CN101803224A - 远程低频率谐振器和材料 - Google Patents

远程低频率谐振器和材料 Download PDF

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CN101803224A
CN101803224A CN200880102575A CN200880102575A CN101803224A CN 101803224 A CN101803224 A CN 101803224A CN 200880102575 A CN200880102575 A CN 200880102575A CN 200880102575 A CN200880102575 A CN 200880102575A CN 101803224 A CN101803224 A CN 101803224A
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antenna
frequency
loop
electric wire
receiver
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汉斯彼得·威德默
卢卡斯·西贝尔
奈杰尔·P·库克
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Qualcomm Inc
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Qualcomm Inc
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    • H04B5/79—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/2208—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems
    • H01Q1/2225—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems used in active tags, i.e. provided with its own power source or in passive tags, i.e. deriving power from RF signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/50—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using additional energy repeaters between transmitting devices and receiving devices

Abstract

本发明揭示例如小于1MHz的低频率下的功率发射。可使用包含例如利兹电线等多股绞合电线的不同结构来以各种方式发射功率。电感器还可使用例如铁氧体芯。还可使用无源中继器。

Description

远程低频率谐振器和材料
本申请案主张2007年8月13日申请的第60/955,598号临时申请案的优先权，所述临时申请案的整个内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
背景技术
在不使用电线来引导电磁场的情况下从源向目的地转移电能是合意的。先前尝试的困难是低效率连同不足量的所递送功率。
我们的先前申请案和临时申请案描述了无线功率转移，所述申请案包含(但不限于)2008年1月22日申请的题目为“无线设备和方法(Wireless Apparatus and Methods)”的第12/018,069号美国专利申请案，所述美国专利申请案的整个揭示内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
所述系统可使用优选为谐振天线的发射天线和接收天线，所述天线大体上例如在10％谐振、15％谐振或20％谐振内谐振。天线优选具有小尺寸以允许其配合到用于天线的可用空间可能有限的移动手持式装置中。可通过在发射天线的近场中存储能量而不是将能量以行进电磁波的形式发送到自由空间中来在两个天线之间实行有效的功率转移。可使用具有高质量因数的天线。放置两个高Q天线以使得其类似于松散耦合变压器而相互作用，其中一个天线将功率感应到另一天线中。所述天线优选具有大于1000的Q。
