CN103153930A - 醇的生产 - Google Patents

醇的生产 Download PDF

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CN103153930A
CN103153930A CN201180011684XA CN201180011684A CN103153930A CN 103153930 A CN103153930 A CN 103153930A CN 201180011684X A CN201180011684X A CN 201180011684XA CN 201180011684 A CN201180011684 A CN 201180011684A CN 103153930 A CN103153930 A CN 103153930A
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metal
oxide
hydrogenation
acetic acid
virahol
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V·J·约翰斯顿
D·李
L·萨拉戈
R·J·沃纳
R·耶夫蒂奇
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Celanese International Corp
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Abstract

描述了一种生产醇产物的方法,其中(a)将包含乙酸的第一进料组合物转化为包含丙酮的产物;以及(b)在催化剂存在下将包含至少部分(a)中产生的丙酮的第二进料组合物加氢产生包含异丙醇的加氢流出物。

Description

醇的生产
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2010年9月23日提交的美国非临时申请No.12/889,260的优先权,所述非临时申请要求2010年2月2日提交的美国临时申请No.61/300,815、2010年5月7日提交的美国临时申请No.61/332,727和2010年5月7日提交的美国临时申请No.61/332,696的优先权,通过引用将它们的全部内容和披露并入本文。
发明领域
本发明涉及醇的生产,且特别是单独地或者以与乙醇的混合物生产异丙醇。
发明背景
异丙醇用作溶剂和清洁剂并且用作防冻剂组分。异丙醇还可用作乙醇的变性剂。擦洗异丙醇(rubbing alcohol)是70%异丙醇水溶液。自1956年以来,异丙醇的年产量超过十亿磅。通常由丙烯通过与硫酸的间接水合或者与水的直接水合进行生产异丙醇。
生产的乙醇通常用于和用作消费品例如啤酒(beer)、葡萄酒(wine)和烈性酒(spirit)。典型地,用于消费的乙醇通过传统发酵方法进行生产。因为公共政策,例如抑制获得便宜的饮用乙醇,许多州和国家政府机构对消费性乙醇征收高关税或重税。作为这类税收的结果,消费性乙醇的卖价基于其实际制造成本而言相当高。
然而,存在许多不涉及消费的乙醇的其它用途,例如燃料、化学溶剂或医药品。如此,在为非消费性用途提供便宜乙醇的尝试中,大多数政府机构对不能够用于消费的乙醇没有征收过度的关税或过度的税。这些非消费性乙醇中的一些一般称作“变性乙醇”或“变性醇”并且这些变性乙醇通常通过将变性剂加入到纯乙醇(已被纯化的乙醇)来进行制备,这基本上使得纯化的乙醇有毒或使得纯化的乙醇不能饮用。常规变性剂包括甲醇、异丙醇、丙酮、甲基乙基酮、乙酸乙酯、甲基异丁基酮和乙醛(actaldehyde)。如此,因为这些变性乙醇不与消费性乙醇一样被征税,所以它们的购买相当廉价。
用于工业用途的乙醇常规地由石油化工原料例如油、天然气或煤生产,由原料中间体例如合成气生产,或者由淀粉质材料或纤维素材料例如生物燃料生产。由石油化工原料以及由纤维素材料生产乙醇的常规方法包括乙烯的酸催化水合、甲醇同系化、直接醇合成和费-托合成。石油化工原料价格的不稳定性促使常规生产的乙醇成本波动,在原料价格升高时,这使对乙醇生产的替代来源的需要比以往更大。通过发酵将淀粉质材料以及纤维素材料转化为乙醇。然而,发酵通常用于乙醇的消费性生产。此外,淀粉质或纤维素材料的发酵与食品来源构成竞争并且对用于工业用途所可生产的乙醇的量施加了限制。
