CN104838936A - Water-saving peach tree planting method - Google Patents

Water-saving peach tree planting method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104838936A
CN104838936A CN201510169600.5A CN201510169600A CN104838936A CN 104838936 A CN104838936 A CN 104838936A CN 201510169600 A CN201510169600 A CN 201510169600A CN 104838936 A CN104838936 A CN 104838936A
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ridge
sapling
planting
year
peach
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CN104838936B (en
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王玉柱
孙浩元
杨丽
张俊环
姜凤超
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Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
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Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
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Abstract

The invention relates to a water-saving peach tree planting method. The method comprises the following steps that 1, land formation, fertilizer application and ridging are performed, and drainage ditches are dug between ridges; two rows of planting pits are dug in each ridge, saplings of middle-early ripen peach trees are placed into the planting pits; 2, after the saplings are planted, a support is arranged on the ridges, and the saplings are fixed to the support; 3, starting from the current planting year, branches are trimmed one time every winter and every summer; 4, starting from the third planting year, irrigation is performed on time 1-2 weeks before flowering every year; irrigation is not performed any more after fruits in the current year are harvested; 5, starting from the third planting year, root cutting treatment is performed on the middle ten days of every May, and meanwhile top application is performed; 6, starting from the third planting year, the ground surface is covered with a covering object at the end of every May and the beginning of every June; harvesting is performed after fruits are ripened; the covering object is removed after harvesting is performed. According to the water-saving peach tree planting method, water-saving peach tree planting is achieved, and the fruit quality is obviously improved on the premise that the yield is not obviously reduced.

Description

The water-saving cultivation method of a kind of peach
Technical field
The present invention relates to peach cultivation field, be specifically related to the water-saving cultivation method of a kind of peach.
Background technology
Along with optimizing and revising of agricultural structure, fruits industry has become the mainstay industry that China's agricultural economy growth, rural economic development and increasing peasant income are got rich.According to FAO's statistics display, within 2012, China's peach area under cultivation reaches 700,000 hectares, and output 1,200 ten thousand tons, all occupies first place in the world.At present, China peach producing region is mainly distributed between north latitude 30 ° ~ 40 °, and account for about 80% of the cultivation gross area, based on Early-medium maturing variety, the maturing stage concentrates on for 7 ~ August.
The climate type of the northern area of China belongs to monsoon climate of medium latitudes, is characterized in that summer high temperature is rainy, and winter is cold dry.Although mean annual precipitation reaches about 400 ~ 500mm, but season distributes very unbalanced, annual 70 ~ 80% rainfalls mainly concentrate on the harvest time of the mid-early maturity fruits such as peach, apricot, Lee, now rainfall directly causes fruit quality, local flavor to decline, and it is not enough at fruit tree key water requirement period precipitation, therefore, natural precipitation supply and demand seasonality is particularly thorny.In addition, the orchardist of this area will take broad irrigation mode, and every mu of orchard annual needs water about 200 ~ 250m 3, water requirement is huge.Therefore, the development of the problem long-standing problem northern area fruits industry such as natural precipitation season distribution imbalance and shortage of water resources.
Exploitation water-saving culture new technology, improve water resource utilization efficiency, alleviate the effective way of orchard, the northern area of China water supply imbalance between supply and demand beyond doubt, for alleviation orchard water imbalance between supply and demand, promote that the northern area of China fruits industry continues, high-efficient development is significant.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is, for problem existing in peach cultivation, to provide the water-saving cultivation method of a kind of peach.
Method provided by the invention only need be irrigated for 1 ~ 2 week before peach blooms, the interior fruit harvesting extremely then of whole Growing season is without the need to irrigating afterwards, by being completely cured, cover film, the measure such as tree-like management and pruning fully allocated effective utilization of water resource, ensure that peach grows normally, reach the object of water saving, under guarantee fruit yield does not obviously reduce prerequisite, obviously improve fruit quality.
