chinese cherry varieties are Wupi Cherry, Hongfei Cherry or Nanzaohong Cherry.
作为优选:苗木培育:As preferred: nursery stock cultivation:
选用中国樱桃中的山樱桃或尖嘴红樱做砧木,苗木培育当年11月用种子条沟播种培育砧木苗,苗木培育第二年冬季12月在砧木上进行嫁接,然后用小拱棚覆盖,苗木培育第三年3月去掉拱棚,让苗木自然生长,但应加强病虫防治,苗木培育第三年12月底或苗木培育第四年元月进行苗木移栽。Choose mountain cherry or sharp-billed red cherry among Chinese cherries as the rootstock. Seed slits are used to sow and cultivate rootstock seedlings in November of the year of seedling cultivation. Grafting is carried out on the rootstock in December of the second year of seedling cultivation, and then covered with a small shed. In March of the third year of cultivation, the arch shed is removed to allow the seedlings to grow naturally, but the control of diseases and insect pests should be strengthened, and the seedlings should be transplanted at the end of December of the third year of seedling cultivation or in January of the fourth year of seedling cultivation.
作为优选:整形:As preferred: Shaping:
采用小冠疏层形整枝,苗木栽植第一年早春对苗木留60cm短剪定干,抹除下部30cm的芽,保留上部30cm的所有芽,作整形带;Use small crowns and thin layers to pruning. In the early spring of the first year of seedling planting, leave 60cm short cuts for the seedlings to dry, erase the lower 30cm buds, and keep all the upper 30cm buds as a plastic belt;
新梢长出后,选留分布均匀的4个枝作第一层主枝,在20~30cm时进行摘心,促发分枝,分枝20cm时再摘心促发分枝;After the new shoots grow out, select 4 branches that are evenly distributed as the main branches of the first layer, and pick the heart at 20-30cm to promote branching, and then pick the heart to promote branching when the branch is 20cm;
对顶梢设支柱扶直,使其直立生长,培育成中心干;对较直立的主枝用撑或拉的方法调整分枝角度,使之与中心干成70度的夹角,苗木栽植第二年早春,对中心干留60cm短剪,新梢长出后选留分布均匀且与第一层主枝交叉的三个枝梢培养成第二层主枝,按上年的方法进行处理,同时调整分枝角度,使之与中心干成70度的夹角,并对中心干扶直;苗木栽植第三年早春,对中心干留60cm短剪,选留两枝较对称且与下层主枝错位生长的枝梢培养成第三层主枝;中心干扶直生长,第四年早春剪除中心干,整形完成。Set up pillars on the top tip to make it grow upright and cultivate it into a central trunk; adjust the branch angle by supporting or pulling the more upright main branch so that it forms an angle of 70 degrees with the central trunk. In the early spring of the second year, 60 cm short cuts are left on the central stem, and after the new shoots grow, three shoots that are evenly distributed and intersected with the main branches of the first layer are selected to be cultivated into the main branches of the second layer, and processed according to the method of the previous year. At the same time, adjust the branch angle so that it forms an angle of 70 degrees with the central trunk, and straighten the central trunk; in the early spring of the third year when the seedlings are planted, leave a short cut of 60 cm to the central trunk, and select two branches that are more symmetrical and aligned with the main trunk of the lower layer. The branch tips that grow in dislocation are cultivated into the main branches of the third layer; the central trunk grows upright, and the central trunk is cut off in the early spring of the fourth year, and the shaping is completed.
作为优选:修剪:As preferred: Trim:
苗木栽植第一到第三年,除整形外,在修剪上轻剪,在生长季即4~7月多摘心,促发短枝,以促进花芽分化;In the first to third year of seedling planting, in addition to plastic surgery, pruning should be done lightly. During the growing season, that is, from April to July, the heart should be picked more to promote short branches and promote flower bud differentiation;
冬季修剪时适当疏除过密枝,多留中短枝,对长枝留20~30cm短剪,促发分枝;When pruning in winter, properly thin out the over-dense branches, leave more medium and short branches, and leave 20-30cm short cuts for long branches to promote branching;
苗木栽植第三年后,由于花量增加,冬季修剪时要对部分中长枝进行重短剪,促发营养枝,对伸向行间的过长枝要适当回缩,使行间保留1m的通风透光带。After the third year of planting the seedlings, due to the increase in the amount of flowers, part of the middle and long branches should be cut short and heavy during winter pruning to promote the growth of vegetative branches. Ventilation and light transmission belt.
