CN102524013A - Method for rain shelter cultivation of apples - Google Patents
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- CN102524013A CN102524013A CN2012100409796A CN201210040979A CN102524013A CN 102524013 A CN102524013 A CN 102524013A CN 2012100409796 A CN2012100409796 A CN 2012100409796A CN 201210040979 A CN201210040979 A CN 201210040979A CN 102524013 A CN102524013 A CN 102524013A
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of agricultural cultivation and discloses a method for rain shelter cultivation of apples. The method comprises the following steps of: building a multi-span steel frame plastic greenhouse of which a single greenhouse has a length of 50m, a width of 6m and a height of 3.8m by taking Fuji or Golden delicious apples as a material, covering a plastic film with the thickness of between 0.06 and 0.12mm on the Fuji apples during germination, covering a plastic film with the thickness of between 0.06 and 0.12mm on the Golden delicious apples after a late flowering stage, and removing the covered plastic films in early October, wherein a pruning method and the use of fertilizers are the same as those of culture in the open expect for pesticide spraying in the whole growing season. By the method for the rain shelter cultivation of the apples, diseases such as ring rot, anthracnose, rot and alternaria leaf spot of the apples are effectively reduced, the finish of the surfaces of the apples is improved, and the coloring effect of fruits is improved. In the whole growing season, the spraying times of pesticides are remarkably reduced, so that the pesticide cost and labor cost are reduced; and the method has a remarkable effect of preventing the diseases.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the agricultural planting field, relate to the method that a kind of apple is taken shelter from rain and cultivated.
Background technology
1 take shelter from rain culture technique principle
The cultivation of taking shelter from rain is to be purpose to take shelter from rain, and plastic film is covered a kind of method at tree crown top, is method simple, the most practical in the facility cultivation.Rain such as anthracnose, spot defoliation passes disease, because blocking of film set body and directly do not contacted with rainwater; The path that cuts off pathogen transmission; Reduced the possibility that disease takes place (Li Jinchao, Duan Luoshun, Zhang Xiaoshen. take shelter from rain to the influence of grape disease and intensity of illumination. the fruit tree journal; 2009,26 (6): 847-850).Therefore when reducing the agricultural chemicals use, reduced the disease generation in the cultivation process of taking shelter from rain.
2 application of culture technique in fruit growing of taking shelter from rain
In the nineties in last century, the grape culture technique of taking shelter from rain is introduced domesticly, behind China's the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River application success, carries out large tracts of land and promotes, and colory vitis vinifera is able in southern commerial growing.Grape takes shelter from rain to cultivate has become the maximum a kind of facility cultivation of area in the grape facility cultivation.At present, the culture technique of taking shelter from rain has obtained application in multiple production of fruit trees such as grape, nectarine, loquat, year tangerine.
3 culture techniques of taking shelter from rain are applied to the problem that apple cultivation exists
At present China's grape culture technique of taking shelter from rain has obtained large-area applications in actual production.Grape is taken shelter from rain to cultivate to adopt usually and is taken shelter from rain little shed or facilitate-take shelter from rain booth, and this is relevant with the grape pruning, adopts hedge wall shape area under cultivation maximum in the production.The culture technique of apple and grape differs greatly, and grape is taken shelter from rain to cultivate and often caused complicated and confused excessive growth, and internode increases; The blade attenuation, the leaf look lighter, makes the nutrient ability and weaken; Nutrient accumulation is less, and influences flower bud differentiation, problems such as fruit color and postponement maturation; Whether can in the apple cultivation, occur and these problems are unpredictable, solution to the problems described above is not suitable for the apple cultivation yet.The grape thickness of time, the time that removes film and the cover film of cover film of taking shelter from rain in the culture technique can not be indiscriminately imitated in the apple cultivation, should solve according to the problem concrete analysis that occurs in the apple production.
