CN104838936B - Water-saving peach tree planting method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a water-saving peach tree planting method. The method comprises the following steps that 1, land formation, fertilizer application and ridging are performed, and drainage ditches are dug between ridges; two rows of planting pits are dug in each ridge, saplings of middle-early ripen peach trees are placed into the planting pits; 2, after the saplings are planted, a support is arranged on the ridges, and the saplings are fixed to the support; 3, starting from the current planting year, branches are trimmed one time every winter and every summer; 4, starting from the third planting year, irrigation is performed on time 1-2 weeks before flowering every year; irrigation is not performed any more after fruits in the current year are harvested; 5, starting from the third planting year, root cutting treatment is performed on the middle ten days of every May, and meanwhile top application is performed; 6, starting from the third planting year, the ground surface is covered with a covering object at the end of every May and the beginning of every June; harvesting is performed after fruits are ripened; the covering object is removed after harvesting is performed. According to the water-saving peach tree planting method, water-saving peach tree planting is achieved, and the fruit quality is obviously improved on the premise that the yield is not obviously reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to peach tree cultivation field, and in particular to a kind of water-saving cultivation method of peach tree.
Background technology
With optimizing and revising for agricultural structure, fruits industry has become China's agricultural economy growth, rural economy
The mainstay industry that development and increasing peasant income are got rich.Show according to FAO's statistics, China peach tree is planted within 2012
Up to 700,000 hectares, 12,000,000 tons of yield occupies first place in the world training area.At present, China's Fructus Persicae producing region be mainly distributed on 30 ° of north latitude~
Between 40 °, the 80% or so of the cultivation gross area are accounted for, based on Early-medium maturing variety, the period of maturation concentrates on 7~August part.
The climate type of the northern area of China belongs to monsoon climate of medium latitudes, is characterized in that summer high temperature is rainy, and winter is cold
It is dried.Although mean annual precipitation reaches 400~500mm or so, season distribution is very unbalanced, annual 70~80% rainfalls
The harvest time of the mid-early maturity fruit such as Fructus Persicae, Fructus Pruni, Lee is concentrated mainly on, now rainfall directly results in fruit quality, local flavor and declines, and
But precipitation is not enough for fruit tree key water requirement period, therefore, natural precipitation supply and demand seasonality is particularly thorny.In addition, the orchardist of this area
Broad irrigation mode, every mu of orchard annual is taken to need water about 200~250m3, water requirement is huge.Therefore, natural precipitation season
The development of the problems such as section is distributed uneven and shortage of water resources long-standing problem northern area fruits industry.
Exploitation water-saving culture new technique, improves water resource utilization efficiency, undoubtedly alleviates the northern area of China orchard and supplies water
The effective way of imbalance between supply and demand, for orchard water imbalance between supply and demand is alleviated, promotes the northern area of China fruits industry lasting, efficient
Development is significant.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is for problem existing in peach tree cultivation, there is provided a kind of water-saving culture side of peach tree
Method.
The method that the present invention is provided only need to be irrigated for 1~2 week before peach tree blooms, afterwards to then in whole Growing season
Fruit harvesting need not be irrigated, by being completely cured, cover film, tree-like management with prune etc. measure fully allocated water resource
Effectively utilizes, it is ensured that the normal growth promoter of peach tree, reach the purpose of water saving, under the premise of ensureing that fruit yield is not apparent from reducing
It is obviously improved fruit quality.
Specifically, the invention provides a kind of method of the water-saving culture of peach tree, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) level land, apply fertilizer, ridging, the drainage trenching between ridge;Dig two row planting pits on every ridge, and by middle morning
The seedling of ripe peach tree is colonized in the planting pit;
(2), after seedling field planting, support is set on ridge, and seedling is fixed on support;
(3) from the beginning of being colonized then, annual winter and summer respectively prune a branch;
(4) from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, once irrigated within 1~2 week before blooming every year;No longer enter to fruit harvesting then
Row is irrigated;
(5) from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, annual mid-May carries out cutting lateral root, while topdressing;
(6) from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, at the beginning of 6 months by the end of May every year, earth's surface is covered with covering;After fruit maturation, harvesting;
Covering is removed after harvesting, you can.
