CN101061011A - 用于在电动车辆中制动的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于在电动车辆中制动的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN101061011A
CN101061011A CNA2005800392914A CN200580039291A CN101061011A CN 101061011 A CN101061011 A CN 101061011A CN A2005800392914 A CNA2005800392914 A CN A2005800392914A CN 200580039291 A CN200580039291 A CN 200580039291A CN 101061011 A CN101061011 A CN 101061011A
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energy
generator
electric
engine
electrical motor
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纳德·纳斯尔
克里斯托弗·K·雅克斯
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Oshkosh Truck Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/13—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
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    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
    • B60L58/32—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load
    • B60L58/33—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load by cooling
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    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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Abstract

一种电动车辆的电力牵引系统，其包括：内燃机引擎和耦合到该引擎的发电机、耦合到该发电机的电力母线、耦合到该电力母线的储能单元、耦合到电动机和该电力母线的驱动控制器、以及耦合到驱动控制器的车辆控制器。该发电机配置为接收由所述电动机再生到电力母线上的电能，以便提供机械能给所述引擎，并且所述引擎配置为消耗所述机械能以便提供制动功能。

Description

用于在电动车辆中制动的系统和方法
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请是2004年3月16日提交的美国申请No.10/718,051的部分延续，该美国申请是2001年1月31日提交的美国申请No.09/774,981，即现在的专利No.6,757,597的分案，二者均通过援引并入此处。本申请还是2002年12月19日提交的美国申请No.10/326,862的部分延续，同样通过援引将其并入此处。
技术领域
本发明一般涉及电动车辆领域，并且更具体涉及用于在电动车辆中提供制动能力的系统和方法。
背景技术
