CN105493860A - Hillside phased rain-shelter-cultivation method of vine crops - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a staged rain-proof cultivation method for vine crops on hillsides, which comprises the following steps: (1) digging ditches or ridges horizontally according to contour lines on the hillsides to plant vines, and the surface of the ditch or ridges is filled with miscellaneous Grass, twigs or leaves, build a slope cultivation frame along the slope; (2) before the vines bloom, cover the rain-proof film on the cultivation frame, and the rain-proof film is directly attached to the branches and leaves of the vines; (3) the crop fruit is harvested Finally, the covering film is removed from the cultivation frame. The yield of the crops cultivated by the method of the invention is increased by 10% to 20%. The amount of pesticides is reduced by more than 30%. During the cultivation process, covering the film reduces arch scaffold materials and labor by more than 50%. The number of times the film is used is increased by more than 2 times. Filling the planting ditch or ridge with branches, leaves or weeds avoids water and soil loss caused by direct erosion of the rain shelter film to collect rain, and can reduce weeds between crop rows by more than 50%. The soil cultivation environment has been significantly improved, soil salinization has been overcome, and the amount of fertilizers has been reduced by more than 10%. Improve the space utilization rate between lines by 30% to 50%.

Description

Cultivation method of vine crops in mountain slopes staged for shelter from rain

technical field

The invention relates to the field of cultivation of vine crops, in particular to a staged rain-proof cultivation method of vine crops on hillsides.

Background technique

Rain-shelter cultivation is a method of covering the top of the crown with plastic film for the purpose of sheltering from rain. It is the simplest and most practical method in facility cultivation. Rain-borne diseases such as downy mildew, anthracnose, gray mold, canker, brown spot, etc., because of the cover of the film, the tree body is not in direct contact with rainwater, which cuts off the path of pathogen transmission and reduces the possibility of disease occurrence. It can reduce the erosion of rainwater on the flower organs of crops during the flowering period, and reduce the damage of weeds. Therefore, in the rain-shelter cultivation process, while reducing the use of pesticides, the occurrence of diseases and weed damage is reduced, and the pollination and seed setting rate of crops is improved, thereby improving quality and yield.

Rain-shelter cultivation of vine crops (grapes, melons, etc.) has become a facility cultivation with the largest area of facility cultivation species. Rain-shelter cultivation is usually to set up a rain-shelter arch on the top of the cultivation frame directly above the plants. The commonly used cultivation frame is generally a single rain-shelter arch, that is, an arch formed by adding a horizontal bar and an arc-shaped arch on the column. Using arched sheds for rain-shelter cultivation is often used to cultivate grapes on flat ground, but when cultivating grapes on flat ground, the heat in the shed is often not easy to discharge, and the crops are easily burned. When cultivating on hillsides, it is not conducive to building arch sheds, wasting the space between rows, and the cost of building arch sheds is high, inconvenient to manage, and high maintenance costs; traditionally, due to continuous rain shelter coverage, the soil cannot be moistened by natural rainfall, resulting in Soil salinization in the main areas of crop root growth affects the growth of crop systems, reduces fertilizer use efficiency, and reduces soil arability and other problems.

The information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancing the understanding of the general background of the present invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that the information constitutes the prior art that is already known to those skilled in the art.

Contents of the invention

The object of the present invention is to provide a method for staged rain-shelter cultivation of vine crops on hillsides, so as to overcome the inconvenience of setting up shed management, high cost, waste of space between rows and continuous coverage when cultivating vines on hillsides requires rain-shelter cultivation Deterioration of the soil environment in the area and other shortcomings.

In order to achieve the above object, the invention provides a kind of vine crop hillside staged rain-shelter cultivation method, comprising the following steps:

(1) Dig ditches or ridges horizontally according to the contour line on the hillside to plant vines, the surface of the ditch or ridges is filled with weeds, branches or leaves, and a slope cultivation frame is built along the slope; the main vines of the crops run along the slope Cultivate and tie facing up, the fruiting vines on the main vines are tied along the horizontal line, and the fruiting branch groups are cultivated on each side of the fruiting vines at an interval of 0.3m to 0.4m, and the fruiting branches on the fruiting branch group are spaced at a distance of 0.2m to 0.3m Free-sagging growth mainly, usually the ratio of vegetative branches to fruiting branches is 1:5-8;

(2) Before the liana crop blooms, cover the rain shelter film on the cultivation frame, and the rain shelter film is directly pasted on the branches and leaves of the liana crop;

According to the requirements of cultivation management, after carrying out fixed pickling, topping, spraying pesticides and fertilizers to prevent diseases and insect pests and supplement nutrition, on the surface of the cultivation frame, the distance between the rows of the longitudinal frame surface of the rain shelter film is set according to the width of the row spacing on the center line of the ditch or ridge. 0.4m ~ 0.8m light leakage ventilation channel. The horizontal frame surface is provided with light leakage ventilation channels at intervals of 0.1m to 0.2m every 4m to 5m. Directly attached to the branches and leaves of vines to cover the rain-proof film; tie the film directly to the four corners of the cultivation rack surface with cross-pressed film ropes, and tie the middle part of the rain-proof film tightly if necessary.

