CN101340935B - 于植入物表面上淀积纳米粒子 - Google Patents
于植入物表面上淀积纳米粒子 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101340935B CN101340935B CN2006800425147A CN200680042514A CN101340935B CN 101340935 B CN101340935 B CN 101340935B CN 2006800425147 A CN2006800425147 A CN 2006800425147A CN 200680042514 A CN200680042514 A CN 200680042514A CN 101340935 B CN101340935 B CN 101340935B
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- implant
- nanocrystal
- exasperate
- discrete
- solution
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Abstract
公开了用来植入活骨内的植入物的形成方法。此方法包括使植入物表面的至少一部分糙化以产生微尺度的糙化表面的步骤。此方法还包括这样的步骤:通过将糙化表面暴露于包括离散纳米粒子溶液中的一步过程,将这种离散的纳米粒子淀积于此糙化的表面上。此种纳米粒子包括具有促进骨结合性质的物质的粒子。
Description
有关申请文件对照
本申请要求美国临时申请No.60/736269(2005年11月14日提交)与美国临时申请No.62/797810(2006年5月4日提交)的权益。
发明领域
本发明一般地涉及植入物,具体涉及到上面淀积有离散的纳米级结晶磷酸钙粒子的牙科用植入物。
发明背景
以置放并固定于牙科用植入物上的假牙来更换缺失的牙的方法,已日益普通。牙科用植入物通常由金属与合金,包括钛(Ti)与钛合金组成。这种牙科用植入物用作与牙龈以及口腔的骨组织结合的人造牙根。
为了使这种牙科用植入物成功地起作用,需要作到有充分的骨结合。换言之,在植入物与骨之间必须形成与保持直接的化学键接,可以将骨结合材料引入到植入物的表面上以增强骨结合过程。骨结合材料的非限制性例子包括磷酸钙陶瓷材料例如羟磷灰石(HA),后者具有特别良好的化学稳定性与骨传导性。
要给表面上具有骨结合化合物的植入物以充分长效的行为,植入物与化合物之间就需有足够的结合强度。此外,这种化合物要求具有充分的生物稳定性,以使此化合物的溶解率低。
若干既有技术涉及形成HA的,其他磷酸钙的或其他骨结合化合物的,一般是薄(例如一般小于10微米)的涂层,来提高这种涂层对植入物的结合强度。等离子喷涂与溅射是用来将例如HA淀积到植入物上的两种主要技术。但这些工艺下的HA的溶解率可能会高到有害程度。此外,HA与植入物的界面常会由于HA与金属植入物的粘合不良而易开裂。
美国专利申请公告号No.2004/0249472公开了以纳米磷酸钙(例如HA)涂层植入物的方法。所公开的方法虽然有效,到由于它需要利用极易燃的化合物和产生危险的化合物(排放物)而成为有害的。此外,这种方法也是不经济的,因为它要求给植入物首先涂以一层包括醇盐或三官能硅烷类(即氨基三乙氧基甲硅烷)的涂层,以给植入物形成带正电荷的表面。然后于上述第一涂层之上形成包括带负电荷的HA纳米粒子的第二涂层。
本发明的目的在于提供在表面上淀积有离散的纳米结晶磷酸钙(例如HA)的一种改进的植入物与形成这种植入物的方法。
发明概述
本发明涉及拟植入到活骨内的植入物的形成方法。此方法包括使植入物表面的至少一部分糙化以产生微尺度的糙化表面的步骤。此方法还包括这样的步骤:通过将糙化表面暴露于包括离散纳米粒子溶液中的一步过程,将这种离散的纳米粒子淀积于此糙化表面上。此种纳米粒子包括具有促进骨结合性质的物质的粒子。
本发明的另一方面公开了形成由钛或钛合金制的牙科用植入物的方法。此方法包括蚀刻出此植入物至少一个螺纹底部以除去天然氧化物层的步骤。此方法还包括下述步骤:对上述螺纹底部进行酸蚀刻形成一糙面,此糙面具有大致均匀的微尺度不规则点的阵列,这些不规则点的峰-谷高度不大于约20微米。此方法还又包括下述步骤:对此糙面不作预处理,使此糙面暴露于包括2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂与羟磷灰石纳米级晶体中,而于此糙面上淀积上离散的羟磷灰石纳米级晶体。
本发明也公开了于植入物上形成纳米结晶面的方法。此方法包括使此植入物表面的至少一部分糙化以形成糙面的步骤。此方法还包括下述步骤:不于此糙面上形成醇盐而在此糙面上淀积纳米晶体。这种纳米晶体包括具有促进骨结合性质的物质。
根据本发明另一实施形式,公开了一种牙科用植入物。这种牙科用植入物包括具有不非旋转性部件的头部。此牙科用植入物还包括一与此头部相对峙的最低端。此牙科用植入物还又包括一用来结合此头部与最低端之间的骨的螺纹底部。此螺纹底部具有由峰-谷高度不大于约20微米的不规则点组成大致均匀阵列的糙面。螺纹底部还包括位于此糙面上的离散的纳米粒子。这种纳米粒子包括羟磷灰石纳米粒子。
根据本发明的另一实施形式,公开了一种形成拟植入到活骨内的植入物的方法。此方法包括通过将此植入物的表面暴露于溶液中的一步过程,而于此表面淀积上离散的纳米粒子的步骤。这种纳米粒子包括具有促进骨结合性质的物质。
根据本发明又一实施形式,公开了于植入物表面上形成纳米结晶表面的方法。此方法包括提供金属基片的步骤。此方法还包括下述步骤:将基片的至少一部分浸没于温度约18℃~约32℃的胶体溶液中约11.5分钟~约240分钟。这种胶体溶液包括2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂与许多羟磷灰石纳米晶体。后者的浓度相对于整个溶液按重量百分数计为约0.01~约1。此方法还包括将该胶体溶液的pH调节至约9~约11。