Wherein, step (1) the mid-early maturity peach tree is preferably the peach tree of maturation before mid-August.
Step (1) it is described fertilising be:Per mu apply 8~10 tons of chicken manure, 60~80 kilograms of compound potassium sulfate fertilizer, carbamide 30
~50 kilograms, 80~double centner of calcium magnesium phosphate, and it is fertilizer is uniform with mixing with soil using machinery.
Step (1) ridge is in parallel arrangement, and between each ridge, distance is 4.5~5.5m;The vertical cross-section on ridge be arch, ridge
Height of the top away from horizontal plane is 80~90cm, the wide 1.8~2.2m in ridge bottom.
The two rows planting pit positioned at the both sides of ridge center line, is 0.5~0.7m with the distance of ridge center line respectively;Planting pit
Row in spacing be 1.3~1.7m;The length and width of planting pit is respectively 15~25cm, deep 35~45cm.In every ridge, the field planting
The arrangement mode in cave is preferably uniform isosceles triangle.The center line on ridge of the present invention, specifically refers to the line on the summit on ridge, or ridge
The line that projects in horizontal plane of summit.
Step (1) field planting is specially:After peach tree fallen leaves, choose health, mid-early maturity peach tree seedling and be colonized in
In planting pit.Seedling can be carried out disinfection to the root of seedling using K84 microbial inoculums, using master of the lime sulfur to seedling before field planting
It is dry to carry out disinfection, so that peach tree avoids pest and disease damage in growth course.The number of the default tree planting Seedling in per mu of ground is preferably 120~
140 plants.
Step (2) mounting bracket is specially:After seedling field planting, in the setting support at 15~25cm of seedling, and
The trunk and major branch of seedling are fixed on support.Preferably on the ridge on the outside of every row seedling, arrange by a line steel pipe and company
The support of the high intensity galvanized wire composition of steel pipe is connect, and the trunk and major branch of seedling are fixed on the high intensity galvanized wire of support.Will
After trunk and major branch are fixed on galvanized wire, can prevent peach tree from lodging, while aiding in peach tree plastotype.In the growth course of peach tree
In, by the assosting effect of support, the major branch of every plant of peach tree can form a covering of the fan shape.The support is excellent with the distance of seedling
Elect 15~25cm as.
Preferably, the high 2.5~3.5m of the steel pipe, 8~12cm of cross-sectional diameter, steel pipe are inclined simultaneously on the outside of ridge
Horizontal by 70~75 degree of angles, the depth in steel pipe embedment ridge is 75~85cm.In the row of steel pipe, spacing is 10~20m.
Every steel pipe with 45~55cm as the equidistant welding buckle of spacing, welds 3~5 from the beginning of top altogether.The high intensity galvanized wire
A diameter of 2.5~2.7mm, by a line fastener for connection being got up through the buckle of same level position.
Step (3) the regular pruning branch is specially:From the beginning of being colonized then, annual summer respectively prunes one with winter
It is secondary, the branch grown into ridge is cut, only retain 3~5 grow on the outside of ridge major branches protection trunks, cut rear effect be
The one end on ridge is it can be seen that the other end, and makes major branch keep covering of the fan shape;Meanwhile, the branch overlapped each other between ridge is cut, it is right
Length carries out cutting back more than the branch of more than 80cm, it is ensured that fan-shaped canopy thickness is within 80cm.Can be changed by periodically pruning
Illumination patterns in kind canopy, promote photosynthesis, reduce moisture in canopy and dissipate.
The mode of step (4) irrigation is preferably drip irrigation type and irrigates, and the depth of irrigation is 0.8~1.0m, irrigation when
Between be 12~18h, per mu use 900~1100 drip heads, each drip head water yield be 8~12L/h.
Step (5) cutting lateral root is referred to:Apart from ditching at 50~60cm of seedling, seedling is prevented to ridge outgrowth.
