CN1056883C - 产生除虫菌素b及其培养物的方法 - Google Patents
产生除虫菌素b及其培养物的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1056883C CN1056883C CN88100649A CN88100649A CN1056883C CN 1056883 C CN1056883 C CN 1056883C CN 88100649 A CN88100649 A CN 88100649A CN 88100649 A CN88100649 A CN 88100649A CN 1056883 C CN1056883 C CN 1056883C
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- Prior art keywords
- avermectin
- acid
- methyl
- compound
- sec
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D493/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system
- C07D493/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings
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- C07H19/01—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing oxygen
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
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- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
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- C12N1/205—Bacterial isolates
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- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/44—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides
- C12P19/60—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides having an oxygen of the saccharide radical directly bound to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring or a condensed ring system containing a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. coumermycin, novobiocin
- C12P19/62—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides having an oxygen of the saccharide radical directly bound to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring or a condensed ring system containing a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. coumermycin, novobiocin the hetero ring having eight or more ring members and only oxygen as ring hetero atoms, e.g. erythromycin, spiramycin, nystatin
- C12P19/623—Avermectin; Milbemycin; Ivermectin; C-076
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Abstract
缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性和除虫菌素B(Avermectin B)转O-甲基酶活性的除虫链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)其制备方法,及将其用于产生可用作杀寄生虫剂的天然和非天然的除虫菌素B。
Description
本发明涉及缺乏除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶活性和侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性的除虫链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis),产生该除虫链霉菌的方法,以及用除虫链霉菌产生天然的和非天然的除虫菌素B。
美国专利4,310,519和4,429,042描述了除虫菌素,这是一种具有强抗寄生虫活性的有关制剂的复合物;还描述了用除虫链霉菌菌株通气发酵产生除虫菌素的方法;这些菌株即除虫链霉菌ATCC31267,31271,31272。所列举的后两个菌株分别代表得自除虫链霉菌ATCC31267经紫外辐射获得的培养物的冷冻瓶和冻干管。
1987年3月18日公布的EP241,731(1986年7月16日申请的美国专利申请系列NO.886,867的复本)公开了许多化合物(本文中称为非天然除虫菌素),它们与天然的或已知的除虫菌素有关,但在25位上有一个新的取代基;还公开了在某种特定的羧酸或其衍生物或前体存在下,利用除虫菌素的产生菌通过发酵制备除虫菌素的方法。用以产生上述新的C-25取代的除虫菌素的除虫链霉菌是除虫链霉菌ATCC31267、31271和NCIB12121。最后一种菌株得自除虫链霉菌ATCC31271,描述于EP214,731。将其培养在半合成培养基中时,可以增加新的C-25取代除虫菌素的产量。ATCC31267、31271、31272和NCIB12121除产生新的C-25取代的衍生物以外,各自还可以产生不同量的已知的或天然的除虫菌素,其中的25位取代基是异丙基或(S)仲丁基(1-甲基丙基)。
除虫菌素(下面所画出的结构式(I))的碳骨架来自乙酸盐和丙酸盐,而天然除虫菌素的C-25取代基则来自L-异亮氨酸(R=(S)-仲丁基)或L-缬氨酸(R=异丙基)〔Fisher and Mrozik,“Macrolide Antibiotics”,Academic Press(1984),第14章〕。
“已知”或“天然”除虫菌素是指那些由除虫链霉菌ATCC31267、ATCC31271和ATCC31272产生的除虫菌素,其中25位取代基是异丙基或(S)-仲丁基(1-甲基丙基)。那些25位取代基不是异丙基或仲丁基(S型)的除虫菌素在本文中称为新的或非天然的除虫菌素。