电力牵引车辆是以某种方式或另一种方式使用电力来为车辆提供所有或者部分推进力的车辆。这种电力可以有多种来源，例如依靠化学变化产生电能的储能设备(电池)、依靠存储电荷的储能设备(电容器)、依靠机械存储能量的储能设备(例如储能轮，蓄压器)以及能量转换产品。在典型的常规电力牵引车辆中，使用诸如柴油机等原动机来驱动向一个或者多个牵引电动机提供电流的发电机或者交流发电机。牵引电动机通常耦合到车辆上的轮对。采用这种类型的电力牵引的典型车辆是铁路机车。在某些常规的电力牵引车辆中，使用存储能量来提供主动力，其提供电流给一个或者多个牵引电动机。采用这种类型的电力牵引的典型车辆是高尔夫车或者电池供电的电动汽车。在某些常规的电力牵引车辆中，期望具有一种以上的能量源，例如储能单元和耦合到发电机的内燃机。通过具有一种以上的能量源，设计中的某些优化能够使电力生产更加高效，从而允许使用来自不同能量源的能量来提供更加高效的牵引系统。这些类型的车辆通常公称为混合电动车辆(HEV)。通常存在串联和并联的HEV系统设计。
在典型的电动车辆中，除了机械制动系统之外，或者代替机械制动系统，可以通过配置电力牵引电动机作为发电机而不是电动机来提供再生制动能力，使得到电力牵引电动机的电能流向被反转。在这种再生模式中，每个电力牵引电动机接收来自耦合到该牵引电动机的轮对的旋转的机械能，并且作为发电机工作以将该机械能转换为电能并且提供电力输出。这种从车轮接收机械能以将电力牵引电动机作为发电机工作的过程吸收机械能并且降低了车辆速度。其他所需的制动力通常由机械制动器提供。
来自电力牵引电动机的反向电能流通常被转移到储能设备。如果所转移的电能超过储能设备的容量，则多余的电能通常被转移到能量消耗设备或者动态制动器，例如阻性元件，并且通过阻性元件消耗为热量。在大量制动周期中利用这种方式存储并且消耗多余的电能会降低储能设备的使用寿命，并且取决于所需大小，使用附加的能量消耗系统增加了系统的成本和复杂度。而且，高成本可能与使用并且维护机械制动系统有关，特别是与使用并且维护诸如消防车、军用车、垃圾处理车等重型电动车辆上的机械制动系统有关。因此，需要一种用于在电动车辆中制动的系统和方法，其采用经配置的引擎和发电机组合以提供附加制动能力并且消耗在再生制动期间的多余能量。
发明内容
根据示例性实施例，电动车辆的电力牵引系统包括内燃机引擎和耦合到所述引擎的发电机、耦合到所述发电机的电力母线、耦合到所述电力母线的储能单元、耦合到电动机和所述电力母线的驱动控制器、以及耦合到所述驱动控制器的车辆控制器。所述发电机配置为接收由所述电动机再生到所述电力母线上的电能，以便提供机械能给所述引擎，并且所述引擎配置为消耗所述机械能以便提供制动功能。
根据另一个示例性实施例，一种提供电动车辆中的制动的方法包括：提供内燃机引擎和耦合到所述引擎的发电机，提供耦合到所述发电机的电力母线，提供耦合到所述电力母线的储能单元，提供耦合到电动机和所述电力母线的驱动控制器，以及提供耦合到所述驱动控制器的车辆控制器。所述方法还包括配置所述发电机以接收由所述电动机再生到所述电力母线上的电能，以便提供机械能给所述引擎，并且配置所述引擎来消耗所述机械能。
根据另一个示例性实施例，电力牵引车辆包括车辆平台和安装在所述车辆平台上的主电力单元，其中包括引擎和耦合到所述引擎的AC发电机。电力牵引车辆还包括耦合到至少一个车轮并且相对于所述车辆平台支撑的AC电动机、耦合到所述AC电动机的驱动控制器、耦合到所述驱动控制器的车辆控制器、以及耦合到所述主电力单元和所述驱动控制器的AC母线组件。所述主电力单元配置为接收由所述AC电动机再生到所述AC母线组件上的功率并且使用所述引擎消耗该功率，以便提供制动功能。
通过下面的详细说明和附图，本发明的其他特征和优点将变得更加清楚。然而应当理解，详细说明和特定示例均以示例方式而非限制方式给出。在不偏离本发明精神的情况下，可以在本发明范围之内进行各种修改和变化，并且本发明包括所有这些修改。
附图说明
下面参照附图描述示例性实施例，其中相似数字表示相似元件，并且：
图1是根据示例性实施例的电力牵引车辆的示意图；