Preferably on the ridge on the outside of every row seedling, at seedling 50~60cm of horizontal range, dig the deep 50~60cm of a line, it is wide by 15~
The ditch of 25cm.Meanwhile, fertilizer is applied in ditch topdress, the fertilizer includes the composition of following consumption:20~30 kilograms of carbamide/
Mu, 40~50,000 grams/acre of potassium sulfate, 20~30,000 grams/acre of calcium superphosphate.After topdressing, the earthen backfill that trench digging is dug out.
Mulch film of step (6) covering for 0.01~0.02mm of thickness.The covering earth's surface is specially:By between ridge and
All covered with black plastic film on ridge, to ensure that soil moisture content will not occur acutely variation before fruit harvesting, and reached
The effect of water conservation.After Peach fruits harvesting, covering is removed, make full use of the natural precipitation of summer to supplement soil moisture i.e.
Can.
The standard of step (6) fruit maturation is that fruit fruit no longer increases, fruit is soft, fruit color area is big simultaneously
And fruit is easy to fall off.In harvesting, can be harvested according to the Maturity of Peach fruits in batches, to improve high-quality fruit rate.
In the present invention, the direction that described " OK " is extended with ridge is parallel.Distance described in each step be horizontal direction away from
From the depth is the depth of vertical direction." inside " of the present invention, " within " " inner side " etc., refer both to towards ridge center line
Direction." outside " of the present invention, " in addition " " outside " etc., refer both to away from ridge center line, towards the direction between ridge.
In the cultivation of peach tree, in order to ensure the healthy growth of peach tree, pest control measure can be aided with, it is main right
Black peach aphid, oriental fruit months, dichocrocis punctiferalis and mite class are prevented and treated.Specially:According to the method for conventional applying pesticides, using 20% horse
Pull loose 800 times of liquid or 20% killing chrysanthemum 1500~2000 times of liquid of ester prevent and treat black peach aphids;Using 50% Folithion, 1500 times of liquid or 20%
Kill 1500~2000 times of liquid of chrysanthemum ester and prevent and treat oriental fruit months;The 50% Folithion Emulsion of spraying in dichocrocis punctiferalis Adult worms producting eggs peak period
8000 times of liquid are prevented and treated;Using 2000~3000 times of 1.8% Chongmanke cream or 5% despot's demodicid mite spirit 800-1000 times of liquid of suspending agent
Prevent and treat mite class.
The method that the present invention is provided can extend to the water-saving culture of the fruit trees such as apricot, Japanese plum, cherry tree.
The present invention takes such scheme cultivation peach tree, achieves significant technique effect.Specifically, the present invention is by peace
Dress support, auxiliary shaping can make peach tree reach reduction transpiration water consumption and promote light to impinge upon the purpose of reasonable layout in canopy;It is disconnected
Root reduces peach tree to the absorption of soil moisture and suppresses peach tree nutrient growth, and Growing season topdresses the need for ensureing peach tree in mineral nutrition
Ask;The effective control realized to soil water content is processed by irrigation and mulching material etc..The present invention is by above-mentioned measure
Synergism, improve the WUEL of peach tree, rational allocation natural precipitation improves fruit while water saving
Quality.When the method that the present invention is provided is applied to peach tree cultivation, compared with traditional cultivation method, peach tree is made to economize on water left up to 40%
The right side, meanwhile, Peach fruits soluble solid content improves 20% or so.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the intention of isosceles triangle arrangement described in embodiment 1.
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of support described in embodiment 1.
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram being completely cured described in embodiment 1.
Specific embodiment
Following examples are used to illustrate the present invention, but are not limited to the scope of the present invention.
In various embodiments of the present invention, peach variety:Improvement Bai Fengtao;Seedling resident time:2008;During fruit harvesting
Between:2010 (being colonized the 3rd year), 2011 (being colonized the 4th year) and 2012 (being colonized the 5th year);Cultivation place:Beijing
City Tongzhou District industry of flowers and plants service centre;Edaphic condition:PH value is soil of 7 or so the, content of organic matter higher than 1%.
