CN105359313A - 锂二次电池用正极活物质 - Google Patents
锂二次电池用正极活物质 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105359313A CN105359313A CN201480037470.3A CN201480037470A CN105359313A CN 105359313 A CN105359313 A CN 105359313A CN 201480037470 A CN201480037470 A CN 201480037470A CN 105359313 A CN105359313 A CN 105359313A
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 137
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 38
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 37
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 32
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 32
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 17
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 Li1+X [Mn2-xMx] O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052493 LiFePO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002993 LiMnO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015553 LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2+4xO2+yH2O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014063 LiNi1-xCoxO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014402 LiNi1—xCoxO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003005 LiNiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002097 Lithium manganese(III,IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018095 Ni-MH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018477 Ni—MH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012886 linear function Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese nickel Chemical compound [Mn].[Ni] ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/006—Compounds containing, besides nickel, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
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- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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Abstract
本发明涉及锂二次电池用正极活物质,尤其涉及一种锂二次电池用正极活物质,包括:从中心向表面方向镍、锰及钴的浓度形成梯度的第1浓度梯度部、第2浓度梯度部及形成于所述第1浓度梯度部与第2浓度梯度部之间并镍、锰及钴的浓度固定的第1浓度维持部。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及锂二次电池用正极活物质,尤其涉及一种锂二次电池用正极活物质,包括:从中心向表面方向镍、锰及钴的浓度形成梯度的第1浓度梯度部、第2浓度梯度部及形成于所述第1浓度梯度部与第2浓度梯度部之间并镍、锰及钴的浓度固定的第1浓度维持部。
背景技术
锂二次电池的工作电压为3.7V以上,相比镉镍电池或镍氢电池,单位重量的能源密度高,因此,作为便携式电子信息通信设备的驱动动力源,增加了对于锂二次电池的需求。
最近,在美国、欧洲等积极开展为了将内燃机关和锂二次电池进行混合(hybrid),而作为电动汽车的动力源使用的研究。以美国为中心,正积极开展适用于一日行使少于60英里的汽车的混合动力电动汽车插头(P-HEV)电池开发。所述P-HEV用电池为具有几乎接近电动汽车的特性的电池,有关高容量电池的开发为有待解决的最大问题。尤其,最棘手的问题是开发具有2.0g/cc以上的高振实密度和230mAh/g以上的高容量特性的正极材料。
目前普遍化或正在开发的正极材料为LiCoO2,LiNiO2,LiMnO2,LiMn2O4,Li1+X[Mn2-xMx]O4,LiFePO4等。其中,LiCoO2为具有稳定的充放电特性、优秀的电子导电性、高电池电压、较高稳定性及平坦的放电电压特性的优良物质。但,Co的埋藏量少、价格高,并且,具有对人体有害的毒性,因此,需要开发其他正极材料。并且,因在充电时的脱锂,晶体结构不稳定,使得热特性非常恶劣。
为了改善上述问题,正试图进行将镍的一部分置换为转移金属元素,将发热初始温度向高温侧移动,或为了防止急剧的发热而将放热峰宽大(broad)。但,没有得到满意的结果。即,将镍的一部分置换为钴的LiNi1-xCoxO2(x=0.1-0.3)物质,虽显示了优秀的充放电特性和寿命特性,但热稳定性问题尚未解决。并且,在欧洲专利第0872450号中,虽然公开了在Ni位置换成Co和Mn及其他金属的LiaCobMncMdNi1-(b+c+d)O2(M=B,Al,Si.Fe,Cr,Cu,Zn,W,Ti,Ga)型,但仍然未能解决Ni系的热稳定性。
为了解决上述缺点,韩国专利公开第2005-0083869号中,提供了具有金属组成的浓度梯度的锂转移金属氧化物。该方法为先合成一定组成的内部物质后,在外部涂覆具有其他组成的物质,而制作成双重层后,与锂盐混合而进行热处理的方法。所述内部物质可使用在市场中销售的锂转移金属氧化物。
但,该方法在生成的内部物质与外部物质的组成之间,正极活物质的金属组成不连续地变化,并且,非连续、非渐进式地变化。并且,通过该发明合成的粉末,因不使用螯合剂即氨,振实密度低,所以,不适合作为锂二次电池用正极活物质使用。
为了改善上述问题,韩国专利公开第第2007-0097923号,提供了形成内部主体部和外部主体部,并在外部主体部金属成分根据位置形成连续的浓度分布的正极活物质。但,该方法中,在内部主体部形成固定的浓度,而只在外部主体部金属组成发生变化,因此,需开发在稳定性即容量方面更加优秀的新结构的正极活物质。
并且,Ni含量提高时,相对性地可逆容量也增加,但,热稳定性急剧下降,并且,Ni含量相对较低,而当Mn含量提高时,虽然热稳定性得到提高,但在能源密度方面相比以往的LiCoO2失去了优势。从而,为了完全替代或部分替代以往的LiCoO2,要选定在容量及稳定性方面最佳的Ni:Mn:Co组成及Li/M。
正极活物质内Li/M比的调整与复合转移金属中的Mn含量有关系,并且,可通过一定量以上的Mn置换量,向转移金属层插入余量的锂。电池特性方面,通过插入于转移金属层的余量的锂,表现相对较高的效率特性及寿命特性,并且,与包含较低Mn含量的三元系组成比较时,将Mn含量相对地提高的组成系中,能够容易地向转移金属层插入锂,而能够最小化在合成时投入的锂量,能够调整烧成后在活物质表面残留的Li2CO3,LiOH等水溶性碱含量。残留锂成分在充放电时被分解或与电解液反应而发生CO2气体,结果发生电池的膨胀现象,而尤其降低高温稳定性。
尤其,以Ni主成分的三元系正极活物质裸露于空气及湿气时,在表现将形成LiOH或Li2CO3等不纯物(参照反应式1,2;J.PowerSources,134,page293,2004年)。