作为优选:施肥:As preferred: fertilization:
苗木栽植第一年施肥方法:采用薄施勤施的原则,在早春发芽后施第一次肥,以尿素为主,结合磷酸二氢钾,配清水施用,比例为水:尿素:磷酸二氢钾=200:1:1,每株施2kg,每10天1次,随着树冠的增大,用肥量适当增加,至6月份,可增至株施配好的肥水5kg,7月下旬停止用肥,当年可形成部分花芽,9月上旬施基肥一次,在树体的两端挖对称的条沟施肥,沟深50cm,沟长100cm,沟宽30~40cm,株施腐熟猪鸡粪水30kg,过磷酸钙0.5kg,冬季进行一次全园中耕;Fertilization method in the first year of seedling planting: adopt the principle of thin application and frequent application, apply the first fertilizer after germination in early spring, mainly urea, combined with potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and apply with clear water, the ratio is water: urea: potassium dihydrogen phosphate = 200:1:1, apply 2kg per plant, once every 10 days, with the increase of the crown, the amount of fertilizer should be increased appropriately, until June, it can be increased to 5kg of the prepared fertilizer and water, and stop using in late July In the same year, some flower buds can be formed. Apply basal fertilizer once in the first ten days of September. Dig symmetrical furrows at both ends of the tree to fertilize. , superphosphate 0.5kg, and conduct a whole garden cultivating in winter;
苗木栽植第二年施肥方法:苗木栽植第二年全年施肥3次即可,第一次于早春发芽前即1月底施用,以腐熟鸡粪水结合尿素、硫酸钾开沟施入,亩施腐熟鸡粪水1000kg,尿素40kg,硫酸钾20kg,第二次于4月底、5月初采果后施采后肥,以尿素为主,加水冲施,可结合浇水一起进行,也可进行滴灌施入,亩施尿素20kg,加水冲施;第三次于9月上、中旬施基肥,以有机肥为主,结合磷肥施入,方法同第一年基肥方法,但用肥量要加大,每亩施腐熟猪鸡粪水3000kg,过磷酸钙150kg,冬季进行一次全园中耕;Fertilization method in the second year of seedling planting: the second year of seedling planting can be fertilized 3 times throughout the year, and the first time is applied at the end of January before germination in early spring, using decomposed chicken manure combined with urea and potassium sulfate to open the ditch and apply per mu Decomposed chicken manure water 1000kg, urea 40kg, potassium sulfate 20kg, the second time after picking fruit at the end of April and early May, apply post-harvest fertilizer, mainly urea, add water to flush, can be combined with watering, and can also be drip irrigation Apply 20kg of urea per mu, add water for flushing; apply base fertilizer for the third time in early and mid-September, mainly organic fertilizer, combined with phosphorus fertilizer, the method is the same as the base fertilizer method in the first year, but the amount of fertilizer should be increased , apply 3000kg of decomposed pig and chicken manure water per mu, 150kg of superphosphate, and carry out inter-cultivation of the whole garden once in winter;
苗木栽植第三年施肥方法:苗木栽植第三年施肥方法及时间与苗木栽植第二年相同,但用肥量要加大,增加钾肥用量,第一次即1月底亩施尿素50kg,硫酸钾40kg,腐熟鸡粪水1500kg,浇施或开沟施入,第二次于采果后追肥一次,亩施尿素30kg,硫酸钾10kg,结合浇水施入,第三次施基肥,每亩施腐熟猪鸡粪水4000kg,过磷酸钙150kg,冬季对进行一次全园中耕;Fertilization method in the third year of seedling planting: the method and time of fertilization in the third year of seedling planting are the same as those in the second year of seedling planting, but the amount of fertilizer should be increased, and the amount of potassium fertilizer should be increased. For the first time, 50kg of urea and potassium sulfate should be applied per mu at the end of January. 40kg, 1500kg of decomposed chicken manure water, pouring or ditching, the second topdressing after fruit picking, 30kg of urea per mu, 10kg of potassium sulfate, combined with watering, and base fertilizer for the third time, per mu 4000kg of decomposed pig and chicken manure water, 150kg of superphosphate, and a whole garden cultivating in winter;