Concrete, the invention provides the method for the water-saving culture of a kind of peach, said method comprising the steps of:
(1) level land, fertilising, ridging, drainage trenching between ridge; Every bar ridge is dug two row planting pits, and the sapling of mid-early maturity peach is colonizated in described planting pit;
(2) after sapling field planting, ridge arranges support, and sapling is fixed on support;
(3) from field planting then, annual winter and summer respectively prunes a branch;
(4), within before blooming every year 1 ~ 2 week, once irrigate the 3rd year from field planting; Extremely fruit harvesting is no longer irrigated then;
(5) from field planting the 3rd year, annual mid-May carries out cutting lateral root, topdresses simultaneously;
(6) the 3rd year, earth's surface is covered with covering at the beginning of 6 months by the end of May from field planting every year; After fruit maturation, gather; After gathering, covering is removed.
Wherein, the peach that the described mid-early maturity peach of step (1) is ripe before being preferably mid-August.
Step (1) described fertilising is: every mu of ground applies chicken manure 8 ~ 10 tons, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 60 ~ 80 kilograms, 30 ~ 50 kilograms, urea, fused calcium magnesium phosphate 80 ~ double centner, and uses machinery to be mixed with soil by fertilizer.
Step (1) described ridge is parallel arrangement, and the spacing on each ridge is 4.5 ~ 5.5m; The vertical cross-section on ridge is arch, and top, ridge is 80 ~ 90cm apart from the height of horizontal plane, wide 1.8 ~ 2.2m bottom ridge.
Described two row planting pits lay respectively at the both sides of ridge center line, are 0.5 ~ 0.7m with the distance of ridge center line; In the row of planting pit, spacing is 1.3 ~ 1.7m; The length and width of planting pit is respectively 15 ~ 25cm, dark 35 ~ 45cm.In every bar ridge, the arrangement mode of described planting pit is preferably uniform isosceles triangle.The center line on ridge of the present invention, specifically refers to the line on the summit on ridge, or the line that the summit on ridge projects at horizontal plane.
Step (1) described field planting is specially: after peach fallen leaves, chooses sapling that is healthy, mid-early maturity peach and is colonizated in planting pit.Sapling, before field planting, can adopt the root of K84 microbial inoculum to sapling to carry out disinfection, and adopts the trunk of lime sulfur to sapling to carry out disinfection, avoids damage by disease and insect to make peach in process of growth.The number of every mu of ground tree planting seedling decided at the higher level but not officially announced is preferably 120 ~ 140 strains.
Step (2) described mounting bracket is specially: after sapling field planting, and in distance, sapling 15 ~ 25cm place arranges support, and the trunk of sapling and major branch is fixed on support.Be preferably on the ridge outside every row sapling, the support be made up of be set, and the trunk of sapling and major branch are fixed on the high strength galvanized wire of support the high strength galvanized wire of a line steel pipe and joint steel pipe.Trunk and major branch are fixed on after on galvanized wire, can prevent peach from lodging, simultaneously auxiliary peach plastotype.In the process of growth of peach, by the booster action of support, the major branch of every strain peach can form a covering of the fan shape.The distance of described support and sapling is preferably 15 ~ 25cm.
Preferably, the high 2.5 ~ 3.5m of described steel pipe, cross-sectional diameter 8 ~ 12cm, steel pipe tilts outside ridge and horizontal by 70 ~ 75 degree of angles, the steel pipe degree of depth imbedded in ridge is 75 ~ 85cm.In the row of steel pipe, spacing is 10 ~ 20m.Every root steel pipe, from top, with 45 ~ 55cm for the equidistant welding buckle of spacing, welds 3 ~ 5 altogether.The diameter of described high strength galvanized wire is 2.5 ~ 2.7mm, by running through the buckle of same level position by a line fastener for connection.
The described regular pruning branch of step (3) is specially: from field planting then, annual summer and winter respectively prune once, the branch grown in ridge is cut, only retain 3 ~ 5 major branch protection trunks grown outside ridge, cutting rear effect is can see the other end in the one end on ridge, and makes major branch keep covering of the fan shape; , cut the branch overlapped each other between ridge, branch length being greater than to more than 80cm carries out cutting back meanwhile, ensures that fan-shaped canopy thickness is within 80cm.Illumination patterns in canopy can be improved by regularly pruning, promoting photosynthesis, reduce moisture in canopy and dissipate.
