CN105164414A - 液压泵和用于这样的液压泵的活塞 - Google Patents

液压泵和用于这样的液压泵的活塞 Download PDF

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CN105164414A
CN105164414A CN201480023828.7A CN201480023828A CN105164414A CN 105164414 A CN105164414 A CN 105164414A CN 201480023828 A CN201480023828 A CN 201480023828A CN 105164414 A CN105164414 A CN 105164414A
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piston
cavity
hydraulic pump
oil hydraulic
shell
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CN105164414B (zh
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B·维基达尔
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He Deke Transmission Centered Finite Co
Hydac Drive Center GmbH
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He Deke Transmission Centered Finite Co
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Priority claimed from DE102013008676.0A external-priority patent/DE102013008676A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102013008681.7A external-priority patent/DE102013008681A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102013008678.7A external-priority patent/DE102013008678A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102013008677.9A external-priority patent/DE102013008677A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102013008629.9A external-priority patent/DE102013008629A1/de
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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    • F04B1/2078—Swash plates
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    • F04B1/2014—Details or component parts
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    • F04B1/26—Control
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    • F04B1/30—Control of machines or pumps with rotary cylinder blocks
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种液压泵、特别是可调的轴向活塞泵，其包括在液压泵运行时在泵壳体之内沿纵向方向可往复运动的至少一个活塞(22)，该活塞具有铰接头部(24)和与铰接头部(24)相对的活塞底部(54)以及至少一个空腔(60)，该空腔至少部分地被活塞壳体(62)包围，该活塞壳体向外基本上或者完全地关闭相应的空腔(60)。本发明还涉及一种用于这样的液压泵的活塞(22)。

Description

液压泵和用于这样的液压泵的活塞
技术领域
本发明涉及一种液压泵、尤其是可调的轴向活塞泵，以及一种用于这样的液压泵的活塞。
背景技术
在这样的液压泵运行时，机械能转换成静液压能，其中，机械能例如由电动机提供。在轴向活塞泵的结构形式中，这种液压泵通常具有多个缸体，这些缸体这样固定在一个可转动的轴上，使得它们沿轴向方向延伸并且相对于轴的轴线以一个半径错开地设置在一个分度圆上。在缸体中可移动地设置有活塞。与缸体一起旋转的活塞例如通过可调的斜板而运动。为此，为了使摩擦最小化，在斜板和活塞之间设有活塞-滑座连接。
在这里，通常由一个部件车削而成的活塞的质量是有问题的。由于该质量，而要求大的能量来使活塞加速以及重新制动，这与在活塞-滑座连接的区域内的明显磨损相关联。因此，为了减小质量惯性力，人们在过去已经给活塞从活塞底部设置孔，从而活塞基本上是空心的。但这样的活塞孔具有如下缺点，即，缸体内的死点容积增大。由于死点容积而出现在更低的泵效率方面体现出来的压缩损失和增大的体积流脉动或压力脉动。
发明内容
在此背景下，本发明的目的在于，给出一种液压泵和一种用于这样的液压泵的活塞，在该液压泵中或通过该活塞提高了液压泵的效率。
所述目的之第一部分通过一种具有权利要求1的特征的液压泵来实现。液压泵的有利的实施方式和进一步改进方案由从属权利要求2至10得出。所述目的之第二部分通过一种具有权利要求11的特征的活塞实现。活塞的有利的实施方式是权利要求12和13的技术方案。
按照本发明，液压泵、特别是可调的轴向活塞泵形式的液压泵具有在液压泵运行时在泵壳体之内沿纵向方向可往复运动的至少一个活塞。该活塞具有铰接头部和与铰接头部相对的活塞底部以及至少一个空腔。该空腔至少部分地被活塞壳体包围。该活塞壳体向外基本上或者完全地关闭相应的空腔。
只要在这里和在下文中提及空腔应向外基本上是关闭的，这就意味着，从周围环境出发没有发生重要的通过在活塞壳体中和/或在其关闭部件(例如以盖的形式)中例如存在的开口到相应空腔内部中的介质(以流体的形式)转移。这样起作用的截止可以一如既往地在空腔实质上关闭时实现，即使当例如应在活塞壳体中安置开口、如毛细开口时。基本上关闭因而意味着，即使在安置贯通的开口到空腔中的情况下，这些开口也无论如何在节流器或掩蔽器的意义上相应地以衰减的方式阻碍通流或者在毛细开口的意义上不允许通流。
按照本发明的液压泵突出之处在于，活塞质量小的优点不是通过由于相对于泵壳体开放的空腔造成的更大的死点容积换来的。因此，在缸体内的死点容积最小的情况下质量惯性力有利地减小。由此改善了液压泵的效率，因为必须耗费更少的能量，以便输送相同量的流体。此外，这样的液压泵突出之处在于在活塞-滑座连接的区域内更小的磨损。
特别有利地，所述至少一个空腔沿活塞的纵轴线的方向或者平行于活塞的纵轴线在活塞壳体中延伸并且从离铰接头部的一段轴向距离处出发直至活塞底部穿过活塞。这样的孔可以特别简单地从活塞底部引入活塞中。偏心地设置所述至少一个空腔具有如下优点，即，除了空腔之外还可以在活塞中设置一个居中的通孔，以便能在液压泵运行期间对铰接头部卸载和润滑。
有利地，所述至少一个空腔通过活塞壳体或通过能与活塞壳体连接的盖关闭。特别是通过盖的解决方案得到在活塞中设置孔形式的空腔和接着用盖封闭空腔的可能性。盖同样可以制成为车削件并且接近无间隙地装入活塞壳体中。由此避免在接着焊接时的裂纹并且可以完全密封空腔。
盖和/或活塞可以具有平衡装置，该平衡装置将所述至少一个空腔导通介质地与周围环境连接。通过平衡装置可以避免在空腔中产生过压，该过压可能在接合时导致工艺不稳定。
平衡装置可以包括沿着盖的外周面的螺旋槽，该螺旋槽在盖装入壳体中时除了出口部位之外被活塞壳体遮盖，该出口部位作为平衡装置的一部分经由螺旋槽在周围环境与活塞中的所述至少一个空腔之间建立导通介质的连接。通过螺旋槽可以在将盖装入活塞壳体中的整个过程期间降低过压。