反应式1LiNiO2+yH2O→Li1-yNiO2-y/2+yLiOH
反应式2
LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2+4xO2+yH2O→Li1-yNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2+2xLi2CO3
形成的残留锂成分,在制造板元浆料时,使得pH上升,使包含1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,粘合剂(Binder)的浆料(Slurry)开始聚合,而发生凝胶化,并产生极元制造工艺方面的问题。氢氧化锂在溶剂中减少正极活物质、粘合剂、导电片等的分散性,而使得所述浆料的粘度稳定化所需时间延长。并且,浆料的粘度未形成稳定化的状态下,涂覆于集电体时,无法均匀地涂覆于集电体上,而使得电极表面的平滑度降低,进而,降低电池的性能。
因此,很多以往的技术为了减少残留的锂,重点开发以镍为主成分的正极活物质的特性及改善制造工艺。
发明内容
发明要解决的技术问题
本发明为了解决上述问题,提供一种新结构的正极活物质,其镍的浓度形成梯度,从而,提供镍的含量,既表现高容量,充放电特性及热稳定性也得到改善。
解决问题的技术方案
本发明为了解决上述问题,提供一种锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,包括:第1浓度梯度部,从中心向表面方向镍、锰及钴的浓度形成梯度;第1浓度维持部,形成于所述第1浓度梯度部的外廓,维持所述第1浓度梯度部末端的镍、锰及钴的浓度;及第2浓度梯度部,形成于所述第1浓度维持部的外廓,从中心向表面方向镍、锰及钴的浓度形成梯度。
本发明中,所述芯片部的镍、锰及钴表现浓度梯度,是指以所述正极活物质粒子的中心为基准,根据从所述中心的距离,镍、锰及钴的浓度发生变化。
根据本发明的正极活物质,所述芯片部,镍、锰及钴的浓度梯度大小(Degreeofconcentrationgradient)是固定的。根据本发明,在所述芯片部,镍、锰及钴的浓度梯度大小在整体粒子中为固定,将镍、锰及钴的浓度以与从中心距离的函数表示时,可用直线(linear)表示。
并且,根据本发明,以所述正极活物质粒子的中心为基准,根据从所述中心的距离,所述芯片部的镍、锰及钴的浓度梯度大小发生变化。即,将镍锰、及钴的浓度以与从中心的距离的函数表示时,可用曲线(Curved)表示。即,在所述芯片部,从中心部的距离为D的位置,镍、锰及钴的浓度变化率可包含常数、一次函数或多次函数。
根据本发明的正极活物质,所述第1浓度维持部以如下化学式1表示[化学式1]Li1+aNix1Coy1Mn1-x1-y1-d1O2+d1,(在所述化学式1,0.6≤x1≤0.8,0.05≤y1≤0.2,0.1≤1-x1-y1-d1≤0.25,0.01≤a≤0.1,0.01≤d1≤0.1)。
根据本发明的正极活物质,还包括第2浓度维持部,其形成于所述第2浓度梯度部外廓,维持镍、锰及钴的浓度。
根据本发明的正极活物质,所述第2浓度维持部的镍、锰及钴的浓度与所述第2浓度梯度部末端的镍、锰及钴的浓度相同。
根据本发明的正极活物质,所述第2浓度维持部的镍、锰及钴的浓度与所述第2浓度梯度部末端的镍、锰及钴的浓度非连续。
根据本发明的正极活物质,所述第2浓度维持部以如下化学式2表示[化学式2]Li1+aNix2Coy2Mn1-x2-y2-d2O2+d2,(在所述化学式2,0.5≤x2≤0.6,0.15≤y2≤0.25,0.2≤1-x2-y2-d2≤0.35,0.01≤a≤0.1,0.01≤d2≤0.1)。
根据本发明的正极活物质,在所述第1浓度梯度部的中心方向内侧还包括镍、锰及钴的浓度固定的第3浓度维持部。
根据本发明的正极活物质,所述第3浓度维持部以如下化学式3表示[化学式3]Li1+aNix3Coy3Mn1-x3-y3-d3O2+d3,(在所述化学式3中,0.7≤x3≤0.9,0.15≤y3≤0.25,0.2≤1-x3-y3-d3≤0.35,0.01≤a≤0.1,0.01≤d3≤0.1)。
根据本发明的正极活物质,所述第1浓度维持部的厚度为0.1至0.6μm。
根据本发明的正极活物质,所述第2浓度维持部的厚度为0至0.6μm。
根据本发明的所述正极活物质,所述第1浓度维持部、第2浓度维持部的厚度为0.1μm以下时,不显示根据外壳部形成的效果,0.6μm以上时,反倒减少整体容量。
