CN101828300A - 用于无线能量转移的发射器和接收器 - Google Patents

用于无线能量转移的发射器和接收器 Download PDF

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CN101828300A
CN101828300A CN200880107501A CN200880107501A CN101828300A CN 101828300 A CN101828300 A CN 101828300A CN 200880107501 A CN200880107501 A CN 200880107501A CN 200880107501 A CN200880107501 A CN 200880107501A CN 101828300 A CN101828300 A CN 101828300A
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antenna
shell
magnetic field
wire loop
loop antenna
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汉斯彼得·威德默
奈杰尔·P·库克
卢卡斯·西贝尔
斯蒂芬·多米尼亚克
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Qualcomm Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/248Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set provided with an AC/DC converting device, e.g. rectennas
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/2208Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems
    • H01Q1/2225Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems used in active tags, i.e. provided with its own power source or in passive tags, i.e. deriving power from RF signal
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q7/00Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop

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Abstract

本发明描述用于无线功率传输的技术。天线具有放大通量的部分以使所述天线具有比其实际尺寸大的有效尺寸。

Description

用于无线能量转移的发射器和接收器
本申请案主张2007年9月17日申请的第60/973,100号临时申请案的优先权,所述临时申请案的整个揭示内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
背景技术
在不使用电线来引导电磁场的情况下需要从源向目的地转移电能。先前尝试的困难是低效率以及所递送功率的量不适当。
我们的先前申请案和临时申请案描述了无线功率转移,所述申请案包含(但不限于)2008年1月22日申请的题目为“无线设备和方法(Wireless Apparatus and Methods)”的第12/018,069号美国专利申请案,所述美国专利申请案的整个揭示内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
所述系统可使用优选为谐振天线的发射天线和接收天线,所述天线大体上例如在5%谐振、10%谐振、15%谐振或20%谐振内谐振。天线优选具有小尺寸以允许其配合到其中用于天线的可用空间可能有限且成本可能是一因素的移动手持式装置中。可通过在发射天线的近场中存储能量而不是将能量以行进电磁波的形式发送到自由空间中来在两个天线之间实行有效的功率转移。可使用具有高质量因数的天线。放置两个高Q天线以使得其类似于松散耦合变压器而起作用,其中一个天线将功率感应到另一天线中。所述天线优选具有大于1000的Q。