The mode of step (4) described irrigation is preferably drip irrigation type and irrigates, and the degree of depth of irrigation is 0.8 ~ 1.0m, and the time of irrigation is 12 ~ 18h, and every mu of ground uses 900 ~ 1100 drip heads, and each drip head water yield is 8 ~ 12L/h.
Step (5) described cutting lateral root refers to: in distance sapling 50 ~ 60cm place's ditching, prevent sapling to ridge outgrowth.Be preferably on the ridge outside every row sapling, distance sapling horizontal range 50 ~ 60cm place, digs the ditch of the dark 50 ~ 60cm of a line, wide 15 ~ 25cm.Meanwhile, in ditch, apply fertilizer topdress, described fertilizer comprises the composition of following consumption: 20 ~ 30,000 grams/acre, urea, potassium sulfate 40 ~ 50,000 grams/acre, superphosphate 20 ~ 30,000 grams/acre.After topdressing, by the earthen backfill of digging out of ditching.
Step (6) described covering is the mulch film of thickness 0.01 ~ 0.02mm.Described covering earth's surface is specially: by between ridge and ridge all with black plastic film covering, violent variation can not be there is with soil moisture content before ensureing fruit harvesting, and reach the effect of water conservation.After Peach fruits is gathered, removed by covering, the natural precipitation making full use of summer supplements soil moisture.
The standard of step (6) described fruit maturation is that fruit fruit no longer increases, fruit is soft, fruit color area large and fruit easily comes off.When gathering, can gather according to the maturity of Peach fruits, to improve high-quality fruit rate in batches.
In the present invention, described " OK " is parallel with the direction that ridge extends.Described in each step, distance is the distance of horizontal direction, and the described degree of depth is the degree of depth of vertical direction." inwardly " of the present invention, " within " " inner side " etc., all refer to towards the direction of ridge center line." outwards " of the present invention, " in addition " " outside " etc., all refer to away from ridge center line, towards the direction between ridge.
In the cultivation of peach, in order to ensure the healthy growth of peach, can pest control measure be aided with, mainly black peach aphid, oriental fruit moth, dichocrocis punctiferalis and mite class be prevented and treated.Be specially: the conveniently method of applying pesticides, adopt 20% marathon, 800 times of liquid or 20% killing logvalue, 1500 ~ 2000 times of liquid control black peach aphids; Adopt 50% Folithion, 1500 times of liquid or 20% killing logvalue, 1500 ~ 2000 times of liquid control oriental fruit moth; In dichocrocis punctiferalis Adult worms producting eggs peak period, spraying 50% Folithion emulsion 8000 times of liquid are prevented and treated; Adopt 1.8% Chongmanke missible oil 2000 ~ 3000 times or 5% despot mite spirit suspending agent 800-1000 times of liquid control mite class.
Method provided by the invention can extend to the water-saving culture of the fruit trees such as apricot, Japanese plum, cherry tree.
The present invention takes such scheme to cultivate peach, achieves significant technique effect.Specifically, the present invention can make peach reach minimizing transpiration water consumption by mounting bracket, auxiliary shaping and promote the object of illumination reasonable layout in canopy; Be completely cured and reduce peach and suppress peach to nourish and grow to the absorption of soil moisture, Growing season topdresses and ensures the demand of peach at mineral nutrition; Process with mulching material etc. the effective control realized soil water content by irrigating.The present invention, by the synergy of above-mentioned measure, improves the water use efficiency of peach, rational allocation natural precipitation, improves the quality of fruit while water saving.When method provided by the invention is applied to peach cultivation, compared with traditional cultivation method, peach is economized on water and reaches about 40%, meanwhile, Peach fruits soluble solid content improves about 20%.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the intention of isosceles triangle arrangement described in embodiment 1.
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of support described in embodiment 1.
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of being completely cured described in embodiment 1.
Embodiment
Following examples for illustration of the present invention, but are not used for limiting the scope of the invention.
In various embodiments of the present invention, peach variety: improvement Bai Fengtao; Sapling resident time: 2008; The fruit harvesting time: 2010 (i.e. field planting the 3rd year), 2011 (i.e. field planting the 4th year) and 2012 (i.e. field planting the 5th year); Cultivation place: Tongzhou District, Beijing City industry of flowers and plants service centre; Soil condition: pH value is about 7, the content of organic matter higher than 1% soil.