以后各年施肥时间和施肥量与苗木栽植第三年相同;The time and amount of fertilization in subsequent years are the same as those in the third year of seedling planting;
叶面施肥及保果:花期喷硼肥以提高坐果率,幼果期施药时结合进行叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾、氨基酸水溶液,以提高果实品质。Foliar fertilization and fruit preservation: Spray boron fertilizers during the flowering stage to increase the fruit setting rate, and spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate and amino acid aqueous solution on the leaves when spraying pesticides during the young fruit stage to improve fruit quality.
作为优选:病虫害防治:As a preference: pest control:
采用预防为主,综合防治的策略,冬季喷波美3度的石硫合剂清园,早春萌芽时开始预防病虫,以防治蚜虫、梨小食心虫、穿孔病,幼果期注意防治褐腐病、碳疽病。Adopt the strategy of prevention first and comprehensive prevention and control. Spray Baume 3-degree lime sulfur mixture to clear the garden in winter, and prevent diseases and insect pests in early spring when they sprout to prevent aphids, small pear borers, perforation diseases, and pay attention to the prevention and treatment of brown rot in the young fruit stage. , Anthrax.
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:本发明采用避雨栽培,成功解决了花期阴雨引起的落果和成熟期连阴雨引起的裂果问题。在开花前后进行树体避雨,可在花期遇雨时充分授粉,促进坐果,在生长期进行树体避雨可减少病害发生;在成熟期再结合进行地面避雨,可有效防止成熟期遇雨时裂果的产生,从而提高产量和品质。Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the present invention adopts rain-shelter cultivation, and successfully solves the problems of fruit drop caused by cloudy rain in the flowering period and fruit cracking caused by continuous rain in the ripening period. Taking shelter from the rain before and after flowering can fully pollinate when it encounters rain during the flowering period, and promote fruit setting. Taking shelter from the rain during the growth period can reduce the occurrence of diseases; Fruit cracking occurs during rain, thereby increasing yield and quality.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为实施例中南方地区中国樱桃避雨栽培方法中避雨棚支架示意图。Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of rain-sheltered shed support in the rain-sheltered cultivation method of Chinese cherry in the southern region in the embodiment.
图2为实施例中南方地区中国樱桃避雨栽培方法中整形示意图。Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of shaping in the southern region Chinese cherry rain-proof cultivation method in the embodiment.
E地面,1排水沟,21立柱,22横担,23顶部支撑梁,24顶部弯梁,25竹片支撑梁,26塑料钢丝。E ground, 1 drain, 21 columns, 22 cross arms, 23 top support beams, 24 top curved beams, 25 bamboo slice support beams, 26 plastic steel wires.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
一、品种选择:选择乌皮樱桃、红妃、南早红樱桃等适应南方地区的中国樱桃品种为宜。1. Variety selection: It is advisable to choose Chinese cherry varieties suitable for the southern region, such as Wupi cherry, Hongfei cherry, and Nanzaohong cherry.