通过链烷酸和/或其它含羰基化合物例如乙酸的催化加氢生产乙醇得到广泛研究,且在文献中提及了催化剂、载体和操作条件的各种组合。还可将乙酸转化为丙酮,丙酮可进行催化加氢生成异丙醇。需要由乙酸分别地和作为混合物同时生产乙醇和异丙醇以便例如允许用异丙醇使乙醇原位变性。
发明概述
因此,在一方面本发明涉及一种生产醇产物的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)将包含乙酸的第一进料组合物转化为包含丙酮的产物;和
(b)在催化剂存在下将包含至少部分(a)中产生的丙酮的第二进料组合物加氢产生包含异丙醇的加氢流出物。
合适地,通过加氢进行(a)的转化。
作为替代,在金属氧化物催化剂存在下通过酮化进行(a)的转化。
合适地,所述第二进料组合物还包含乙酸。
合适地,所述方法还包括将包含乙醇和/或异丙醇的醇产物从所述加氢流出物分离出。
在其它方面,本发明涉及用原位生成的异丙醇使乙醇变性。
附图简述
附图1是根据本发明的一个实施方案的丙酮加氢系统的示意图。
实施方案详述
本文描述了一种由乙酸生产醇产物的方法,在所述方法中初始地将至少部分乙酸转化以产生丙酮。然后将丙酮单独地或者与另外的乙酸一起加氢以单独地或者以与乙醇的混合物产生包含单独的或与乙醇混合的异丙醇的醇产物。然后可分别地从加氢流出物回收异丙醇或异丙醇和乙醇,或者可将乙醇和异丙醇的混合物例如作为原位变性的乙醇产物进行回收。
原料
本发明方法所使用的原料、乙酸和氢气可以衍生自任何合适的来源,包括天然气、石油、煤、生物质等。作为实例,可以通过甲醇羰基化、乙醛氧化、乙烯氧化、氧化发酵和厌氧发酵生产乙酸。适合用于乙酸生产的甲醇羰基化方法描述于美国专利No.7,208,624、7,115,772、7,005,541、6,657,078、6,627,770、6,143,930、5,599,976、5,144,068、5,026,908、5,001,259和4,994,608中,它们的全部公开内容通过引用并入本文。
由于石油和天然气价格波动,或多或少变得昂贵,所以由替代碳源生产乙酸和中间体例如甲醇和一氧化碳的方法已逐渐引起关注。特别地,当石油相对昂贵时,由衍生自可较多获得的碳源的合成气体(“合成气”)生产乙酸可能变得有利。例如,美国专利No.6,232,352(通过引用将其全文并入本文)教导了改造甲醇装置用以制造乙酸的方法。通过改造甲醇装置,对于新的乙酸装置,与CO产生有关的大量资金费用得到显著降低或在很大程度上消除。使所有或部分合成气从甲醇合成环路进行分流并供给到分离器单元以回收CO,然后将其用于生产乙酸。以类似方式,用于加氢步骤的氢气可以由合成气供给。
在一些实施方案中,用于本发明方法的一些或所有原料可以部分或全部衍生自合成气。例如,乙酸可以由甲醇和一氧化碳形成,甲醇和一氧化碳均可以衍生自合成气。合成气可以通过部分氧化重整或蒸汽重整形成,并且可以将一氧化碳从合成气分离出。类似地,可以从合成气分离出氢。进而,合成气可以衍生自多种碳源。碳源例如可以选自天然气、油、石油、煤、生物质和它们的组合。合成气或氢气还可以得自生物衍生的甲烷气体,例如由填埋废物或农业废物产生的生物衍生的甲烷气体。
在另一个实施方案中,本文所用的乙酸可以由生物质发酵形成。发酵方法优选利用产乙酸方法或同型产乙酸的微生物使糖类发酵得到乙酸并产生很少(如果有的话)二氧化碳作为副产物。与通常具有约67%碳效率的常规酵母法相比,所述发酵方法的碳效率优选大于70%、大于80%或大于90%。任选地,发酵过程中使用的微生物为选自如下的属:梭菌属(Clostridium)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、穆尔氏菌属(Moorella)、热厌氧杆菌属(Thermoanaerobacter)、丙酸杆菌属(Propionibacterium)、丙酸螺菌属(Propionispera)、厌氧螺菌属(Anaerobiospirillum)和拟杆菌属(Bacteriodes),特别是选自如下的物质:蚁酸醋酸梭菌(Clostridium formicoaceticum)、丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)、热醋穆尔氏菌(Moorella thermoacetica)、凯伍热厌氧菌(Thermoanaerobacter kivui)、德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillusdelbrukii)、产丙酸丙酸杆菌(Propionibacterium acidipropionici)、栖树丙酸螺菌(Propionispera arboris)、产琥珀酸厌氧螺菌(Anaerobiospirillum succinicproducens)、嗜淀粉拟杆菌(Bacteriodesamylophilus)和栖瘤胃拟杆菌(Bacteriodes ruminicola)。