根据本发明的又另一实施形式,公开了一种形成拟植入到活骨内的植入体的方法。此方法包括提供植入物的步骤。此方法还包括下述步骤:通过将植入物表面暴露于溶液中的一步过程而于此表面淀积上离散的纳米粒子。这种纳米粒子包括具有促进骨结合性质的物质。此方法还包括冲洗植入物的步骤。此方法又还包括干燥植入物的步骤。
以上对本发明所作的概述并非用来说明本发明的各实施形式或其每一方面。此概述是用来引入下面的附图与详细说明的。
附图简述
本发明上述的和其他的优点通过阅读下面的详细说明和参看附图即可明了。
图1是依据一实施形式的植入物的侧视图。
图2a、2b、2c分别是依据第二实施形式的植入物的侧视图、插入端端视图、牙龈的端视图。
图3a、3b、3c分别是依据第三实施形式的植入物的侧视图、插入端端视图、牙龈的端视图。
图4a与4b分别是依据第四实施形式的植入物的侧视图与端视图。
图5是详述本发明一实施形式的植入物形成方法的流程图。
图6是具有粗糙外表面的图1中植入物的侧视图。
图7a是详述本发明另一实施形式的植入物形成方法的流程图。
图7b是详述本发明又另一实施形式的植入物形成方法的流程图。
图8a是场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)像,示明10KX下的羟磷灰石纳米粒子。
图8b是示明在30KX下的羟磷灰石纳米粒子的FESEM像。
图9-13是分别示明用来本发明的不同方法淀积到植入物表面上的在30KX下的羟磷灰石纳米粒子的FESEM像。
详细说明
本发明是针对表面上淀积有离散的纳米结晶磷酸钙粒子的植入物极其制造方法。本发明范围内的植入物是指用来置入人体内的装置,如用来连接骸骨构造(例如骸骨部植入物)或用作体部的固定件(例如假牙用固定件)。尽管本申请的余剩部分是针对牙科用植入物,但预料本发明同样可以用于其他方面(例如医疗方面)的植入物。
图1示明标准的牙科用植入物10,它包括头部12、最低端14与螺纹底部16。植入物10例如可由钛、钽、钴、铬、不锈钢或它们的合金制成。预计也可以采用其他材料如陶瓷或陶瓷-钛组合材料。下面讨论的图2a~c、图3a~c与4a~b描述了同样可用于本发明的其他植入物设计。
在图1的植入物10中,头部12包括非旋转性部件,这种非旋转性部件包括多角形凸台20,后者可与工具结合,将植入物10拧入骨组织内。在所示实施形式中,此多角形凸台是六角形的。多角形凸台20也可用来与接附于植入物10上的修复体或假体上取对应外形的插孔作非旋转的结合。
上述螺纹底部16的外形便于与骨或牙龈结合。螺纹底部16包括围绕植入物10形成许多圈的螺纹18。螺纹底部16还可包括具有逐渐增长的切削刃17的自动攻丝区,可让植入物10不需用骨丝锥而进行安置。这类逐渐增长的切削刃已详述于标题为“自攻丝,螺丝型牙科用植入物”的美国专利No.5727943中,该专利的整体内容已综合于此供参考。
图2a~c公开了一种在切削刃17’的与界定螺纹底部16’外部轮廓的细节上与图1中植入物10不同的植入物36。从横剖面中观察(参看图2a),螺纹外表面16’在螺纹区和/或在螺纹之间的槽之中为非圆形的。这种类型的螺纹结构详述于标题为“减少摩擦的螺纹型牙科用植入物”的美国专利No.5902109中,该专利的整体内容已综合于此供参考。
在图3a~c中,所示的植入物41在螺纹底部42的区域中有大的直径。此直径的范围为约4.5mm~约6.0mm,对于大直径的植入物,5.0mm的直径是相当普通的直径。这类植入物41能用来结合一或两个皮层骨以增强稳定性,尤其是在装入后的这段时间内。
图4a~b示明了可用于本发明的另一实施形式的植入物110。植入物110包括设计用来延伸通过牙龈的中间段114。此中间段最好具有包括氮化钛涂层的光滑表面,这样通过牙龈便不易看见此涂层下的钛或钛合金。植入物110还包括一可有不同的螺纹结构的螺纹底部120,且最好加以糙化处理以改进骨结合过程。可以预料到有不同于图1-4所示的那些植入物能够用于本发明。
根据本发明,使纳米粒子淀积物覆盖到植入物表面的至少一部分(例如螺纹底部)之上。在一种实施形式中,上述纳米淀积物是一种可促进植入物与骨科(例如人骨物质)之间骨结合的物质。一种合适的物质是磷酸钙物质,例如羟磷灰石(HA)。在一实施形式中,上述纳米粒子淀积物包括尺寸范围从约10纳米至约150纳米的HA纳米晶体。在另一实施形式中,这种HA纳米晶体具有的尺寸范围为约20纳米至约100纳米。
现参看图5,其中表述了依据本发明一实施例的将磷酸钙纳米粒子淀积到植入物表面上的一般方法。于步骤S200,提供植入物。于步骤S201,使此植入物表面的至少一部分粗糙化。作为例子,图6示明具有糙面130的图1中的植入物10。然后于步骤S202,将包括着具有促进骨结合性质的物质的离散纳米粒子淀积到此植入物的糙面上。
参看图7a,其中示明了形成本发明另一实施形式的植入物的另一一般方法。于步骤S250,提供了由钛、钛合金(例如钛6AL-4V ELI合金)、不锈钢、陶瓷或类似材料组成的植入物。然后于步骤S254,将包括着具有促进骨结合性质的物质的离散纳米粒子(例如HA纳米粒子)淀积到此植入物的糙面上。至此于步骤S258,可在反渗透/去离子(RO/DI)水中冲洗此植入物,除去残留的溶剂与HA。最后于步骤S264干燥此植入物。