Embodiment
Peach variety: improvement Bai Fengtao; Sapling resident time: 2008; The fruit harvesting time: 2010 (i.e. field planting the 3rd year), 2011 (i.e. field planting the 4th year) and 2012 (i.e. field planting the 5th year); Cultivation place: Tongzhou District, Beijing City industry of flowers and plants service centre; Soil condition: pH value is about 7, the content of organic matter higher than 1% soil.
Cultivate according to following steps:
(1) level land; Every mu of ground applies chicken manure 10 tons, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 80 kilograms, 50 kilograms, urea, fused calcium magnesium phosphate double centner, and uses machinery to be mixed with soil by fertilizer; According to the standard ridging that vertical cross-section is arch, ridge height 90cm, ridge bottom width 2m, two distance between the ridges 5m; Between ridge, build drain ditch, described drain ditch has 0.4 degree of consistent gradient of direction, is arc at the bottom of drain ditch;
Every bar ridge is dug two row planting pits, and two row planting pits lay respectively at the both sides of ridge center line, are 0.5m with the distance of ridge center line; In the row of planting pit, spacing is 4.5m; The length and width of planting pit is respectively 20cm, dark 40cm;
After peach fallen leaves, choose sapling that is healthy, mid-early maturity peach, adopt the root of K84 microbial inoculum to sapling to carry out disinfection, adopt the trunk of lime sulfur to sapling to carry out disinfection; Sapling after sterilization is colonizated in the hole of both sides, ridge; After field planting, in every bar ridge, sapling is isosceles triangle arrangement (as shown in Figure 1), and the plantation density of sapling is 130 plants/acre;
(2) on the ridge outside every row sapling, arrange the support (as shown in Figure 2) be made up of the high strength galvanized wire of a line steel pipe and joint steel pipe, the distance of described support and sapling is 20cm; And the trunk of sapling and major branch are fixed on the high strength galvanized wire of support;
Described steel pipe height 3m, cross-sectional diameter 10cm, tilt outside steel pipe ridge and horizontal by 72.5 degree of angles, the steel pipe degree of depth imbedded in ridge is 80cm, and in the row of steel pipe, spacing is 15m; Steel pipe, from top, is that spacing welds 5 buckles with 0.5m; The diameter of described high strength galvanized wire is 2.6mm, by running through the buckle joint steel pipe of same level position;
(3) from field planting then, annual summer and winter respectively once prune, and are cut the branch overlapped each other between the branch grown in ridge and ridge, only retain 4 major branches to ridge outgrowth, and cutting back is carried out to the branch of more than length 80cm, auxiliary major branch forms covering of the fan shape;
(4) from field planting the 3rd year, within 1.5 weeks before peach blooms every year, carry out a drip irrigation type and irrigate, the degree of depth of irrigation is 0.9m, and the time of irrigation is 16h, and every mu of ground uses 1000 drip heads, and each drip head water yield is 10L/h; Extremely fruit harvesting is no longer irrigated then;
(5) from field planting the 3rd year, annual mid-May, on the ridge outside every row sapling, dig the ditch of the dark 55cm of a line, wide 20cm, the distance of described ditch and sapling is 50cm, carries out cutting lateral root (as shown in Figure 3); In ditch, apply fertilizer topdress, described fertilizer comprises the composition of following consumption: 30,000 grams/acre, urea, potassium sulfate 50,000 grams/acre, superphosphate 30,000 grams/acre; After topdressing, by the earthen backfill of digging out of ditching;
(6), from field planting the 3rd year, every year by the end of May at the beginning of 6 months, will between ridge and ridge be all the black film mulching of 0.01mm with thickness; To fruit maturation, picking fruit; After gathering, described black mulch film is removed.
In the course of cultivation, the conveniently method of applying pesticides, adopts 20% marathon, 800 times of liquid or 20% killing logvalue, 2000 times of liquid control black peach aphids; Adopt 50% Folithion, 1500 times of liquid or 20% killing logvalue, 2000 times of liquid control oriental fruit moth; In dichocrocis punctiferalis Adult worms producting eggs peak period, spraying 50% Folithion emulsion 8000 times of liquid are prevented and treated; Adopt 1.8% Chongmanke missible oil 2500 times or 5% despot mite spirit suspending agent, 900 times of liquid control mite classes.