二、苗木培育:选用中国樱桃中的山樱桃或尖嘴红樱做砧木,在当年11月(苗木培育第一年11月)用种子条沟播种,苗木培育第二年冬季(12月)进行嫁接,然后用小拱棚覆盖,苗木培育第三年三月去掉拱棚,让苗木自然生长,但应加强病虫防治,苗木培育第三年的12月底或苗木培育第四年的元月进行苗木移栽。2. Nursery stock cultivation: select mountain cherry or sharp-billed red cherry in Chinese cherry as rootstock, sow seeds in November of that year (November of the first year of seedling cultivation), and carry out seedling cultivation in winter (December) of the second year Graft, and then cover with a small shed. Remove the shed in March of the third year of seedling cultivation to allow the seedlings to grow naturally, but the control of diseases and insect pests should be strengthened. plant.
三、避雨Three, shelter from the rain
1)苗木栽植及密度:避雨棚的设立必须和苗木栽植密度相结合。苗木栽植密度为4m×2m,即行距4m,株距2m。栽苗前按沟心4m开深40cm、宽40cm的排水沟,厢面宽3.6m,沟的泥土放于厢面中间,使厢面呈弧形,然后在厢面的中心按2m的距离挖定植穴。定植穴长、宽、深均为50cm,穴内分层压入腐熟的鸡粪或猪粪,结合施入磷肥,可每亩施入腐熟鸡粪2000kg,过磷酸钙100kg。回填泥土后,再等12~20天才栽苗。选用高60cm以上,地径1cm以上的壮苗定植。1) Seedling planting and density: The establishment of a rain shelter must be combined with the planting density of seedlings. The planting density of seedlings is 4m×2m, that is, the row spacing is 4m, and the plant spacing is 2m. Before planting seedlings, open a drainage ditch with a depth of 40 cm and a width of 40 cm according to the center of the ditch. The width of the compartment surface is 3.6 m. Colonization hole. The length, width and depth of the planting hole are all 50cm, and decomposed chicken manure or pig manure is pressed into the hole layer by layer, combined with the application of phosphate fertilizer, 2000kg of decomposed chicken manure and 100kg of superphosphate can be applied per mu. After backfilling the soil, wait another 12 to 20 days before planting the seedlings. Select strong seedlings with a height of more than 60 cm and a ground diameter of more than 1 cm for colonization.
2)设立避雨棚:苗木栽植第一年可不设置避雨棚,在苗木栽植第二年开花前才设置避雨棚。避雨棚顺行设立,采用十字形支架,每4m立枝1根。十字形架的主枝柱(立柱)为直径5cm的镀锌钢管,横担、顶部弯梁、顶部支撑梁为直径3cm的镀锌钢管。其余支称梁为竹片,用来支撑避雨膜。支架的左右两端各用一根塑料钢丝配合竹夹来固定避雨薄膜,该部分可参考现有技术,也可采用其他方式,能固定避雨膜即可。2) Set up a rain shelter: the first year of seedling planting may not be provided with a rain shelter, and the rain shelter is only set up before the seedlings bloom in the second year of planting. The rain shelter is set up along the line, using cross-shaped brackets, with one vertical branch every 4m. The main branch (column) of the cross-shaped frame is a galvanized steel pipe with a diameter of 5 cm, and the cross arm, the top curved beam, and the top support beam are galvanized steel pipes with a diameter of 3 cm. The rest of the beams are called bamboo slices, which are used to support the rain shelter membrane. The left and right ends of the support respectively use a plastic steel wire to cooperate with bamboo clips to fix the rain shelter film. This part can refer to the prior art, and other methods can also be used, and the rain shelter film can be fixed.
3)避雨时间3) Rain shelter time
31)树体避雨:在花前5~10天做好避雨棚(骨架),花前5天完成顶部盖膜工作,进行树体避雨,可减少树体枝叶、及幼果的病害等,在采果后至9月份去掉树体覆盖膜,多雨地区去膜宜稍晚。31) Tree shelter from rain: 5 to 10 days before flowering, make a rain shelter (skeleton), and complete the top film covering work 5 days before flowering, and shelter the tree body from rain, which can reduce the diseases of tree branches, leaves, and young fruits Etc. Remove the tree covering film from the time of fruit picking to September, and it is better to remove the film later in rainy areas.