参考图7b,依据本发明又一实施形式,示明了将HA纳米粒子淀积到牙科用植入物表面上的更详细方法。于步骤S300,提供了由钛、钛合金(例如钛6AL-4V ELI合金)、不锈钢或类似材料制的螺纹式牙科用植入物。这种牙科用植入物的表面一般是清洁与干燥的。于步骤S301,将植入物的螺纹底部蚀刻,以从植入物表面除去天然氧化物层。这种天然氧化物层可以用能够包括含水氢氟酸在内的第一酸性溶液除去。然后于步骤S302对此螺纹底部进行酸蚀刻以形成粗糙表面即糙面。上述酸蚀刻步骤可以用包括硫酸与氢氟酸的混合物。此糙面形成微尺度不规则点的基本均匀的阵列,用来增强植入物与骨或其他生物界面的结合性。这里的“微尺度”一词应理解为用来描述一般以微米度量的,例如1微米~100微米大小的物件或部件。上述不规则点可以包括微尺度的锥形件,一般所具有的峰-谷高不大于约20微米,而最好约1微米~约10微米。这种应用到工业纯(CP)钛上的糙化方法已详述于题名为“植入物表面加工”的美国专利No.5876453中,它的整体内容已综合于此供参考。另一种应用到钛6AL-4V ELI合金上的糙化方法,已详述于题名为“钛合金制植入物的表面处理方法”的美国申请公开号2004/0265780,其整体内容也综合于此供参考。预计其他的表面糙化技术,包括(但不限于)喷砂与钛等离子喷涂也是可以采用的。经过上述酸蚀刻步骤后,于步骤S304可用热的(例如70℃~100℃)去离子水冲洗植入物,除去任何的酸性残留物,同时能增长氢氧化钛晶体点集。
于步骤S306,HA纳米晶体此时淀积于植入物的糙面上。这些纳米晶体可以以胶体形式引入到植入物的糙面上。胶体形式的HA的代表性量值按重量百分数计通常约为0.01至约1(例如0.10)。为了形成这种胶体,可让HA纳米晶体与2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂组成溶液,然后用超声进行分散和解凝集。此胶体溶液的pH可用氢氧化钠,氢氧化铵或类似化合物调节到约7至约13。这样,此胶体溶液可以包括HA纳米晶体、2-甲氧基乙醇和一种pH调节剂(例如氢氧化铵和/或氢氧化钠)。
在配制HA纳米晶体溶液时,可将原始的HA纳米晶体物质精制,以求得只有有限的晶体凝集的储备溶液。根据一种方法,将BerkleyAdvanced Biomaterials(Berkley,California)制造的BABI-HAP-N20-E HA料干燥形成滤饼。然后用机械方法将此滤饼破碎成细粉,继后与2-甲氧基乙醇溶液组合。然后进行超声分散使HA纳米晶体解凝集。再让此溶液沉淀和倾析。将此已沉淀的溶液的上部用作制备淀积物溶液的储备溶液。对此储备溶液进行测试以确认粒度分布与HA浓度。如Nanotrac 150(Microtrac,Inc.,North Largo,Florida)指出,合适的粒度分布(体积)具有:小于150纳米的D10(1/10%分布)、小于300纳米的D50(1/5%分布)、小于900纳米的D90(1/9%分布)。
制备淀积物溶液时,是对在2-甲氧基乙醇中有适当粒度的HA纳米晶体的储备溶液另加2-甲氧基乙醇,以获得所需的浓度。2-甲氧基乙醇中这样的一种浓度范围按重量百分数计是约0.08~约0.12。应知如果其他变数(例如浸没时间与pH)变动时,则上述HA的浓度可按重量百分数计低于0.08或高于0.12。
上述淀积物溶液可以用例如氢氧化铵调节其pH。较具碱性的溶液一般可加速淀积过程和会让较大的粒子淀积到植入物表面上。氢氧化铵的合适浓度范围按重量百分数计可以从约0.05至约0.1。按重量计25%的上述pH已调淀积溶液与去离子水结合一般可以具有pH约9~约11。
然后将HA纳米晶体例如通过使植入物浸渍于所述胶体溶液中而淀积到植入物的表面上。此溶液可在初始时搅拌,但在淀积过程中一般是不流动的。植入物例如可在胶体溶液中浸没几个小时(例如2~4小时)。这种淀积可一般在环境温度下或较此略高或是略低的温度下进行。HA纳米晶体是直接结合到氢氧化钛和/或氧化钛之上。
浸没时间与HA浓度是属于影响HA纳米晶体淀积到植入物表面上的若干因素之中的。将植入物浸没于具有浓度约0.1重量百分数的HA与pH约10的溶液中例如约10~约60分钟,通常会使沉淀物覆盖植入物的表面约40%~约60%。较长的浸没时间一般提供较大的覆盖率而可于植入物表面上形成膜层或涂层。相反,较短的浸没时间一般会降低淀积于植入物表面上的物质量。具有较低浓度的HA纳米晶体的溶液一般需要较长的浸没时间,而具有较高浓度的HA纳米晶体的溶液则一般需求较短的浸没时间。
影响HA纳米晶体淀积到植入物表面上的速率与数量的另一因素则是淀积物溶液的pH。此溶液的pH还会在某种程度上影响到淀积到植入物上的HA纳米晶体的粒度。在酸性pH(即pH小于7)下,此淀积速率一般是低的而淀积到植入物表面上粒子的平均粒度普遍地减小。在中性pH(约7),淀积发生得较慢。例如,若是采用HA浓度约0.1重量百分数的淀积物溶液,为了获得约40%~60%的覆盖率则需将植入物浸没于此溶液中约2小时~约4小时。此外,淀积到植入物表面上的粒子一般是较小的(约20纳米)和较均匀。在高pH(即pH>9)下,所淀积的HA的粒度一般较大,约20纳米~约150纳米。在HA浓度约0.1重量百分数和pH大于约9的溶液中,处理时间一般较短,60分钟的浸没时间会获得约40~约60%的淀积物覆盖率。
然后在步骤S308,于反向渗透/去离子(RO/DI)水中冲洗此植入物,除去残余的溶剂与HA。再将植入物干燥(例如烘箱干燥)。在任选的步骤S310,于约80℃~约500℃的温度范围内(例如在约100℃)对此植入物作热固化处理。以烧结HA。
至此可采用另外的步骤,来纠正在HA纳米晶体淀积到植入物上的过程中可能会使植入的美观受损的问题。例如在步骤S312,于约40℃~约80℃的温度范围内以去离子水冲洗植入物,除去任何会在植入物上形成的水污点。然后将此植入物干燥。于步骤S314,可将此植入物例如于约80℃~约500℃温度范围内以烘箱干燥。
植入物表面可用场发射扫描电子显微检查法(FESEM)观察其特征。取决于相应的电子显微镜的分辨率,通常可在超过1.0KX(例如30KX)的放大倍下观察到纳米粒子的淀积物。通过用计算机软件进行FESEM的图像对比度作相位分析。可以分析离散纳米结晶淀积物的覆盖量。纳米晶体对植入物表面的附着力可以通过功能测试确定,或通过新颖技术例如用原子力显微镜检查法和纳米计长度标尺碳化硅(Sin)校准的射束,以金刚石覆盖的探针或触头测试结合强度(例如剪切强度)。
根据本发明的另一种方法,对植入物表面不首先作糙化处理而于其上淀积纳米粒子(例如HA纳米晶体)。在本实施形式中,对植入物作机加工,而它的最终表面与前述酸蚀刻步骤情形中的相比大致为光滑的。