本发明又提供一种锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,包括:第1浓度梯度部,从中心向表面方向镍、锰及钴的浓度形成梯度;第2浓度梯度部,从中心向表面方向镍、锰及钴的浓度形成梯度;及第1浓度维持部,位于所述第1浓度梯度部与所述第2浓度梯度部之间,镍、锰及钴的浓度固定。
根据本发明的正极活物质,所述第1浓度维持部的镍浓度与所述第1浓度梯度部的镍浓度的最小值相同。
根据本发明的正极活物质,其特征在于,所述第1浓度维持部的镍浓度与所述第2浓度梯度部的镍浓度的最大值相同。
根据本发明的正极活物质,所述第1浓度维持部的镍浓度不同于所述第1浓度梯度部或所述第2浓度梯度部的镍浓度的最大值。即,所述第1浓度维持部的镍浓度与所述第1浓度梯度部或所述第2浓度梯度部的镍浓度非连续。
发明的效果
根据本发明的正极活物质,在镍、锰、钴浓度的第1浓度梯度部与第2浓度梯度部之间,包括第1浓度维持部,在所述第2浓度梯度部的外廓形成第2浓度维持部,从而,使得在粒子内包含的Ni的含量高,由此,既能够表现高容量,也使得根据浓度梯度的晶体结构稳定,寿命特性和充放电特性优秀,以高电压使用时,也表现结构稳定性。
附图说明
图1表示将根据从在本发明的一实施例中制造的粒子的中心的距离的Ni,Mn,Co的浓度的以EDX测定的结果;
图2至图4表示在本发明的实施例及比较例中制造的粒子的充放电特性、寿命特性及DSC特性的测定结果;
图5表示将根据从本发明的一实施例中制造的粒子的中心的距离的Ni,Mn,Co的浓度以EDX测定的结果;
图6至图8示在本发明的一实施例及比较例中制造的粒子的充放电特性、寿命特性及DSC特性的测定结果。
具体实施方式
以下根据实施例更详细地说明本发明。但,本发明并非限定于以下的实施例。
<实施例>
向共沉淀反应器(容量16L,旋转马达的功率80W以上)投入蒸馏水2.5升后,向反应器以2升/分钟的速度供应N2气体,并使得反应器的温度维持45℃,以400rpm搅拌。
混合硫酸镍、硫酸钴及硫酸锰,制造了组成为NiX1Coy1Mnz1OH2(x1,y1,z1)的第1金属水溶液和NiX2Coy2Mnz2OH2(x2,y2,z2)的第2金属水溶液,并更换对于所述第1金属水溶液的第2金属水溶液的混合比率并将其以0.7升/小时,又将25mol浓度的氨溶液以0.07升/小时,向反应器连续性投入,而制造了具有浓度梯度的第1浓度梯度部。并且,为了调整pH,供应5mol浓度的氢氧化钠溶液,使得pH维持11.5。叶轮速度调整为400rpm。
然后,只供应所述第2金属水溶液既定时间,而在所述第1浓度梯度部外廓以0.2至1μm厚度形成了维持所述第1浓度梯度部最外廓的镍、锰及钴的浓度的第1浓度维持部。
然后,供应硫酸镍、硫酸钴及硫酸锰的浓度以NiX3Coy3Mnz3OH2固定的第3金属水溶液,并且,供应的同时更换对于所述第2金属水溶液的第3金属水溶液的混合比率,而在所述第1浓度维持部外廓形成了第2浓度梯度部。
然后,单独供应所述第3金属水溶液既定时间,而在所述第2浓度梯度部外廓形成了第2浓度维持部。
实施例1至4中,所述金属水溶液的浓度如下表1。
表1
将制造的金属复合氢氧化物进行过滤,用水洗涤后,在110℃暖风干燥机干燥了12小时。将所述金属复合氢氧化物和氢氧化锂(LiOH)以1:1摩尔比混合后,以2℃/min的升温速度加热,之后在450℃下维持10小时,进行了预烧成,然后,在700~900℃下烧成10小时,获得了正极活物质粉末。
<比较例>
以比较例1,为了从中心部向表面部在粒子整体形成浓度梯度,混合硫酸镍、硫酸钴及硫酸锰,制造了组成为Ni85Co5Mn10OH2的第1金属水溶液和组成为Ni57Co16Mn27OH2的第2金属水溶液,并更换对于所述第1金属水溶液的第2金属水溶液的混合比率进行混合,而制造了粒子,除了上述之外,与所述实施例1相同地制造了粒子。
以比较例2,使用了相当于所述实施例2的平均组成即Ni62Co14Mn24OH2的金属水溶液,制造了在粒子整体镍、锰,钴的浓度固定的正极活物质粒子。
以比较例3,使用了Ni55Co18Mn27OH2的金属水溶液,制造了在粒子整体镍、锰,钴的浓度固定的正极活物质粒子。
<实验例>EDX照片测定
以EDX测定根据从在所述实施例2中制造的粒子的中心的距离的Ni,Mn,Co的浓度,并将其结果表示在图1。