(3) The soil surface of the horizontal planting ditch or ridge below the edge of the rain shelter film is filled with weeds, branches or leaves, and the rainwater falling on the film flows down along the inclined film surface and flows to the planting ditch Or in the ridge, because the surface of the ditch or ridge is covered with weeds, branches or leaves, it avoids the direct erosion of the soil by rainwater and avoids soil loss. Irrigate the root system of the crops in the ridge and the root system between the rows;

(4) After the crop fruit is harvested, the film is removed from the cultivation rack, and stored away from light and rain for repeated use in the next season; after the crop is harvested, it receives more natural light and rain, so as to promote the nutritional recovery and growth of the crop after picking the fruit .

Preferably, in the above-mentioned technical scheme, the rain shelter is only carried out during the period from before the crop blooms to the completion of fruit harvesting, and the laminating line is erected on the rain shelter film, and the lamination line is arranged in a cross; on the longitudinal frame surface of the rain shelter film, between rows There are light leakage ventilation channels at intervals of 0.4m to 0.8m; light leakage ventilation channels at intervals of 0.1m to 0.2m are provided on the horizontal frame surface every 4m to 5m.

Preferably, in the above technical solution, the vine crops are grapes, kiwi fruit, netted melon and Luo Han Guo.

A kind of cultivation method of hairy grape, this cultivation method mainly comprises the following steps:

(1) Dig ditches or ridges horizontally on the hillside to plant grapes, the surface of the ditch or ridges is filled with weeds, branches or leaves, and a slope cultivation frame is built along the slope;

(2) Before the grapes bloom, cover the rain shelter film on the cultivation frame, and the rain shelter film is directly pasted on the branches and leaves;

(3) After the grape fruit is harvested, the film is removed from the cultivation frame.

Preferably, in the above-mentioned technical scheme, the cultivation method of hairy grape comprises the following steps:

(1) Excavate planting ditches or ridges along the contour line of the hillside, plant hermaphrodite grapes in the center of the ditch or ridges, build a cultivation frame along the slope surface, and select a strong shoot as a grape seedling after the new shoots grow. The main trunk is vertically cultivated and tied to the surface of the cultivation frame; according to the high-hanging type of cultivation branch group, the main vines of the crops are cultivated and bound upward along the slope, and the fruiting vines on the main vines are tied along the horizontal line. The fruiting branches are cultivated at a side interval of 0.3m to 0.4m, and each fruiting branch on the fruiting branch group is mainly free-sagging at an interval of 0.2m to 0.3m;

(2) Before the grapes bloom, after pruning management, fertilizer and water management, spraying fertilizers to prevent diseases and insect pests and supplementing nutrients, cover the rain-proof film on the grape branches and leaves of the cultivation frame, and the rain-proof film is directly attached to the grape branches and leaves;

(3) Branches, leaves or weeds are filled in the surface of the planting ditch or ridge on the lower edge of the film, and ventilation channels are provided between the films;

(4) After the grapes are harvested, the film is removed from the cultivation frame and stored away from light and rain.

Preferably, in the above technical solution, the pruning management includes:

(1) Wiping buds, fixing shoots, the buds on the annual fruiting mother branches, selecting the strong main buds and erasing all the auxiliary buds; the buds on the perennial mother vines are all erased except for renewal and filling; 10 to 15 fixed tips per square meter;

(2) Topping, cutting, and binding during the growth period, topping the strong and prosperous branches 2 to 5 days before flowering, and leaving the leaves in front of the top inflorescence according to the ear-to-leaf ratio of 1:6; the moderate branches and weak branches are not topped; Leave 1 to 3 spikes on fruiting branches of prosperous branches, 1 to 2 spikes on weak branches and moderate branches, and do not top off the side shoots; cut off the dense new shoots and side shoots after fruit setting, cut once during the expansion period, and cut before coloring Once; before flowering in the flat shed type, it is necessary to manually bind the new shoots left and right, and the distance between the new shoots is 0.15m ~ 0.25m. After harvesting, cut off the dense branches, diseased and pest branches and leaves, so as to restore the tree vigor as soon as possible;

(3) Winter pruning, leaving 15-20 buds per square meter.

Preferably, in the above-mentioned technical scheme, described soil fertilizer moisture management comprises:

(1) Management of the soil surface; chemical herbicides such as glufosinate can be used to control weeds on the soil surface of the tree panel area, and then covered with plastic film; the area outside the tree panel should be manually mowed during the growing season. Cover the weeds with a certain thickness on the spot to prevent drought and moisturize the climate of the orchard.

(2) Fertilizer management: Fertilize twice a year after putting into production. For the first time, apply high-nitrogen, medium-phosphorus, high-potassium, medium-trace element compound fertilizer 20-40kg and magnesium sulfate 1-1.5kg per acre during the young grape fruit expansion period. Pull out the original covered branches, leaves or weeds after the rain within 2-3㎡ of the tree tray, remove the fertilizer and cover it with shallow intertillage, sprinkle 0.5-1kg of lime on each plant on the surface of the tree tray, and then cover the tree tray with branches, leaves or Weeds; for the second time after harvesting, apply 500-1000kg of organic fertilizer per mu, mix in 20-40kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer, 5-10kg of urea, and 5-10kg of potassium fertilizer. Rotate deep plowing positions; before flowering and early coloring, foliar fertilizers can be sprayed in combination with disease and pest prevention, and the frequency of topdressing can be increased in the sapling stage before production;

(3) Water management, during the germination period and post-harvest recovery period, water needs to be supplemented when the weather is continuously dry, and during the continuous rainy period, drainage is required when the soil is waterlogged.

Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the prevention of pests and diseases by spraying fertilizers includes:

(1) From dormancy to the germination period, when the branch buds show velvet rate 5% to 10%, the trunk branches and the ground are sprayed with 300 times of liquid of 45% crystal sulfur mixture;

(2) From germination to flowering stage, choose 78% Kebo 500 times or 10% dikestrobin 5000 times or 70% phosfoam 800 times + 50% phoxim 1500 times or 10% bifenthrin 3000 times Double liquid mixed with boron fertilizer for 1 to 2 times of prevention;

(3) From flowering to maturity, spray 75% chlorothalonil 800 times or 1:0.5:200 Bordeaux mixture or 50% tuzet 800 times, and use it 2-3 times in rotation;

(4) Spray 1:0.5:200 Bordeaux mixture once from harvest to defoliation stage.

A kind of cultivation method of kiwifruit, this cultivation method utilizes the stepwise rain-proof cultivation method of vine crop hillside as claimed in claim 1, and the cultivation method of described kiwifruit comprises the following steps:

(1) Excavate planting ditches or ridges along the contour line of the hillside, and plant kiwifruit in the center of the ditch or ridge. The ratio of male and female plants of kiwifruit is 8:1, and the form of planting is 1 row in the middle of every 3 rows , plant a male plant every 2 female plants, and build a cultivation frame along the slope. After the new shoots of kiwifruit seedlings grow, select a tip and tie it to the upright pole; cultivate according to the high hanging frame, and the main vines of the crops will grow along the vertical pole. Cultivate and bind the slope upwards, and the fruiting vines on the main vines are bound along the horizontal line, and the fruiting branch groups are cultivated on each side of the fruiting vines at intervals of 0.35m to 0.50m, and the intervals of each fruiting branch on the fruiting branch group are 0.25m to 0.40m. m free sagging growth mainly;

(2) Before the kiwi fruit blooms, after carrying out pruning management, soil and fertilizer water management, spraying fertilizer to prevent diseases and insect pests and supplementing nutrition, cover the rain shelter film on the kiwi fruit branches and leaves of the cultivation frame; the rain shelter film is directly pasted on the kiwi fruit branches and leaves;

(3) There is a ditch or ridge on the lower edge of the film, and branches, leaves or weeds are filled in the surface of the ditch or ridge, and ventilation channels are provided between the films;

(4) After the kiwi fruit is harvested, the film is removed from the cultivation frame and stored in a concentrated place away from light and rain.

Preferably, in the above technical solution, the pruning management is divided into winter pruning and summer pruning, winter pruning is combined with short pruning and branch thinning, and long, medium and short pruning is combined; 3 to 8 buds are left for short pruning, thinning In addition to shortened branches and weak branches; summer pruning is carried out several times, and summer pruning measures include wiping buds, removing tillers, erasing dense buds, auxiliary buds, improperly positioned buds and seedling tillers; Branches, slender branches and shortened branches in the inner chamber; topping, leave 7-8 leaves above the fruiting node for fruiting branches, and leave 10-20 leaves for vegetative branches;

The water management of the soil fertilizer is divided into base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer when fertilizing. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer per plant is 25-30 kg of organic fertilizer, 1.5-2.0 kg of cake fertilizer, 1-2 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and 0.5-1 kg of lime ; Topdressing is mainly quick-acting fertilizer, and fertilization should be done at least 3 times.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

(1) The yield of the crops cultivated by the method of staged rain-shelter cultivation of vine crops on mountain slopes of the present invention is increased by 10% to 30%. And during the cultivation process, the covering film reduces the arching materials and labor by more than 50%. The amount of pesticides is reduced by more than 30%. The number of times of use (life) of the film is increased by more than 2 times. Improve the space utilization rate between lines by 30% to 50%.

(2) Filling branches, leaves or weeds in the ditch or ridge avoids water and soil erosion, and can reduce weeds between crop rows by more than 50%.

(3) The soil cultivation environment is significantly improved, and the amount of fertilizer is reduced by more than 10%.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the plan view when utilizing the vine crop hillside staged rain shelter cultivation method of the present invention to cultivate grape grapes.

Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram when utilizing the step-wise rain-proof cultivation method of vine crop hillside of the present invention to cultivate Vitis vinifera.

detailed description

The specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with specific examples, but it should be understood that the protection scope of the present invention is not limited by the specific embodiments.

Unless expressly stated otherwise, throughout the specification and claims, the term "comprise" or variations thereof such as "includes" or "includes" and the like will be understood to include the stated elements or constituents, and not Other elements or other components are not excluded.