图2是电力牵引车辆的示例性实施例的示意图，提供了耦合到车辆上的各个模块的AC母线组件的示例性实施例；
图3是示出耦合到电动机以驱动至少两个车轮并且由悬挂组件支撑的差速器组件的示例性实施例的俯视图；以及
图4是耦合到悬挂组件的电力牵引车辆支撑结构的示例性实施例的端视部分截面图，该悬挂组件相对于车辆支撑结构悬挂至少一个车轮。
具体实施方式
在返回附图具体说明示例性实施例之前，应当理解，本发明并不限于在下面的描述或者附图中示出的细节或者方法。本发明具有其它实施例或者能够以多种方式实施。还应当理解，此处使用的术语是为了说明目的而不应被认为是限制性的。
通常，此处介绍的用于提供电动车辆中的制动能力的系统和方法包括使用引擎和发电机的组合来提供附加制动能力并且消耗在再生制动期间的多余能量。通过配置发电机作为电动机工作(即，对发电机“电动机化”)来经过引擎和发电机消耗能量，使得来自发电机的电能流向被反转，并且发电机提供机械转矩给引擎，该引擎用作以常规引擎制动或“jake制动”方式工作的空气压缩机。使用引擎和发电机的组合来提供附加制动能力可以降低与再生制动结合使用的机械制动系统的损耗，由此降低与维护机械制动系统有关的成本。使用引擎和发电机的组合来消耗在再生制动期间多余的再生能量，这可以减小附加能量消耗设备的大小或者不需要附加能量消耗设备，由此降低与附加能量消耗设备有关的成本。
图1是根据示例性实施例的电力牵引车辆10的示意图。电力牵引车辆是使用某种形式或另一种形式的电力来为车辆提供全部或者部分推进功率的车辆。这种电力可以有多种来源，例如依靠化学变化的储能设备(电池)、存储电荷的设备(电容器)、依靠机械存储能量的储能设备(例如储能轮，蓄压器)以及能量转换产品。混合电动车辆是使用一种以上能量源的电力牵引车辆，例如上述电能存储设备中的一种和另一种能源，例如内燃机。通过具有一个以上的能量源，设计中的某些优化能够使电力生产更加高效，从而允许使用来自不同能量源的功率来提供更加高效的牵引系统。电力牵引车辆10可以用于实现通常的电动车辆和/或特别的混合电动车辆。电力牵引车辆10可以实现多种不同的车辆类型，例如消防车、军用车、吹雪车、垃圾处理车、混凝土搅拌车等等。
在示出的实施例中，电力牵引车辆10包括引擎18、发电机20、电力变流器24、能量存储设备26、多个电动机28、多个驱动控制器30、车辆控制器34。可选择地，电力牵引车辆10包括能量消耗单元32。发电机20、驱动控制器30以及电力变流器24通过电力母线42，例如AC或者DC电力母线互相连接。电力牵引车辆10通常配置为使用引擎18和发电机20的组合来提供制动能力并且消耗在再生制动期间由电动机28产生的多余电能。
引擎18优选为内燃机，例如柴油机，其配置为既提供机械功率给发电机20又从发电机接收机械功率，使得可以用作机械引擎制动器或者空气压缩机。发电机20耦合到引擎18并且可以既配置为用作发电机又配置为用作电动机，其中该发电机配置为提供AC或者DC功率，而该电动机配置为接收电功率并且提供机械功率给引擎18。
电力变流器24耦合到能量存储设备26并且配置为将发电机20产生的电能或者在再生制动期间由电动机28产生的电能转换为能量存储设备26所需的能量模式。例如，根据示例性实施例，电力变流器配置为将发电机20产生的AC功率转换为DC功率并且将这种变换后的电能传送到能量存储设备26。电力变流器24还可以将能量存储设备26中存储的能量转换回发电机20的能量模式以增加并且补充在电力母线42上由发电机20产生的电能。能量存储设备26可以为电容器、电化学电容器或者“超级电容器”、蓄电池、储能轮或者水力蓄力器。
电动机28为适当大小的电力牵引电动机，其可以为AC或者DC电动机。电动机28配置为从电力母线42接收电能以便提供机械能输出到车轮或者车轴。电动机28还配置为在再生制动期间从车轮或者车轴接收机械能，以便产生到电力母线42上的电能。
驱动控制器30耦合到每个电动机28并且配置为控制每个电动机28的操作。更具体地，驱动控制器配置为允许电动机28从电力母线42接收电能，以便提供机械能输出到车轮或者车轴，或者在再生制动期间从车轮或者车轴接收机械能以便产生到电力母线42上的电能。