4 take shelter from rain problem and prospect forecast that culture technique exists
The cultivation of taking shelter from rain has changed the field microclimate, because the covering of film, intensity of illumination obviously reduces, and air permeability is relatively poor, can make shoot growth prosperous excessively, influences flower bud differentiation, and therefore introduction, the suitable kind of seed selection are stood in the breach.When selecting, kind also need select suitable stock, and reasonably tree-like, improve the ventilation and penetrating light condition.Compare with outdoor cropping, lack of experience, problem such as early investment is big has hindered the development of the culture technique of taking shelter from rain.Along with the raising of market, cultivate the raising of expansion, the environment controlling technique of target simultaneously, the profit of great number will certainly play very big impetus in the use that is fit to the zone to the culture technique of taking shelter from rain to the fruit safety requirements.
Summary of the invention
The annual rainfall of China's southern area is bigger, and middle part rainfall when summer is concentrated, and high temperature and rainy is beneficial to the generation of disease.Traditional pest control method is confined to a large amount of uses of agricultural chemicals, and the food-safety problem and the problem of environmental pollution that have brought residue of pesticide to cause thus, has also increased simultaneously to manufacture a finished product.The objective of the invention is to the problems referred to above the method that provides a kind of apple to take shelter from rain cultivation.
The object of the invention can be realized through following technical scheme:
The method that a kind of apple is taken shelter from rain and cultivated is a material with Fuji or Gold Delicious apple, the company's of building steelframe plastic tunnel; The long 50m of single canopy; The wide 6m of canopy, the high 3.8m of canopy, Fuji apple is cladding thickness 0.06～0.12mm plastic foil when bud is sprouted; Gold Delicious apple is cladding thickness 0.06～0.12mm plastic foil behind Flowers ending, and early October removes the plastic foil of covering; In the whole growth season, it is different with outdoor cropping to remove pesticide application, and the use of shaping and trimming method and fertilizer is identical with outdoor cropping.
The preferred 0.06mm of described plastic foil thickness.
The long-lived film of described plastic foil preferably polyethylene.
It was annual March when the bud of described Fuji apple was sprouted, preferred annual March 1～20.
Described Gold Delicious apple is annual May behind Flowers ending, preferred annual May 1～10.
Beneficial effect
The present invention changes the simple present situation that relies on the pesticide control disease in traditional apple cultivation process, and research is taken shelter from rain and cultivated the application in apple production.Thereby for apple take shelter from rain culture technique demonstration and apply powerful technical support be provided.The present invention does not adopt grape to take shelter from rain and cultivates the little shed of taking shelter from rain commonly used; But adopt an even steelframe booth according to the apple tree structure; The cultivation management mode of apple and grape exist than big-difference; Production management does not have comparativity, so the apple culture technique of taking shelter from rain does not have bigger correlation from cultivation management and the grape cultivation of taking shelter from rain that is designed into of frame.Apple take shelter from rain culture technique and fruit bagging and pure pesticide control compared with techniques, not only disease takes place fewly, and simple, is convenient to operation, does not more need the complicated technology management.
This invention has improved the fruit face fineness of apple greatly, reduces the use of agricultural chemicals, has reduced the generation of disease, has important research and production meaning.
The present invention's culture technique of will taking shelter from rain first is applied to apple cultivation, significantly reduces the use of agricultural chemicals, has reduced the generation of disease simultaneously.The pesticide application number of times reduces to present 4 times from traditional average annual 12 times, and the incidence of disease of anthracnose, rot, ring spot declines to a great extent, and the incidence of spot defoliation drops to below 10% from 90% especially.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1. the structure of the frame of taking shelter from rain;
Fig. 2. the different-thickness plastic foil is to the influence of light transmittance
Fig. 3. spot defoliation is to the influence of Gold Delicious apple;
A outdoor cropping gold hat is because of spot defoliation is all fallen leaves; B takes shelter from rain, and cultivation is golden to be preced with, and leaf growth is good.