下面例1-10中涉及的胶体溶液是用前述的方法制备的。在例1-10中,于HA纳米晶体淀积到植入物的表面上后,在约100℃的温度下将植入物用烘箱干燥。
例1
图8a、8b是在HA纳米晶体402淀积于CP钛植入物400表面上后的扫描电子显微镜图像。图8a的图像是用FESEM于10KX下摄取的。图8b的图像是用FESEM于30KX下摄取的。
图8a、8b所示植入物400的表面是用美国专利申请系列No.11/361286中所描述的,采用酸蚀刻法粗糙化以生产一种Osseotitie表面,该项申请文件的内容已综合于此供参考。此粗糙化方法形成的不规则点404具有的峰-谷高度不超过10微米。HA纳米晶体402用胶体溶液淀积到植入物400的表面上。上述胶体溶液包括在2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂中的约0.07重量百分数的HA。此植入物400浸没在这种胶体中约4小时。在植入物400上形成HA纳米晶体402的淀积物如图8a、8b中所示。
例2
图9a是扫描电子显微镜图像,示明淀积到植入物500表面上后HA纳米晶体502。
图9a中的植入物500由钛6AL-4V ELI合金组成。图9a中所示植入物500的表面是用美国专利申请公告No.2004/0265780中描述的双重蚀刻工艺粗糙化的,该申请文件内容已综合于此供参考。HA纳米晶体502是用上述在2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂中包括约0.10重量百分数的HA的胶体溶液淀积到植入物500的表面上。此植入物500在环境温度下浸没于上述胶体溶液中约150分钟。于植入物500之上形成的HA纳米晶体502示明于图9a中。
例3
图9b是扫描电子显微镜图像,示明了淀积在钛6AL-4V ELI合金植入物550表面上的HA纳米晶体。图9b的图像是用FESEM于30KX下摄取的。
用来HA纳米晶体552淀积到植入物550表面上的流程一般与例2中所用的类似。但与例2中流程不同的是,例3中胶体溶液的pH是用氢氧化铵调节到0.10重量百分数的氢氧化铵。当在去离子的H2O中于约25%的重量百分比测量时,此调节的溶液的PH值在9和10之间。此植入物550浸没于环境温度下的上述胶体溶液中约60分钟,形成于植入物550表面上HA纳米晶体552的淀积物示明于图9b中。
如图9b所示,植入物550表面上的HA纳米晶体552的淀积物与图9a中植入物500上的类似。但植入物500的浸没时间则短的多。这样,业已证明,通过调节pH来形成较碱性的溶液,缩短了HA纳米晶体552淀积到植入物表面上的时间。
例4
图9c是扫描电子显微镜图像,示明了淀积在钛6AL-4V ELI合金植入物600表面上的HA纳米晶体602。附图9c的图像是用FESEM在30KX下获取的。
本例用来将HA纳米晶体602淀积到植入物600上的流程类似于例3中所用的,但与例3中植入物550不同的是,图9c所示植入物600表面不是粗糙化了的。相反,植入物600的表面经过机加工,它的最终表面构型在淀积有HA纳米晶体602之前是大致光滑的。
如图9c所示,植入物600表面上的HA纳米晶体602淀积物分别与图9a、9b的植入物500、550的类似。这样,在淀积之前不对植入物作粗糙化处理,也能是HA纳米晶体合适地淀积于植入物表面上。
例5
图9d是扫描显微镜图像,示明了淀积到植入物650表面上的HA纳米晶体652。图9d的图像是用FESEM于30KX下摄取的。
用来将HA纳米晶体652淀积到植入物650表面上的流程与例3中所用的类似。但图9d中所用植入物650含有316不锈钢,使之可以例如用在皮层螺旋上。此植入物表面在对其进行淀积之前未作糙化处理。植入物650于环境温度下浸没与所述胶体溶液中约120分钟。植入物650上形成的HA纳米晶体652的淀积物示于图9d中。
如图9d所示,淀积到植入物650表面上的HA纳米晶体652的数量与图9a-c中的类似。这样,在含有异于钛和钛合金的金属(例如不锈钢)的植入物的表面上也可合适地淀积HA纳米晶体。
例6
图10是扫描电子显微镜图像,示明了淀积在植入物700表面上的HA纳米晶体702。图10中的图像是用FESEM于30KX下摄取的。
图10中所用植入物700由钛6AL-4V ELI合金组成。图10所示植入物700的表面用美国专利申请公告No.2004/0265780中所述的双重酸蚀刻法作糙化处理,该项申请文件的内容已综合于此供参考。HA纳米晶体702是用包括在2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂中0.80重量百分数的HA的胶体溶液淀积到植入物700的表面上。此胶体溶液的pH是以氢氧化铵调节到0.01重量百分数的氢氧化铵。此已调溶液当于去离子水中调整到约25重量百分数时,它的pH测量值是在8与9之间。植入物700在约18℃的温度下浸没于上述胶体溶液中约55分钟。形成于植入物700上HA纳米晶体702的淀积物示明于图10中。
例6中的流程采用了较低浓度的HA纳米晶体(即0.08重量百分数)和相当低的浓度的氢氧化铵(即0.01重量百分数),但在植入物700表面上的HA纳米晶体702则与图9a-d中的类似。
例7
图11是扫描电子显微镜图像,示明淀积到植入物750表面上的HA纳米晶体752。图11中的图像是用FESEM于30KX下摄取的。
图11中所用植入物750由钛6AL-4V ELI合金组成。图11中所示植入物750的表面已用美国专利申请公告No.2004/0265780中所述双重酸蚀刻法进行过糙化处理,该申请文件的内容已综合于此供参考。HA纳米晶体752是用在2-甲氢氧乙醇溶剂和/包括约0.12重量百分数的胶体溶液淀积到植入物750的表面上。此胶体溶液的pH是用氢氧化铵调节到0.30重量百分数的氢氧化铵。此已调溶液当于去离子水中调整到约25重量百分数时,它的pH测量值在10与11之间。植入物550于约30℃的温度下在此胶体溶液中浸没约70分钟。于植入物750上形成的HA纳米晶体752示明于图11中。