任选地,在该过程中,可以将全部或部分的来自生物质的未发酵残余物例如木脂体气化以形成可用于本发明方法的加氢步骤的氢气。用于形成乙酸的示例性发酵方法公开于美国专利No.6,509,180;6,927,048;7,074,603;7,507,562;7,351,559;7,601,865;7,682,812;和7,888,082中,通过引用将它们全文并入本文。还参见美国公布No.2008/0193989和2009/0281354,通过引用将它们全文并入本文。
生物质的实例包括但不限于农业废弃物、林业产品、草和其它纤维素材料、木材采伐剩余物、软木材碎片、硬木材碎片、树枝、树根、叶子、树皮、锯屑、不合格纸浆、玉米、玉米秸秆、麦秸秆、稻杆、甘蔗渣、软枝草、芒草、动物粪便、市政垃圾、市政污泥、商业废物、葡萄皮渣、杏核壳、山核桃壳、椰壳、咖啡渣、草粒、干草粒、木质颗粒、纸板、纸、塑料和布。参见例如美国专利No.7,884,253,通过引用将其全文并入本文。另一种生物质源是黑液,即稠的暗色液体,其为将木材转变成纸浆、然后将纸浆干燥来制造纸的Kraft方法的副产物。黑液是木质素残余物、半纤维素和无机化学物质的水溶液。
美国专利No.RE35,377(也通过引用将其并入本文)提供了一种通过使含碳材料例如油、煤、天然气和生物质材料转化生产甲醇的方法。所述方法包括使固体和/或液体含碳材料加氢气化以获得工艺气体,用另外的天然气将该工艺气体蒸汽热解以形成合成气。将该合成气转化为可以羰基化为乙酸的甲醇。该方法同样产生如上述有关本发明所可使用的氢气。美国专利No.5,821,111公开了一种将废生物质通过气化转化为合成气的方法,以及美国专利No.6,685,754公开了生产含氢气体组合物例如包含氢气和一氧化碳的合成气的方法,通过引用将它们全文并入本文。
作为替代,可以直接从美国专利No.6,657,078(通过引用将其全文并入本文)中所描述的一类甲醇羰基化单元的闪蒸器取出蒸气形式的乙酸作为粗产物。例如,可以将粗蒸气产物直接给进到本发明方法的丙酮和醇类合成反应区而不需要冷凝乙酸和轻馏分或者除去水,从而节省总体工艺费用。
乙酸向丙酮转化
初始地将本发明方法中使用的至少部分乙酸原料给进到一个或多个用于将乙酸转化为丙酮的催化反应器中。
在一个实施方案中,乙酸向丙酮的转化通过根据如下反应的部分加氢来实施:
2CH3COOH+H2→CH3COCH3+2H2O+CO
可使用下文用于丙酮向异丙醇转化所述的相同催化剂和工艺条件来进行该反应,尽管为了抑制丙酮完全加氢为乙醇,氢气与乙酸的摩尔比应保持低于1:1,例如低于1:2。有利于丙酮生产的优选催化剂包含SiO2负载的钌、碳负载的铁和碳负载的钯。
在另一个实施方案中,乙酸向丙酮的转化通过根据如下反应的酮化来实施:
2CH3COOH→CH3COCH3+H2O+CO2
通常在基本上不存在氢气的情况下使用一种或多种金属氧化物催化剂例如氧化铈、二氧化钛、氧化锆、锰氧化物、锡氧化物、钍氧化物和氧化镁来进行该反应。用于酮化反应的合适条件包括约250℃-约500℃的温度和约5psig-约200psig(135-1480kPa)的压力。该方法的主要非挥发性产物是水和丙酮,可通过简单蒸馏将其进行分离。
在任一情形中,可在任何已知的反应器构造中进行乙酸向丙酮的转化,尽管通常优选固定床反应器。例如,反应器可以为管道(tube)或导管形状(pipe),其中使通常为蒸气形式的乙酸穿过或通过位于所述管道或导管中的所需催化剂床。可以将乙酸以未稀释状态或者用相对惰性的载气例如氮气、氩气、氦气、二氧化碳等稀释而给进到反应器。
丙酮向异丙醇转化
通过根据如下反应的加氢将前述步骤中产生的丙酮转化为异丙醇:
CH3COCH3+H2→(CH3)2CHOH
在一些情形中,丙酮加氢工艺的进料将包括乙酸,该乙酸作为单独的进料加入到丙酮加氢工艺中或者作为从丙酮生产过程携带出(carry over)的未反应的乙酸而存在。当乙酸存在时,将根据如下反应在丙酮加氢过程中将其转化为乙醇:
CH3COOH+2H2→CH3CH2OH+H2O
优选在加氢催化剂存在下进行丙酮(单独地或者在乙酸存在下)的加氢。合适的加氢催化剂包括任选在催化剂载体上包含第一金属并任选包含第二金属、第三金属或任意数目的另外金属中的一种或多种的催化剂。第一与任选的第二和第三金属可以选自:IB、ΠΒ、IIIB、IVB、VB、VIB、VIIB、VIII族过渡金属,镧系金属,锕系金属或者选自IIIA、IVA、VA和VIA族中任意族的金属。就一些示例性催化剂组合物而言的优选金属组合包括铂/锡、铂/钌、铂/铼、钯/钌、钯/铼、钴/钯、钴/铂、钴/铬、钴/钌、钴/锡、银/钯、铜/钯、铜/锌、镍/钯,金/钯、钌/铼和钌/铁。示例性的催化剂还描述于美国专利No.7,608,744和美国公布No.2010/0029995中,通过引用将它们全文并入本文。在另一个实施方案中,催化剂包括美国公布No.2009/0069609中所述类型的Co/Mo/S催化剂,通过引用将其全文并入本文。
在一个实施方案中,所述催化剂包含选自铜、铁、钴、镍、钌、铑、钯、锇、铱、铂、钛、锌、铬、铼、钼和钨的第一金属。优选地,第一金属选自铂、钯、钴、镍和钌。更优选地,第一金属选自铂和钯。在第一金属包含铂的本发明实施方案中,由于对铂的高商业需求,催化剂优选包含小于5wt.%例如小于3wt.%或小于1wt.%的量的铂。
如上所示,在一些实施方案中,催化剂还包含第二金属,该第二金属典型地可起促进剂的作用。如果存在,第二金属优选选自铜、钼、锡、铬、铁、钴、钒、钨、钯、铂、镧、铈、锰、钌、铼、金和镍。更优选地,第二金属选自铜、锡、钴、铼和镍。更优选地,第二金属选自锡和铼。
在催化剂包括两种或更多种金属,例如第一金属和第二金属的某些实施方案中,第一金属以0.1-10wt.%,例如0.1-5wt.%或0.1-3wt.%的量存在于催化剂中。第二金属优选以0.1-20wt.%例如0.1-10wt.%或0.1-5wt.%的量存在。对于包含两种或更多种金属的催化剂,所述两种或更多种金属可以彼此合金化或者可以包含非合金化金属固溶体或混合物。
优选的金属比率可以取决于催化剂中所用的金属而变动。在一些示例性实施方案中,第一金属与第二金属的摩尔比优选为10:1-1:10,例如4:1-1:4、2:1-1:2、1.5:1-1:1.5或1.1:1-1:1.1。
所述催化剂还可以包含第三金属,该第三金属选自上文关于第一或第二金属所列出的任意金属,只要该第三金属不同于第一和第二金属。在优选方面,第三金属选自钴、钯、钌、铜、锌、铂、锡和铼。更优选地,第三金属选自钴、钯和钌。当存在时,第三金属的总重量优选为0.05-4wt.%,例如0.1-3wt.%或0.1-2wt.%。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,除一种或多种金属外,催化剂还包含载体或改性载体。如本文所使用的,术语“改性载体”是指包含载体材料和载体改性剂的载体,所述载体改性剂调节载体材料的酸度。
载体或改性载体的总重量基于该催化剂总重量计优选为75-99.9wt.%,例如78-97wt.%或80-95wt.%。在利用改性载体的优选实施方案中,载体改性剂以基于催化剂总重量计0.1-50wt.%,例如0.2-25wt.%、0.5-15wt.%或1-8wt.%的量存在。催化剂的金属可以分散遍及整个载体,在整个载体中分层,涂覆在载体的外表面上(即蛋壳)或修饰(decorate)在载体表面上。
本领域技术人员可意识到,对载体材料进行选择使得催化剂体系在用于生成所需醇产物的工艺条件下具有合适的活性、选择性和稳健性(robust)。
合适的载体材料可以包括例如稳定的金属氧化物基载体或陶瓷基载体。优选的载体包括硅质载体,例如二氧化硅、二氧化硅/氧化铝、IIA族硅酸盐如偏硅酸钙、热解二氧化硅、高纯度二氧化硅和它们的混合物。其它载体可以包括但不限于铁氧化物(iron oxide)、氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、氧化镁、碳、石墨、高表面积石墨化碳、活性炭和它们的混合物。