上述美国专利所列举的除虫链霉菌菌株产生一类在该专利中被描述为C-076的物质。这类物质包括八个不同的但紧密相关的化合物,描述为C-076 A1a、A1b、A2a、A2b、B1a、B1b、B2a和B2b。“a”系列化合物指25位取代基是(S)-仲丁基的天然除虫菌素,“b”系列指那些25位取代基是异丙基的除虫菌素。“A”和“B”标号则分别指5位取代基是甲氧基或羟基的除虫菌素。最后,数字“1”指22-23位上有一个双键的除虫菌素;数字“2”指22位有一个氢、23位上有一个羟基的除虫菌素。
在本申请中对于非天然的除虫菌素的25位取代基没有采用这种识别标号。标号A1、A2、B1和B2仍指与上述天然除虫菌素的结构特点相对应的非天然除虫菌素。
已在枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)(Willecks andPardee,J.Biol.Chem.246,5264-72(1971))和恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Putida)(Martin et al.,J.Bac-teriology,115,198-204(1973))中报导过缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性的突变株,但在链霉菌(Streptomyces)中没有报导。
Schulman et al.J.Antibiot.38(11),1494-1498(1985)报导了除虫链霉菌Agl y-1,这是一种实质上只产生除虫菌素糖苷配基A1a和A2a的突变株。也报导了除虫链霉菌Agl y-1在无真菌素(Sinefungin)(它使除虫菌素糖苷配基B组分的产量增加)存在下的发酵。同样,一种除虫菌素的高产菌株除虫链霉菌08在无真菌素(作为转O-甲基酶的抑制剂)存在下发酵时,导致产生在糖苷配基的5位碳上和齐墩果糖的双糖部分中缺乏O-甲基的除虫菌素。
美国专利4,378,353描述了与C-076相关的化合物及利用MA-5218菌株来制备这些化合物的方法,MA-5218是除虫链霉菌ATCC31272经过紫外辐射获得的一个突变株。此突变株被鉴定为ATCC31780。该突变株产生的C-076相关化合物缺乏C-076呋喃环。另外,在某些已报导的化合物中,一个或两个齐墩果糖糖部分被切断,而另一些化合物中5位基团氧化成一个酮基。
Ruby et al.,6 th International Symposiumon the“Biology of Actinomycetes”,Debrecen,Hungary,August26-30(1985)以及Schulman et al,Autimicrobial Agents and chemotherapy 31,744-7(1987)报导了三类产生缺乏O-甲基基团的除虫菌素的除虫链霉菌转O-甲基酶突变株。第一类主要产生除虫菌素B,这是由于它们不能将大环内酯上的C-5羟基甲基化。第二类产生3′-0,3″-0-双-脱甲基除虫菌素(在两个齐墩果糖单糖残基的3位上缺乏O-甲基取代基的除虫菌素),它可称作去甲基除虫菌素。第三类则不能在任何位置甲基化。
Schulman et al.,Fed.Proc.44,931(1985)公开了当存在一些物质,例如无真菌素、S-腺苷乙硫氨酸和S-腺苷高半胱氨酸(它们抑制除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶对糖苷配基的C-5羟基的甲基化)时,通过除虫链霉菌的发酵使除虫菌素B产量增加。缺乏转O-甲基酶活性并使除虫菌素B成分产量增加的除虫链霉菌突变株也是由Schulman等公开并归类的(Antimicrobial Agents andChemotherapy 29,620-624(1986))。
通过除虫链霉菌的诱变作用产生了缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性的突变株。当缺少外加的化合物RCOOH(其中R为异丙基或(S)-仲丁基)或者在发酵过程中可转化成RCOOH的化合物时,此突变株就不再具有产生大量的天然除虫菌素的能力。但是令人惊讶和出人意料的是,当添加RCOOH化合物(其中R为异丙基或(S)-仲丁基)或其它在此公开的基团或上述RCOOH的前体进行发酵时,这些突变株就产生天然和非天然的除虫菌素。更令人惊讶的是,本文描述的仅缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性的突变株(不能降解L-异亮氨酸、L-亮氨酸或L-缬氨酸)能够在除虫菌素生物合成途径中采用很大范围的不同化合物,从而产生不含天然除虫菌素的非天然除虫菌素。
如此产生的单一阻断突变株再经过诱变作用就产生缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性和除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶活性的突变株。该双阻断突变株如在添加的R-COOH化合物(其中R如前面所限定)存在下培养,能令人惊讶并出人意料地只大量产生天然和非天然的除虫菌素B。
如上所述,天然产生的除虫菌素是8种不同的但紧密相关的化合物的复杂混合物;结构式(I),R=异丙基和(S)-仲丁基。虽然它们以基本纯净的形式回收(见美国专利4,429,042),但其方法即使就其最佳方法而言也十分繁琐。除虫菌素B通常比相应的除虫菌素A显示出更强的驱虫活性。按照EP214,731所述方法,在产生非天然的除虫菌素(A和B成分)的过程中,由于在除虫链霉菌菌体细胞和用来产生它的培养基中,存在侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶以及L-缬氨酸和L-异亮氨酸这些氨基酸,因此也产生不同量的一些天然的除虫菌素。
能够产生单一的更强生物效应的天然的或非天然的除虫菌素B成分,减少产物的种类和复杂性以及以此增加所选定的除虫菌素的纯度,从而简化分离步骤,是所要达到的目的。
缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性的除虫链霉菌菌株是用产生除虫菌素的除虫链霉菌菌株诱变产生的,尤其是通过除虫链霉菌ATCC31267、ATCC31271、ATCC31272或NCIB12121的诱变。该突变株不能合成天然除虫菌素,除非在突变株发酵的培养基中加入带有异丙基或仲丁基(S-型)基团的脂肪酸或其前体。在液体通气条件下,在营养培养基(含合适的前体酸或在发酵过程中能转变成前体酸的化合物)中发酵时,它们能产生天然的和非天然的除虫菌素。
那些以缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性为特征的突变株,是在14CO2测定基础上从诱变菌落中分离的。在此方法中,可透性细胞未能从底物〔14C-1〕-2-氧代异己酸或〔14C-1〕-2-氧代-3-甲基戊酸或〔14C-1〕-2-氧代-3-甲基丁酸中释放出14CO2,表明缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性。
令人惊奇并出人意料的是,本文描述的缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性的突变株保留了产生除虫菌素尤其是非天然除虫菌素的能力。突变株在常规培养基上培养时,不能产生天然脂酰辅酶A衍生物,假如膜完整性依赖于该衍生物,或前一突变株2-氧代酸积累导致细胞毒性,那么这就可能是一个致死突变。此外,预计突变株不能从L-异亮氨酸和L-缬氨酸的分解代谢中合成乙酰辅酶A和丙酰辅酶A,因为这需要那些突变株所不具备的酶活性。如上所述,除虫菌素生物合成需要这些酰基辅酶A衍生物,这就导致人们预测突变株产生非天然除虫菌素的能力可能大为降低。令人惊讶的是,事实并非如此。