发明内容
本申请案描述经由电磁场耦合从功率源向功率目的地的能量转移。实施例描述用于使能量转移最大化的技术。
附图说明
现在将参看附图详细描述这些和其它方面,在附图中:
图1展示无线功率系统的基本框图;
图2A和2B展示绘示非辐射性无线转移的距离限制的框图;
图3展示使用谐振线圈天线的无线转移;
图4A和4B展示绘示丢失部分的谐振频率下的等效电路;
图4C展示等效互感电路;图5A到5P展示不同的螺线管几何形状;
图6展示矩形谐振回路;
图7A和7B展示灵巧因数运算;
图8展示耦合回路;
图9展示功率转移与距离的曲线图;
图10A和10B展示损耗环境对高谐振器的影响;
图11A到11C展示高电感电容比谐振电路与低电感电容比谐振电路之间的差异;线图12A到12C说明无线功率到便携式装置中的集成;
图13A到13B展示可将天线集成到此类装置的封装中的不同方式;
图14展示铁氧体棒内的磁场和偶极矩;
图15说明铁氧体棒的通量集中效应;
图16展示如何利用铁氧体天线的旋磁效应;
图17说明扭转型磁致机械系统的基本原理;以及
图18说明如何使用磁致限制和压电装置以便从低磁场产生电功率。
具体实施方式
图1中展示基本实施例。功率发射器组合件100从源(例如,AC插头102)接收功率。频率产生器104用以将能量耦合到天线110(此处为谐振天线)。天线110包含电感性回路111,其以电感性方式耦合到高Q谐振天线部分112。谐振天线包含N数目个线圈回路113,每一回路具有半径RA。电容器114(此处展示为可变电容器)与线圈113串联,从而形成谐振回路。在所述实施例中,电容器是与线圈完全分离的结构,但在某些实施例中,形成线圈的电线的自电容可形成电容114。
频率产生器104可优选经调谐到天线110,且还经选择以获得FCC顺应性。
此实施例使用多向天线。115展示在所有方向上输出的能量。在天线的大部分输出不是电磁辐射能量而是较为静止的磁场的意义上,天线100是非辐射性的。当然,来自天线的部分输出将实际上辐射。
另一实施例可使用辐射性天线。
接收器150包含与发射天线110相距距离D放置的接收天线155。接收天线类似地为具有线圈部分和电容器的高Q谐振线圈天线151,其耦合到电感性耦合回路152。耦合回路152的输出在整流器160中整流,且施加于负载。所述负载可为任何类型的负载,例如为例如灯泡等电阻性负载,或者例如电器、计算机、可再充电电池、音乐播放器或汽车等电子装置负载。
能量可通过电场耦合或磁场耦合而转移,但本文主要描述磁场耦合作为一实施例。
电场耦合提供电感性加载的电偶极,其为开路电容器或介电圆盘。外来物体可能对电场耦合提供相对强的影响。磁场耦合可为优选的,因为磁场中的外来物体具有与“空白”空间相同的磁性质。
所述实施例描述使用电容性加载的磁偶极的磁场耦合。此偶极由形成线圈的至少一个回路或匝的电线回路与将天线电加载到谐振状态中的电容器串联形成。
然而,无线能量转移需要对效率的分析。效率数据可表达为
η = P r P t
其中Pr为接收天线处的功率输出,且Pt为发射天线处的功率输入。
发明人考虑了电场耦合和磁场耦合两者,且已决定磁场耦合可能对于无线功率转移较具希望。尽管电场耦合可能对于近程功率传输具有希望,但来自电场耦合的显著问题是其展示来自外来物体的相对强的影响。电场耦合使用电感性加载的电偶极,例如开路电容器或介电圆盘。
如根据实施例所使用的磁场耦合使用电容性加载的磁偶极天线,如所述实施例中所描述。此天线可包含导电性单个回路或一系列回路,其中电容器附接在电感两端。磁场耦合可具有来自外来物体的相对弱的影响的优点。
图2A和2B说明用于非辐射性能量转移的代表性“近场”条件。在图2B中针对图2A所示的布置来描绘正在传输信息的线圈与所述信息的接收器之间的距离。当然,此能量转移特性高度取决于不同参数,所述参数包含所使用的频率以及所述天线和接收器的特性。然而,对于图2A和2B中所示的一组指定特性,可获得图2B中所示的距离曲线,其展示在31/2m处具有合理量的能量转移。
此技术的合意特征是使用谐振线圈天线,其中电感线圈300与电容305串联。图3说明接收器301接收已使用磁场和谐振线圈天线以无线方式传输的来自发射器的功率。发射器299包含高频率产生器310,其产生进入耦合回路312中的功率Pt。耦合回路将此功率耦合到主天线300。主天线300具有为RA的线圈半径302和匝数