发明内容
本申请案描述经由电磁场耦合从功率源向功率目的地的能量转移。实施例描述用于新型耦合结构(例如，发射天线和接收天线)的技术。
附图说明
现在将参看附图详细描述这些和其它方面，在附图中：
图1展示基于磁波的无线功率发射系统的框图；
图2说明图1的框图中的电路的电路图；
图3说明示范性近场条件曲线图。
具体实施方式
图1中展示基本实施例。功率发射器组合件100从源(例如，AC插头102)接收功率。频率产生器104用以将能量耦合到天线110(此处为谐振天线)。天线110包含电感性回路111，其以电感性方式耦合到高Q谐振天线部分112。谐振天线包含N数目个线圈回路113，每一回路具有半径RA。电容器114(此处展示为可变电容器)与线圈113串联，从而形成谐振回路。在所述实施例中，电容器是与线圈完全分离的结构，但在某些实施例中，形成线圈的电线的自电容可形成电容114。
频率产生器104可优选经调谐到天线110，且还经选择以获得FCC顺应性。
此实施例使用多向天线。115展示在所有方向上输出的能量。在天线的大部分输出不是电磁辐射能量而是较为静止的磁场的意义上，天线100是非辐射性的。当然，来自天线的部分输出将实际上辐射。
另一实施例可使用辐射性天线。
接收器150包含与发射天线110离开距离D放置的接收天线155。接收天线类似地为具有线圈部分和电容器的高Q谐振线圈天线151，其耦合到电感性耦合回路152。耦合回路152的输出在整流器160中整流，且施加于负载。所述负载可为任何类型的负载，例如为例如灯泡等电阻性负载或例如电器、计算机、可再充电电池、音乐播放器或汽车等电子装置负载。
能量可通过电场耦合或磁场耦合而转移，但本文主要描述磁场耦合作为实施例。
电场耦合提供电感性加载的电偶极子，其为开路电容器或介电圆盘。外来物体可能对电场耦合提供相对强的影响。磁场耦合可为优选的，因为磁场中的外来物体具有与“空白”空间相同的磁性质。
所述实施例描述使用电容性加载的磁偶极子的磁场耦合。此偶极子由形成线圈的至少一个回路或匝的电线回路与将天线电加载到谐振状态的电容器串联形成。
图2展示用于能量转移的等效电路。发射电路100是串联谐振电路，其具有在高频率产生器205的频率处谐振的RLC部分。发射器包含串联电阻210和电感性线圈215以及可变电容220。这产生磁场M，其展示为磁力线225。
信号产生器205具有优选通过电感性回路在谐振处匹配于发射谐振器的电阻的内部电阻。这允许从发射器向接收器天线转移最大功率。
接收部分150对应地包含电容器250、变压器线圈255、整流器260以及调节器261以提供经调节的输出电压。输出连接到负载电阻265。图2展示半波整流器，但应了解，可使用较复杂的整流器电路。整流器260和调节器261的阻抗在谐振处匹配于接收谐振器的电阻。这使得能够向负载转移最大量的功率。电阻考虑了集肤效应/邻近效应、辐射电阻以及内部和外部介电损失两者。
理想的谐振发射器将忽略具有不同谐振频率的所有其它附近的谐振物体或与其最少地反应。然而，当具有适当谐振频率的接收器遇到发射天线225的场时，两者耦合以便建立强能量链路。实际上，发射器和接收器操作而变为松散耦合的变压器。
发明人已发现若干改进从发射器向接收器的功率转移的因素。
上文所述的电路的Q因数可辅助某些效率。高Q因数允许谐振频率下的电流值增加。这使得能够维持相对低瓦特数的发射。在实施例中，发射器Q可为1400，而接收器Q为300左右。出于本文陈述的原因，在一个实施例中，接收器Q可比发射器Q低得多，例如为发射器Q的1/4到1/5。然而，可使用其它Q因数。谐振装置的Q是谐振装置的谐振频率与所谓的“三分贝”或“半功率”带宽的比率。虽然存在若干“定义”，但全都在按照谐振电路元件的测量或值来描述Q的方面大体上彼此等效。
高Q具有窄带宽效应的对应缺点。此窄带宽通常被视为对于数据通信是不合意的。然而，窄带宽可在功率转移中使用。当使用高Q时，发射器信号充分纯净且不含不需要的频率或相位调制，从而允许在此窄带宽上发射其大部分功率。
举例来说，实施例可将谐振频率与大体上未经调制的基频一起使用。然而，对基频的某种调制可被容许或为可容许的，尤其是在使用其它因素来增加效率的情况下。其它实施例使用较低Q组件，且可允许对基频的对应较多的调制。