车辆控制器34经由数据总线网络76耦合到引擎18、发电机20、电力变流器24以及驱动控制器30。车辆控制器34通常配置为控制引擎18、发电机20、电力变流器24、能量存储设备26、多个电动机28以及多个驱动控制器30的操作。更具体地，车辆控制器34配置为辅助控制电力母线上的电能分配，使得来自发电机20和引擎18的电能流向可以被反转以提供制动能力，并且使得在再生制动期间电动机28产生的多余电能发送回到发电机20，使其可以通过引擎18而消耗。
可选的能量消耗单元32通常为阻性元件，如果电能超过能量存储设备26的容量，则在再生制动期间由电动机28产生的电能通过该阻性元件耗散为热量。优选地，电力牵引车辆10配置为使得在再生制动期间由电动机28产生的多余电能通过引擎18和发电机20被充分消耗。
根据示例性实施例，为了阻碍或者减缓电力牵引车辆10的前进运动，车辆控制器34提供信号给引擎18、发电机20以及驱动控制器30，使得发电机20从通过引擎18接收机械能并且提供电能至电力母线42(即，用作发电机)切换到从电力母线42接收电能并且提供机械能给引擎18(即，用作电动机)。电动机28从用作电动机切换到用作发电机，并且每个电动机28现在不再提供机械转矩输出，而是例如从耦合到电动机28的旋转的轮对或者车轴接收机械能。电动机28现在将机械能转换为电能并且提供电能输出到电力母线42上。在制动期间，切断提供给引擎18的燃料供给，并且引擎从提供机械能给发电机20切换到从发电机20接收机械能，使得它现在用作机械引擎制动器或者空气压缩机，以便消耗接收到的机械能(例如耗散为热量)。根据示例性实施例，电力牵引车辆10配置为采用结合车辆控制器34的引擎制动用户接口，例如那些用于常规机械引擎制动或“jake制动”系统中的引擎制动用户接口。根据另一个示例性实施例，所述用户接口允许用户调节在引擎18用于提供制动时通过引擎18所消耗的能量。
在正常的再生制动期间，车辆控制器34提供正速度参考信号和负转矩参考信号给各个驱动控制器30，使得电动机28的电能流向被反转。电动机28从用作电动机切换到用作发电机，并且每个电动机28现在不再提供机械转矩输出，而是例如从耦合到电动机28的旋转轮对或者车轴接收机械能。电动机28现在将机械能转换为电能，并且提供电能输出到电力母线42。
将由电动机28提供到电力母线42上的电能转移到能量存储设备26。如果转移的电能超过能量存储设备26的容量，则将多余的电能转移到发电机20。发电机20从自引擎18接收机械能并且提供电能到电力母线42上(即，用作发电机)切换到自电力母线42接收电能并且提供机械能给引擎18(即，用作电动机)。在制动期间切断提供给引擎18的燃料供给，并且引擎从提供机械能给发电机20切换到从发电机20接收机械能，使得它现在用作机械引擎制动器或者空气压缩机，以便消耗接收到的机械能(例如耗散为热量)。
根据示例性实施例，用于在电动车辆中提供制动能力的系统和方法在电力牵引车辆中实现，其采用AC母线组件将多余的AC电能分配到AC电动机和耦合到引擎的AC发电机以及分配来自AC电动机和该AC发电机的多余AC电能。图2是说明电力牵引车辆110的示意图，其是采用耦合到车辆上的各个模块的AC母线组件的电力牵引车辆10的一个实施例。在示出的实施例中，电力牵引车辆110包括车辆平台或者车辆支撑结构112，其上安装可拆卸的各个模块184。这些模块184包括主电力单元116、储能单元122、耦合到车辆110的至少一个车轮114的电动机128、耦合到电动机128的驱动控制器130、以及具有用户接口136的车辆控制器134。附加模块184通常称为辅助模块186，其可以根据环境和情况许可而添加到电力牵引车辆110上。例如，电力牵引车辆110能够可选择地包括能量消耗单元132。