Figure GPA00001058839100032
天线包含与电容305串联的线圈部分303。线圈的LC值和电容经调谐以与驱动频率谐振,驱动频率在此处优选为13.56MHz。这形成展示为350的磁场H。
接收线圈320具有与其串联连接的电容321,其在磁场的区域中且位于与发射天线相距转移距离d处。来自接收天线320、321的所接收能量耦合到耦合回路325且发送到负载330。所述负载可在其中包含(例如)功率整流电路。
电路内的损耗电阻取决于辐射电阻、涡电流损耗、集肤和邻近效应以及介电损耗。
图4A和4B说明等效电路图和等效于这些图的损耗电路。图4A中的等效电路展示图3A中所论述的电路的等效电路,其中包含HF产生器310、耦合线圈312、主线圈303、电容305以及接收电容321、所接收线圈320、所接收耦合线圈325和负载330的等效图。然而,图4A还展示等效损耗电阻Rs400以及涡电流损耗和其它。图4B说明辐射电阻410、涡电流损耗420和其它效应。
图4C展示可如何形成等效互感电路,其中电压互感可相对于彼此偏移。举例来说,可使得两个源中的电流流动根据其互感而彼此相等。
可根据以下等式来导出转移效率:
发射器谐振器天线的未加载Q因数:
Figure GPA00001058839100041
感应到接收器天线线圈中的电压:
Figure GPA00001058839100051
其它有用关系
Figure GPA00001058839100052
效率(对于小η且对于圆形同轴线圈天线有效):
Figure GPA00001058839100053
k1、kr:说明特定线圈几何形状的项
[k]=m
在图5A到5C中展示三个特定线圈几何形状形式。
图5A展示空气螺线管,其中所述螺线管的总厚度具有值IA。图5B展示回路,其中线圈缠绕部分的部分非常靠近在一起。在此回路中,值I比半径rA小得多。最后,图5C展示铁氧体棒天线实施例。
线圈特性为如下:
线圈几何形状项(实例):
κ sol = ( 0.9 · r A + l A )
Figure GPA00001058839100062
Figure GPA00001058839100063
因此,转移效率可计算为
Figure GPA00001058839100064
所以,在给定Q因数的情况下,效率不再是频率的函数。
效率随d6减少。
使发射器线圈半径加倍使范围增加2的平方根=(41%)。
使发射器Q因数加倍使效率加倍。
使Q因数加倍仅使距离增加2的六次方根(12%)。
由发射器产生的磁场强度(使用等式(1)、(2)、(3):
Figure GPA00001058839100071
结论:
Figure GPA00001058839100072
为了转移相同量的功率,所产生的H场强度随着频率减少与
Figure GPA00001058839100073
成比例增加。
Figure GPA00001058839100074
例如,在135kHz下,产生比在13.5MHz下高20dB的H场强度。
结论:
Figure GPA00001058839100076
为了转移相同量的功率,所产生的H场强度随着频率减少与成比例增加。
Figure GPA00001058839100077
例如,在135kHz下,产生比在13.5MHz下高20dB的H场强度。
互感:
( 20 ) M ( d ) ≅ μ 0 π r A , t 2 r A , r 2 N R N t 2 d ′ 3 ( d )
耦合因数(定义):
( 21 ) k ( d ) ≅ M ( d ) L t · L R
使用等式(20)、(7a)和(7b):
( 22 ) k ( d ) ≅ r A , t r A , r · κ r κ t 2 d ′ 3 ( d )
( 24 ) η ( d ) ≅ ( k ( d ) 2 ) 2 · Q t Q r ≅ M 2 ( d ) 4 L t L r · Q t Q r
相互质量因数的定义:
( 25 ) Q tr ( d ) ≅ ( 2 πf ) · M ( d ) R t R r
(26)
( 26 ) η ( d ) ≅ 1 4 Q tr 2 ( d )
基于这些特性,耦合因数可主要视为几何参数与距离的函数。无法控制距离,但当然可控制几何参数。互感、天线的整体损耗电阻和操作频率也可与效率有关。较低频率可能需要较低损耗电阻或较高互感来获得与在较高频率下相同的转移效率。