Embodiment
Peach variety:Improvement Bai Fengtao;Seedling resident time:2008;The fruit harvesting time:The 3rd is colonized (within 2010
Year), 2011 (be colonized the 4th year) and 2012 (i.e. field planting the 5th year);Cultivation place:Tongzhou District, Beijing City industry of flowers and plants clothes
Business center;Edaphic condition:PH value is soil of 7 or so the, content of organic matter higher than 1%.
Cultivate according to following steps:
(1) level land;Per mu apply 10 tons of chicken manure, 80 kilograms of compound potassium sulfate fertilizer, 50 kilograms of carbamide, calcium magnesium phosphate
Double centner, and it is fertilizer is uniform with mixing with soil using machinery;According to vertical cross-section be arch, the high 90cm in ridge, ridge bottom width 2m,
The standard ridging of two distance between the ridges 5m;Gutter is built between ridge, the gutter has 0.4 degree of consistent gradient of direction, draining
Bottom of trench is arc;
Two row planting pits are dug on every ridge, two row planting pits are respectively positioned at the both sides of ridge center line, the distance with ridge center line
It is 0.5m;In the row of planting pit, spacing is 4.5m;The length and width of planting pit is respectively 20cm, deep 40cm;
After peach tree fallen leaves, health, mid-early maturity peach tree seedling is chosen, the root of seedling is disappeared using K84 microbial inoculums
Poison, is carried out disinfection to the trunk of seedling using lime sulfur;Seedling after sterilization is colonized in the hole of ridge both sides;After field planting,
In every ridge, seedling is arranged (as shown in Figure 1) in isosceles triangle, and the plantation density of seedling is 130 plants/acre;
(2) on the ridge on the outside of every row seedling, arrange by propping up that the high intensity galvanized wire of a line steel pipe and joint steel pipe is constituted
Frame (as shown in Figure 2), the support are 20cm with the distance of seedling;And the trunk and major branch of seedling are fixed on into the high-strength of support
On degree galvanized wire;
The steel pipe high 3m, cross-sectional diameter 10cm, incline and horizontal by 72.5 degree of angles, steel pipe on the outside of steel pipe ridge
Depth in embedment ridge is 80cm, and in the row of steel pipe, spacing is 15m;Steel pipe welds 5 cards by spacing of 0.5m from the beginning of top
Button;A diameter of 2.6mm of the high intensity galvanized wire, by snapping connection steel pipe through same level position;
(3) from the beginning of being colonized then, annual summer was respectively once pruned with winter, by the branch grown into ridge and ridge
Between the branch that overlaps each other cut, only retain 4 major branches to ridge outgrowth, and branch more than length 80cm carried out short
Cut, auxiliary major branch forms covering of the fan shape;
(4) from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, carry out within 1.5 weeks before peach tree blooms every year a drip irrigation type and irrigate, the depth of irrigation
For 0.9m, the time of irrigation is 16h, per mu uses 1000 drip heads, and each drip head water yield is 10L/h;To then
Fruit harvesting is no longer irrigated;
(5) from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, annual mid-May, on the ridge on the outside of every row seedling, a line depth 55cm, width are dug
The ditch of 20cm, the ditch are 50cm with the distance of seedling, carry out cutting lateral root (as shown in Figure 3);Fertilizer is applied in ditch to topdress,
Composition of the fertilizer comprising following consumption:30,000 grams/acre of carbamide, 50,000 grams/acre of potassium sulfate, 30,000 grams/acre of calcium superphosphate;Chase after
After fertilizer, the earthen backfill that trench digging is dug out;
(6), from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, at the beginning of 6 months by the end of May every year, will be all the black of 0.01mm with thickness between ridge and ridge
Color covering with ground sheeting;To fruit maturation, picking fruit;The black mulch film is removed after harvesting, you can.