Fig. 4. different plastic covering films with remove of the influence of plastic foil time to fruit color effect and fineness;
Abscissa is represented painted exponential sum fruit face fineness rank value.Painted exponential sum fruit face fineness grade scale: colour index=∑ (fruit numbers at different levels * painted progression)/total fruit number; The fruit color index divides 5 grades, 0 grade: Chinese olive; 1 grade: the fruit color area accounts for 1%～30%; 2 grades: the fruit color area accounts for 30%～60%; 3 grades: the fruit color area accounts for 60%～90%; 4 grades: the fruit color area accounts for more than 90%.The fruit bright and clean index=∑ of face (fruit numbers at different levels * bright and clean progression)/total fruit number.Fruit face bright and clean index divides 4 grades, 1 grade: the fruit face is coarse as fruit bagging not; 2 grades: the fruit face is more coarse, and look darker; 3 grades: the fruit face is more smooth; 4 grades: the bright and clean exquisiteness of fruit face.
Ordinate: I representes to cover March thick film and does not take off film, and II representes to cover March film and do not take off film, and III representes to cover March thick film and takes off film October; IV representes to cover March film and takes off film October; V representes to cover May thick film and does not take off film, and VI representes to cover May film and do not take off film, and VII representes to cover May thick film and takes off film October; VIII representes to cover May film and takes off film October, and IX representes the open country contrast.Described thick film is meant the long-lived film of thickness 0.12mm polyethylene, and described film is meant the long-lived film of thickness 0.06mm polyethylene.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
1) be material with Fuji and Gold Delicious apple, with reference to Li Shijun (Equipment Landscape Gardening [M]. Beijing: the facility structure of the .2002 of Chinese agriculture publishing house) describing, according to the apple development development characteristics; We design company's steelframe booth that the apple apple is taken shelter from rain and cultivated, the long 50m of single canopy, the wide 6m of canopy; The high 3.8m of canopy (Fig. 1); In the whole growth season, it is different with outdoor cropping to remove pesticide application, and the use of shaping and trimming method and fertilizer is identical with outdoor cropping.
Table 1 is taken shelter from rain and is cultivated and the contrast of outdoor cropping pesticide application scheme
2) confirm the time that plastic foil covers and removes
Carry out the covering of the long-lived film of polyethylene respectively at March 1 and May 1.The fruit-setting rate of investigation fruit.Like table 2, two kinds of Fuji and Jin Guan, the fruit-setting rate that covers the long-lived film of polyethylene is apparently higher than open country; In process of production, select early October to remove plastic foil and do not remove two kinds of methods of plastic foil,, can find out that from the coloring effect and the fruit face fineness of fruit early October removes plastic foil and helps fruit color like Fig. 4.Comprehensive relatively fruit-setting rate and fruit face colouring effect, gold are preced with that at the beginning of behind the Flowers ending promptly 5 months, to cover the long-lived film of polyethylene better; Fuji apple is in being that bud covers the long-lived film of polyethylene when sprouting at the beginning of 3 months, and it is better that early October removes the long-lived film effect of polyethylene.
The different cover film times of table 2 are to the influence of fruit-setting rate
Annotate: the thick film described in the table 2 is meant the long-lived film of thickness 0.12mm polyethylene, and described film is meant the long-lived film of thickness 0.06mm polyethylene.3) confirm the thickness of plastic covering film
Take shelter from rain and cultivate the influence of growing to fruit tree, illumination is one of important factor.Two kinds of the thickness selection 0.06mm of plastic covering film and 0.12mm, the intensity of illumination during the covering is seen Fig. 2, as can be seen from the figure, the light transmittance of 0.06mm plastic foil is than the light transmittance high about 20% of 0.12mm plastic foil.Therefore,, increase illumination, should select the long-lived film of polyethylene of thickness 0.06mm for use in order to improve light transmittance.
4) take shelter from rain that a situation arises with the disease of outdoor cropping in cultivation
The cultivation of taking shelter from rain significantly reduces the use of agricultural chemicals, has reduced the generation of disease simultaneously.The pesticide application number of times reduces to present 4 times from traditional average annual 12 times, and the incidence of disease of anthracnose, rot, ring spot declines to a great extent, and the incidence of spot defoliation drops to (Fig. 3) below 10% from 90% especially.