32)地面避雨:果实开始差色(着色)时进行地面避雨,在地面铺设银色反光膜,主要覆盖排水沟及四周1.5米的距离,控制其他雨水渗入土壤。保留树盘四周50cm的范围不盖,以便于灌水,有滴灌系统的可全覆盖。用反光膜进行地面避雨,可防止雨天雨水渗入地面,降低雨天土壤湿度,有效防止裂果的产生,并可增加树体光照,提高果实品质,降低病害及草害的发生。果实采收完备后去掉地面避雨膜,有滴灌系统的可不去膜。32) Rain shelter on the ground: When the fruit starts to change color (coloring), shelter from the rain on the ground. Lay a silver reflective film on the ground, mainly covering the drainage ditch and a distance of 1.5 meters around it, to control other rainwater from infiltrating into the soil. Keep the 50cm range around the tree tray uncovered so as to facilitate watering. If there is a drip irrigation system, it can be fully covered. Using reflective film to protect the ground from rain can prevent rainwater from seeping into the ground in rainy days, reduce soil humidity in rainy days, effectively prevent fruit cracking, increase tree light, improve fruit quality, and reduce the occurrence of diseases and weeds. After the fruit is harvested, remove the rain-proof film on the ground. If there is a drip irrigation system, the film may not be removed.
33)避雨后的水份管理:地面避雨时,如天晴太久,土壤干旱,可通过滴灌或微喷等方式灌水,适当增加土壤湿度,具体灌水标准以中午发现叶片萎蔫,到晚上就应适当浇水,如用仪器时常进行土壤检测最佳,在土壤持水量低于最大持水量的50%时就应浇水,浇水应在傍晚或早晨进行,每次不宜太多,使土壤持水量控制在最大持水量的50%~70%之间。另外,在果实成熟采收期,宜保持适当干旱,可提高果实的品质和耐贮运性,只要傍晚叶片能恢复正常就可不用灌水。33) Water management after sheltering from rain: When the ground is sheltering from rain, if the sky is sunny for too long and the soil is dry, it can be irrigated by drip irrigation or micro-spraying to increase the soil moisture appropriately. It should be properly watered. It is best to carry out soil testing frequently with instruments. Water should be watered when the soil water holding capacity is lower than 50% of the maximum water holding capacity. Watering should be carried out in the evening or in the morning. Soil water holding capacity is controlled between 50% and 70% of the maximum water holding capacity. In addition, during the ripening and harvesting period of the fruit, it is advisable to maintain appropriate drought, which can improve the quality and storage and transportation resistance of the fruit. As long as the leaves return to normal in the evening, no irrigation is required.
四、整形修剪Fourth, plastic trimming
1、整形:采用小冠疏层形整枝,苗木栽植第一年早春对苗木留60cm短剪定干,抹除下部30cm的芽,保留上部30cm的所有芽,作整形带。新梢长出后,选留分布均匀的4个枝作第一层主枝(一级侧枝),在20~30cm时进行摘心,促发分枝,分枝20cm时再摘心促发分枝。对顶梢设支柱扶直,使其直立生长,培育成中心干。对较直立的主枝(一级侧枝)要用撑、拉等方法调整分枝角度,使之与中心干成70左右度的夹角。苗木栽植第二年早春,对中心干留60cm短剪,新梢长出后选留分布均匀且与第一层主枝交叉的三个枝梢培养成第二层主枝,按上年的方法进行处理,同时调整分枝角度,使之与中心干成70左右度的夹角,并对中心干扶直。苗木栽植第三年早春,对中心干留60cm短剪,选留两枝较对称且与下层主枝错位生长的枝梢培养成第三层主枝。中心干扶直生长,第四年早春剪除中心干,整形完成。1. Shaping: Small crowns are used for pruning. In the early spring of the first year when the seedlings are planted, 60cm short cuts are left for the seedlings to dry. The lower 30cm buds are erased, and all the upper 30cm buds are kept as a plastic belt. After the new shoots grow out, select 4 evenly distributed branches as the first layer of main branches (first-level side branches), topping at 20-30cm to promote branching, and topping to promote branching when the branches are 20cm. Set up pillars on the top tip to make it grow upright and cultivate it into a central trunk. For the relatively upright main branch (first-level side branch), the angle of the branch should be adjusted by means of bracing, pulling, etc., so that it forms an angle of about 70 degrees with the central stem. In the early spring of the second year when the seedlings are planted, cut 60cm short cuts from the center trunk. After the new shoots grow, select three shoots that are evenly distributed and intersect with the main branches of the first layer to cultivate the main branches of the second layer. According to the method of the previous year For processing, adjust the branch angle at the same time, so that it forms an angle of about 70 degrees with the central stem, and straighten the central stem. In the early spring of the third year when the seedlings are planted, a 60cm short cut is left on the central trunk, and two branches that are relatively symmetrical and grow in dislocation with the main branches of the lower layer are selected to be cultivated into the main branches of the third layer. The central trunk grows up straight, and the central trunk is cut off in the early spring of the fourth year, and the plastic surgery is completed.