Example 1

In Guangxi Guangxi North Guangxi stone mountain hill area planting hairy grape, the method for staged rain-proof cultivation of hairy grape hillside, comprises the following steps:

(1) Excavate the contour line planting ditch or ridge along the hillside with a row spacing of about 4m to 5m, place the subsoil on the lower side of the ditch or ridge, place the topsoil and the topsoil between the rows in the ditch or ridge, and plant in the center of the ditch or ridge To manage grapes, the distance between plants and rows is 4×4～5m, and the varieties are hermaphrodite grapes.

Buried poles to build cultivation sheds along the slope: The specifications of the shelving are: the height of the shelving surface from the ground is 1.8-2.2m, and the columns of the flat shed can be made of cement pillars, wooden poles, bamboo poles, or stone materials. In order to reduce costs, they can also be mixed and matched. , the column spacing is 3~6m, the longitudinal busbar is connected with multi-strand steel strands or 8 ^# iron wires or strong bamboo poles in a straight line, and the horizontal direction is connected with 8~12 ^# iron wires or bamboo poles, and the frame surface is connected with wire (10~14 ^# iron wire or plastic rope or bamboo wood and other materials) tied together to form a bearing surface of 0.5~1.0㎡ square;

Buried rods to build high vertical racks for cultivation along the slope: the rack specifications are: the height of the rack surface from the ground is 1.8-2.2m, and the columns can be made of cement columns, wooden poles, bamboo poles, or stones. In order to reduce costs, they can also be mixed and matched. , the column spacing is 3~6m, the longitudinal busbar is connected with multi-strand steel strands or 8 ^# iron wires or strong bamboo poles in a straight line, and the horizontal direction is connected with 8~12 ^# iron wires or bamboo poles, and the frame surface is connected with wire (10~14 ^# iron wire or plastic rope or bamboo wood and other materials) tied together to form a horizontal long side, 2.0m~3.0m x clump to the short side 1.5m~2.0m square bearing surface.

After the new shoots of the grape seedlings grow, select a strong shoot to tie it to the upright pole and cultivate it as the main trunk. When the new shoot grows beyond the bearing line, top off the top of it; select the auxiliary shoot below the topping mouth as the main vine to carry the weight. Cultivate in the direction of the line, and consider the position of the film covering the rain in advance. On each side of the main vine, cultivate the short shoot group according to the characteristics of the variety, and the distance between the branch groups is 30-50cm; For fruiting branches or vegetative branches, 2 to 4 new shoots are reserved for each medium and short shoot group; all fruiting branches and vegetative branches on the middle and short shoot groups do not need to be artificially bound, and there is no need to specially cultivate vegetative branches and preparatory branches, and the fruiting branches of the year are used as The next year's fruiting mother branch. Under the influence of fruit gravity, the fruiting branches droop naturally, which reduces the mutual shading of new shoots.

(2) In the first and middle days of May, before the grapes bloom, according to the requirements of cultivation management, carry out fixed pickling, topping, and spraying fertilizers to prevent diseases and insect pests and supplement nutrition, and press 3m to 4m on the shed surface of the cultivation frame, ditch or the center line of the ridge. The width of the shelf is directly attached to the grape branches and leaves to cover the rain-proof film;

As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, on the shed surface 3 of the ditch or the center line of the ridge 2 on the cultivation frame 1, the white rain-proof film 4 is directly pasted on the grape branches and leaves by the frame width of 3m-4m, and the white rain-proof film 4 is covered. The lamination line 5 that is pressed with cross is erected on the erection, and this lamination line 5 can prevent from turning over the white rain shelter film due to strong wind.

Pruning management:

The method of wiping buds and fixing shoots: For the buds on the annual fruiting mother branches, select the strong main buds and erase all the auxiliary buds; the buds on the perennial mother vines shall be wiped off except for renewal and filling; 10 to 15 pins can be fixed.

During the growth period, topping, pruning, and binding. Topping 3 to 5 days before flowering is an important measure to preserve flowers and fruits. Topping is 2 to 5 days before flowering, and the leaves before the top inflorescence are based on the spike-to-leaf ratio of 1:6. Keep the leaves; do not top the middle and weak branches; leave 1 to 3 ears for each strong and prosperous branch, and leave 1 to 2 ears for weak and moderate branches, and do not top the side; Prune off the side, cut once during the expansion period, and cut once before coloring; before flowering in flat scaffolding, new shoots need to be manually tied left and right. The distance between new shoots is 0.15m to 0.25m. Cut off the branches and leaves of pests and diseases to restore the tree vigor as soon as possible;

Winter pruning: Usually carried out from mid-January to early March, with 15-20 buds left per square meter, and the length of mother branch pruning depends on the quality of branches, long (7-10 buds), medium (4-6 buds) and short ( 4 buds or less) are combined, and the empty place on the shelf surface is left long, and the fruiting branches are substantial, the diameter of the cut is at least 0.6cm, and the cut diameter of the extended branch is more than 1.0cm.