In the course of cultivation, according to the method for conventional applying pesticides, chrysanthemum is killed using 20% marathon, 800 times of liquid or 20%
2000 times of liquid of ester prevent and treat black peach aphid;The little food heart of 2000 times of liquid preventing and treating pears of chrysanthemum ester is killed using 50% Folithion, 1500 times of liquid or 20%
Worm;In dichocrocis punctiferalis Adult worms producting eggs peak period, spraying 50% Folithion Emulsion, 8000 times of liquid are prevented and treated;Using 1.8% Chongmanke breast
2500 times of oil or 5% despot's demodicid mite spirit 900 times of liquid of suspending agent prevent and treat mite class.
Described in the present embodiment, cultural method is designated as LI, while arranging matched group, is designated as CK.
Matched group CK is cultivated according to traditional cultivation method, compared with the present embodiment, there is following difference:Ridging, is not carried out
Level land is transplanted, and the distance between rows and hills of field planting is 4 × 5m;Support do not used, major branch is shaped as three open-center shape rather than sector;Do not enter
Row cutting lateral root, fertilizing type apply fertilizer for upper soll layer;Covering with ground sheeting is not adopted;Irrigated through furrow in a traditional way, 1 week before blooming
3 times are irrigated altogether to fruit harvesting.
The effect of embodiment (LI) and matched group (CK) is as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1:Irrigation water capacity
As shown in Table 1, the irrigation volume of each year LI is significantly lower than CK, compared with matched group, the water-saving rate difference of each year LI
For 47.6%, 44.4% and 34.7%, three annual water-saving rates are 42.3%.
Table 2:The evaluation of Peach fruits quality
As shown in Table 2, in fruit obtained by annual LI, soluble solid, soluble sugar, vitamin C matter content are substantially high
In CK, the quality of Peach fruits is significantly improved.
Although above having used general explanation, specific embodiment and test, the present invention having been made to retouch in detail
State, but on the basis of the present invention, it can be made some modifications or improvements, this is apparent to those skilled in the art
's.Therefore, these modifications or improvements without departing from theon the basis of the spirit of the present invention, belong to claimed
Scope.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of water-saving cultivation method of peach tree, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
(1) level land, apply fertilizer, ridging, the drainage trenching between ridge;Two row planting pits are dug on every ridge, by mid-early maturity peach tree
Seedling be colonized in the planting pit;
(2), after seedling field planting, support is set on ridge, and seedling is fixed on support;
(3) from the beginning of being colonized then, annual winter and summer respectively prune a branch;
(4) from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, once irrigated within 1~2 week before blooming every year;No longer filled to fruit harvesting then
Irrigate;
(5) from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, annual mid-May carries out cutting lateral root, while topdressing;
(6) from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, at the beginning of 6 months by the end of May every year, earth's surface is covered with covering;After fruit maturation, harvesting;Harvesting
Afterwards covering is removed, you can.
2. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step (1) fertilising is that per mu of ground is uniformly applied and included
The fertilizer of following component:8~10 tons of chicken manure, 60~80 kilograms of compound potassium sulfate fertilizer, 30~50 kilograms of carbamide, calcium magnesium phosphate 80~
Double centner.
3. method according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that step (1) ridge is in parallel arrangement, between each ridge
Distance is 4.5~5.5m;The vertical cross-section on ridge is arch, and height of the ridge top away from horizontal plane is 80~90cm, and ridge bottom is wide by 1.8
~2.2m;
Two row planting pits positioned at the both sides of ridge center line, are 0.5~0.7m with the distance of ridge center line respectively;Between in the row of planting pit
Away from for 1.3~1.7m;The length and width of planting pit is respectively 15~25cm, deep 35~45cm.
4. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the step (2) is specially:After seedling field planting, in distance
Support is set at 15~25cm of seedling, and the trunk and major branch of seedling are fixed on support.
5. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step (3) pruning includes:By two row seedlings in ridge it
Between branch and ridge between the branch that mutually overlaps mutually cut, and cutting back is carried out to branch more than length 80cm, makes the major branch of seedling
In covering of the fan shape.
6. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the mode of step (4) irrigation is that drip irrigation type is irrigated, and is filled
The depth irrigate is 0.8~1.0m, and the time of irrigation is 12~18h, per mu uses 900~1100 drip heads, each drip irrigation
Head water yield is 8~12L/h.
7. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step (5) cutting lateral root is specially:Apart from seedling
Ditching at 50~60cm, prevents seedling to ridge outgrowth;
It is described to topdress specially:Fertilizer, and the earthen backfill that trench digging is dug out are applied in ditch.
8. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step (6) earth's surface that covers is specially:By between ridge and ridge
It is upper all to be covered with covering;
Black mulch film or plastic sheeting of the covering for 0.01~0.02mm of thickness.
9. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
(1) level land;Per mu apply 8~10 tons of chicken manure, 60~80 kilograms of compound potassium sulfate fertilizer, 30~50 kilograms of carbamide,
80~double centner of calcium magnesium phosphate, and it is fertilizer is uniform with mixing with soil using machinery;By vertical cross-section be arch, it is high by 80~
The standard ridging of 90cm, 1.8~2.2m of bottom width;Each ridge is parallel to each other, 4.5~5.5m of distance between the ridges;Gutter is built between ridge;
Two row planting pits are dug on every ridge, two row planting pits positioned at the both sides of ridge center line, are with the distance of ridge center line respectively
0.5~0.7m;In the row of planting pit, spacing is 1.3~1.7m;The length and width of planting pit is respectively 15~25cm, deep 35~45cm;
After peach tree fallen leaves, health, mid-early maturity peach tree seedling is chosen, the root of seedling is carried out disinfection using K84 microbial inoculums, is adopted
The trunk of seedling is carried out disinfection with lime sulfur, the seedling after sterilization is colonized in planting pit;Per mu it is colonized 120~
140 plants;
(2), after seedling field planting, on the ridge on the outside of every row seedling, arrange by the high intensity galvanized wire group of a line steel pipe and joint steel pipe
Into support, the distance of the support and seedling is 15~25cm;And the trunk and major branch of seedling are fixed on into the high-strength of support
On degree galvanized wire;
High 2.5~the 3.5m of the steel pipe, 8~12cm of cross-sectional diameter, steel pipe are inclined on the outside of ridge and horizontal by 70~75
Degree angle, the depth in steel pipe embedment ridge is 75~85cm;In the row of steel pipe, spacing is 10~20m;Steel pipe from the beginning of top, with
45~55cm is that spacing welds 3~5 buckles;A diameter of 2.5~2.7mm of the high intensity galvanized wire, connection is positioned at same water
The buckle that prosposition is put;
(3) from field planting then from the beginning of, annual summer was respectively once pruned with winter, by the branch in ridge between two row seedlings with
The branch mutually overlapped mutually between ridge is cut, and only retains 3~5 major branches grown on the outside of ridge, and to branch more than length 80cm
Cutting back is carried out, the major branch for making seedling is in covering of the fan shape;
(4) from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, carry out within 1~2 week before peach tree blooms every year a drip irrigation type and irrigate, the depth of irrigation is
0.8~1.0m, the time of irrigation is 12~18h, per mu uses 900~1100 drip heads, and each drip head water yield is 8
~12L/h;No longer irrigated to fruit harvesting then;
(5) from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, annual mid-May, on the ridge on the outside of every row seedling, a 15~25cm of line width, depth 50 are dug
The ditch of~60cm, the ditch are 50~60cm with the distance of seedling;Fertilizer is applied in ditch to topdress, the fertilizer includes following use
The composition of amount:20~30,000 grams/acre of carbamide, 40~50,000 grams/acre of potassium sulfate, 20~30,000 grams/acre of calcium superphosphate;After topdressing,
The earthen backfill that trench digging is dug out;
(6), from the beginning of field planting the 3rd year, at the beginning of 6 months by the end of May every year, will be all 0.01~0.02mm's with thickness between ridge and ridge
Black film mulching;To fruit maturation, picking fruit;The black mulch film is removed after harvesting, you can.
10. application of the claim 1~9 any one methods described in cultivation of fruit tree.
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