例7流程中的HA纳米晶体采用了比例6中HA纳米晶体浓度(即0.08重量百分数)为高的浓度(即0.12重量百分数)。例7的流程中与例6中相比也显著地提高了氢氧化铵的浓度(即0.30重量百分数),但植入物750表面上的HA纳米晶体752的淀积物则与以前各例中的类似。
例8
例12a是扫描电子显微镜图像,示明了淀积到植入物775表面上的HA纳米晶体。图12a的图像是用FESEM于30KX下摄取的。图12a中所用植入物775是由CP钛组成。图12a中所示植入物775的表面是用美国专利No.5876453中所述双重酸蚀刻法作糙化处理的,该项专利的内容已综合于此供参考。HA纳米晶体780是用在2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂中包括约0.1重量百分数的HA的胶体溶液淀积到植入物775的表面上。此胶体溶液的pH是用氢氧化铵调节到0.05重量百分数的氢氧化铵。此已调溶液当于去离子水中调整到约25重量百分数时,它的pH测量值在9与10之间。植入物775于环境温度下在上述胶体溶液中浸没约11.5分钟。此11.5分钟的浸没时间于前述各例中的相比是较短的。因此,植入物775表面上所淀积的HA纳米晶体量一般少于以前各例中的。
例9
图12b是扫描电子显微镜图像,示明了淀积到CP钛植入物800表面上的HA纳米晶体。图12b中的图像是用FESES于30KX下摄取的。
这里用来将HA纳米晶体802淀积到植入物800表面上的流程类似于例8中所用的,但图12b中所用的浸没时间约为60分钟。这样,此浸没时间比例8中的要长。因此,淀积于植入物800表面上的HA纳米晶体802的数量一般比例8中的多。
例10
图12c是扫描电子显微镜图像,示明了淀积到CP钛植入物825表面上的HA纳米晶体830。图12c中的图像是用FESEM于30KX下摄取的。
用来将HA纳米晶体830淀积到植入物825表面上的流程类似于例8与9中所用的,但图12c中所用的浸没时间约为240分钟,因而浸没时间远高于例8与9中的。这样,淀积到植入物825表面上的HA纳米晶体830的数量一般多于例8与9中的。
例11
图13a是扫描电子显微镜图像,示明了淀积到植入物850表面上的HA纳米晶体852。图13a的图像是用FESEM于30KX下摄取的。
图13a中所示植入物850是由钛6AL-4V ELI组成。图13a中所示植入物850的表面是用美国专利申请公告No.2004/0265780所述双重酸蚀刻法进行粗糙化的,此申请文件的内容已综合于此供参考。HA纳米晶体852是用包括于2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂的约0.10重量百分数的胶体溶液淀积到植入物850的表面上。此胶体溶液中pH以氢氧化铵调节到0.05重量百分数的氢氧化铵。植入物850在环境温度下浸没于此胶体溶液中约11.5分钟。
此植入物850上形成的HA纳米晶体852的淀积物示明于图13a中。浸没时间11.5分钟较低于以前各例中。因此,淀积于植入物850表面上的HA纳米晶体852的数量一般较以前各例中的少。
例12
图13b是扫描电子显微镜图像,示明了淀积到钛6AL-4V ELI合金植入物875上的HA纳米晶体880。图13b的图像是用FESEM在30KX下摄取的。
这里用来将HA纳米晶体880淀积到钛6AL-4V ELI合金植入物875表面上的流程与例11中所用的类似,但图13b中所用的浸没时间约为60分钟。这样,此浸没时间便较例11中的长。因此,淀积到植入物875表面上的HA纳米晶体880上的数量一般多于例11中的。
例13
图13c是扫描电子显微镜图像,示明了淀积到钛6AL-4V ELI合金表面上的纳米晶体902。图13c的图像是用FESEM于30KX下摄取的。
这里用来将HA纳米晶体902淀积到植入物900表面上的流程与例9中所用的类似,但图13c中所用浸没时间约为240分钟。这样,此浸没时间比例11与12中所用的显著地长。因此,淀积到植入物900表面上的HA纳米晶体902的数量一般较例11与12中的多。
对动物进行的试验室试验
进行了动物研究,以试验上面淀积有HA纳米晶体的若干植入物的性能。此项研究采用了骨对植入物抗张强度试验,比较了两个对照组与六个试验组的结果。对照组包括Osseotite蚀刻的钛合金(6AL-4V ELI)植入物和工业纯(CP)钛植入物。有三个试验组包括Osseotite蚀刻的CP钛植入物,其上淀积有HA纳米晶体。其余的三个试验组包括Osseotite蚀刻的钛合金(6AL-4V ELI)植入物,其上淀积有HA纳米晶体。这些试验组在各有关植入物的HA纳米晶体的覆盖率不同(低度、中度与高度)。对这六个试验组与两个对照组的各个试验了十二个植入物。
CP钛植入物,如图12a-c中所示且在例8、9与10中描述到的CP钛植入物775、800、825,也是本项研究中所试验的植入物之中。按照例8(图12a)所制的植入物是在具有低度覆盖率的OsseotiteCP钛植入物的组中。按照例9(图12b)所制的植入物是在具有中度覆盖率的Osseotite钛6AL-4V ELI植入物的组中。按照例10(图12c)所制的植入物是在具有高度覆盖率的Osseotite钛6AL-4V ELI植入物的组中。
附图13a-c所示的以及如上所示的例子11、12、13所述的如植入物850、875、900的钛合金植入物也属于研究中的测试的植入物。按照例11(图13a)所制的植入物是在具有低度覆盖率的Osseotite钛6AL-4VELI植入物的组中。按照例12(图13b)所制的植入物是在具有中度覆盖率的Osseotite钛6AL-4V ELI植入物的组中。按照例13(图13c)所制的植入物是在具有高度覆盖率的Osseotite钛6AL-4V ELI植入物的组中。