针对具有图6所示的特性的回路,矩形回路的转移效率为如下。
几何形状项(适用于发射器和接收器):
Figure GPA00001058839100095
矩形发射回路所产生的磁场强度:
Figure GPA00001058839100101
匝数的优化可视为如下:
Q coil ( N ) = 2 πf · L ( N ) R loss ( N ) + R rad ( N ) ≅ 2 πf · L ( N ) R loss ( N ) ; R loss > > R rad
Figure GPA00001058839100103
针对长度为lA、半径为rA和间距与电线直径比为θ=2c/2b的线圈。
如果谐振频率用作优化参数,那么
( 37 ) Q coil ( f ) = 2 πf · L R loss ( f ) + R rad ( f ) ; (电感保持恒定)
( 38 ) R loss ( f ) - f (集肤效应)
( 39 ) R rad ( f ) = 320 π 4 ( πr A 2 λ 2 ) 2 N 2 ~ f 4
在低频率下              在高频率下
(集肤效应为主导)        (辐射电阻为主导)
( 40 ) Q coil ~ f ( 41 ) Q coil ~ f f 2
图7A和7B展示一些特定数值实例。其中线圈半径ra为8.5cm;线圈长度la为8cm,电线直径为6mm,匝数N为8,且铜电线导电率为58×106。图7A展示谐振所需要的电容700,且展示自电容限度705。图7B展示13.56Mhz下的Q因数720;再次展示自电容限度725。
从这些等式中,我们可得出这样的结论:对于给定线圈形状因数,Q因数在某种程度上与匝数无关。由较厚电线和较少绕组形成的线圈可如同具有较高匝数的线圈那样良好地起作用。然而,Q因数高度取决于频率。在低频率下,Q因数根据f1/2来增加。这主要取决于集肤效应。在较高频率下,关键因数随f-7/2而增加。这取决于集肤效应加上辐射电阻。
存在使Q达到最大的最佳频率。对于任何给定线圈,这取决于线圈的形状因数。然而,最大Q几乎总是在线圈的频率的自谐振上方发生。在自谐振附近,线圈谐振器对其周围环境极其敏感。
图8说明经实行以找出使结果达到最大的值的实验。这使用具有下列特性的线圈
Figure GPA00001058839100116
线圈特性:
半径:            rA,t=rA,r=8.5cm
长度:            lA,t=lA,r=20cm
电线直径:        2bA,t=2bA,r=6mm
匝数:            Nt=Nr=7
线圈材料:        镀银的铜
理论Q因数: Q theor ≅ 2780
所测量的Q因数: Q meas ≅ 1300
这产生图9所示的关于距离的结果,其展示比所计算出的效率略高的效率。
根据本发明的磁功率传输可依赖于高Q来实现改进的效率。损耗性环境可对高Q谐振器具有有害影响。图10A展示在例如介电材料1010(例如桌子)等损耗性材料或例如金属部分1000等导电材料附近使用天线1005。额外部分形成外来物体,其可为经展示为在图10B的等效电路中所模拟的部分。一般来说,这些部分将改变自谐振频率且移位或降级Q因数,除非得到补偿。在一个实施例中,还可包含调谐元件,例如本文中所描述的不同调谐元件中的任一者,其可补偿外来物体对天线的Q的影响。
为了减少环境的影响,可采取各种措施。首先,考虑Q因数
Q因数: Q = 1 R L C 谐振频率: f res = 1 2 π LC
这是三个变量和两个等式,其针对谐振器设计留下1个自由度。
具有低电感电容比的谐振器往往会在介电损耗为主导的环境中较稳定。相反,高电感电容比谐振器往往会在涡电流损耗为主导的环境中较稳定。时常,介电损耗为主导,且因此时常,具有低L/C比为好。
图11A展示谐振器,其针对高L/C比谐振电路的等效电路在图11B中展示。此谐振器可描述为:
Figure GPA00001058839100125
请注意,存在来自损耗性电介质的强影响。
图11C展示具有低匝数(因此,低L/C比)的回路谐振器。图11D展示存在来自电介质的减少的影响。
= 1 2 π L 2 C 2
Figure GPA00001058839100132