Described in the present embodiment, cultivation method is designated as LI, arranges control group simultaneously, is designated as CK.
Control group CK traditionally cultivation method, compared with the present embodiment, there is following difference: not ridging, carry out level land and plant, the distance between rows and hills of field planting is 4 × 5m; Do not use support, the shape of major branch is three open-center shape but not fan-shaped; Do not carry out cutting lateral root, fertilizing type is upper soll layer fertilising; Do not adopt plastic mulching; Irrigate through furrow in a traditional way, before blooming, 1 thoughtful fruit harvesting irrigates 3 times altogether.
The effect of embodiment (LI) and control group (CK) as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1: irrigation water capacity
As shown in Table 1, the irrigation volume of each year LI is all starkly lower than CK, and compared with control group, the water-saving rate of each year LI is respectively 47.6%, 44.4% and 34.7%, and three annual water-saving rates are 42.3%.
Table 2: the evaluation of Peach fruits quality
As shown in Table 2, in annual LI gained fruit, soluble solid, soluble sugar, vitamin C matter content are all apparently higher than CK, significantly improve the quality of Peach fruits.
Although above with general explanation, embodiment and test, the present invention is described in detail, and on basis of the present invention, can make some modifications or improvements it, this will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Therefore, these modifications or improvements without departing from theon the basis of the spirit of the present invention, all belong to the scope of protection of present invention.

Claims (10)

1. a water-saving cultivation method for peach, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
(1) level land, fertilising, ridging, drainage trenching between ridge; Every bar ridge is dug two row planting pits, the sapling of mid-early maturity peach is colonizated in described planting pit;
(2) after sapling field planting, ridge arranges support, and sapling is fixed on support;
(3) from field planting then, annual winter and summer respectively prunes a branch;
(4), within before blooming every year 1 ~ 2 week, once irrigate the 3rd year from field planting; Extremely fruit harvesting is no longer irrigated then;
(5) from field planting the 3rd year, annual mid-May carries out cutting lateral root, topdresses simultaneously;
(6) the 3rd year, earth's surface is covered with covering at the beginning of 6 months by the end of May from field planting every year; After fruit maturation, gather; After gathering, covering is removed.
2. method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, step (1) described fertilising is that every mu of ground evenly applies the fertilizer comprising following composition: chicken manure 8 ~ 10 tons, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 60 ~ 80 kilograms, 30 ~ 50 kilograms, urea, fused calcium magnesium phosphate 80 ~ double centner.
3. method according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, step (1) described ridge is parallel arrangement, and the spacing on each ridge is 4.5 ~ 5.5m; The vertical cross-section on ridge is arch, and top, ridge is 80 ~ 90cm apart from the height of horizontal plane, wide 1.8 ~ 2.2m bottom ridge;
Two row planting pits lay respectively at the both sides of ridge center line, are 0.5 ~ 0.7m with the distance of ridge center line; In the row of planting pit, spacing is 1.3 ~ 1.7m; The length and width of planting pit is respectively 15 ~ 25cm, dark 35 ~ 45cm.
4. the method according to claims 1 to 3 any one, is characterized in that, described step (2) is specially: after sapling field planting, and in distance, sapling 15 ~ 25cm place arranges support, and the trunk of sapling and major branch is fixed on support.
5. the method according to Claims 1 to 4 any one, it is characterized in that, step (3) described pruning comprises: cut by branch overlapping mutually between the branch in ridge between two row saplings and ridge, and cutting back is carried out to the branch of more than length 80cm, make the major branch of sapling be covering of the fan shape.
6. according to the method for Claims 1 to 5 any one, it is characterized in that, the mode of step (4) described irrigation is that drip irrigation type is irrigated, the degree of depth of irrigating is 0.8 ~ 1.0m, the time of irrigating is 12 ~ 18h, every mu of ground uses 900 ~ 1100 drip heads, and each drip head water yield is 8 ~ 12L/h.