2、修剪:幼树阶段(苗木栽植第一到第三年),除整形外,在修剪上轻剪,在生长季(4~7月)多摘心,促发短枝,以促进花芽分化。冬季修剪时适当疏除过密枝,多留中短枝,对长枝留20~30cm短剪,促发分枝。苗木栽植第三年后,由于花量增加,冬季修剪时要对部分中长枝(长20~30cm以上)进行重短剪,促发营养枝,对伸向行间的过长枝要适当回缩,使行间保留1m的通风透光带。2. Pruning: In the sapling stage (the first to third year of seedling planting), in addition to plastic surgery, pruning should be done lightly. During the growing season (April-July), pick more cores to promote short branches and promote flower bud differentiation. When pruning in winter, properly thin out the dense branches, leave more medium and short branches, and leave 20-30cm short cuts for long branches to promote branching. After the third year after the seedlings are planted, due to the increase in the amount of flowers, part of the medium and long branches (more than 20-30cm in length) should be cut short and heavy during winter pruning to promote the vegetative branches, and the excessively long branches extending between the rows should be properly restored. Shrink, so that there is a 1m ventilated and light-transmitting belt between the rows.
五、施肥管理5. Fertilization management
1、苗木栽植第一年施肥方法:采用薄施勤施的原则。在早春发芽后施第一次肥,以尿素为主,结合磷酸二氢钾,配清水施用,比例为,水:尿素:磷酸二氢钾=200:1:1,每株施2kg,每10天1次,随着树冠的增大,用肥量适当增加,至6月份,可增至株施配好的肥水5kg,7月下旬可停止用肥,当年可形成部分花芽。9月上旬施基肥一次,在树体的两端挖对称的条沟施肥,沟深50cm左右,长100cm,宽30~40cm,株施腐熟猪鸡粪水30kg,过磷酸钙0.5kg。冬季进行一次全园中耕。1. Fertilization method in the first year of seedling planting: adopt the principle of thin application and frequent application. Apply the first fertilizer after germination in early spring, mainly urea, combined with potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and apply with clear water. Once a day, with the increase of the canopy, the amount of fertilizer should be increased appropriately. By June, it can be increased to 5kg of fertilizer and water, and the fertilizer can be stopped in late July, and some flower buds can be formed in that year. Apply basal fertilizer once in the first ten days of September. Dig symmetrical furrows at both ends of the tree for fertilization. The depth of the furrow is about 50 cm, the length is 100 cm, and the width is 30-40 cm. Carry out a whole garden cultivating in winter.