AC电力母线组件142和数据总线网络176对电力牵引车辆110上的模块184进行互连，通过该AC电力母线组件142和数据总线网络176可以控制和操作车辆及其各个功能。各个模块184及其功能的详细说明将在下文给出。
电力牵引车辆110的一个实施例包括车辆平台112，其中在车辆平台112上安装有主电力单元116。储能单元安装在具有多个车轮的车辆平台上，其中多个车轮可旋转地安装在车辆平台112上，电动机128耦合到至少一个车轮114。驱动控制器130耦合到电动机128。具有输入端138和输出端140的车辆控制器134耦合到驱动控制器130和数据总线网络176。车辆控制器134从监视器和传感器以及操作员输入端138接收关于电力牵引车辆110工作所需的速度和功率的数据输入。利用这些数据输入，调节每个电动机128的转矩输出以满足在车辆控制器134中建立的需求。AC母线组件142耦合主电力单元116、储能单元122以及通过驱动控制器130的电动机128。在某些情况中，车辆控制器134耦合到主电力单元116和储能单元122中的一个，这是由电力牵引车辆110的操作员确定的。还可以提供由车轮114支撑的连续轨道。
电力牵引车辆110可以配置有一个或者多个模块184，包括用于可操纵和不可操纵的车轮组件以及从动和非从动轴的与模块独立的线圈弹簧悬架。这种与模块独立的线圈弹簧悬架的细节可以在转让给本发明受让人的美国专利No.5,538,274、No.5,820,150以及No.6,105,984中找到，这些专利通过援引并入此处。
主电力单元116包括耦合到发电机或者交流发电机120的原动机或者引擎118。原动机118优选为内燃机，例如配置为用作机械引擎制动器的柴油机。发电机或者交流发电机120耦合到原动机并且优选为同步发电机，其为电力牵引车辆110产生460～480V、60Hz的三相AC电源。然而，可以预想的是，为了产生更高或者更低的电功率，可以将不同大小的发电机或者交流发电机耦合到原动机。例如，可以采用单相系统，或者可以使用产生720V的系统，或者工作在频率不是60Hz的系统，例如通常在欧洲国家使用的50Hz的系统。还可以预想的是，可以通过适当的辅助模块186，例如降压变压器来修改由主电力单元116产生的电能，以提供电能用于操作电力牵引车辆110上或者与电力牵引车辆110有关的辅助设备，例如泵、仪器、工具、照明以及其他设备。
电力牵引车辆110的各个实施例基于电力牵引车辆110上被驱动的车轮114的数量。例如，实施例包括耦合到另一个车轮114并且耦合到数据总线网络176和AC母线组件142的电动机128和驱动控制器130。电力牵引车辆110还可以包括耦合到四个车轮114并且耦合到数据总线网络176和AC母线组件142的四个电动机128和四个驱动控制器130。如图2所示，八个电动机128和电驱动控制器130可以耦合到八个单独的车轮114并且耦合到数据总线网络176和AC母线组件142。在电力牵引车辆110的所有变形例中，车轮中的至少两个车轮114是可操纵的。
AC母线组件142包括多个相导线144。在电力牵引车辆110的一个实施例中，具有端部148和端部150的导线146以及具有端部154和端部156的导线152可以配置为与中线164一起提供单相功率。如图2所示，具有端部160和端部162的导线158可以结合导线146和导线152一起使用以提供三相功率。导线144可以为多股金属线，例如用于传输产生的电能的一定大小并且包层的铜或者铝，这是电力牵引车辆110的设计中要考虑的。导线144还可以为固体金属条，其通常称为汇流条，包括适当的包层金属，例如铜或者铝，这是本领域普通技术人员所能理解的。