特别有利地，螺旋槽在其与出口部位相对置的另一入口部位上通入盖的倒角中或邻接于该倒角，其中，倒角的外径优选连续地朝向铰接头部减小直至终端直径。通过该倒角，可以在多个空腔的情况下确保在接合盖期间对这些空腔均匀地排气。
有利地，活塞壳体可以在活塞底部上具有一个耦联部分，盖能经由该耦联部分与活塞底部耦联、优选熔焊或钎焊。通过耦联部分为盖在活塞壳体上创造了导向和/或固定可能性。按这种方式确保了盖的定向。这特别是在接着焊接盖与活塞壳体时是有利的。
盖可以与活塞壳体通过钎焊或者电子束焊接方法固定连接，并且活塞可以在焊接之后优选被热处理。在硬钎焊之前预车削活塞壳体和盖，以便在盖和活塞壳体、特别是活塞壳体的壁部分之间的钎焊间隙为80μm至120μm，以达到优化的毛细作用，以便在活塞和盖之间的钎焊间隙填满钎料。另外，盖应在面向孔的一侧设有足够大的倒角，以便在钎焊期间防止在真空中氧化。在车削之后，将盖装入活塞壳体中并且将二者在真空中借助金属附加材料、钎料在450摄氏度至1200摄氏度下材料接合地并且不可拆卸地相互连接。这个过程也称为连接钎焊。按这种方式使通过孔形成的空腔封闭。因此，在连续运行中也不可能通过活塞壳体-盖连接的不密封的部位增大活塞的死点容积。
电子束焊缝有利地至少封闭螺旋槽的出口部位。按这种方式使流体进入到活塞的所述至少一个空腔中明显变难。
优选地，在活塞壳体中，在一个分度圆上彼此错开地设有多个空腔、优选相同直径的空腔。这能实现使空腔的容积最大并且同时在活塞中设置一个中央的沿纵轴线方向延伸的孔，该孔可以在连续运行中用于润滑铰接头部。
附图说明
下面依据在附图中示出的实施例更详细地阐述本发明。图中：
图1示出轴向活塞泵局部的横剖视图；
图2示出活塞的横剖视图；
图3示出活塞和盖的透视图；
图4示出图2的局部细节，其中，示出了建立电子束焊缝；
图5示出按照本发明的活塞和固定在其中的盖的透视图；和
图6至8示出盖的俯视图、侧视图和透视图。
具体实施方式
在图1中以局部横剖视图示出轴向活塞泵形式的液压泵10。在一个可转动的轴12上，位置固定地设置有多个缸体14作为泵壳体16的一部分，从而缸体14与轴12一起旋转。设有奇数个缸体14，这些缸体错开地设置在一个分度圆上。缸体14的纵轴线18相对于轴12的纵轴线20都具有相同的半径RZ。在这些缸体14中分别沿纵向方向可移动地设置有一个活塞22。在活塞22的铰接头部24上设有球形的表面26，该表面保持在滑座30的对应的容纳部件28中。滑座30设有用于润滑容纳部件28的纵向孔32。在中间设有斜盘36的情况下，滑座30滑动地支承在调整机构上。经由流体入口38可以将液体、特别是液压液体在第一工作行程中吸入缸体14中。经由流体出口40可以将液体接着在第二工作行程中重新从缸体14中压出。因此，在轴12的一个半转中缸体14吸满，而该缸体在轴12的另一半转中重新被压空。按这种方式可以产生高且均匀的泵功率。
在图2至5中详细示出按照本发明的活塞22。活塞22具有铰接头部24，该铰接头部经由颈部42过渡到活塞体44中。铰接头部24具有球形的表面26。通孔46延伸穿过活塞22，该通孔在一个端部48上被倒角。平行于通孔46并且因而平行于活塞22的纵轴线L总共设有五个直径D相同的轴向孔52。这些轴向孔从活塞底部54朝向铰接头部24延伸并且终止在离铰接头部24的一段轴向距离A处。在活塞底部54上设有一个用于盖58的环形凹部56。活塞22的孔52构成空腔60，这些空腔在一个分度圆上错开地设置。因此，各空腔60设置在一个活塞壳体62中。通过环形凹部56，留出通孔46的一个突出的壁部分64。该壁部分64为要与之耦联的盖58形成耦联部分66并且在装入时使该盖对中。
如图6至8更精确地示出，盖58是一个带有一个中央的与突出的壁部分64的外径相应的孔68的盘形的车削件。在盖58的外周面70上设有一个环绕的螺旋槽72作为平衡装置74的一部分，该平衡装置将空腔60导通介质地与周围环境U相连接。在盖58装入活塞壳体62中时，螺旋槽72除了出口部位76之外被活塞壳体62遮盖。出口部位76作为平衡装置74的一部分经由螺旋槽72在周围环境U和活塞22中的空腔60之间建立导通介质的连接。出口部位76设置在盖58的背面80上。在相对的正面82上，螺旋槽72在入口部位84处通入倒角86中。当盖58处于装入的状态EZ下时，倒角86在外径方面朝向铰接头部24减小直至终端直径AD。