针对具有损耗性电介质的环境的示范性谐振器可包含13.56MHz,加上耦合回路可使用具有17cm线圈直径的七匝6mm镀银的铜电线和10pF的空气电容器。相反,用于此频率的低L/C比谐振器可在没有耦合电路的情况下使用3cm镀银的铜管(40cm直径回路)和为200pf的高电压真空电容器来操作。
对于低L/C谐振天线,真空电容器可产生显著优点。这些优点可能在若干毫微法的电容值中得到,且用非常低的串联电阻提供大于5000的Q值。此外,这些电容器可维持RF电压高达若干千伏且维持RF电流高达100A。
综上所述,高L/C比谐振器天线(例如,多匝回路)对于损耗性电介质较敏感。低L/C比谐振器天线(例如,单匝回路)对于损耗性导电或铁磁环境较敏感。然而,所描述的天线的Q因数可在1500到2600之间变化。直径为40cm的单匝发射回路可具有大于2000的Q值。
无线功率可以若干种不同方式集成到便携式装置中,如图12A到12C中所示。图12A展示非导电性外壳1200可具有包围机壳的周边并接触所述周边的回路天线1205。外壳可具有允许在不干扰天线的情况下插入和移除电池的开口。图12B展示金属机壳1220,其中存在通过间隙1221与机壳本身分离的背负式绝缘体1222。天线线圈1224形成于绝缘体1222上。天线所形成的磁场1226穿过所述间隙1221以便逃逸。
图12C展示金属机壳1240还可如何使用具有可展开回路天线的蛤壳,所述可展开回路天线旋转、滑动或折叠离开所述机壳。
图13A和13B展示多匝回路天线,其以使涡电流效应最小化的方式集成到机壳中。如图13A所示的金属机壳1300可用高磁导率铁氧体片1305来覆盖。回路天线1310可直接在铁氧体片1305上执行,如图13A中的横截面中所示。这可在铁氧体材料产生显著优点的低频率下较有效。
图13B展示使用金属机壳内的高磁导率铁氧体棒和缠绕在所述铁氧体棒周围的线圈。开路狭槽或开槽区域1360可提供接收磁场所穿过的区域。
在给定指定接收器位置处的指定磁场强度的情况下,在操作频率下,接收功率可表达为:
P r ~ N 2 r A , e 4 R tot ( N , σ , r A , A w , . . . )
其中:
rA,e:等效天线线圈半径(对于空气线圈:rA,e=rA)
N:电线回路天线的匝数
Rtot:L-C电路的谐振电阻,其为以下各项的函数
      rA:电线回路天线的物理半径
      σ:电线材料的导电率
      Aw:专用于线圈绕组的横截面面积
根据此等式注意到,N(匝数)的值在分子和分母两者中出现(在分子中出现为平方项)。
功率还与Aw(绕组的横截面面积)成反比。增加横截面面积可改进功率产量。然而,这可能对于实际集成来说变得过于笨重且庞大。
值8代表电线材料的导电率。增加此值可与δk成比例地增加功率产量,其中指数K在0.5到1的范围内。铜和银是最佳导体,其中银比铜贵得多。常温超导性可改进此值。
RA代表物理或等效半径。然而,此物理半径受天线将集成到的装置的形状因数限制。此类型的电线回路的等效半径可通过使用局部增加交变磁通量以在电线回路中产生电动势的材料或装置来增加。增加此等效半径可为非常有效的天线参数,因为所接收功率与此半径的四次幂成比例。此外,增加等效半径还使Q因数增加R2。这产生双重益处。
Figure GPA00001058839100142
Figure GPA00001058839100143
k:解释天线的特定形状因数(例如,线圈长度、电线直径)的几何形状项
实施例揭示在不增加电线回路天线的实际半径的情况下增加其等效半径。第一种技术使用具有铁磁性质的材料,例如铁氧体。还有可能利用铁氧体的旋磁效应。另外,磁致MEMS系统的使用可用于此目的。将分开论述这些技术中的每一者。
具有铁磁性质(磁化率Xm大于零)的材料可放大线圈内部的磁通量密度。
B=μ0(1+Xm)H=μ0(H+M)=μ0μrH
其中M是材料的磁化强度,且ur是所述材料的相对磁导率。铁磁材料在本质上向已经存在的通量添加额外磁通量。此额外通量源自所述材料内部的微观磁体或磁偶极。
磁偶极矩由原子中的电子自旋和轨角动量产生。所述力矩大部分来自具有被部分填充的电子壳层和未被削弱/无补偿的自旋的原子。这些原子可展现有用的磁偶极矩。
当施加外部磁场时,在晶格域中组织的磁偶极与外部场对准。见图14。较高的所施加磁场致使较多外斯域(Weiss domain)与磁场对准。一旦所有那些域均完全对准,那么所得磁通量便无法进一步增加。此对准称为饱和。