电动机128可以是适当大小的牵引电动机。根据示例性实施例，电力牵引车辆110包括三相AC感应电动机。优选地，电动机128具有简单的铸造转子、机器安装定子、密封式滚珠轴承，并且没有电刷、内部开关或者滑动接触设备，使得该转子作为每个电动机128中的唯一移动部件。电动机128的控制是通过耦合到电动机128的驱动控制器130实现的。根据示例性实施例，驱动控制器是变换器，例如AC-AC变换器。基于由操作员在车辆控制器134建立并且通过数据总线网络176发送到驱动控制器130的旋转速度和功率需求来调节电动机128的转矩输出。驱动控制器130通过数据总线172耦合到数据总线网络176中，该网络连接到车辆控制器134。由车辆控制器134、驱动控制器130以及包括辅助模块186在内的其他模块和传感器产生的信号由车辆控制器134处理，车辆控制器134具有由用户接口136提供的适当输入和输出。还可以想到的是，车辆控制器134和各个模块184之间实现无线通信，包括经由无线电波、微波以及光纤通路的信号通信，其中光纤通路包括经由卫星到中央指令中心的中继器。
图2和图4说明了在必要情况下直接由电动机128通过适当的车轮端部减速器组件182来驱动车轮114。如图3所示，车轮端部减速器组件182还可以经由驱动轴将车轮114耦合到差速器组件178。多个车轮端部减速器组件182可以将车轮114耦合到其各自的电动机128。车辆110的另一个实施例包括耦合到电动机128的差速器组件178以驱动至少两个车轮114，如图3所示。在电力牵引车辆110中还可以包括另外的差速器组件178，例如三个组件178，每个差速器组件耦合到电动机128以驱动至少两个车轮。
如上所述，电力牵引车辆110可以设置有主电力单元116、储能单元122、电动机128、驱动控制器130、车辆控制器134、悬挂组件以及其他相关设备，如安装在车辆平台上的可拆装的模块184。模块184还可以可拆卸地连接到数据总线网络176和AC母线组件142。辅助模块186可以是电力牵引车辆110的功能和操作所需或者与电力牵引车辆110的功能和操作关联的任何类型的装置或者工具。例如，辅助模块可以是泵、锯、钻、光源等等。辅助模块186可拆卸地连接到数据总线网络176和AC母线组件142。接头188用于使模块与数据总线网络176和AC母线组件142的连接更容易，并且该接头188位于整个车辆110中的方便位置。接头188可以提供各种类型的连接，例如快速连接器、螺母和螺栓、焊接端子或者绕线端接等等。接头188可以容纳数据总线172或者相导线144或者同时容纳二者。
储能单元122也连接到AC电力母线组件142。储能单元122包括电力变流器124和能量存储设备126。储能单元122可以配置为提供大于主电力单元116所需的电能。能量存储设备126可以为电容器、电化学电容器或者“超级电容器”、蓄电池、储能轮或者水力蓄力器。电力变流器124可以配置为将由主电力单元116产生的AC功率变换为DC功率并且将变换后的功率传输到适当的存储设备。电力变流器124还可以将存储在能量存储设备126中的能量变换回AC电能以增大并且补充由主电力单元116在AC电力母线组件142上产生的AC电能。申请人已经确定：另外200-300马力功率的短期电能可以在储能单元122的控制下通过对车载电池组(能量存储设备126)进行放电而通过相导线144提供给AC电力母线组件142。储能单元122可以耦合到数据总线网络176并且由车辆控制器134控制。在AC电力母线组件142上可以获得来自主电力单元116和储能单元122的组合电能，其由电动机128或者任何其他的模块184或者辅助模块186使用，这由操作员在车辆控制器134的用户接口136确定。
在工作中，储能单元122通过AC电力母线组件142的导线144从主电力单元116接收电能。将接收到的电能变换为能量存储设备126所需的适当能量模式并且保持在能量存储设备126中，直到在电力牵引车辆110工作期间需要该能量。如果主电力单元116由于任何原因不工作，则可以利用储能单元中的能量以在给定时间周期中操作电力牵引车辆110或者安装在电力牵引车辆110上的任何模块184或者辅助模块186。