本文描述的突变株缺少侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性,其结果阻碍了自L-异亮氨酸、L-亮氨酸和L-缬氨酸的降解来合成侧链脂酰辅酶A,因此,只有在发酵培养基中加入RCOOH酸(其中R是(S)-仲丁基或异丙基)或其前体,才能合成天然除虫菌素。
缺失侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性的突变株进一步诱变,产生同时又缺失除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶活性的突变株。缺乏除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶活性的突变株不能将除虫菌素糖苷配基部分的C-5氧甲基化。缺乏这种活性的突变株通过阻止除虫菌素A的产生,基本上只产生除虫菌素B。
本发明还包括所有这样的有机体,即它可以利用本文所述菌种的核酸或相当的物质,通过转化、转导、基因重组或其它一些遗传学方法而得到改进,从而获得本文所述突变株的特性,而不管其外形或生理行为如何。
本文所用的术语“除虫菌素”或“除虫菌素类”是指具有下面的结构式(I)的化合物,但其中25位取代基R可以是任何一个能在该位上被本发明的除虫链霉菌所利用的基团。
本文所述的突变株通过本文公开和例举的方法,对产生非天然除虫菌素B有重要价值。它们尤其对产生优选的除虫菌素有价值,这些优选除虫菌素的C-25取代基是可被C1-C4烷基任意取代的C4-C6环烷基或环烯基、1-甲基硫代乙基、或一个5元或6元的氧或硫杂环基团,尤其是3-噻吩基或3-呋喃基。
除虫链霉菌中产生除虫菌素的微生物的诱变,是按照已知方法采用任一种不同的诱变剂或类似的处理来进行的,这些诱变剂包括紫外辐射、X-射线辐射、N-甲基-N′-硝基-N-亚硝基胍、乙基甲烷磺酸盐、亚硝酸和氮芥例如N-甲基双(2-氯乙基)胺。诱变可利用能产生天然除虫菌素的除虫链霉菌,例如除虫链霉菌ATCC31272,在它的孢子或营养体上进行。
下列方法为本领域技术人员所熟悉,以生化测定法为基础筛选出缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性的诱变菌落,借助于这种生化测定能够筛选大量的随机突变的细菌菌落,从而得到能由〔14C-1〕-2-氧代侧链酸产生14CO2的菌落(Tabor et al.,J.Bact.128,485-486,1976)。
这个方法包括在一个微量滴定板小孔中的一种合适的营养培养基上培养突变菌落,用甲苯使细胞具透性,然后向每孔加入〔14C-1〕-2-氧代酸(例如,2-氧代异己酸),检查发酵物上部空气中的14CO2。另外,也可用〔14C-1〕-2-氧代-3-甲基戊酸或〔14C-1〕-2-氧代-3-甲基丁酸代替〔14C-1〕-2-氧代-异己酸。检测14CO2的产生是很简便的,将湿的Ba(OH)2饱和的滤纸放在各孔上部来吸收所释放的14CO2,并用放射自显影来检测Ba14CO3的生成与否。缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性的突变株所得出的放射自显影图接近空白对照(未接种的),即突变株没有产生额外的Ba14CO3。
用任何上述诱变剂,使这样得到的突变株进行进一步的诱变。诱变的菌落在有外加前体(例如2-甲基丁酸)存在下发酵后,用层析法(薄层层析或高效液相层析)测定其缺乏除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶活性。在这种突变株的发酵液中基本上没有除虫菌素A化合物。
除了利用诱变使给定微生物菌株产生所要的等位基因外,原生质体融合也能使某个菌株所产生并已鉴定的合乎要求的等位基因导入另一个菌株的染色体中。例如,一个缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶和除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶的除虫链霉菌菌株,与一个具有上述酶活性的除虫链霉菌菌株进行原生质体融合,能产生一个只缺乏除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶活性的除虫链霉菌菌株。如本领域技术人员所承认的那样,原生质体融合技术能使选自不同种系的合乎要求的等位基因组合到单一的菌株中。
本发明突变株的形态学和培养特征基本类似美国专利4,429,042的描述。本发明突变株的辩别特征是它们缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性和除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶活性,这个特征在本文描述中已被确认。当突变株在一种基本上无脂肪酸RCOOH(其中R是异丙基或(S)-仲丁基)或能在发酵中转化成该RCOOH化合物的限定培养基中培养时,由于缺乏上述的活性而不能产生天然的除虫菌素B。美国典型菌种保藏委员会(American Type Culture Collection)所做的分类学研究,证明了用上述14CO2测定法选出的突变株I-3的特征,与美国专利4,429,042所描述的亲本ATCC31272菌株的特征有着紧密的联系,但也有某些例外。因此,突变菌株I-3(ATCC53567)形成的孢子链就显著地比ATCC31272少。在申请人的实验中,棉子糖没有显示出有助于I-3的生长。与美国专利4,429,042中对ATCC31272所做的描述相比,用蔗糖作为单一碳源时,我们未能看到突变株或ATCC31272的生长。突变株I-3缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性。本发明的除虫链霉菌7881是缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性和除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶活性的双缺陷突变株,是由突变株I-3(ATCC53567)进一步诱变而产生的,它同突变株I-3一样,与ATCC31272有着相似的分类关系。
根据《布达佩斯条约》的有关条款,除虫链霉菌I-3和7881已保藏在美国典型菌种保藏委员会(American Type CultureCollection,Rockville,Maryland),这是公认的永久保藏中心,假如本申请被授与了专利,菌株就向公众开放。这些菌株已分别被定名为除虫链霉菌ATCC53567和ATCC53692。在本申请未决阶段,根据37CFR1.14和35USC122,以及按照受理本申请复本(或出自此申请的其它申请)的其它国家的专利法,要想得到这种菌株,必须经过被授权的美国专利和商标局局长的批准。对于公众获取这种保藏微生物的所有限制,在授与专利后就不复存在了。
R1是羟基,只有双键不存在时才有;
R3是氢或甲基;
R是异丙基或(S)-仲丁基。美国专利4,285,963描述了一种式(I)除虫菌素,其中25位被一个甲基和一个乙基取代;R1是羟基,R3是甲基。
本文涉及的非天然除虫菌素中,R是一个除异丙基和(S)-仲丁基以外的取代基,如下文所限定。
式(I)化合物的生物合成所利用的必需化合物存在于除虫链霉菌的细胞和培养基中。这些化合物来自L-缬氨酸和L-异亮氨酸的降解或其相应的2-氧代酸(通过侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶对2-氧代酸进行脱羧,它的产物上同时偶联辅酶A)。它们的存在导致了异丙基和(S)-仲丁基式(I)化合物同时产生。这当然就带来了将异丙基和(S)-仲丁基衍生物分离的问题。