如所示,催化剂载体可以用载体改性剂进行改性。在一些实施方案中,载体改性剂可以是提高催化剂酸度的酸性改性剂。合适的酸性改性剂可以选自IVB族金属的氧化物、VB族金属的氧化物、VIB族金属的氧化物、VIIB族金属的氧化物、VIIIB族金属的氧化物、铝氧化物和它们的混合物。酸性载体改性剂包括选自TiO2、ZrO2、Nb2O5、Ta2O5、Al2O3、B2O3、P2O5和Sb2O3的那些。优选的酸性载体改性剂包括选自TiO2、ZrO2、Nb2O5、Ta2O5和Al2O3的那些。酸性改性剂还可以包括WO3、MoO3、Fe2O3、Cr2O3、V2O5、MnO2、CuO、Co2O3和Bi2O3
在另一个实施方案中,载体改性剂可以是具有低挥发性或无挥发性的碱性改性剂。这类碱性改性剂例如可以选自:(i)碱土金属氧化物、(ii)碱金属氧化物、(iii)碱土金属偏硅酸盐、(iv)碱金属偏硅酸盐、(v)IIB族金属氧化物、(vi)IIB族金属偏硅酸盐、(vii)IIIB族金属氧化物、(viii)IIIB族金属偏硅酸盐和它们的混合物。除氧化物和偏硅酸盐之外,可以使用包括硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、乙酸盐和乳酸盐在内的其它类型的改性剂。优选地,载体改性剂选自钠、钾、镁、钙、钪、钇和锌中任意元素的氧化物和偏硅酸盐,以及前述的任意混合物。更优选地,碱性载体改性剂是硅酸钙,且甚至更优选偏硅酸钙(CaSiO3)。如果碱性载体改性剂包含偏硅酸钙,则偏硅酸钙的至少一部分优选为结晶形式。
优选的二氧化硅载体材料是来自Saint Gobain NorPro的SS61138高表面积(HSA)二氧化硅催化剂载体。Saint-Gobain NorPro SS61138二氧化硅表现出如下性质:含有约95wt.%的高表面积二氧化硅;约250m2/g的表面积;约12nm的中值孔径;通过压汞孔隙测量法测量的约1.0cm3/g的平均孔体积和约0.352g/cm3(22lb/ft3)的堆积密度。
优选的二氧化硅/氧化铝载体材料是来自Süd-Chemie的KA-160二氧化硅球,其具有约5mm的标称直径,约0.562g/ml的密度,约0.583g H2O/g载体的吸收率,约160-175m2/g的表面积和约0.68ml/g的孔体积。
适用于本发明方法的催化剂组合物优选通过改性载体的金属浸渍形成,尽管还可以使用其它方法例如化学气相沉积。这样的浸渍技术描述于上文提及的美国专利No.7,608,744和7,863,489以及美国公布No.2010/0197485中,通过引用将它们全文并入本文。
特别地,通过本发明方法将丙酮加氢可以获得丙酮的有利转化率和对异丙醇的有利选择性和产率。就本发明而言,术语“转化率”是指进料中转化为除丙酮外的化合物的丙酮的量。转化率按基于进料中丙酮的摩尔百分数表示。所述转化率可以为至少10%,例如至少20%、至少40%、至少50%、至少60%、至少70%或至少80%。类似地,获得混合的丙酮/乙酸进料的转化率的百分数。虽然期望具有高转化率例如至少80%或至少90%的催化剂,但是在一些实施方案中在异丙醇的选择性高时低的转化率也可以接受。当然,应充分理解,在许多情形中,可通过适当的再循环料流或者使用较大的反应器来弥补转化率,但却较难于弥补差的选择性。
选择性按基于转化的丙酮或者转化的丙酮和乙酸的摩尔百分数表示。应理解由丙酮或乙酸转化的每种化合物具有独立的选择性并且该选择性不依赖于转化率。例如,如果所转化的丙酮的60摩尔%转化为异丙醇,则异丙醇选择性为60%。优选地,异丙醇的选择性为至少80%,例如至少85%或至少88%。该加氢过程的优选实施方案还具有对不期望的产物例如甲烷、乙烷和二氧化碳的低选择性。对这些不期望的产物的选择性优选小于4%,例如小于2%或小于1%。更优选地,这些不期望的产物以检测不到的量存在。烷烃的形成可以是低的,理想地,穿过催化剂的丙酮小于2%、小于1%或小于0.5%转化为烷烃,所述烷烃除作为燃料外具有很小价值。
如本文中所使用的术语“产率”是指加氢期间基于所用催化剂的千克计每小时所形成的规定产物例如异丙醇的克数。优选的产率为每千克催化剂每小时至少100克异丙醇,例如每千克催化剂每小时至少400克异丙醇为或每千克催化剂每小时至少600克异丙醇。就范围而言,所述产率优选为每千克催化剂每小时100-3,000克异丙醇,例如400-2,500克异丙醇每千克催化剂每小时或600-2,000克异丙醇每千克催化剂每小时。
参考附图,附图1显示了根据本发明的一个实施方案适合用于丙酮加氢和从粗反应产物分离异丙醇的加氢系统100。在图1中没有显示其中将乙酸转化为丙酮的工艺上游部分。