在图1中,根据本发明的实施例的粒子,可确认形成有第1浓度梯度部、浓度维持部及第2浓度梯度部的粒子结构,并且,在所述第1浓度梯度部、第2浓度梯度部根据距离的浓度的函数形成直线,而能够知晓所述第1浓度梯度部、第2浓度梯度部的浓度梯度大小固定。
<实验例>电池特性测定
测定了包括在所述实施例1至4及比较例1至3中制造的活物质的电池的充放电特性、寿命特性、DSC特性及振实密度,并表示在如下表2。
表2
将在所述实施例2及比较例2中制造的粒子的充放电特性、寿命特性及DSC特性的测定结果,分别表示在图2至图4中。
在图2至图4中,所述比较例2的粒子组成与所述实施例2的粒子平均组成相同,但,所述实施例2包括第1浓度梯度部、第1浓度维持部、第2浓度梯度部及与所述第2浓度梯度部连续的第2浓度维持部,从而,可确认相比比较例2,充放电特性、寿命特性及热稳定性得到大幅改善。
<实施例>
向共沉淀反应器(容量16L,旋转马达的功率80W以上)投入蒸馏水2.5升后,向反应器以2升/分钟的速度供应N2气体,并使得反应器的温度维持45℃,以400rpm搅拌。
混合硫酸镍、硫酸钴及硫酸锰,制造了组成为NiX1Coy1Mnz1OH2(x1,y1,z1)的第1金属水溶液和NiX2Coy2Mnz2OH2(x2,y2,z2)的第2金属水溶液,并更换对于所述第1金属水溶液的第2金属水溶液的混合比率并将其以0.7升/小时,又将25mol浓度的氨溶液以0.07升/小时,向反应器连续性投入,而制造了具有浓度梯度的第1浓度梯度部。并且,为了调整pH,供应5mol浓度的氢氧化钠溶液,使得pH维持11.5。叶轮速度调整为400rpm。
然后,只供应所述第2金属水溶液既定时间,而在所述第1浓度梯度部外廓以0.2至1μm厚度形成了维持固定所述第1浓度梯度部的镍、锰及钴的浓度的第1浓度维持部。
然后,供应硫酸镍、硫酸钴及硫酸锰的浓度以NiX3Coy3Mnz3OH2固定的第3金属水溶液,并且,供应的同时更换对于所述第2金属水溶液的第3金属水溶液的混合比率,而在所述第1浓度维持部外廓形成了第2浓度梯度部。
然后,单独供应硫酸镍、硫酸钴及硫酸锰的浓度以NiX4Coy4Mnz4OH2固定的第4金属水溶液既定时间,而在所述第2浓度梯度部外廓形成了镍、锰,钴的浓度不连续的第2浓度维持部。
在实施例5至8,所述金属水溶液的浓度如下表3。
表3
将制造的金属复合氢氧化物进行过滤,用水洗涤后,在110℃暖风干燥机干燥了12小时。将所述金属复合氢氧化物和氢氧化锂(LiOH)以1:1摩尔比混合后,以2℃/min的升温速度加热,之后在450℃下维持10小时,进行了预烧成,然后,在700~900℃下烧成10小时,获得了正极活物质粉末。
<比较例>
以比较例4,使用了相当于在所述实施例7的粒子整体的平均组成即Ni65Co12Mn23OH2的金属水溶液,制造了在粒子整体镍、锰,钴的浓度固定的正极活物质粒子。
以比较例5,使用了相当于所述实施例7的第2浓度梯度部的组成即Ni55Co17Mn28OH2的金属水溶液,制造了在粒子整体镍、锰,钴的浓度固定的正极活物质粒子。
<实验例>EDX照片测定
以EDX测定了根据从在所述实施例7中制造的粒子的中心的距离的Ni,Mn,Co的浓度,并将其结果表示在图5。
图5中可确认,根据本发明的实施例的粒子,形成第1浓度梯度部、第1浓度维持部、第2浓度梯度部及与其不连续的具有固定浓度的第2浓度维持部。
并且,在所述第1浓度梯度部、第2浓度梯度部,根据距离的浓度的函数形成直线,而能够确认在所述第1浓度梯度部、第2浓度梯度部的浓度梯度大小固定。
<实验例>充放电特性、寿命特性及DSC测定
测定了包括在所述实施例5至7及比较例4,5中制造的活物质的电池的充放电特性、寿命特性、DSC特性及振实密度,并表示在如下表4。
表4
将测定在所述实施例7及比较例4中制造的粒子的充放电特性、寿命特性及DSC特性的结果,分别表示在图6至图8。
在图6至图8中,所述比较例4的粒子组成虽与所述实施例7的粒子平均组成相同,但所述实施例7包括第1浓度梯度部、第1浓度维持部、第2浓度梯度部及第2浓度维持部,从而,能够确认相比比较例4在充放电特性、寿命特性及热稳定性方面得到大幅改善。
工业上的可利用性
根据本发明的正极活物质,在镍、锰,钴形成浓度梯度的第1浓度梯度部和第2浓度梯度部之间包括第1浓度维持部,并且,在所述第2浓度梯度部外廓包括第2浓度维持部,从而,使得在粒子内包含的Ni的含量高,由此,即表现高容量,也使得根据浓度梯度的晶体结构稳定化,寿命特性和充放电特性优秀,而以高电压使用时,也能够表现结构稳定性。