重要特征可包含使用通过调节(例如FCC调节)而准许的频率。此示范性实施例中的优选频率是13.56MHz，但也可使用其它频率。
另外，电容器应能够承受高电压，例如高达1000V，因为电阻可能相对于电容性电抗来说较小。最终的重要特征是封装：系统应具有小的形状因数。
改进发射天线与接收天线之间的耦合的一个方面是增加天线的Q。功率转移的效率η可表达为
η ( d ) ≅ r A s 3 · r A T 3 · Q t · Q r 16 d 6 .
请注意，这随着发射天线的半径的立方、接收天线的半径的立方而增加，且减小到距离的六次幂。发射天线和接收天线的半径可受到其所用于的应用的约束。因此，在一些应用中增加Q可为仅有的增加效率的实际方法。
在一实施例中，用于发射功率的波的频率在“ISM带”中，例如处于135kHz。可使用其它“低”频率，例如160KHz、457Khz，或任何小于1Mhz的频率均在本文中视为“低”频率。此频带在本文中称为低频率或“LF”。举例来说，使用此低频率(LF)带用于检测雪崩遇难者的个人识别单元——BarryvoxTM系统。
此LF系统使用具有较长波长的频率。本质上，此系统依据场强度的斜率而向较近程发送功率。由于LF系统的性质，电路和天线的质量因数可在某种程度上降低。发明人偏向于1000或更高的Q。
此类型的较高频率系统已使用较低数目的线圈匝来增加Q。LF系统具有比其它(HF)系统低的集肤效应。LF系统具有较高数目的匝。LF系统的第一实施例可使用铁氧体(例如，非导电性铁磁陶瓷化合物)作为线圈内的芯。举例来说，任何材料XY2O4(其中X和Y各自为不同的金属阳离子)可用作实施例中的铁氧体。一种优选材料可为ZnFe2O4。
铁氧体可用作用于天线(例如，111、112、151、152中的任一者或全部)的“芯”。举例来说，天线152展示为其中具有铁氧体芯153。
另一实施例可使用利兹电线(Litze wire)作为线圈，例如111、112、151、152中的任一者或全部可由利兹电线形成。这是一束几根线，其交织但相互隔离以迫使电流分布于电线的完整横截面上。
接收器处于最高优先级以便获得良好性能。接收器将具有高相对功率值，将需要几百毫微法的电容，以及“高”的Q值，例如大于100，较优选大于300，或大于1000。在一实施例中，接收器具有PDA尺寸，例如(60mm×100mm)。
发射器优选使用真空电容器来保持高Q。
接收器的另一实施例使用空心线圈，其以如本文所述的电容器优化。
实施例可使用多个发射器和/或无源寄生回路(纯谐振器)，其放置于画框后面或桌子下面以充当由发射器激活的中继器。一个此类中继器在图1中展示为155。发射器随后充当用于远程跳跃点的母天线。寄生回路充当近程跳跃点。此配置实际上是多个发射器，但既不需要单独的馈送也不需要多个频率同步寄生天线(能量中继)。
所述实施例的一个方面是使用因增加处于用于所使用的电磁场、电压或电流的正弦波形的自谐振频率的耦合结构(主要是天线)的Q因数而来的高效率。对于使用单个大体上未经调制的正弦波的系统来说，功率的效率和量是优良的。明确地说，性能优于尝试俘获宽带波形中或多个具有不同频率的相异正弦波形中含有的功率的宽带系统。根据所使用材料的现实特性，其它实施例可能使用较不纯的波形。
虽然上文已经详细揭示了仅几个实施例，但其它实施例也是可能的，且发明人希望这些实施例涵盖在此说明书内。说明书描述用以实现可以另一方式实现的较一般目标的具体实例。此揭示内容既定为示范性的，且权利要求书既定涵盖所属领域的技术人员可能可预测到的任何修改或替代。举例来说，可使用其它尺寸、材料和连接。虽然天线的耦合部分展示为单个电线回路，但应理解，此耦合部分可具有多个电线回路。其它实施例可使用所述实施例的类似原理，且同样等效地适用于主要静电和/或电动力场耦合。大体上，可使用电场来代替磁场作为主要耦合机制。
而且，发明人希望仅使用词“用于...的装置”的那些权利要求既定根据35 USC 112第六节来解释。此外，不希望来自说明书的任何限制对任何权利要求添加另外的意义，除非这些限制明确地包含于权利要求中。
在本文提到特定数字值的情况下，应考虑，所述值可增加或减少20％，同时仍保留在本申请案的教示内，除非具体提到某种不同的范围。在使用指定的逻辑意义的情况下，还既定涵盖相反的逻辑意义。