Soil fertilizer moisture management:

Soil Surface Management

The soil surface of the tree panel area should be covered with plastic film. For those who build a garden in a moat, do not intertill and weed the ditch surface, but use chemical weeding such as glufosinate; outside the tree panel or between the rows of the trench, mow the grass manually during the growing season. It can maintain a certain thickness of weeds, and play the role of drought prevention and moisturizing to regulate the climate of the orchard.

fertilizer management

Fertilize twice a year after putting into production. For the first time, apply high-nitrogen, medium-phosphorus, high-potassium, medium-trace element compound fertilizer 20-40kg and magnesium sulfate 1-1.5kg per acre during the young grape fruit expansion period. Pull out the original covered branches, leaves or weeds after the rain in the range, remove the fertilizer and apply shallow intertillage and cover the soil, sprinkle 0.5-1kg of lime per plant on the surface of the tree tray, and then cover the branches, leaves or weeds with the tree tray; the second time After harvesting, apply 500-1000kg of organic fertilizer per mu, mix in 20-40kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer, 5-10kg of urea, and 5-10kg of potassium fertilizer, and apply 20-30cm of deep cultivation on the periphery of the tree tray, and rotate the deep-plowing position year by year; before flowering In the early stage of coloring, foliar fertilizers can be combined with prevention of diseases and insect pests, and the frequency of topdressing can be increased in the young tree stage before production, so as to promote early forming.

moisture management

Covering with tree trays and covering between rows can reduce cracking and fruit drop. Plant in sticky soil, and pay attention to drainage during the rainy season to prevent waterlogged roots from affecting growth. Fertilization after fruit harvesting, in case of severe autumn drought, conditional artificial replenishment of water in the tree tray for irrigation, can significantly promote the restoration of tree vigor after harvesting and the next year's high yield.

Pest Control

In addition to weak resistance to downy mildew, fruit rot, powdery mildew, etc., the hairy grape shows strong resistance (resistance) to other diseases and insect pests. Production must take prevention first. Specific preventive measures for each childbearing period are as follows:

From dormancy to the beginning of germination, carefully carry out garden clearing. When the branch buds show velvet rate at 5% to 10%, spray 45% crystal sulfur mixture 300 times liquid on the trunk branches and the ground.

From germination and leaf development to flowering stage, choose 70% bifenthrin 800 times or 78% Kebo 500 times or 10% dikestrobin 5000 times + 50% phoxim 1500 times or 10% bifenthrin 3000 times mixed with boron Fat prevention 1 to 2 times.

Spray 1:0.5:200 Bordeaux mixture or 75% chlorothalonil 800 times or 50% tuzet 800 times after flowering to mature stage, use 2 or 3 times in rotation, if necessary, add scorpion forest, dimehypo, etc. Toxic pesticides are used to control leafhoppers, winged moths and other pests.

Spray 1:0.5:200 Bordeaux mixture once after harvesting to defoliation stage. If leafhoppers are harmed by migration and concentration, leafhopper powder can be used to control them.

(3) The lower edge of the film is on the center line of the ditch or ridge, and the sheltered rainwater flows evenly into the ditch or ridge, and the surface of the ditch or ridge is filled with branches, leaves, and weeds to reduce erosion. The upper side of the film has a light leakage ventilation channel with a width of about 0.5m to 1m, and a light leakage ventilation channel with a width of about 0.1m to 0.2m is left every 3m to 4m in the horizontal direction of the film to avoid damage to the film by strong winds. Reduce the excessive shade of grape branches and leaves on the trellis;

(4) The management of the staged rain shelter period (early and mid-May to early and mid-September) is carried out according to the conventional method of grapes.

(5) After the grapes are harvested from late August to early and mid-September, remove the film from the cultivation frame and store it away from light and rain. Usually, it can be used 2 or 3 times in a row. After fruit picking, the grapes are under normal management during the recovery period. The effect of periodical rain-shelter cultivation on the hillside of Maotai is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Cultivation effect of staged rain shelter on the hillside of Maoputai

project cover film Not covered with film (ck) Ratio ck±% Yield (kg/mu) 1250.4 835.0 49.7 Management labor (yuan/mu) 360.0 450.0 -20.0 Fertilizer (yuan/mu) 720.0 850.0 -15.3 Pesticide (yuan/mu) 85.0 130.0 -34.6

Example 2

The south (Northwest of Guangxi) kiwi fruit slope stone mountain hilly region staged rain-shelter cultivation method, the method comprises the following steps:

(1) Excavate the planting ditch or ridge along the contour line with a row spacing of about 4m on the hillside, place the subsoil on the lower side of the ditch or the ridge, place the topsoil and the topsoil between the rows in the ditch or the ridge, and place the inner side of the planting ditch or the ridge than the center of the ditch. The height should be more than 20cm lower, which is conducive to rapid drainage after rain and reduces soil moisture; plant and manage kiwifruit in the center of a ditch or ridge, and the ratio of male and female plants of kiwifruit is 8:1. Plant 1 male plant every 2 female plants. The distance between plants and rows is 4×2m, and the poles are buried to build a cultivation scaffold along the slope; the frame specification is: the height of the frame surface from the ground is 1.8-2.2m, and the columns of the flat shed can be made of cement columns, wooden poles, bamboo poles, or stones, in order to reduce costs , can also be mixed and matched, the column spacing is 3 ~ 6m, the longitudinal busbar and the garden are connected by multi-strand steel strands or 8 ^# iron wires or strong bamboo poles in a straight line, and the horizontal direction is installed with 8 ~ 12 ^# iron wires or bamboo poles Connected, the frame surface is tied with wires (10~14 ^# iron wire, plastic rope, bamboo wood and other materials) to form a bearing surface of 0.5~1.0㎡ square;