如图4更详细地示出，在盖58装入活塞壳体62中之后，将盖58和活塞壳体62沿着其内经DI及其外径DA的整个圆周以电子束焊接方法焊接。因此，出口部位76也是封闭的。电子束88在此平行于活塞22的纵轴线L指向，以便能实现尽可能高效的焊接。为此，盖58应事先无间隙地装入和定向在活塞壳体62中，以便避免在焊接时的裂纹。电子束焊接根据DIN4063在真空中进行。在此涉及I轴向焊缝，其中，电子束88平行于纵轴线L。通过焊接，空腔60向外朝向周围环境U完全关闭。在焊接之后，对活塞22进行最终加工和热处理。
在图5中以透视的剖视图示出完成的活塞22。因此，该活塞的突出之处在于由于空腔60而减小的质量，其中，盖58防止缸体14中的死点容积增大。按这种方式，由于空腔60可以不出现附加的压缩损失，由此有利地提高液压泵10的效率。

Claims (13)

1.液压泵、特别是可调的轴向活塞泵，包括在液压泵运行时在泵壳体(16)之内沿纵向方向(18)可往复运动的至少一个活塞(22)，该活塞具有铰接头部(24)和与铰接头部(24)相对的活塞底部(54)以及至少一个空腔(60)，该空腔至少部分地被活塞壳体(62)包围，该活塞壳体向外基本上或者完全地关闭相应的空腔(60)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的液压泵，其特征在于，所述至少一个空腔(60)沿活塞(22)的纵轴线(L)的方向或者平行于活塞的纵轴线在活塞壳体(62)中延伸并且从离铰接头部(24)的一段轴向距离(A)处出发直至活塞底部(54)穿过活塞(22)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的液压泵，其特征在于，所述至少一个空腔(60)通过活塞壳体(62)或通过能与活塞壳体(62)连接的盖(58)关闭。
4.根据权利要求3所述的液压泵，其特征在于，所述盖(58)和/或活塞(22)具有平衡装置(74)，该平衡装置将所述至少一个空腔(60)导通介质地与周围环境(U)连接。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的液压泵，其特征在于，所述平衡装置(74)包括沿着盖(58)的外周面(70)的螺旋槽(72)，该螺旋槽在盖(58)装入活塞壳体(62)中时除了出口部位(76)之外被活塞壳体(62)遮盖，该出口部位作为平衡装置(74)的一部分经由螺旋槽(72)在周围环境(U)与活塞(22)中的所述至少一个空腔(60)之间建立导通介质的连接。
6.根据权利要求5所述的液压泵，其特征在于，所述螺旋槽(72)在其与出口部位(76)相对置的另一入口部位(84)上通入盖(58)的倒角(86)中或邻接于该倒角，其中，倒角(86)的外径优选连续地朝向铰接头部(24)减小直至终端直径(AD)。
7.根据权利要求3至6之一所述的液压泵，其特征在于，所述活塞壳体(62)在活塞底部(54)上具有一耦联部分(66)，盖(58)能经由该耦联部分与活塞底部(54)耦联、优选熔焊或钎焊。
8.根据权利要求3至7之一所述的液压泵，其特征在于，所述盖(58)与活塞壳体(62)通过钎焊或者电子束焊接方法固定连接，并且所述活塞(22)在焊接之后优选被热处理。
9.根据权利要求8所述的液压泵，其特征在于，电子束焊缝至少封闭螺旋槽(72)的出口部位(76)。
10.根据上述权利要求之一所述的液压泵，其特征在于，在活塞壳体(62)中，在一个分度圆上彼此错开地设有多个空腔(60)、优选相同直径(D)的空腔。
11.用于根据上述权利要求之一所述的液压泵的活塞，该活塞具有铰接头部(24)和与铰接头部(24)相对的活塞底部(54)以及至少一个空腔(60)，该空腔至少部分地被活塞壳体(62)包围，该活塞壳体向外基本上或者完全地关闭相应的空腔(60)。
12.根据权利要求11所述的活塞，其特征在于，所述至少一个空腔(60)沿活塞(22)的纵轴线(L)的方向或者平行于活塞的纵轴线在活塞壳体(62)中延伸并且从离铰接头部(24)的一段轴向距离(A)处出发直至活塞底部(54)穿过活塞(22)。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的活塞，其特征在于，所述至少一个空腔(60)通过活塞壳体(62)或通过能与活塞壳体(62)连接的盖(58)关闭。
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