Claims (30)

1.一种无线功率发射器系统，其包括：
与线路功率源的连接；
调制部分，其对所述线路功率进行调制以产生低于1MHz的第一频率；以及
发射器部分，其包含由导电回路与电容器形成的发射天线，所述电容器将所述天线带到处于所述第一频率的谐振，且所述发射器部分基于所述线路功率源产生磁场，所述发射器部分在所述频率处具有Q因数，其中所述Q因数为至少300。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述Q因数为至少1000。
3.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述天线使用由多股线形成的用于所述导电回路的多股绞合电线，所述多股线各自载运电流但各自彼此绝缘。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述天线在所述感应回路内部使用芯。
5.根据权利要求4所述的系统，其中所述芯由铁氧体材料形成。
6.根据权利要求5所述的系统，其中所述导电回路由多股线所形成的多股绞合电线材料形成，所述多股线各自载运电流但各自彼此绝缘。
7.根据权利要求6所述的系统，其中所述多股绞合电线材料是利兹电线。
8.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其进一步包括至少一个无源回路，所述无源回路经调谐以中继由所述发射器产生的磁场。
9.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述第一频率低于500kHz。
10.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其进一步包括接收器，所述接收器具有由线圈回路和电容器形成的天线，所述天线形成处于所述第一频率的谐振电路，所述谐振电路中具有由所述发射器感应的磁能，且所述天线产生输出功率。
11.根据权利要求10所述的系统，其中所述接收器中的所述天线在所述线圈回路中使用由多股线形成的多股绞合电线，所述多股线各自载运电流但各自彼此绝缘。
12.根据权利要求10所述的系统，其中所述接收器中的所述天线使用铁氧体作为用于所述线圈回路的芯。
13.一种无线功率接收器系统，其包括：
接收器部分，其包含由导电回路与电容器形成的接收天线，所述电容器将所述天线带到处于第一频率的谐振，且所述接收器部分接收磁场且产生基于所述磁场的输出，所述第一频率低于1Mhz；以及
整流器，其对所述输出进行整流以产生功率输出。
14.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中所述接收器部分的Q因数为至少300。
15.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中所述天线使用由多股线形成的用于所述导电回路的多股绞合电线，所述多股线各自载运电流但各自彼此绝缘。
16.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中所述天线在所述感应回路内部使用芯。
17.根据权利要求16所述的系统，其中所述芯由铁氧体材料形成。
18.根据权利要求17所述的系统，其中所述导电回路由多股线所形成的多股绞合电线材料形成，所述多股线各自载运电流但各自彼此绝缘。
19.根据权利要求18所述的系统，其中所述多股绞合电线材料是利兹电线。
20.根据权利要求12所述的系统，其进一步包括至少一个无源回路，所述无源回路经调谐以中继处于所述第一频率的磁场。
21.根据权利要求12所述的系统，其中所述第一频率低于500kHz。
22.根据权利要求12所述的系统，其进一步包括发射器，所述发射器具有由线圈回路和电容器形成的天线，所述天线形成处于所述第一频率的谐振电路，所述谐振电路中具有由线路功率源产生的磁能。
23.根据权利要求22所述的系统，其中所述接收器中的所述天线在所述线圈回路中使用多股绞合电线。
24.根据权利要求22所述的系统，其中所述接收器中的所述天线使用铁氧体作为用于所述线圈回路的芯。
25.一种发射功率的方法，其包括：
使用电功率来产生具有低于1MHz的第一频率的信号；
使用在所述第一频率处自谐振的天线来发射所述信号；以及
使用由所述发射器激活的无源中继器来中继处于所述第一频率的所述信号。
26.根据权利要求25所述的方法，其中所述天线包含感应回路以及将所述天线带到处于所述第一频率的谐振的电容器。
27.根据权利要求26所述的方法，其中所述天线由多股线所形成的多股绞合电线形成，所述多股线各自载运电流但各自彼此绝缘。
28.根据权利要求26所述的方法，其中所述感应回路包含由铁氧体形成的芯部分。
29.根据权利要求25所述的方法，其中所述中继器由多股绞合电线形成。
30.根据权利要求25所述的方法，其中所述中继器包含由铁氧体形成的芯。
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