本发明突变株在含有合适前体化合物的营养培养基中发酵时,产生一种式(I)化合物,或更常见的是两种式(I)化合物的混合物,其中R与所用的前体化合物相对应。产生的两种产物,按照美国专利4,429,042所用的命名法,简便而通俗地将它们称为R除虫菌素B1和B2。这里的“R”当然是指C-25取代基。例如,当R是环戊基时,有两种可能的除虫菌素:
俗 名 R1 R3环戊基除虫菌素B1 双键 H环戊基除虫菌素B2 羟基 H
在非天然的除虫菌素中,式(I)中的C-25取代基“R”是异丙基或(S)-仲丁基以外的基团。
带双键而无OH的式(I)化合物可以随意地由相应的式(I)化合物(其中R1是OH,无双键)通过脱水反应来制备。反应进行时,首先选择性地保护5和4″位上的羟基,例如做成叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷氧基乙酰衍生物,然后与一个取代的硫代羰基卤如(4-甲基苯氧基)硫代羰基氯反应,然后在高沸点溶剂如三氯苯中加热进行脱水。最后将产物去除保护就得到不饱和化合物。美国专利4,328,335描述了这些步骤及适宜的试剂和反应条件。
采用适宜的催化剂通过选择性催化加氢,可从相应的有双键而无R1的化合物制备R1为H而无双键的式(I)化合物。例如,1980年4月22日发布的欧洲专利申请公告第0001689号及其复本美国专利4,199,569描述了用三(三苯基膦)铑(I)氯化物可进行该还原反应。
R2是H的式(I)化合物可以从R2是4′-(α-L-齐墩果糖基)-α-L-齐墩果糖氧基的相应化合物制备,即在一种含水有机溶剂中用酸温和水解以除去4′-(α-L-齐墩果糖基)-α-L-齐墩果糖基团,产生13位上带有一个羟基的糖苷配基;它随后就被卤化,例如通过与苯磺酰卤反应,产生13-脱氧-13卤衍生物,最后将其选择性地还原例如用三丁基氢化锡。为了避免不需要的副反应,需用例如叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基保护可能存在的任何其它羟基。在卤化或还原步骤之后,用含微量酸的甲醇处理很容易将上述基团除去。欧洲专利申请公告第0002615号描述了所有这些步骤及适宜的试剂和反应条件。
能被本发明的除虫链霉菌用于生物合成天然和非天然的除虫菌素的化合物,是式(II-A)化合物
R-COOH (II-A)包括发酵过程中可转变成(II-A)的化合物。该化合物在本文中称为“前体化合物”。在结构式(II-A)中,R是一个α-侧链基团,其连接一COOH基团的碳原子,同时与至少两个除H以外的其它原子或基团相连接。当然这个定义包括饱和的和不饱和的、开链的和环状的基团,包括那些随意地带有硫或氧等杂原子作为直链或环中的组成部分的基团。
更具体地说,成为C-25取代基的R,可以是α-分支的C3-C5烷基、链烯基、炔基、烷氧基烷基或烷基硫代烷基;C5-C8环烷基烷基,其烷基是一个α-分支的C2-C5烷基;C3-C3环烷基或C5-C8环烯基,它们其中之一可以任意被亚甲基或一个或多个C1-C4烷基或卤原子(氟、氯、碘或溴)所取代;或者含氧或硫的3员到6员杂环,它可以是饱和的,或是完全或部分不饱和的,并且可以被一个或多个C1-C4烷基或卤原子任意取代。
在发酵过程中能转变成RCOOH的化合物即前体,是式(II-B)化合物,其中R如前面所限定:
R-(CH2)n-Z (II-B)n是0、2、4或6;Z是-CH2OH、-CHO、-CH2NH2、-COOR4或-CONHR5,其中R4是H或C1-6烷基;R5是氢、C1-4烷基、或一个氨基酸残基,尤其是天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和甲硫氨酸,例如分别为-CH(COOH)CH2COOH、-CH(COOH)(CH2)2COOH和-CH(COOH)(CH2)2S CH3。
式(II-A)化合物的异构体、发酵过程中能转变为该化合物的化合物、以及将它们用于本文所述方法而产生的C-25除虫菌素异构体,也包括在本发明中。
本发明的方法是用一个缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性和除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶活性的除虫链霉菌菌株,在一个营养培养液中进行通气发酵而进行的,这种培养液含有可吸收的氮源、碳源、无机盐和结构式为RCOOH的化合物,或者是能在发酵时转变成上述化合物的化合物(即前体)。酸或可转变成酸的化合物,可以在接种时或者发酵进行的间隙加入到发酵液中。产物除虫菌素的生成可以监测:从发酵液中取样,用有机溶剂萃取,然后通过层析如高压液相层析法显示产物。培养可一直持续到产物的产量达到最大时才停止,通常这需要4-15天时间。
每次加入前体化合物(羧酸或能转变成羧酸的化合物)的最佳浓度在每升0.05-3.0克之间。前体化合物可以连续地、间歇地或一次性地加入到发酵液中。酸(RCOOH)可以酸或盐的形式如钠、锂或铵盐的形式,或以一种能转变成如前面限定的酸的化合物加入。假如酸是固体,最好溶于合适的溶剂如水或(C1-4)醇中。
用于发酵的培养基可以是含可吸收的碳源、氮源和微量无素的常规培养基,特别是当C-25取代基是异丙基或(S)-仲丁基时。当C-25取代基是一个非天然的基团,即它不是异丙基或(S)-仲丁基时,对这种发酵培养基所选择的成分缺少或只含最小量的前体化合物,其R部分是异丙基或(S)仲丁基。
在24-33℃这个最佳的温度范围经过几天发酵后,将发酵液离心或过滤,用最好是丙酮或甲醇萃取菌丝块。浓缩溶剂萃取液后用一种不溶于水的有机溶剂(例如二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、氯仿、丁醇或甲基异丁基酮)萃取所要的产物。浓缩溶剂萃取液,如有必要将粗产物用层析法进一步纯化,例如用制备性反相高压液相层析。
通常得到的产物是式(I)化合物的混合物,其中R2是4′-(α-L-齐墩果糖基)-α-L-齐墩果糖氧基,R1是OH,无双键,或者有双键没有R1,R3是H。基本上没有R3是CH3的化合物。但是,每种化合物的比例随着所用的具体的突变株和前体化合物以及所用的条件而可能改变。
R基团的来源,即它是直接来自RCOOH还是由上述前体中的一种所产生,或者是来自任何前体,对于除虫菌素的产生是无关紧要的。本发明产生除虫菌素方法的关键条件是,有一个所要的R基团,它在发酵过程中对本发明的除虫链霉菌菌株是有效的。
适宜的化合物如下:
2’3-二甲基丁酸
2-甲基己酸
2-甲基戊-4-烯酸
2-环丙基丙酸
4’4-二氟环己烷羧酸锂盐
4-亚甲基环己烷羧酸
3-甲基环己烷羧酸(顺/反)
1-环戊烯羧酸
1-环己烯羧酸
四氢吡喃-4-羧酸
噻吩-2-羧酸
3-糠酸
2-氯噻吩-4-羧酸
环丁烷羧酸
环戊烷羧酸
环己烷羧酸
环庚烷羧酸
2-甲基环丙烷羧酸
3-环己烯-1-羧酸
2-甲硫代丙酸
2-甲基-4-甲氧基丁酸
噻吩-3-羧酸
羟甲基环戊烷
3-噻吩羰醛(3-thiophene Carboxaldehyde)
3-环己基丙酸
3-环戊基丙酸
羟甲基环丁烷
四氢噻吩-3-羧酸
3-环戊基-1-丙醇
3-甲基环丁烷羧酸锂盐
3-氟环丁烷羧酸
3-亚甲基环丁烷羧酸锂盐
2-甲基-4-甲硫代丁酸
四氢噻喃-4-羧酸
环丁基甲胺
环丁烷羧酸乙酯
4-羟甲基环戊烯
2-(3-噻吩羰基)丙酸乙酯
S-2-甲基戊酸
R-2-甲基戊酸