After the new shoots of kiwifruit seedlings grow, select a strong shoot to tie it to the upright pole and cultivate it as the main trunk. When the new shoot grows beyond the bearing line, top off the top of it; select the auxiliary shoot below the topping mouth as the main vine to carry Cultivate in the direction of the line, and consider the position of the film covering the rain in advance. On each side of the main vine, cultivate the short shoot group according to the characteristics of the variety, and the distance between the branch groups is 30-50cm; For fruiting branches or vegetative branches, 2 to 4 new shoots are reserved for each medium and short shoot group; all fruiting branches and vegetative branches on the medium and short shoot groups do not need to be artificially bound, and vegetative branches can be cultivated in a suitable position or long fruiting branches can be reserved as The next year's fruiting branches. Under the influence of fruit gravity, the fruiting branches droop naturally, which reduces the mutual shading of new shoots.

(2) Before the kiwi fruit blooms, according to the cultivation management requirements, carry out shoot fixing, flower thinning, pinching, spraying fertilizers to prevent diseases and insect pests and supplement nutrition, and then directly place the kiwi on the center line of the cultivation frame with a width of 3m on the shed surface of the ditch or ridge. Paste on the kiwi branches and leaves to cover the rain shelter film;

(3) The lower edge of the film is on the center line of the planting ditch or the ridge, and the sheltered rainwater flows evenly into the ditch or the ridge, and the excess rainwater is quickly discharged through the inner side of the ditch; the surface of the ditch or the ridge is filled with Branches, leaves, and weeds can reduce soil erosion caused by erosion; a light leakage ventilation channel about 1m wide is left on the upper side of the film to avoid damage to the film by strong winds and reduce excessive shading of kiwi branches and leaves on the scaffolding;

(4) After the kiwi fruit is harvested from September to October, the film is removed from the cultivation frame and stored away from light and rain, usually for 2 or 3 consecutive times. Normal management of kiwi fruit during the recovery period after fruit picking;

(5) The management of the staged rain shelter period (early and mid-May to early and mid-September) is carried out according to the conventional method of kiwifruit. The specific management is as follows.

soil management

(1) Soil deep plowing and maturation; the soil is matured and improved by planting green manure, deep plowing and expanding holes, and adding organic fertilizers. In the young kiwifruit garden, combined with the basal fertilizer application, the positions are rotated every year to dig deep and 50cm wide trenches, and expand outward year by year until the whole garden is thoroughly turned over. After the adult garden is cleared in winter, the whole garden is thoroughly searched, with a depth of 15-20cm. Increase the organic matter content of the soil cultivation layer.

(2) Rational interplanting between rows, covering tree trays to preserve moisture; interplanting peanuts, etc. between young kiwifruit rows, can improve the ecological conditions in the garden and increase the economic benefits in the early stage. In the summer and autumn drought season, special attention should be paid to the covering of tree trays to reduce the surface temperature and increase soil moisture. The covering time can start in late June before the end of the rainy season, and the thickness should be about 20cm. The materials can be grass, straw, crop stalks, etc. .

(3) Reasonable fertilization; it is divided into two types: base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, such as compost, cake fertilizer, pig manure, etc. The amount of fertilization per plant is 25-30kg of organic fertilizer, 1.5-2.0kg of cake fertilizer, 1-2kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and 0.5-1kg of lime. Top dressing is mainly quick-acting fertilizer, mainly including pre-emergent fertilizer (late February to early March), strong fruit fertilizer (mid-to-late May to early June) and fruit-picking fertilizer (mid-September to early October). The amount of fertilizer should be determined according to the potential and result conditions, and the types of fertilizers should be urea and compound fertilizer.

trimming

(1) Shaping; generally adopt the dragon stem pruning method, which is similar to the "high, wide, and vertical" pruning method on grape plastics. This method has good ventilation and light transmission, convenient management, and high yield. Generally, every 30-50cm Leave 1 fruiting mother vine.

(2) Pruning; it is divided into two periods: winter pruning and summer pruning. The purpose of winter pruning is to adjust the tree potential and rationally arrange the fruiting vines. The combination of short cutting and branch thinning, and the combination of long, medium and short branch pruning are used. The degree of pruning varies depending on the variety and the thickness of the branches. Generally, 3 to 8 buds are left for short pruning, and shortened and delicate branches are removed. Summer pruning is to improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, reduce invalid branches, promote flower bud differentiation, and increase yield. It is carried out several times between March and July. The main summer pruning measures include wiping buds and tillers, that is, erasing dense buds, auxiliary buds, buds that are not in the right place, and seed tillers; branch thinning, that is, thinning out dense branches, The slender branches and shortened branches in the inner chamber; topping, that is, the fruiting branches leave 7-8 leaves above the fruit node for topping, and the vegetative branches leave 10-20 leaves for topping depending on their growth.