系统100包含反应区101和纯化区102。反应区101包含反应器103、氢气进料管线104和丙酮进料管线105。在其它实施方案中,当乙酸也用作反应物时,反应区101还包括乙酸进料管线(未示出)。纯化区102包含分离器106、第一蒸馏塔107、第二蒸馏塔108和第三蒸馏塔109。分别通过管线104和105将氢气、丙酮和任选的乙酸给进到蒸发器110以在导向到反应器103的管线111中产生蒸气进料流。在一个实施方案中,可将管线104和105合并且例如以一种同时含有氢气和丙酮的料流共同给进到蒸发器110。管线111中蒸气进料流的温度优选为100℃-350℃,例如120℃-310℃或150℃-300℃。如附图1中所示,将没有气化的任何进料从蒸发器110移出,并可以将其再循环到其中。此外,虽然附图1显示了管线111导向反应器103的顶部,但是管线111可以导向反应器103的侧部、上部或底部。虽然在附图1中显示了一个反应器和一个闪蒸器,但是在本发明的各个任选实施方案中可以包括附加的反应器和/或部件。例如,加氢系统可以任选包含双反应器、双闪蒸器、换热器和/或预热器。
在一个实施方案中,可以在反应器的上游、任选在蒸发器110的上游使用一个或多个保护床(未示出),以保护催化剂免于遭受进料或返回/再循环料流中所含的有毒物质或不期望的杂质。这类保护床可以在蒸气料流或液体料流中使用。合适的保护床材料可以包括例如碳、二氧化硅、氧化铝、陶瓷或树脂。在一方面,保护床介质是功能化的,例如银功能化的,以捕集特殊物质例如硫或卤素。在加氢过程期间,通过管线112将粗加氢产物料流优选连续地从反应器103取出。
可以将管线112中的粗加氢产物料流冷凝并且给进到分离器106,这进而提供了蒸气流113和液体料流115。在一些实施方案中,分离器106可以包含闪蒸器或气液分离罐。分离器106可以在20℃-250℃,例如30℃-225℃或60℃-200℃的温度下操作。分离器106的压力可以为50kPa-2000kPa,例如75kPa-1500kPa或100kPa-1000kPa。任选地,可以使管线112中的粗加氢产物穿过一个或多个膜以分离氢气和/或其它不凝性气体。
离开分离器106的蒸气料流可以包含氢气和烃,可以将其进行清洗和/或通过管线113返回到反应区103。如附图1中所示,蒸气料流的返回部分穿过压缩机114并且与氢气进料合并,共同给进到蒸发器110。
将液体料流115从分离器106取出并且泵送到第一蒸馏塔107(其也称作酸分离塔)的侧部。管线115的内容物典型地将基本上类似于直接从反应器获得的产物,并且实际上还可以称作粗加氢产物。然而,液体料流115优选基本上不含氢气、二氧化碳、甲烷或乙烷,通过分离器106将其移出。所述液体料流的主要组分是异丙醇,未反应的丙酮,以及在进入反应器103的进料中包含乙酸时的乙醇、水和未反应的乙酸。实际上,如果管线115中乙酸的含量小于5wt.%时,可以跳过酸分离塔107并且可以将管线115直接引入到第二塔108(本文还称作轻馏分塔)。
在第一蒸馏塔107中,将未反应的乙酸、部分水和其它重质组分(如果存在)从管线115中的组合物移出并优选连续地作为残余物取出。可以使一些或全部残余物通过管线116返回和/或再循环回到反应区103。第一塔107还形成了塔顶馏出物,将其在管线117中取出,并且可以将其例如以10:1-1:10,如3:1-1:3或1:2-2:1的比率冷凝和回流。
塔107、108或109中的任何一个可以包含能够进行分离和/或纯化的任何蒸馏塔。所述塔优选包含具有1-150个塔板,例如10-100个塔板、20-95个塔板或30-75个塔板的板式塔。塔板可以是筛板、固定浮阀塔板、移动浮阀塔板或本领域已知的任何其它合适的设计。在其它实施方案中,可以使用填料塔。对于填料塔,可以使用规整填料或无规填料。可以将所述塔或填料按一种连续塔进行配置或者可以将它们按两个或更多个塔进行配置使得来自第一段的蒸气进入第二段并同时使来自第二段的液体进入第一段,等等。
可以与各个蒸馏塔一起使用的有关冷凝器和液体分离容器可以具有任何常规设计并且在附图1中加以简化。如附图1中所示,可以将热供给到各个塔的底部或者通过换热器或再沸器供给到循环塔底料流。在一些实施方案中,还可以使用其它类型的再沸器,例如内部再沸器。提供给再沸器的热可以得自于与所述再沸器整合的过程期间所产生的任何热或者得自于外部来源例如另一种产生热的化学方法或锅炉。虽然在附图1中显示了一个反应器和一个闪蒸器,但是在本发明的实施方案中可以使用附加的反应器、闪蒸器、冷凝器、加热元件和其它部件。如本领域技术人员所可认识到的,还可以将通常用于进行化学方法的各种冷凝器、泵、压缩机、再沸器、转鼓、阀、连接器、分离容器等进行组合并且用于本发明方法中。