7. according to the method for claim 1 ~ 6 any one, it is characterized in that, step (5) described cutting lateral root is specially: in distance sapling 50 ~ 60cm place's ditching, stop sapling to ridge outgrowth;
Described topdressing is specially: in ditch, apply fertilizer, and by the earthen backfill of digging out of ditching.
8. the method according to claim 1 ~ 7 any one, is characterized in that, the described covering earth's surface of step (6) is specially: all cover between ridge He on ridge with covering;
Described covering is black mulch film or the plastic film of thickness 0.01 ~ 0.02mm.
9. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
(1) level land; Every mu of ground applies chicken manure 8 ~ 10 tons, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 60 ~ 80 kilograms, 30 ~ 50 kilograms, urea, fused calcium magnesium phosphate 80 ~ double centner, and uses machinery to be mixed with soil by fertilizer; By the standard ridging that vertical cross-section is arch, high 80 ~ 90cm, bottom width 1.8 ~ 2.2m; Each ridge is parallel to each other, distance between the ridges 4.5 ~ 5.5m; Drain ditch is built between ridge;
Every bar ridge is dug two row planting pits, and two row planting pits lay respectively at the both sides of ridge center line, are 0.5 ~ 0.7m with the distance of ridge center line; In the row of planting pit, spacing is 1.3 ~ 1.7m; The length and width of planting pit is respectively 15 ~ 25cm, dark 35 ~ 45cm;
After peach fallen leaves, choose sapling that is healthy, mid-early maturity peach, adopt the root of K84 microbial inoculum to sapling to carry out disinfection, adopt the trunk of lime sulfur to sapling to carry out disinfection, the sapling after sterilization is colonizated in planting pit; Every mu of ground field planting 120 ~ 140 strain;
(2) after sapling field planting, on the ridge outside every row sapling, arrange the support be made up of the high strength galvanized wire of a line steel pipe and joint steel pipe, the distance of described support and sapling is 15 ~ 25cm; And the trunk of sapling and major branch are fixed on the high strength galvanized wire of support;
High 2.5 ~ the 3.5m of described steel pipe, cross-sectional diameter 8 ~ 12cm, steel pipe tilts outside ridge and horizontal by 70 ~ 75 degree of angles, the steel pipe degree of depth imbedded in ridge is 75 ~ 85cm; In the row of steel pipe, spacing is 10 ~ 20m; Steel pipe from top, with 45 ~ 55cm for spacing welding 3 ~ 5 buckles; The diameter of described high strength galvanized wire is 2.5 ~ 2.7mm, connects the buckle being positioned at same level position;
(3) from field planting then, annual summer and winter respectively once prune, branch overlapping mutually between the branch in ridge between two row saplings and ridge is cut, only retain 3 ~ 5 major branches grown outside ridge, and cutting back is carried out to the branch of more than length 80cm, make the major branch of sapling be covering of the fan shape;
(4) from field planting the 3rd year, within 1 ~ 2 week before peach blooms, carry out a drip irrigation type every year to irrigate, the degree of depth of irrigation is 0.8 ~ 1.0m, and the time of irrigation is 12 ~ 18h, every mu of ground uses 900 ~ 1100 drip heads, and each drip head water yield is 8 ~ 12L/h; Extremely fruit harvesting is no longer irrigated then;
(5) from field planting the 3rd year, annual mid-May, on the ridge outside every row sapling, dig the ditch of a line width 15 ~ 25cm, dark 50 ~ 60cm, the distance of described ditch and sapling is 50 ~ 60cm; In ditch, apply fertilizer topdress, described fertilizer comprises the composition of following consumption: 20 ~ 30,000 grams/acre, urea, potassium sulfate 40 ~ 50,000 grams/acre, superphosphate 20 ~ 30,000 grams/acre; After topdressing, by the earthen backfill of digging out of ditching;
(6), from field planting the 3rd year, every year by the end of May at the beginning of 6 months, will between ridge and ridge be all the black film mulching of 0.01 ~ 0.02mm with thickness; To fruit maturation, picking fruit; After gathering, described black mulch film is removed.
10. the application of method in fruit growing described in claim 1 ~ 9 any one.
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