从本文描述的侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶负突变株可以得到三类转O-甲基酶突变株。有活性的侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性诱变后的突变株,再经过一个或多个转O-甲基酶诱变时,产生的除虫链霉菌菌株在供给它RCOOH化合物或能在发酵过程中转变成RCOOH的化合物时,主要产生除虫菌素B、脱甲基除虫菌素或未经甲基化的除虫菌素。采用紫外光和/或化学诱变剂如N-甲基-N-亚硝基尿烷、亚硝基胍或前面列数的其它试剂,使本文描述的缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性的突变株诱变,就能得到上述突变株。同样,缺乏一个或多个转O-甲基酶的侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶正突变株,经过紫外光或诱变剂处理后也可发生突变而产生侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶负突变株。
这样的突变株所产生的非天然除虫菌素的特征是,在糖苷配基部分C-5位和/或在齐墩果糖部分的C-3′和/或C-3″位存在羟基。
上述突变株按照Schulman et al.AntimicrobialAgents and Chemotherapy,29,620-624(1986)所述方法进行鉴定。它们都可用于与已知的除虫菌素相同的目的,其方式与已知的除虫菌素相同。
此外,在有一种物质如无真菌素、S-腺苷乙硫氨酸或腺苷高半胱氨酸(它们抑制转O-甲基酶活性)存在下,本发明的缺乏有活性的侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶的突变株在发酵中能产生更多的除虫菌素B,包括在齐墩果糖双糖部分缺乏甲基的除虫菌素。
本发明化合物是高活性的抗寄生虫剂,做为驱蠕虫剂、杀外寄生虫剂、杀昆虫剂和杀螨剂时尤其具有实用性
因此这类化合物对于内寄生虫引起的各种症状特别是蠕虫病的治疗有效,这种病通常是由被描述为线虫的一群寄生蠕虫引起的,不仅对猪、羊、马和牛造成严重经济损失,而且也影响到家畜和家禽。对于影响各种动物的其他线虫,包括例如狗的恶丝虫(Dirofilaria)及可感染人的包括胃肠道寄生虫在内的各种寄生虫,如钩口线虫(Ancyclostoma)、板口线虫(Necator)、蛔虫(Ascaris)、类园线虫(Strongyloides)、毛线虫(Trichinella)、毛细线虫(Capillaria)、鞭虫(Trichuris)和蛲虫(Enteroblus),还有在血液或其它组织和器官中存在的寄生虫如丝状蠕虫及类园线虫和毛线虫的肠外期,这类化合物同样有效。
对于外寄生虫感染,特别是对动物和鸟类的节肢动物外寄生虫如蜱、螨、虱、蚤、绿头苍蝇、能叮咬的昆虫以及可影响牛和马的迁徒的双翅目幼虫,这类化合物也同样有治疗价值。
这种化合物亦是杀虫剂,对于家庭常见害虫如蟑螂、衣蛾、皮蠹以及家蝇是有活性的,同时它也被用来防治如小蜘蛛(Spidermites)、蚜虫和毛虫等贮存的谷物和农作物中的有害昆虫以及迁徒的直翅目昆虫如蝗虫。
式(I)化合物是以制剂的形式给药的,这个制剂不仅适合于针对的具体用途,也适合于所治疗的寄主动物的特定种属以及所涉及的寄生虫或昆虫。这类化合物用作驱虫剂时,可以胶囊、大丸剂、片剂或药水的形式口服,或者通过注射或作为植入物给药,按照兽医实践标准,这种制剂可按常规方法制备。因此,将活性成分与合适的细分散的稀释剂或载体(另外含有一种分解剂和/或结合物,如淀粉、乳糖、滑石、硬脂酸镁等)混合,可以制成胶囊、大丸剂或片剂。将活性成分与分散剂或润湿剂等一起分散到一个水溶液中,可制成药水制剂,可注射的制剂可以无菌溶液的形式制备,还可以含有其它物质,例如足够的盐或葡萄糖,以使溶液与血液等渗。根据需要治疗的寄主动物的种属、感染的严重程度和类型、以及寄主的体重,这些制剂中活性化合物的重量也将有所不同。通常每千克动物体重的口服剂量为约0.001-10mg,可单次给药或在一至五天内分次给药,这将是令人满意的。当然,有些例子需要更高或更低的剂量范围。这些也都在本发明范围之内。
另一种方法,可以将这类化合物与动物饲料一起给药。为此目的,可制备一种浓缩饲料添加剂或预混合物,以便与普通动物饲料混合。
按照农业实践标准,这类化合物用作杀昆虫剂和治理农业害虫时,可以喷雾剂、粉剂、乳剂等施用。
除虫链霉菌I-3(ATCC53567)的产生步骤1.将除虫链霉菌ATCC31272于30℃下在New Patch琼脂培养基上培养12天,生长成一片绒状。该培养基含有以下物质。
V-8Juice* 200ml
CaCO3 3g
琼脂 15g
H2O 加至 1000ml
营养肉汤 1.0g/l
醋酸钠·3H2O 1.4g/l
异戊酸 50mg/l
异丁酸 50mg/l
甲基丁酸 50mg/l
异亮氨酸 250mg/l
亮氨酸 250mg/l
缬氨酸 250mg/l
微量元素溶液** 1ml/l
*8种蔬菜汁(番茄、胡萝卜、芹菜、甜菜、欧芹、莴苣、水田芥和菠菜)的混合物加盐、抗坏血酸和柠檬酸以及天然味料。得自Compbell Soup Company,Camden,NJ·
**微量元素溶液的组成:
FeCl3·6H2O 2.7g
MnSO4·H2O 4.2
CuSO4·5H2O 0.5
CaCl2 11.0
H3BO3 0.62
CoCl2·6H2O 0.24
ZnCl2 0.68
Na2MoO4 0.24
上述物质溶解在1升0.1N HCl中。
从3个这样的碟上收集孢子,悬浮在20ml pH9.0的0.05Mtris-顺丁烯二酸缓冲液中。步骤2.将10ml孢子悬液加到含10mg N-甲基-N′-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(NTG)的瓶中。将瓶子于28℃下培养并振荡60分钟,然后用大量的1%NaCl溶液冲洗孢子。步骤3.将洗过的孢子悬浮在1%NaCl中,与等体积的80%乙二醇混和。将此悬浮液保存在-20℃作为筛选突变株的细胞来源。在萌发时,每毫升大约可得到104个菌落。
将此孢子贮存液涂在YPD碟上,使每碟大约可产生100个菌落(YPD培养基每升含酵母提取物、Bacto Peptone*和葡萄糖各10g;Bacto琼脂*15g,高压灭菌前调pH至6.9)。用星号标出的成分得自Difco Laboratories,Detroit,Michigan 48238。步骤4.在28℃培养2-3周后,从培养碟中挑出单个菌落,放在标准的96孔微滴定板的单个小孔内。同时,将一小部分菌落涂在新鲜的琼脂培养基上做为突变株鉴定的活细胞来源。步骤5.向每孔加入约75μl的液体M9盐培养基,它含有1%葡萄糖,0.1%酪蛋白氨基酸和异己酸、异丁酸和2-甲基丁酸各0.01%。在28℃培养数天后,测定细胞是否存在侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶(每升M9盐培养基含6g Na2HPO4,3g KH2PO4、0.5g NaCl和1g NH4Cl。培养基经高压灭菌后在无菌条件下加入消毒过的1M MgSO2和0.1MCaCl2各1ml)。步骤6.用简短的超声处理互不相溶的混合物,制备M9盐培养基中含5%甲苯的微悬浮液。在25ml的该悬浮液中加入1.2ml含2.5μCi/ml和10.0μCi/mol的〔14C-1〕-2-氧代异己酸的溶液。将50μl的总混合液加到含待测菌落的微滴定板的每一个小孔中。步骤7.从每孔中产生的14CO2的吸收和显示,采用的是题为“多样品中14CO2的简易测定法:应用于突变株的快速筛选”的文章所述的方法(Tabor et al.,J.Bacteriol.128,485-486(1976))。缺乏活性的侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶的突变株所得到的Ba14CO2值不超过对照中的观察值。