Claims (15)
1.一种锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
包括:
第1浓度梯度部,从中心向表面方向,镍、锰及钴的浓度形成梯度;
第1浓度维持部,形成于所述第1浓度梯度部的外廓,镍、锰及钴的浓度固定;及
第2浓度梯度部,形成于所述第1浓度维持部的外廓,从中心向表面方向,镍、锰及钴的浓度形成梯度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
所述第1浓度维持部以如下化学式1表示
[化学式1]Li1+aNix1Coy1Mn1-x1-y1-d1O2+d1
在所述化学式1中,
0.6≤x1≤0.8,0.05≤y1≤0.2,0.1≤1-x1-y1-d1≤0.25,0.01≤a≤0.1,0.01≤d1≤0.1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
所述第1浓度维持部,厚度为0.1至0.6μm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
还包括第2浓度维持部,其形成于所述第2浓度梯度部外廓,镍、锰及钴的浓度固定。
5.根据权利要求4所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
所述第2浓度维持部的镍、锰及钴的浓度与所述第2浓度梯度部最外廓的镍、锰及钴的浓度相同。
6.根据权利要求4所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
所述第2浓度维持部的镍、锰及钴的浓度与所述第2浓度梯度部最外廓的镍、锰及钴的浓度非连续。
7.根据权利要求1所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
所述第2浓度维持部,以如下化学式2表示
[化学式2]Li1+aNix2Coy2Mn1-x2-y2-d2O2+d2
在所述化学式2,
0.5≤x2≤0.6,0.15≤y2≤0.25,0.2≤1-x2-y2-d2≤0.35,0.01≤a≤0.1,0.01≤d2≤0.1。
8.根据权利要求1所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
所述第2浓度维持部,厚度为0至0.6μm。
9.根据权利要求1所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
在所述第1浓度梯度部的中心方向内侧还包括镍、锰及钴的浓度固定的第3浓度维持部。
10.根据权利要求9所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
所述第3浓度维持部以如下化学式3表示
[化学式3]Li1+aNix3Coy3Mn1-x3-y3-d3O2+d3
在所述化学式3中,
0.7≤x3≤0.9,0.15≤y3≤0.25,0.2≤1-x3-y3-d3≤0.35,0.01≤a≤0.1,0.01≤d3≤0.1。
11.一种锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
包括:
第1浓度梯度部,从中心向表面方向镍、锰及钴的浓度形成梯度;
第2浓度梯度部,从中心向表面方向镍、锰及钴的浓度形成梯度;及
第1浓度维持部,位于所述第1浓度梯度部与所述第2浓度梯度部之间,镍、锰及钴的浓度固定。
12.根据权利要求11所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,
所述第1浓度维持部的镍浓度与所述第1浓度梯度部的镍浓度的最小值相同。
13.根据权利要求11所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,所述第1浓度维持部的镍浓度与所述第2浓度梯度部的镍浓度的最大值相同。
14.根据权利要求11所述的锂二次电池用正极活物质,其特征在于,所述第1浓度维持部的镍浓度不同于所述第1浓度梯度部或所述第2浓度梯度部的镍浓度的最大值。
15.一种包括权利要求1至14项中的任一项的锂二次电池用正极活物质的锂二次电池。
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