铁氧体材料通常展示所施加磁场或H场与所得B场之间的滞后效应。B场落后于H场。在缠绕于铁氧体棒周围的电感线圈中,此效应相对于电感器产生AC电流与AC电压之间的非90度相移。在低H场强度处,滞后效应被减少,进而减少损耗。
铁氧体棒的通量放大效应取决于所使用的铁氧体材料的相对磁导率(μr)以及所述棒的形状因数(例如,直径与长度比)两者。铁氧体棒和线圈天线的效应可由等效相对磁导率μe来描述,所述等效相对磁导率μe通常比μr小得多。对于无限大的直径与长度比,μe接近μr。铁氧体棒的效应等效于将天线线圈半径增加。在低于1MHz的频率和比率
Figure GPA00001058839100151
下,铁氧体对等效半径的增加将约为3到4。然而,依据物理尺寸限制,鉴于功率产量根据rA,e 4而增加,铁氧体棒的使用可为有益的。
图15说明铁氧体棒可如何将物理半径RA增加到等效半径RA,e,所述等效半径大于物理半径。本质上,在电线回路天线中使用铁氧体致使磁通量放大因数μe,这等效于将线圈半径增加因数sqrt(μe)。
铁氧体可能需要相对较长以增加μe,除非线圈半径较小。铁氧体天线将磁通量集中在棒内部,这还可降低对环境的敏感性。
某些材料(例如铁氧体)的旋磁效应也可用以增加磁通量。当将静磁场施加于铁磁材料以使得其饱和时,原子磁偶极移动围绕由静磁场的方向界定的轴执行运动。这具有以下角频率
ω0=γμ0H0
其中
γ = - m J 旋磁比
m:磁偶极矩的量值
J:角动量的量值
图16说明电流回路和场。将交变磁场施加于材料可造成电子电流自旋回路。
其相对磁导率可描述为复张量
μr=μr′+jμr
其展示在ω0下的谐振。此旋磁谐振效应可形成具有高达10,000的极高Q因数的谐振器。
可用使用MEMS形成的磁致机械系统来再现类似于这些旋磁材料的性质。这些系统可具有在较低频率下模仿旋磁高Q谐振效应的潜力。可使用两种不同类型的MEMS装置:罗盘型MEMS和扭转型MEMS。罗盘型MEMS使用由通过施加静磁场H0来饱和的微磁体形成的媒质。所述系统展现在由微磁体的磁化强度和惯性力矩界定的特性频率下的谐振。
类似地,扭转型MEMS由可沿着扭转梁移动的微磁体形成。所述系统展现基于磁化强度和惯性力矩以及弹簧常数的铁磁谐振。
图17说明扭转型磁致机械系统的基本原理。在功率传输的上下文中,这些磁致机械系统装置可作为放大磁通量的铁氧体、高Q谐振器和/或由发射器远程驱动的发电机来操作。发电机接收器可在远端位置处将电能转换为磁能,将磁能转换为动能且将动能转换回电能。
尽管附图展示棒形机械磁致振荡器,但实施例可使用圆盘或球体形材料来改进其可移动性。
将磁能转变为电能的另一种可能方式是组合的磁致伸缩(magnetoscriction)和压电,其可视为逆电致伸缩(reverse electrostriction)。磁致伸缩是当材料经受磁场时材料形状的改变。此形状改变可在材料内的外斯域的边界迁移时或在所述域旋转穿过外部场时发生。钴和Terfenol-D具有非常高的磁致伸缩。应力与所施加磁场强度之间的关系变成非线性。
长度为数厘米的磁致伸缩材料带在低频率范围内(例如,大约100kHz)展示类似于压电晶体和石英的谐振。此效应也在无源RFID系统中使用以产生可由RFID线圈检测到的谐振。图18展示使用磁致伸缩和压电材料来从低磁场产生电功率。
虽然上文已经详细揭示了仅几个实施例,但其它实施例也是可能的,且发明人希望这些实施例涵盖在本说明书内。说明书描述用以实现可以另一方式实现的较一般目标的具体实例。此揭示内容既定为示范性的,且权利要求书既定涵盖所属领域的一般技术人员可能可预测到的任何修改或替代。举例来说,可使用其它尺寸、材料和连接。虽然天线的耦合部分在一些实施例中展示为单个电线回路,但应理解,此耦合部分可具有多个电线回路。其它实施例可使用所述实施例的类似原理,且同样等效地适用于主要静电和/或电动力场耦合。大体上,可使用电场来代替磁场作为主要耦合机制。尽管在实施例中描述了MEMS,但更一般来说,可使用可形成小特征的任何结构。
本文中所揭示的实施例中的任一者可与任何其它实施例一起使用。举例来说,图12A到12C的天线形成实施例可与通量放大实施例一起使用。
而且,发明人希望仅使用词“用于…的装置”的那些权利要求既定根据35USC 112第六节来解释。此外,不希望来自说明书的任何限制对任何权利要求添加另外的意义,除非那些限制明确地包含于权利要求中。