一个更精确的方法改进了14CO2分析中阳性和阴性结果之间的对比。阳性结果在放射自显影图谱上显出暗斑表示生成Ba14CO2,而阴性结果则没有斑点或只有非常浅的斑点。这种改进方法包括下列修改的筛选法。
经7-14天的培养(而不是2-3星期,直接用上述步骤6和步骤7进行测定)后,将单个菌落(见上述步骤4)从琼脂培养基中挑出。省略上述操作中的步骤5。
更精确的一个测定方法实质上是将14CO2的释放定量,它包括将经上述筛选法检测的突变株培养在合适的培养基中,包括含1%葡萄糖、0.1%“Syncasa-bcaa”(一种与商品酪蛋白氨基酸组成大致相同的合成的L-氨基酸混合物,但不含L-缬氨酸、L-异亮氨酸和L-亮氨酸,见下述)的M9盐培养基。
生长至高细胞密度后,将细胞在M9盐培养基中洗涤,并重新悬浮在含1%甲苯的冷的M9盐培养基中,该培养基已用超声处理而产生了乳白色的甲苯分散体。将细胞/缓冲液/甲苯悬浮液在30℃培养40分钟,使细胞具透性。然后将具透性的细胞在M9盐培养基中洗涤,最后重新悬浮在原始体积五分之一的M9培养基缓冲液中。每次测定用180μl这种悬浮液。
300μl的反应体积含有经甲苯处理的细胞、0.4mM硫胺焦磷酸(TPP)、0.11mM辅酶A(CoA)、0.68mM烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)、2.6mM二硫苏糖醇(DTT)、4.1mM MgCl2、60mMTris-HCl,PH7.5,以及6,000cpm、μCi/μmol〔14C-1〕-2-氧代异己酸盐。计数效率为73%。反应在15ml的闪烁瓶中进行,其中含有一个压在螺旋瓶盖中的2×2cm Whatman*4方形滤纸片。滤纸中含有30μl 1M Hyamine Hydroxide(1M methyl-benzethonime hydroxide的甲醇溶液;得自Sigma Che-mical Co.,St.Louis,MO 63178),它吸收反应中释放的14CO2。培养2小时后,将滤纸浸入10ml Beckman Aquasol II中(Un-iversal LSC(液闪计数器),得自New England NuclearResearch Products,Boston,MA 02118),在此溶剂中平衡4小时或更长时间后,在液闪计数器中测定放射性。空白对照反应(即无细胞)给出约50-300cpm。
突变株I-3和其它类似物给出的计数少于或等于空白对照反应,而亲本菌株给出比空白值高数倍的计数。
浓缩100倍的“Syncasa-bcaa”的组成
g/l
L-丙氨酸 3
L-精氨酸 4
L-天冬氨酸 6
L-胱氨酸 1
L-谷氨酸 20
甘氨酸 1
L-组氨酸 2
L-赖氨酸 7
L-甲硫氨酸 3
L-苯丙氨酸 6
L-脯氨酸 10
L-丝氨酸 6
L-苏氨酸 4
L-酪氨酸 4
L-色氨酸 1混合物调PH至7,并过滤灭菌。将1个体积的浓缩液加到99个体积的培养基中,即达到标准使用浓度。
缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶和除虫菌素B转
O-甲基酶的除虫链霉菌7881(ATCC
53692)双阻断突变株的产生
步骤1.将除虫链霉菌ATCC53567在New Patch琼脂培养基上于30℃培养12天,长成一片绒状。
从3个这样的碟上收集孢子,将其悬浮在20ml pH9.0的0.05M tris-顺丁烯二酸缓冲液中。
步骤2.将10ml孢子悬液加入装有10mg N-甲基-N′-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(NTG)的瓶中。将瓶子于28℃振荡培养60分钟,然后用大量的1%NaCl溶液冲洗孢子。
步骤3.将洗过的包子悬浮在1%NaCl中,与等体积的80%乙二醇混合。将此悬浮液于-20℃保存,用作筛选突变株的细胞来源。
将这种孢子贮液涂在YPD碟上,使每碟获得约100个菌落。挑出所有经诱变处理(亚硝基胍处理)的除虫链霉菌I-3菌株(ATCC53567)的菌落,涂匀在一个按以下方法制备的琼脂培养基上(g/l):稀化淀粉,80;K2HPO4,1;MgSO4·7H2O,1;ardamine PH,5;CaCO3,5;P-2000,1ml;FeSO4·7H2O,0.01;MnCl2·4H2O,0,001;ZnSO4·7H2O,0.001;Bacto琼脂,17;加蒸馏水至980ml。用NaOH将pH调至7.0后,在121℃高压灭菌20分钟。高压灭菌后,加入20ml pH7.0无菌5%(±)-2-甲基丁酸贮存液。
琼脂培养物在28℃培养8-12天。从琼脂表面取出细胞(菌丝体),将其放入250μl丙酮中。然后取25μl丙酮萃取液点在预先铺有Analtech Silica Gel GF的薄层层析板上。用乙酸乙酯作溶剂展层30至40分钟,然后干燥,喷以3%香草醛的乙醇溶液得到层析图谱。将层析板在100℃烘箱中放置1至3分钟,然后喷以3%硫酸的乙醇溶液,再把板放在100℃烘箱中10-15分钟。缺乏除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶的突变株通过层析图谱的变化来鉴定,即,与除虫菌素B成分(B1和B2的Rf分别约为0.54、0.42)相对应的斑点依然存在,但与除虫菌素A成分(A1和A2的Rf分别约为0.69、0.58)相对应的斑点消失。
普通高效液相层析(HPLC)操作流动相:
150ml水
70ml乙腈
用甲醇加至1升层析柱:
Ultrasphere ODS 25cm(Beckman Instruments,Fullerton,CA 92634-3100)
流速:0.75ml/分
检测:240nm紫外
衰减:接近6样品稀释剂(D):
35ml乙腈加390ml甲醇标准:
1.称取0.5mg除虫菌素A2A,放在10ml容量瓶中,用甲醇加至体积。
2.称取0.5mg待测产物,放在10ml容量瓶中,用甲醇加至体积。1和2是标准贮存液;用作标准溶液时:
取100μl(1)和100μl(2)放入瓶中,加入800μl流动相。样品:
1.取1ml充分振荡的发酵液;离心
2.尽可能地除去上清液而不搅动沉淀
3.在沉淀中加100μl HPLC水,搅拌使其分散
4.加2ml稀释剂(D),充分混合
5.过滤后进行HPLC
将本文描述的天然和非天然的除虫菌素进行这种HPLC层析,将各除虫菌素峰的保留时间除以所观察到的寡霉素A的保留时间。寡霉素A是作为给定的HPLC测定的内标准,它是在HPLC测定中几乎总能观察到的除虫链霉菌的发酵副产物,当培养在不含RCOOH酸(其中R如本文限定)的培养基或不含能转变成RCOOH酸(其中R如本文限定)的化合物的培养基中时,寡霉素A就是本文所述的突变株产生的在HPLC上看到的唯一产物。典型的寡霉素A保留时间是12。5-14分钟。保留时间的比例为除虫菌素产物的特性和产量的比较提供了更重要的基础。除虫菌素产物在HPLC上出现的顺序一般是B2、A2、B1和A1。
天然除虫菌素 RT/RT(寡霉素A)
B2b 0.70
B2a 0.84
A2b 0.90
A2a 1.09
B1b 1.40
B1a 1.83
A1b 1.83
A1a 2.42
注意B1a和A1b未能分开。
非天然除虫菌素 RT/RT(寡霉素A)
环戊基 B2 0.94
环戊基 A2 1.23
环戊基 B1 1.99
环戊基 A1 2.62
每天测得的保留时间会有1-2分钟的变动,寡霉素A通常在接近12.5-14分钟时出现。
在下列实例中,除非注明,除虫菌素用上述HPLC法测定。
下列实例中所用的培养基组成如下。
AS-7培养基
g/l
稀化淀粉a 20
Ardamine pH b 5
Pharmamedia c 15
CaCO3 2