Pest Control

The main diseases of kiwifruit in rainy southern regions include brown spot, root rot, canker, gray mold, powdery mildew, and root-knot nematode; insect pests include scarabs, scale insects, and noctuids. Take corresponding comprehensive control measures according to the corresponding growth period of kiwifruit and the occurrence characteristics of different pests and diseases.

Auxiliary measures

(1) Release bees in the garden; put more than two boxes of strong bee colonies per hectare of garden.

(2) Artificially assisted pollination; in case of continuous rainy weather during the flowering period, it is carried out before 10:00 every morning, and the pollen is directly placed on the stigma of the pistil with a small brush.

(3) Fruit thinning: start after the flowers fade, and should generally be completed within 20 days. It is mainly to thin out deformed fruit, injured fruit, diseased fruit, side fruit, and fruit at the base of fruiting branches. In principle, 1 to 2 fruits are left on short fruiting branches, 2 to 4 fruits are left on middle fruiting branches, and 5 to 7 fruits are left on long fruiting branches.

(4) Application of plant growth regulators; spraying 1000-2000 mg/kg of PP333 at the beginning of vigorous growth of new shoots can effectively control vegetative growth, promote flower bud differentiation, increase yield and increase fruit firmness.

Table 2 shows the cultivation effect of kiwi fruit on hillside for staged shelter from rain.

Table 2: Cultivation effect of staged rain shelter on kiwifruit hillside

project cover film Not covered with film (ck) Ratio ck±% Yield (kg/mu) 1385.0 1230.0 12.6 Management labor (yuan/mu) 560.0 650.0 -13.8 Fertilizer (yuan/mu) 835.0 950.0 -12.1 Pesticide (yuan/mu) 85.0 145.0 -41.4

The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. These descriptions are not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the specific principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention, as well as various Choose and change. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims (10)

1. the interim rain shelter cultivation method of vine crop hillside, is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:

(1) on hillside by the horizontal ditching of contour or dig bank plantation vine crop, described ditch or bank surface stacking have weeds, branch or leaf, build inclined-plane cultivating stand along slope;

(2), before vine crop is bloomed, cultivating stand covers film of taking shelter from rain, and this film of taking shelter from rain directly is attached on vine crop branches and leaves;

(3), after crop and fruit results, film is taken off from cultivating stand.

2. the interim rain shelter cultivation method of vine crop hillside according to claim 1, is characterized in that, set up film-pressing line taking shelter from rain on film, this film-pressing line is arranged in a crossed manner; On the upside of the longitudinal frame face of film of taking shelter from rain, be provided with interval 0.4 ~ 0.8m light leak ventilating duct in the ranks, transverse strands face is provided with interval 0.1 ~ 0.2m light leak ventilating duct every 4 ~ 5m.

3. the interim rain shelter cultivation method of vine crop hillside according to claim 1, described vine crop is grape, kiwi fruit, netted melon, Momordica grosvenori.

4. a cultivation method for downy grape, is characterized in that, this cultivation method utilizes the interim rain shelter cultivation method of vine crop hillside as claimed in claim 1.

5. the cultivation method of downy grape according to claim 4, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:

(1) along hillside contour excavation plantation ditch or bank, downy grape is planted with the center of ditch or bank, cultivating stand is built along slope, a healthy and strong tip of selecting and remain after the growth of downy grape seedling young sprout is uprightly cultivated to draw as trunk and is tied up on frame face, cultivates main climing, female climing, fruit bearing shoot etc. respectively according to frame face;

(2) before downy grape is bloomed, after carrying out pruning management, rich water quality management, the fertile pre-preventing disease and pest of spray medicine and supplementary foliar nutrition, cultivating stand grape branches and leaves cover film of taking shelter from rain, and this film of taking shelter from rain directly is attached on grape branches and leaves; Four angles are tightened with film-pressing line;

(3) in the surface of ditch or bank, be filled with branch, leaf or weeds, between film, be provided with vent passages;

(4) after vintage, film is taken off concentrated lucifuge from cultivating stand and to take shelter from rain preservation.

6. the cultivation method of downy grape according to claim 5, is characterized in that, described pruning management comprises:

(1) bud picking, determine the tip: the rudiment on annual bearing basal shoot, strong main bud of selecting and remain, erases all accessory buds; For many years breeder mother climing on rudiment, except for upgrade and short covering except, erase without exception; Determine 10 ~ 15, the tip for every square metre;

(2) pinching in vegetative period, top clipping, flower thinning sequence, draw and tie up: pinching in 3 ~ 5 days before blooming, every fruit bearing shoot stays fringe 2 ~ 3 fringe, blade before terminal inflorescence stays leaf by fringe leaf than 1 ﹕ 6, pair sends not pinching, after bearing fruit, overstocked young sprout, pair are sent and wiped out, expanding stage is cut once, cuts once before painted; What flat shed frame type also needed to carry out young sprout before blooming manually controls bondage, young sprout spacing certain distance, after gathering, overstocked branch, sick branch is wiped out, to recover tree vigo(u)r as early as possible;

(3) winter cuts: every square metre is stayed bud amount 15 ~ 20.