2、苗木栽植第二年施肥方法:苗木栽植第二年全年施肥3次即可。第一次于早春发芽前(1月底)施用,以腐熟鸡粪水结合尿素、硫酸钾开沟施入。亩施腐熟鸡粪水1000kg,尿素40kg,硫酸钾20kg。第二次于4月底、5月初采果后施采后肥,以尿素为主,加水冲施,可结合浇水一起进行,也可进行滴灌施入,亩施尿素20kg左右。第三次于9月上、中旬施基肥,以有机肥为主,结合磷肥施入,方法同苗木栽植第一年基肥方法,但用肥量要加大,每亩施腐熟猪鸡粪水3000kg,过磷酸钙150kg。冬季进行一次全园中耕。2. Fertilization method in the second year of seedling planting: Fertilize 3 times throughout the year in the second year of seedling planting. For the first time before germination in early spring (at the end of January), it is applied with decomposed chicken manure combined with urea and potassium sulfate. Mu Shi decomposed chicken manure water 1000kg, urea 40kg, potassium sulfate 20kg. The second time is to apply post-harvest fertilizer after fruit picking at the end of April and early May, mainly urea, and add water for flushing, which can be combined with watering, or drip irrigation can be applied, and about 20kg of urea is applied per mu. The third time is to apply base fertilizer in the first and middle of September, mainly organic fertilizer, combined with phosphorus fertilizer application, the method is the same as the base fertilizer method in the first year of seedling planting, but the amount of fertilizer should be increased, and 3000kg of decomposed pig and chicken manure should be applied per mu , superphosphate 150kg. Carry out a whole garden cultivating in winter.
3、苗木栽植第三年施肥方法:苗木栽植第三年施肥方法及时间与苗木栽植第二年相同,但用肥量要加大,增加钾肥用量。第一次(1月底)亩施尿素50kg,硫酸钾40kg,腐熟鸡粪水1500kg,可浇施或开沟施入。第二次于采果后追肥一次,亩施尿素30kg左右,硫酸钾10kg,结合浇水施入。第三次施基肥,每亩施腐熟猪鸡粪水4000kg,过磷酸钙150kg。冬季对进行一次全园中耕。以后各年施肥时间和施肥量与苗木栽植第三年相同。3. Fertilization method in the third year of seedling planting: the method and time of fertilization in the third year of seedling planting are the same as those in the second year of seedling planting, but the amount of fertilizer should be increased, and the amount of potassium fertilizer should be increased. For the first time (at the end of January), 50kg of urea, 40kg of potassium sulfate, and 1500kg of decomposed chicken manure should be applied per mu, which can be poured or ditched. The second time is to topdress the fertilizer after fruit picking, apply about 30kg of urea per mu, and 10kg of potassium sulfate, combined with watering. For the third basal fertilizer application, 4000 kg of decomposed pig and chicken manure water and 150 kg of superphosphate were applied per mu. In winter, the whole garden is cultivated once. The fertilization time and fertilization amount are the same as the third year of seedling planting in the following years.
4、叶面施肥及保果:在花期喷硼肥等,可提高坐果率。幼果期施药时结合进行叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾、氨基酸水溶液等,可提高果实品质。4. Foliar fertilization and fruit preservation: Spraying boron fertilizers during the flowering period can increase the fruit setting rate. Combined with foliar spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and amino acid aqueous solution when spraying in the young fruit stage, the fruit quality can be improved.
六、病虫害防治:采用预防为主,综合防治的策略。冬季喷波美3度的石硫合剂清园,早春萌芽时开始预防病虫,主要是防治蚜虫、梨小食心虫、穿孔病,幼果期注意防治褐腐病、碳疽病等。6. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests: adopt the strategy of prevention first and comprehensive prevention and control. Spray Baume 3-degree lime sulfur mixture in winter to clear the garden, and prevent diseases and insect pests in early spring when they sprout.
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施方式,本发明的保护范围并不仅限于上述实施方式,凡是属于本发明原理的技术方案均属于本发明的保护范围。对于本领域的技术人员而言,在不脱离本发明的原理的前提下进行的若干改进,这些改进也应视为本发明的保护范围。The above descriptions are only preferred implementations of the present invention, and the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned implementations. All technical solutions belonging to the principle of the present invention belong to the scope of protection of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, some improvements made without departing from the principle of the present invention should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
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