采用老鼠作为试验对象进行抗张强度试验。用外科术将植入物于双皮层方式下植入试验对象的两个股骨中。然后封闭植入点,让它经过九日来愈合,在此之后,试验对象牺牲了。然后取出试验对象的股骨,加工出骨-植入物横切片用于抗张强度试验。再将金属丝通过此植入物两侧上的骨髓腔。随即将植入物固定于Instron Corporation(Burlington,Ontario)制的Instron万能试验系统上。以渐增的力垂直地上拉此金属丝,直至所述骨从植入物上破碎脱离下来。以牛顿(N)为单位测量了在破碎之前的力的最大量值。然后将植入物转过180°而对此植入物的另一侧重复此试验。这样,对各植入物作了两次试验。
试验结果指明了对照组与各相应试验组平均值之间的统计性显著差(95%置信度)。各Osseotite钛合金含6AL-4V ELI植入物试验组(低度、中度与高度覆盖率),分别需要10.8N(n=23,n为植入物个数,标准离差=5.32)、14.1N(n=24,标准离差=5.98)与12.8N((n=23,标准离差=4.78)的力以使上述骨从植入物上破碎分离开。各OsseotiteCP钛试验组(低度、中度与高度覆盖率)的平均值分别需要8.2N(n=24,标准离差=4.21)、10.5N(n=24,标准离差=4.38)与11.6N(n=24,标准离差=4.89)较大的力,以使上述骨从植入物上破碎分离开。各Osseotite钛合金6AL-4V ELI植入物试验组(低度、中度与高度覆盖率)的平均值分别要求157%、235%与204%较大的力,以使上述骨从植入物上破碎分离开。各OsseotiteCP钛试验组(低度、中度与高度覆盖率)的平均值分别要求901%、1178%与1319%较大的力,以使上述骨从植入物上破碎分离开。这样,证明了任何程度的HA纳米晶体覆盖率(即低度、中度与高度)都有助于改进植入物的性能,而具有中度与高度覆盖率的纳米晶体淀积物则已证明其性能稍优于低度覆盖率的。
对人体临床试验的初步结果
进行了对人体的有关研究以比较其上具有和不具有HA纳米晶体的两种植入物的性能。此项研究中用到的所有植入物都定制成2mm×10mmOsseotite钛合金5AL-4V ELI现场评估植入物(SEI),它们包括有以前定义过的那种蚀刻成的糙面。对照组包括十六个未经进一步处理的SEI(对照用SEI),试验组包括十六个在其糙面上淀积有离散的HA纳米晶体的SEI(试验用SEI)。
临床试验中用到的议定书得到了Chieti-Pescara大学伦理学委员会的认可,所有的病人都提供了书面的同意文件。为使骨密度与病人生态的差异得到抵消与最小化,在十五个病人的各个之中设置有一个对照用SEI和一个试验用SEI。这十五个病人之一安装有另加的一个对照用SEI和一个试验用SEI,总共四个SEI(表1中的病人No.11)。这些SEI是用随机方式设置的,或是紧邻地相互在上颌骨的同侧,或是在对侧定位。经过8±1周的医治,对各个SEI附以一个指示标,然后用4mm内径的圆柱将这些SEI取下。最后在光学显微镜与共焦激光扫描显微镜下进行了评估。
在对照用SEI与试验用SEI之间观察到显著差。例如在对照用SEI中所作的组织结构观察中,示明在与植入物螺纹整个周边不常直接接触的植入物表面周围有新骨形成。另一方面,在试验用SEI中新形成的骨则是与植入物表面紧密接触,完全与植入物表面的微不规则点适配。
对各对照用SEI与试验用SEI进行了骨-植入物接触点、组织形态测量学分析。分析结果汇总于下面的表1
表1
病人No. | %BIC对照表 | %BIC试验组 |
1 | 4.3 | 45.1 |
2 | 54.1 | 0 |
3 | 40.0 | 52.0 |
4 | 24.0 | 65.1 |
5 | 3.0 | 23.0 |
6 | 15.3 | 22.4 |
7 | 30.3 | 15.0 |
8 | 19.6 | 47.7 |
9 | 8.1 | 53.1 |
10 | 7.2 | 47.0 |
11(案例1) | 9.8 | 19.0 |
11(案例2) | 19.8 | 13.5 |
12 | 53.1 | 22.0 |
13 | 13.0 | 7.1 |
14 | 18.1 | 19.0 |
15 | 0 | 16.3 |
总计(具“0”值的病人除外) | ||
N | 14 | 14 |
平均 | 19.0 | 32.2 |
标准离差 | 14.18 | 18.49 |
最小 | 3.0 | 7.1 |
最大 | 53.1 | 65.1 |
如表1所示,试验的初始结果表明,在对照用SEI与试验用SEI的平均值之间存在统计性显著差。在一个对照用SEI(病人No.15)与一个试验用SEI(病人No.2)之中,疑可能存在人为的切削品,它们已都除去掉而不涉及任何周围的骨(BIC=0)。除去上述病人,对照用SEI的平均BIC值为19.0(n=14,标准离差=14.18),而试验用SEI的平均BIC值为32.2(n=14,标准离差=18.49)。这样上面淀积HA纳米晶体试验用SEI显现出有显著优于对照SEI的性能。
根据本发明的各个方法,磷酸钙的纳米粒子可直接与植入物表面上形成的氧化钛和/或氢氧化钛层结合。于是,本发明的优点之一是它不需要中间分子(例如醇盐,或三官能硅烷如氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷)来将纳米粒子结合到植入物上。再有,这种纳米粒子是用一步过程使植入物的糙面暴露于包括此纳米粒子的胶体溶液而进行淀积。
虽然本发明已相对接触骨组织的植入物部分作了一般描述,但应知这里说明的蚀刻、酸蚀刻、粗糙化与淀积等操作也可施行于整个植入物之上。
尽管本发明业已对照一或多个具体实施形式作了说明,但内行的人将认识到在不脱离本发明的精神与范围的前提下可以作出许多变更,各个这些实施形式极其明显的变动都应认为是在此所申请的发明的精神与范围之内,而本发明的范围则列述于下面的权利要求书中。
Claims (57)
1.拟用来植入活骨内的植入物的形成方法,此方法包括下述步骤:
将此植入物表面至少一部分粗糙化以产生出微尺度的糙面;