在本文提到特定数字值的情况下,应认为,所述值可增加或减少20%,同时仍保留在本申请案的教示内,除非具体提到某种不同的范围。在使用指定的逻辑意义的情况下,还既定涵盖相反的逻辑意义。

Claims (58)

1.一种用于接收磁功率传输的系统,其包括:
电线回路天线,其具有形成为形成电感的至少一个回路的电线且具有电容,所述电线回路天线具有LC值,所述LC值经调谐以用于接收第一指定频率的磁场,且基于接收到包含电功率的所述磁场而产生输出;且
所述天线包含与所述电线回路天线相关联的第一电部分,所述第一电部分在不增加电线回路天线的实际半径的情况下增加所述天线的电线回路部分的等效半径。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述电线回路为矩形回路。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述矩形回路具有圆化边缘。
4.根据权利要求1所述的天线系统,其中所述第一电部分致使磁场被创建为犹如所述电线回路具有大于其物理半径的等效半径。
5.根据权利要求1所述的天线系统,其中所述第一电部分包含由铁氧体材料形成的部分。
6.根据权利要求1所述的天线系统,其中所述第一电部分包含由向已经存在的通量添加额外磁通量的材料形成的部分。
7.根据权利要求1所述的天线系统,其中所述第一电部分为通量放大部分。
8.根据权利要求7所述的天线系统,其中所述通量放大部分具有相对磁导率,且通量放大被增加所述相对磁导率的平方根。
9.根据权利要求7所述的天线系统,其中所述通量放大部分包含棒,且通量放大量与所述棒的长度有关。
10.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其进一步包括外壳,所述外壳适于收纳移动电子器件,且其中所述电线回路天线经定向以围绕所述外壳的至少一个区域。
11.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其进一步包括到无线功率电路的运载所述输出的连接。
12.根据权利要求10所述的系统,其中所述电线回路天线围绕所述外壳的整个外部周边。
13.根据权利要求10所述的系统,其中所述外壳由金属材料形成,且所述天线与所述金属材料分离。
14.根据权利要求13所述的系统,其中所述分离形成间隙,所述间隙具有磁场可穿过其逃逸的大小。
15.根据权利要求13所述的系统,其中所述回路天线可与所述外壳分离且可相对于所述外壳移动。
16.根据权利要求13所述的系统,其进一步包括铁氧体部分,所述铁氧体部分耦合到所述外壳且固持与所述外壳分离的所述天线的至少一部分。
17.根据权利要求9所述的系统,其进一步包括外壳,所述外壳适于收纳移动电子器件,且所述棒位于所述外壳内,其中所述电线回路天线缠绕在所述棒周围。
18.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其进一步包括位于所述外壳中的至少一个开口,所述至少一个开口允许磁场穿过所述开口且与所述棒交互。
19.根据权利要求18所述的系统,其中所述棒由铁氧体材料形成。
20.根据权利要求17所述的系统,其进一步包括位于所述外壳中的狭槽。
21.根据权利要求20所述的系统,其中所述外壳由导电材料形成。
22.一种用于接收磁功率传输的方法,其包括:
使用由电线回路天线形成的谐振器,所述谐振器具有调谐到与磁场的频率谐振的值的LC比,所述谐振器具有形成电感的电线回路且具有电容;
所述使用包括在不增加电线回路天线的实际半径的情况下增加所述天线的天线回路部分的等效半径;
接收所述磁场且基于所述磁场而产生可用功率;
将所述功率应用于负载,以基于接收到包含电功率的所述磁场而给所述负载供电。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中所述电线回路为矩形回路。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中所述矩形回路具有圆化边缘。
25.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中所述增加包括向已经存在的通量添加额外磁通量。
26.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其进一步包括放大由所述谐振器创建的通量。