塔107至109中任何塔中所用的温度和压力可以变动。作为实际情况,在这些区域中可通常使用10kPa-3000kPa的压力,尽管在一些实施方案中可以使用低于大气压的压力以及超过大气压的压力。各个区域内的温度将通常在作为馏出物被除去的组合物的沸点和作为残余物被除去的组合物的沸点之间的范围内。本领域技术人员将认识到,运行的蒸馏塔中给定位置的温度取决于在该位置处的物料组成和塔的压力。此外,进料速率可以取决于生产工艺规模而变化,如果进行描述,则可以一般是指按照进料重量比。
当塔107在标准大气压下操作时,在管线116中从塔107离开的残余物的温度优选为95℃-120℃,例如105℃-117℃或110℃-115℃。在管线117中从塔107离开的馏出物的温度优选为70℃-110℃,例如75℃-95℃或80℃-90℃。在其它实施方案中,第一塔107的压力可以为0.1kPa-510kPa,例如1kPa-475KPa或1kPa-375kPa。
管线117中的第一塔馏出物包含异丙醇,未反应的丙酮,以及在乙酸包括在进入反应器103的进料中包含乙醇时的乙醇、水和其它杂质例如乙酸乙酯,由于二元和三元共沸物的形成而可能难于将其分离。第一馏出物包含显著减少的量的乙酸。
将管线117中的第一馏出物引入到第二塔108(也称作“轻馏分塔”),优选在塔108的中间部分例如中间二分之一或中间三分之一引入。第二塔108可以是板式塔或填料塔。在一个实施方案中,第二塔108是具有5-70个塔板,例如15-50个塔板或20-45个塔板的板式塔。
作为一个实例,当以没有水抽提的塔中使用25个塔板的塔时,将管线117在塔板17处引入。当第二塔不是提取蒸馏塔时,期望可以将管线117中的任何乙酸乙酯随同异丙醇、乙醇和水一起分离成第二塔108的残余物。更优选地,第二塔108是提取蒸馏塔,在该情形中预期可以将管线117中的任何乙酸乙酯与异丙醇、乙醇和水分离并且送至第二塔108的馏出物中。在这种实施方案中,可以任选将提取剂例如水通过管线127加入到第二塔108。如果提取剂包含水,则其可以从外部来源获得或者从来自一个或多个其它塔的内部返回/再循环管线获得。在优选实施方案中,使用第三塔109的第三残余物中的水作为提取剂。如附图1中所示,可以任选通过管线121’将第三残余物导向第二塔108。
虽然第二塔108的温度和压力可以改变,但是当在大气压时,第二塔残留物的温度典型地为60℃-90℃,例如70℃-90℃或80℃-90℃,而第二塔馏出物的温度典型地为50℃-90℃,例如60℃-80℃或60℃-70℃。塔108可以在大气压下操作。在其它实施方案中,第二塔108的压力可以为0.1kPa-510kPa,例如1kPa-475kPa或1kPa-375kPa。
第二塔馏出物通过管线120离开塔108并且主要包含未反应的丙酮,可将其再循环到反应器103。可将管线120中的任何乙酸乙酯与丙酮分离并且供给到在馏出物管线119中离开塔109的纯化醇产物中,例如充当馏出物管线119中的乙醇或乙醇/异丙醇混合物的另外的变性剂。
第二塔残余物包含异丙醇(任选与乙醇和水一起),并且通过管线118给进到第三塔109(也称作“产品塔”)。更优选地,将管线118中的第二残余物引入第三塔109的下部,例如下半部或下三分之一。第三塔109优选为如上所述的板式塔并且优选在大气压下操作。在管线119中从第三塔109的顶部离开的馏出物的温度典型地为60℃-110℃,例如70℃-100℃或75℃-95℃。在管线121中离开第三塔109的残余物的温度典型地为70℃-115℃,例如80℃-110℃或85℃-105℃。当该塔在大气压下操作时,管线119中的馏出物优选按附图1中所示,例如以1:10-10:1如1:3-3:1或1:2-2:1的回流比进行回流。
管线121中的第三塔残留物主要包含水,可以将其从系统100移出或者可以例如通过管线121’将其部分返回到系统100的任何部分。
可以构建第三塔109并进行操作以回收单一醇产物作为在管线119中离开塔顶部的馏出物。在这种情形中,所述单一醇产物主要由异丙醇或异丙醇和乙醇的混合物组成,其优选除共沸水含量外基本上是纯的。异丙醇产物可直接地或者在进一步纯化后销售,而异丙醇和乙醇的混合物可作为变性乙醇直接地或在与另外的乙醇混合后销售,或者可用作燃料添加剂。