A situation arises and the pesticide application number of times for table 3 disease
6) confirm best covering method
Fruit part physical signs (hardness of fruit, soluble solid, titratable acid, vitamin C, soluble sugar; Fineness and the painted situation of fruit of fruit face) evaluation criterion is: the hardness of fruit changes does not within the specific limits have significant difference to fruit quality; Bigger or the less mouthfeel that all has a strong impact on fruit; Soluble solid and sugar-acid ratio (soluble sugar/acid) improve fruit and sweeten, and Vc content high nutritive value uprises.The physical signs (seeing table 4 and table 5) of comprehensive more above-mentioned factor and fruit, analysis draws, and the long-lived film of the polyethylene of Gold Delicious apple cladding thickness in May 0.06mm is gathered by the end of August; The long-lived film of the polyethylene of Fuji apple cladding thickness in March 0.06mm removes that the method for the long-lived film of polyethylene is best suited for early October.
The measurement result of table 4 Gold Delicious apple part physical signs
Annotate: each overlay film processed group is not promptly taken off film and is handled all in gathering by the end of August in the table 4, and described thick film is meant the long-lived film of thickness 0.12mm polyethylene, and described film is meant the long-lived film of thickness 0.06mm polyethylene.
The measurement result of table 5 Fuji apple part physical signs
Annotate: handle I in the table 5 and represent to cover March thick film and do not take off film, handle II and represent to cover March film and do not take off film, handle III and represent to cover March thick film and take off film October; Handling IV representes to cover March film and takes off film October; Handle V and represent to cover May thick film and do not take off film, handle VI and represent to cover May film and do not take off film, handle VII and represent to cover May thick film and take off film October; Processing VIII representes to cover May film and takes off film October, handles IX and representes the open country contrast.Described thick film is meant the long-lived film of thickness 0.12mm polyethylene, and described film is meant the long-lived film of thickness 0.06mm polyethylene.
Claims (5)
1. the apple method of cultivation of taking shelter from rain, it is characterized in that: with Fuji or Gold Delicious apple is material, the company's of building steelframe plastic tunnel; The long 50m of single canopy; The wide 6m of canopy, the high 3.8m of canopy, Fuji apple is cladding thickness 0.06～0.12mm plastic foil when bud is sprouted; Gold Delicious apple is cladding thickness 0.06～0.12mm plastic foil behind Flowers ending, and early October removes the plastic foil of covering; In the whole growth season, it is different with outdoor cropping to remove pesticide application, and the use of shaping and trimming method and fertilizer is identical with outdoor cropping.
2. the method that apple according to claim 1 is taken shelter from rain and cultivated is characterized in that described plastic foil thickness is 0.06mm.
3. the method that apple according to claim 2 is taken shelter from rain and cultivated is characterized in that described plastic foil is the long-lived film of polyethylene.
4. the take shelter from rain method of cultivation of apple according to claim 1, it was annual March when the bud that it is characterized in that described Fuji apple was sprouted, preferred annual March 1～20.
5. the method that apple according to claim 1 is taken shelter from rain and cultivated is characterized in that described Gold Delicious apple is annual May, preferred annual May 1～10 behind Flowers ending.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN 201210040979 CN102524013B (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2012-02-22 | Method for rain shelter cultivation of apples |
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| CN 201210040979 CN102524013B (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2012-02-22 | Method for rain shelter cultivation of apples |
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| CN102524013B CN102524013B (en) | 2013-09-11 |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105493860A (en) * | 2015-12-24 | 2016-04-20 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院生物技术研究所 | Hillside phased rain-shelter-cultivation method of vine crops |
| CN108055964A (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-05-22 | 中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所 | A kind of sweet tea persimmon rain shelter cultivation method, sweet tea persimmon and rain-shelter |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105493860A (en) * | 2015-12-24 | 2016-04-20 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院生物技术研究所 | Hillside phased rain-shelter-cultivation method of vine crops |
| CN108055964A (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-05-22 | 中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所 | A kind of sweet tea persimmon rain shelter cultivation method, sweet tea persimmon and rain-shelter |
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| CN102524013B (en) | 2013-09-11 |
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