7. the cultivation method of downy grape according to claim 5, is characterized in that, described soil and fertilizer water management comprises:

(1) management of soil surface, after the soil surface in tree panel can use the chemical herbicide controlling weeds such as cremart, then covers plastic sheeting for farm use or weeds; In the ranks, the season of growth manually mows for the exterior domain of tree dish or trench.Certain thickness weeds can be kept, play moisturizing of taking precautions against drought and regulate orchard climatic effects.

(2) fertilizer management, annual fertilising 2 times after going into operation, first time uses phosphorus height potassium in high nitrogen grape young fruit expanding stage every mu and, containing medium trace element type composite fertilizer 20 ~ 40kg, spreads fertilizer over the fields shallow intertillage and cover within the scope of tree dish 2 ~ 3 ㎡ after rain; Second time mu organic fertilizer 500 ~ 1000kg after gathering, admix fused calcium magnesium phosphate 20 ~ 40kg, urea 5 ~ 10kg, potash fertilizer 5 ~ 10kg, at tree dish peripheral bond intertillage deep placement 20 ~ 30cm, rotation deep ploughing position year by year, can spray foliage fertilizer in conjunction with sick worm prevention with painted early stage before blooming, before going into operation, the treelet phase can increase the number of times that topdresses;

(3) water management, budding period and keeping the skin wet during convalescence weather arid after gathering, in the continuous lower Pluvial, wants draining during soil accumulated water.

8. the cultivation method of downy grape according to claim 5, is characterized in that, the fertile pre-preventing disease and pest of described spray medicine comprises:

(1) in dormancy to the budding period, branch terminal bud dew suede rate 5% ~ 10% time, trunk branches and tendrils and ground spray 45% crystal sulphur mixture, 300 times of liquid;

(2) Germination to Frondescent is to flowering stage, selects 70% aliette 800 times or 78% section to win 500 times or 10% ZJ0712,5000 times of+50% phoxim 1500 times or 10% Biphenthrin, 3000 times of liquid mixing boron fertilizers and prevents 1 ~ 2 time;

(3) Post flowering is to the maturing stage, and spray 75% tpn 800 times or 1 ﹕ 0.5 ﹕ 200 bordeaux mixture or 10% ZJ0712 5000 times or 50% Tuzet, 800 times of liquid, rotation uses 2 ~ 3 times;

(4) to the leaf fall period after gathering, 1 ﹕ 0.5 ﹕ 200 bordeaux mixture is sprayed once.

9. a cultivation method for kiwi fruit, is characterized in that, this cultivation method utilizes the interim rain shelter cultivation method of vine crop hillside as claimed in claim 1, and the cultivation method of described kiwi fruit comprises the following steps:

(1) along hillside contour excavation plantation ditch or bank, kiwi fruit is planted with the center of ditch or bank, the allocation ratio of Actinidia strain is 8 ﹕ 1, it plants form is centre 1 row at every 3 row, to plant 1 strain staminiferous plant every 2 strain female plants, build cultivating stand along slope, a healthy and strong tip of selecting and remain after the growth of kiwi fruit seedling young sprout is uprightly cultivated to draw as trunk and is tied up on frame face, cultivates main climing, female climing, fruit bearing shoot etc. respectively according to frame face;

(2) before kiwi fruit is bloomed, after carrying out pruning management, soil and fertilizer water management, the fertile pre-preventing disease and pest of spray medicine and extra-nutrition on request, the yangtao actinidia branchlet and leaf of cultivating stand covers film of taking shelter from rain, and this film of taking shelter from rain directly is attached on yangtao actinidia branchlet and leaf;

(3) in the surface of ditch or bank, be filled with branch, leaf or weeds, between film, be provided with vent passages;

(4), after kiwi fruit results, film is taken off concentrated lucifuge from cultivating stand and to take shelter from rain preservation.

10. the cultivation method of kiwi fruit according to claim 9, is characterized in that, described pruning management is divided into the winter to cut cutting with the summer, and the winter cuts and adopts cutting back and sparse branching to combine, and long, medium and short branch is pruned and combined; Stay that 3 ~ 8 buds are short to be cut, remove cripetura branch and slim and frahile branch; Summer cuts and carries out several times, and the summer measure of cutting comprises bud picking, except tiller, erase closely to sprout, accessory bud, position bud and the sprout tillers that grows directly from seeds improperly; Sparse branching, namely removes overstocked branch, the very thin branch of interior thorax and cripetura branch; Pinching, more than fruit joint at fruit bearing shoot and stay 7 ~ 8 leaf pinching, vegetative shoot stays 10 ~ 20 leaf pinching;

Described soil and fertilizer water management, fertilising time-division base manure and two classes of topdressing, base manure is based on fertilizer, and every strain fertilizing amount is fertilizer 25 ~ 30kg, cake fertilizer 1.5 ~ 2.0kg, fused calcium magnesium phosphate 1 ~ 2kg, lime 0.5 ~ 1kg; Topdress based on quick-acting fertilizer, at least apply fertilizer 3 times.