作为替代,可以操作第三塔109以回收在管线119中离开塔顶部的第一馏出物产物以及从第三塔的中部或上部在侧线料流138中离开塔109的一种或多种较高沸点的馏出物产物。因为异丙醇(82.5℃)具有比乙醇(78℃)高的沸点,因此富含乙醇的料流可通过管线119回收而富含异丙醇的料流可通过侧线料流138回收。这两种醇料流都可直接地或在进一步纯化后销售。

Claims (20)

1.一种生产醇产物的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)将包含乙酸的第一进料组合物转化为包含丙酮的产物;和
(b)在催化剂存在下将包含至少部分(a)中产生的丙酮的第二进料组合物加氢产生包含异丙醇的加氢流出物。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中通过加氢进行(a)的转化。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中以低于1:1,且优选低于1:2的氢气与乙酸的摩尔比进行(a)的加氢。
4.权利要求2或权利要求3的方法,其中在包含在载体上的至少第一金属的催化剂存在下进行(a)的加氢。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中所述第一金属选自:IB、IIΒ、IIIB、IVB、VB、VIB、VIIB、VIII族过渡金属,镧系金属,锕系金属或者选自IIIA、IVA、VA和VIA族中任意族的金属。
6.权利要求4或权利要求5的方法,其中所述载体选自二氧化硅、二氧化硅/氧化铝、偏硅酸钙、铁氧化物、氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、氧化镁、碳、石墨、石墨化碳、活性炭和它们的混合物。
7.权利要求4-6中任一项的方法,其中所述催化剂包含不同于第一金属的第二金属。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中所述第二金属选自铜、钼、锡、铬、铁、钴、钒、钨、钯、铂、镧、铈、锰、钌、铼、金和镍。
9.权利要求4-6中任一项的方法,其中所述催化剂选自SiO2负载的钌、碳负载的铁和碳负载的钯。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中在金属氧化物催化剂存在下通过酮化进行(a)的转化。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中所述金属氧化物催化剂选自氧化铈、二氧化钛、氧化锆、锰氧化物、锡氧化物、钍氧化物和氧化镁和它们的混合物。
12.任一前述权利要求的方法,其中在包含在载体上的至少第一金属的催化剂存在下进行(b)的加氢。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中所述第一金属选自:IB、ΠΒ、IIIB、IVB、VB、VIB、VIIB、VIII族过渡金属,镧系金属,锕系金属或者选自IIIA、IVA、VA和VIA族中任意族的金属。
14.权利要求12或权利要求13的方法,其中所述载体选自二氧化硅、二氧化硅/氧化铝、偏硅酸钙、铁氧化物、氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、氧化镁、碳、石墨、石墨化碳、活性炭和它们的混合物。
15.权利要求13-14中任一项的方法,其中所述催化剂包含不同于第一金属的第二金属。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中所述第二金属选自铜、钼、锡、铬、铁、钴、钒、钨、钯、铂、镧、铈、锰、钌、铼、金和镍。
17.任一前述权利要求的方法,所述方法还包括将包含异丙醇的至少一种醇产物从所述加氢流出物分离出。
18.任一前述权利要求的方法,其中第二进料组合物还包含乙酸。
19.权利要求18的方法,所述方法还包括将包含乙醇和/或异丙醇的至少一种醇产物从所述加氢流出物分离出。
20.使用原位生成的异丙醇变性的乙醇。
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