27.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其进一步包括适于收纳移动电子器件的外壳,且进一步包括使用经定向以围绕所述外壳的至少一个区域的所述电线回路天线。
28.根据权利要求27所述的方法,其中所述电线回路天线围绕所述外壳的整个外部周边。
29.根据权利要求27所述的方法,其中所述外壳由金属材料形成,且所述方法进一步包括使用与所述金属材料分离的所述电线回路天线。
30.根据权利要求29所述的方法,其进一步包括使用所述电线回路天线与所述金属材料之间的间隙以接收可逃逸的磁场。
31.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中所述回路天线可与所述外壳分离,且所述方法进一步包括允许移动可相对于所述外壳移动的所述回路天线。
32.一种用于磁功率转移的天线系统,其包括:
谐振器,其由电感回路和电容器元件形成;以及
第一补偿结构,其补偿外来物体对所述谐振器的影响。
33.根据权利要求32所述的系统,其中所述天线具有大于1500的Q因数。
34.根据权利要求32所述的天线,其中所述天线系统具有大于2000的Q因数。
35.根据权利要求34所述的系统,其中所述天线为单回路天线。
36.根据权利要求32所述的系统,其中所述电感回路具有矩形形状。
37.一种方法,其包括:
确定环境是否将具有介电损耗或涡电流损耗;
基于所述确定,针对其中涡电流损耗为主导的环境选择具有高电感电容比谐振器的谐振器;
基于所述确定,针对其中介电损耗为主导的环境选择低电感电容比谐振器;以及使用所述选定谐振器作为系统的一部分以从磁功率传输中收回电功率。
38.根据权利要求37所述的方法,其中所述低电感电容比天线具有2匝以上的电感回路。
39.根据权利要求37所述的方法,其中所述高电感电容比天线具有两匝或两匝以下的电感回路。
40.根据权利要求37所述的方法,其中所述天线具有大于1500的Q。
41.一种用于接收无线功率的系统,其包括:
外壳,其适于收纳移动电子器件;
回路天线部分,其经定向以围绕所述外壳的至少一个区域;以及到无线功率电路的连接。
42.根据权利要求41所述的系统,其中所述天线的至少一个部分围绕所述外壳的整个外部周边。
43.根据权利要求42所述的系统,其中所述外壳由非金属材料形成,且所述天线在物理上与所述非金属材料接触。
44.根据权利要求41所述的系统,其中所述外壳由金属材料形成,且所述天线与所述金属材料分离。
45.根据权利要求44所述的系统,其中所述分离形成间隙,所述间隙具有磁电流可穿过其逃逸的大小。
46.根据权利要求41所述的系统,其中所述回路天线可与所述外壳分离且可相对于所述外壳移动。
47.根据权利要求41所述的系统,其进一步包括铁氧体部分,所述铁氧体部分耦合到所述外壳且固持所述天线的至少一部分。
48.一种用于接收无线功率的系统,其包括:
外壳,其适于收纳移动电子器件;
线圈缠绕模板,其从所述外壳的至少第一侧越过所述外壳延伸到所述外壳的第二侧;
线圈,其缠绕在所述模板周围;以及
至少一个开口和所述外壳,其允许磁场与所述模板交互。
49.根据权利要求48所述的系统,其中所述模板由铁氧体材料形成。
50.根据权利要求48所述的系统,其进一步包括位于所述外壳中的狭槽。
51.根据权利要求48所述的系统,其中所述外壳由导电材料形成。
52.根据权利要求48所述的系统,其中所述模板是圆柱形模板。
53.一种系统,其包括:
第一材料的第一层,其将机械应力转换为电能;
第二层,其与所述第一层机械接触且由第二材料形成,所述第二材料对所施加的磁场敏感且由所述所施加的磁场造成位置改变;
输出端子,其经连接以从所述第一层接收所述电能。
54.根据权利要求53所述的系统,其中所述第二层为导电性磁致伸缩材料。
55.根据权利要求53所述的系统,其中所述第一层为压电材料。
56.根据权利要求53所述的系统,其中所述输出端子直接连接到所述第二层。
57.根据权利要求56所述的系统,其中存在由所述第一材料形成的第三层,且所述第二层夹在所述第一层与所述第三层之间,所述第一材料为导电性的,且所述输出端子连接在所述第一材料的所述第一与第三层之间。
58.根据权利要求57所述的系统,其中所述第一材料经布置以使得变动磁场压缩所述第二部分。
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