a通过用地衣形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus Li cheniformis)的α-淀粉酶(得自Novo Enzymes,Wilton,CT,以“Termamyl”为商标出售)水解淀粉制成,它相当于40%±5%的葡萄糖。
b得自Yeast Products,Inc.,Clifton,NJ 07012
c得自Traders Protein.,Memphis,TN 38108用NaoH将pH调至7.2。
AP-5培养基
g/l
稀化淀粉 80
Ardamine pH 5
K2HPO4 1
MgSO4·7H2O 1
NaCl 1
CaCO3 7
FeSO4·7H2O 0.01
MnCl2·7H2O 0.001
ZnSO4·7H2O 0.001
P-2000(抗泡剂)a 1ml/l
a得自The Dow Chemical Co.,Midland,Michigan48640用25%NaoH调pH至6.9。
实例1-4
从除虫链霉菌I-3(ATCC
53567)产生除虫菌素
从形成孢子的V8碟上取得除虫链霉菌I-3(ATCC53567),接种到装有80ml AS-7培养基的500ml有三片挡板的三角瓶中。将该瓶放在旋转振荡器上,在28-30℃以200rpm振荡培养。经24小时培养后,从整个培养液中取1ml接种到含有40ml AP-5培养基的300ml三角瓶中。于28-30℃进行二个平行发酵,并于24小时后加入下面列出的前体化合物各400ppm。
312小时后,从整个培养液中取样2ml,与8ml甲醇:乙腈(390∶35)溶剂混合,经过滤后将5μl样品注入Beckman Ultras-Phere ODS柱(3.9×250mm)。用甲醇∶乙腈∶水(89∶14∶7)以0.8ml/分洗脱柱子,洗脱液在240nm用紫外检测法进行监测。新的除虫菌素的保留时间如下所示。
除虫菌素保留时间(分)
前体化合物 B2 A2 B1 A1
1)±2-甲基丁酸*11.60, *14.75, 23.1 29.82
12.40 16.10
2)环戊烷羧酸 12.32 15.86 25.28 32.96
3)环己烷羧酸 14.84 19.26 31.46 41.14
4)+2-甲基丁酸 11.60 14.75 23.1 29.82
*+甲基丁酸和-甲基丁酸都掺入到除虫菌素中。在所采用的层析条件下,只有B2和A2才能分辨出+和-除虫菌素。
实例5
从除虫链霉菌7881(ATCC53692)
产生环己基除虫菌素
将除虫链霉菌7881(ATCC53692)冷冻管接种到装有100mlAS-7培养基的500ml有三片挡板的三角烧瓶中。该瓶于28-30℃在旋转振荡器上以200rpm振荡培养。培养28小时后,从整个培养液中取出5ml接种到另一含100ml AS-7培养基的500ml有三片挡板的三角瓶中。再将该瓶放在旋转振荡器上,以200rpm于28-30℃振荡培养。培养24小时后,从整个培养液中取1ml接种到含40ml AP-5培养基的300ml三角瓶中。该瓶在28-30℃以200rpm培养。24小时后,加入400ppm环己烷羧酸,312小时后取样2ml,如实例1所述进行高效液相层析。在这些条件下,在发酵液中测出的除虫菌素仅有在14.84分(54.9mg/l)和31.46(32.1mg/l)时洗脱的两个成分,分别对应于环己基B2和B1。
实例6
由除虫链霉菌7881(ATCC53692)
产生仲丁基除虫菌素
重复实例5的步骤,但用400ppm的±2-甲基丁酸代替环己烷羧酸,其它条件均与实例2所述相同。在发酵液中仅能测出仲丁基除虫菌素B2(11.60、12.40分,63.5、42.4mg/l)和仲丁基除虫菌素B1(23.1分,105.5mg/l)。
Claims (3)
1.制备具有下式的除虫菌素B的方法,
式中在22-23位的虚线表示双键可有选择地存在或不存在,只有当22-23位之间是单键时R1才存在并且是羟基,
R3是氢;而
R是:
仲丁基
环己基;
3-环己烯基;
1-环戊烯基;
4-亚甲基环己基;
4,4-二氟环己基;
2-噻吩基;
3-噻吩基;
4-四氢吡喃基;
3-呋喃基;
3-四氢噻吩基;
4-四氢硫代吡喃基;
1-甲基丁-3-烯基;
1-甲基硫代乙基;
1-甲基-3-甲氧基丙基;
2-环戊烯基;
2-呋喃基;
2-四氢呋喃基;
1-甲基丁-3-炔基;
3,4-二氢吡喃-2-基;
2-四氢吡喃基;
3-四氢吡喃基;
2-四氢硫代吡喃基,
该方法包括在含有可吸收的氮源、碳源和无机盐和一种其中R的定义如上的式R-COOH酸的含水营养培养基中,使缺乏侧链2-氧代酸脱氢酶活性和除虫菌素B转O-甲基酶活性的以及在异丁酸或2-甲基丁酸存在下通过发酵能产生天然除虫菌素B的除虫链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)的菌株进行需氧发酵,然后分离出所说的除虫菌素B。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中的除虫链霉菌是除虫链霉菌CCTCC No.M87115(ATCC53692)。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中R是
环己基;
3-环己烯基;
1-环戊烯基;
4-亚甲基环己基;
4,4-二氟环己基;
仲丁基;
2-噻吩基;
3-噻吩基;
4-四氢吡喃基;或
3-四氢噻吩基。
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SE434277B (sv) | 1976-04-19 | 1984-07-16 | Merck & Co Inc | Sett att framstella nya antihelmintiskt verkande foreningar genom odling av streptomyces avermitilis |
NZ188459A (en) * | 1977-10-03 | 1982-09-07 | Merck & Co Inc | Derivatives of c-076 compounds and pesticidal compositions |
US4429042A (en) | 1978-09-08 | 1984-01-31 | Merck & Co., Inc. | Strain of Streptomyces for producing antiparasitic compounds |
ES8800986A1 (es) * | 1985-07-27 | 1987-12-01 | Pfizer | Un procedimiento para la produccion de un nuevo derivado de avermectina |
GB8606120D0 (en) * | 1986-03-12 | 1986-04-16 | Glaxo Group Ltd | Process |
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1987
- 1987-12-10 IN IN1059/DEL/87A patent/IN167980B/en unknown
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1988
- 1988-01-18 BG BG082657A patent/BG51051A3/xx unknown