通过将此糙面暴露于包括纳米粒子的溶液中的一步过程,使离散的纳米粒子直接淀积到此糙面之上,所述纳米粒子包括具有促进骨结合性质的物质,其中淀积离散的纳米粒子的步骤致使淀积物覆盖少于全部的糙面,使得一部分的糙面在至少一些离散的纳米粒子之间被暴露。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述植入物是由选自包括钽、钴、铬、钛、不锈钢或它们的合金的这个组中的金属制备的。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述金属包括钛。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中所述植入物是由包括陶瓷在内的材料制备的。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中所述植入物是牙科用植入物。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中所述植入物表面的被粗糙化的所述部分是便于与骨结合的螺纹底部。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中所述植入物是由钛制备,而所述将植入物表面糙化的步骤包括:从植入物表面除去天然氧化物;对此所得表面进行酸蚀刻。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中所述将植入物表面粗糙化的步骤形成了不规则点,这类不规则点所具的峰-谷高度不大于20微米。
9.权利要求8的方法,所述纳米粒子包括尺寸20纳米~100纳米的羟磷灰石纳米晶体。
10.拟用来植入活骨内的植入物的形成方法,此方法包括下述步骤:
将此植入物表面至少一部分粗糙化以产生出微尺度的糙面;
通过将此糙面暴露于包括纳米粒子和2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂的溶液中的一步过程,使离散的纳米粒子直接淀积到此糙面之上,所述纳米粒子包括具有促进骨结合性质的物质,其中淀积离散的纳米粒子的步骤致使淀积物覆盖少于全部的糙面,所述纳米粒子包括羟磷灰石,使得一部分的糙面在至少一些离散的纳米粒子之间被暴露。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中所述淀积羟磷灰石纳米晶体的步骤还包括调节所述溶液的pH。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中所述调节溶液的pH包括使用氢氧化铵。
13.权利要求11的方法,其中所述pH调节到9~11。
14.权利要求10的方法,此方法在淀积步骤之后还包括于反向渗透水、去离子水、或其结合中冲洗植入物。
15.权利要求14的方法,此方法还包括热固化此植入物以烧结淀积的羟磷灰石纳米晶体。
16.权利要求14的方法,此方法还包括下述步骤:于去离子水中冲洗此植入物;干燥此植入物。
17.权利要求14的方法,其中在淀积羟磷灰石纳米晶体之前,此方法还包括于去离子水中冲洗植入物。
18.钛或钛合金制植入物的形成方法,此方法包括下述步骤:
蚀刻出此植入物的至少一个螺纹底部以除去天然氧化物层。
在所述蚀刻之后,通过采用酸蚀刻工艺在所述螺纹底部上形成粗糙化表面,此糙面具有由微尺度不规则点组成的基本均匀的阵列,这些不规则点的峰-谷高度不大于20微米;
对此糙面不作预处理,通过将其暴露于包括2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂与羟磷灰石纳米晶体组成的溶液中,使离散的羟磷灰石纳米晶体直接淀积到此糙面上,其中淀积离散的羟磷灰石纳米晶体的步骤致使淀积物覆盖少于全部的糙面。
19.权利要求18的方法,其中所述峰-谷高度从1微米至10微米。
20.权利要求19的方法,其中所述蚀刻、酸蚀刻与粗糙化是在将与骨或牙龈接触的所有表面上进行。
21.权利要求18的方法,此方法还包括在所述暴露于溶液中之前调节此溶液的pH。
22.权利要求21的方法,其中所述调节溶液的pH的步骤包括采用氢氧化铵。
23.权利要求21的方法,其中所述pH调节到9~11。
24.权利要求18的方法,其中所述羟磷灰石纳米晶体具有的尺寸为20纳米~100微米。
25.权利要求18的方法,此方法在所述酸蚀刻步骤之后和所述淀积羟磷灰石纳米晶体之前还包括有一或多道清洁或冲洗步骤。
26.权利要求25的方法,其中所述冲洗步骤包括于去离子水中冲洗此植入物。
27.权利要求18的方法,此方法还包括于反向渗透水、去离子水、或其结合中冲洗此植入物的步骤。
28.权利要求27的方法,此方法还包括热固化此植入物以烧结羟磷灰石纳米晶体。
29.权利要求27的方法,此方法还包括下述步骤:于去离子水中冲洗此植入物;干燥此植入物。
30.权利要求18的方法,其中所述不规则点包括锥形件。
31.权利要求18的方法,其中所述天然氧化物层是用第一酸性溶液除去。
32.权利要求31的方法,其中所述第一酸性溶液是含水的氢氟酸,而所述酸性蚀刻步骤中包括使用硫酸与氢氧酸的混合物。
33.于植入物上形成纳米结晶表面的方法,此方法包括下述步骤:
将此植入物表面的至少一部分粗糙化以形成糙面;
不于此糙面上形成醇盐,于此糙面上淀积离散的纳米晶体,此种纳米晶体包括具有能促进骨结合性质的物质,所述纳米晶体包括羟磷灰石,所述纳米晶体的大小为20纳米~100纳米,其中一部分的糙面在至少一些离散的纳米晶体之间被暴露,使得在离散的纳米晶体之间被暴露的粗糙部分用于接触骨。
34.权利要求33的方法,其中所述植入物是由选自包括钽、钴、钛、不锈钢或它们的合金的这个组中的金属制备的。
35.权利要求33的方法,其中所述金属包括钛。
36.权利要求33的方法,其中所述植入物是由包括陶瓷在内的材料制成。
37.权利要求33的方法,其中所述植入物是牙科用植入物。
38.权利要求37的方法,其中所述植入物表面的被粗糙化的所述部分是便于与骨结合的螺纹底部。
39.权利要求33的方法,其中所述将植入物表面粗糙化的步骤包括:从此植入物表面除去天然氧化物层;对所得到的表面进行酸蚀刻。
40.权利要求33的方法,其中所述使植入物表面粗糙化的步骤形成了不规则点,这些不规则点具有的峰-谷高度不大于20微米。
41.权利要求33的方法,其中所述淀积羟磷灰石纳米晶体的步骤还包括使用2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂与羟磷灰石纳米晶体组成的溶液。
42.权利要求41的方法,其中所述淀积羟磷灰石纳米晶体的步骤还包括调节此溶液的pH。
43.权利要求42的方法,其中所述调节溶液的pH的步骤包括使用氢氧化铵。
44.权利要求42的方法,其中所述pH调节到9至11之间。
45.权利要求33的方法,此方法还包括于反向渗透水、去离子水、或其结合中冲洗植入物的步骤。
46.权利要求33的方法,此方法还包括热固化此植入物以烧结淀积羟磷灰石纳米晶体的步骤。
47.权利要求33的方法,此方法还包括下述步骤:于去离子水中冲洗此植入物;干燥此植入物。
48.权利要求45的方法,其中此方法是包括在羟磷灰石纳米晶体淀积之前以去离子水冲洗此植入物的步骤。
49.牙科用植入物,它包括:
具有非旋转性部件的头部;
与此头部相对峙的最低端;以及
用来与此头部与最低端之间的骨结合的螺纹底部,此螺纹底部具有由峰-谷高度不大于20微米的不规则点组成大致均匀阵列的糙面,此螺纹底部还包括直接位于此糙面上的离散的纳米粒子,这种纳米粒子包括大小为20纳米~100纳米的羟磷灰石纳米晶体,其中一部分的糙面在至少一些离散的纳米粒子之间被暴露,使得在离散的纳米粒子之间被暴露的粗糙部分用于接触骨。
50.权利要求49的植入物,其中所述植入物是由选自钛与钛合金所成之组中的金属制成。
51.权利要求49的植入物,其中所述植入物是由包括陶瓷在内的材料制成。
52.权利要求49的植入物,其中所述置纳离散纳米粒子的糙面不包括醇盐或三官能硅烷。
53.拟用来植入活骨内的植入物的形成方法,此方法包括通过使植入物表面暴露于溶液中的一步过程将离散的纳米粒子直接淀积到此表面之上的步骤,而这种纳米粒子包括具有可促进骨结合性质的物质,其中淀积离散的纳米粒子的步骤致使淀积物覆盖少于全部的植入物表面,使得一部分的表面在至少一些离散的纳米粒子之间被暴露。
54.权利要求53的方法,其中所述植入物是由钛制成。
55.权利要求53的方法,其中所述植入物是由包括陶瓷材料在内的材料制成。
56.于植入物上形成纳米结晶表面的方法,此方法包括下述步骤:
提供金属基片;
将此基片的至少一部分浸没于胶体溶液中以使得胶体溶液直接接触所述金属基片的暴露的外表面,所述胶体溶液具有18℃~32℃温度范围,所述直接接触进行11.5分钟~240分钟,此胶体溶液包括:
2-甲氧基乙醇溶剂,以及
浓度范围相对于整个溶液的重量百分数为0.01至1的许多羟磷灰石纳米晶体;
将上述胶体溶液的pH调节到9~11,
其中一部分的所述金属基片的暴露的外表面在至少一些羟磷灰石纳米晶体之间被暴露,使得在离散的纳米晶体之间的暴露部分用于接触骨。
57.用来拟植入到活骨内的植入物的形成方法,此方法包括下述步骤;
提供植入物;
通过使此植入物表面暴露于溶液中的一步过程将离散的纳米粒子直接淀积到此植入物表面上,而此纳米粒子包括具有可促进骨结合性质的物质;
冲洗此植入物;以及
干燥此植入物,
其中淀积离散的纳米粒子的步骤致使淀积物覆盖少于全部的植入物表面,使得一部分的植入物表面在至少一些离散的纳米粒子之间被暴露。
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ES2726355T3 (es) | 2019-10-03 |
EP1962914B1 (en) | 2019-02-27 |
US20140011161A1 (en) | 2014-01-09 |
EP1962914A2 (en) | 2008-09-03 |
WO2007059038A3 (en) | 2007-08-23 |
KR101369388B1 (ko) | 2014-03-06 |
EP3517137A1 (en) | 2019-07-31 |
JP2009515600A (ja) | 2009-04-16 |
CA2629600C (en) | 2011-11-01 |
US20180085199A1 (en) | 2018-03-29 |
WO2007059038A2 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
CN101340935A (zh) | 2009-01-07 |
IL191172A0 (en) | 2008-12-29 |
CA2629600A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
AU2006315629B2 (en) | 2012-04-19 |
KR20080068853A (ko) | 2008-07-24 |
EP1962914A4 (en) | 2014-05-14 |
US20070110890A1 (en) | 2007-05-17 |
JP5523709B2 (ja) | 2014-06-18 |
US8486483B2 (en) | 2013-07-16 |
US7771774B2 (en) | 2010-08-10 |
US20070112353A1 (en) | 2007-05-17 |
US9763751B2 (en) | 2017-09-19 |
AU2006315629A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
IL191172A (en) | 2012-02-29 |
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