- 1988-01-18 EP EP88300354A patent/EP0276103B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-18 ES ES88300354T patent/ES2059498T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-18 AT AT88300354T patent/ATE96174T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-18 IL IL85118A patent/IL85118A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-18 DE DE88300354T patent/DE3884973T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-19 MA MA21397A patent/MA21160A1/fr unknown
- 1988-01-19 MY MYPI88000037A patent/MY103514A/en unknown
- 1988-01-20 ES ES88300426T patent/ES2053719T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-20 AT AT88300426T patent/ATE87927T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-20 EP EP88300426A patent/EP0276131B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-20 DE DE8888300426T patent/DE3879975T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-21 SK SK407-88A patent/SK279351B6/sk unknown
- 1988-01-21 EG EG3588A patent/EG18797A/xx active
- 1988-01-21 PT PT86583A patent/PT86583B/pt unknown
- 1988-01-21 PT PT86584A patent/PT86584B/pt unknown
- 1988-01-21 PL PL1988270238A patent/PL156763B1/pl unknown
- 1988-01-21 CZ CS88407A patent/CZ279782B6/cs unknown
- 1988-01-21 PL PL1988270239A patent/PL156764B1/pl unknown
- 1988-01-21 IL IL85165A patent/IL85165A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-22 YU YU11988A patent/YU47878B/sh unknown
- 1988-01-22 ZA ZA88448A patent/ZA88448B/xx unknown
- 1988-01-22 CN CN88100649A patent/CN1056883C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-22 IE IE16188A patent/IE61066B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-22 HU HU88260D patent/HU201973B/hu unknown
- 1988-01-22 FI FI880280A patent/FI90091C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-22 DD DD88312393A patent/DD290214A5/de unknown
- 1988-01-22 JP JP63012462A patent/JPH0681757B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-22 DK DK028988A patent/DK28988A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1988-01-22 AR AR88309888A patent/AR241798A1/es active
- 1988-01-22 HU HU88261A patent/HU200487B/hu unknown
- 1988-01-22 ZA ZA88449A patent/ZA88449B/xx unknown
- 1988-01-22 ZA ZA88447A patent/ZA88447B/xx unknown
- 1988-01-22 DK DK198800290A patent/DK175720B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-22 IE IE16088A patent/IE61483B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-22 NZ NZ223271A patent/NZ223271A/en unknown
- 1988-01-22 DD DD88312394A patent/DD267512A5/de unknown
- 1988-01-22 NZ NZ223272A patent/NZ223272A/xx unknown
- 1988-01-22 FI FI880281A patent/FI90088C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-22 RU SU884355079A patent/RU1806198C/ru active
- 1988-01-22 AU AU10696/88A patent/AU595673B2/en not_active Expired
- 1988-01-22 KR KR1019880000470A patent/KR900004419B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-23 KR KR1019880000506A patent/KR910002225B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-23 JP JP63011881A patent/JPH0817693B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-25 BR BRPI8800271-3A patent/BR8800271A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
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1991
- 1991-02-15 AU AU71110/91A patent/AU631298B2/en not_active Expired
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1993
- 1993-04-08 GR GR930400638T patent/GR3007586T3/el unknown
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