主电力单元116对储能单元122的存储能量再充电将在车辆110到达其目的地后立即自动开始，并且将在车辆返回其初始位置的过程中继续。储能单元122的充电状态在通过将简单的插头连接到车辆车库或者存储位置中的电源插座的任务之间维持，当电力牵引车辆110离开该位置时该连接将自动断开。当电动机128配置为处于再生模式时，储能单元122还接收电动机128所产生的能量，在此情况下电动机128用作发电机。这种功能在车辆的制动程序中被采用，这是由车辆控制器134的用户接口136处的操作员确定的。电动机128和AC电力母线组件142还配置为将电能再生回到主电力单元116以提供如上参照图1所述的制动能力。优选地，车辆控制器134和驱动控制器130配置为在再生期间调节AC母线组件上的功率因数。
在车辆110的另一个实施例中所可以提供的附加模块184是能量消耗单元132，其耦合到AC电力母线组件142和数据总线网络176。如果确定主电力单元116或者电动机128或者任何其他辅助模块186产生的电能过多或者没有利用足够的电能，则多余的电能可以通过能量消耗设备132消耗。能量消耗设备132的一个实例为电阻线圈，可以利用风扇或者适当的流体对其附加冷却。能量消耗单元132的另一个实例为蒸汽发电机，其利用车辆中产生的多余热量对水加热以产生蒸汽。优选地，如上面参照图1所述，通过配置发电机或者交流发电机120用作电动机并且将引擎118用作气泵或者压缩机以消耗多余的电能，可以代替或者补充能量消耗设备132。
出于示例和说明目的，已经给出了前述实施例的说明。其不是用来穷尽或者限制于在此公开的确切形式，并且根据上述指导可以进行各种修改和变化或者可以通过实施本发明来获得各种修改和变化。描述选择的实施例，以便阐明本发明的原理及其实际应用，以使本领域技术人员能够在各种实施例中通过适合于特定使用的各种修改利用本发明。本发明的范围由所附权利要求及其等价物限定。

Claims (30)

1、一种用于电动车辆的电力牵引系统，包括：
内燃机引擎和耦合到所述引擎的发电机；
耦合到所述发电机的电力母线；
耦合到所述电力母线的储能单元；
耦合到电动机和所述电力母线的驱动控制器；以及
耦合到所述驱动控制器的车辆控制器；
其中所述发电机配置为接收由所述电动机再生到所述电力母线上的电能，以便提供机械能给所述引擎，并且所述引擎配置为消耗所述机械能以便提供制动功能。
2、根据权利要求1所述的电力牵引系统，其中所述引擎配置为用作空气压缩机以便消耗所述能量。
3、根据权利要求1所述的电力牵引系统，其中所述储能单元配置为存储由所述电动机再生到所述电力母线上的电能。
4、根据权利要求3所述的电力牵引系统，其中所述储能单元配置为存储由所述电动机再生到所述电力母线上的第一电能量，并且所述发电机配置为接收由所述电动机再生到所述电力母线上的第二电能量。
5、根据权利要求3所述的电力牵引系统，其中所述储能单元包括至少一个电容器。
6、根据权利要求1所述的电力牵引系统，其中所述引擎为柴油机引擎。
7、根据权利要求1所述的电力牵引系统，其中所述发电机为AC同步发电机。
8、根据权利要求1所述的电力牵引系统，其中所述电力牵引系统配置为用于串联的混合车辆。
9、根据权利要求1所述的电力牵引系统，其中所述驱动控制器为AC-AC变换器。
10、根据权利要求1所述的电力牵引系统，其中所述电动机为AC电动机。
11、一种提供在电动车辆中制动的方法，包括：
提供内燃机引擎和耦合到所述引擎的发电机；
提供耦合到所述发电机的电力母线；
提供耦合到所述电力母线的储能单元；
提供耦合到电动机和所述电力母线的驱动控制器；
提供耦合到所述驱动控制器的车辆控制器；
配置所述发电机以接收由所述电动机再生到所述电力母线上的电能，以便提供机械能给所述引擎；以及
配置所述引擎来消耗所述机械能。
12、根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中配置所述引擎来消耗所述机械能包括配置所述引擎用作空气压缩机。
13、根据权利要求11所述的方法，其进一步包括配置所述储能单元来存储由所述电动机再生到所述电力母线上的电能。
14、根据权利要求13所述的方法，其进一步包括配置所述储能单元存储由所述电动机再生到所述电力母线上的第一电能量，并且配置所述发电机接收由所述电动机再生到所述电力母线上的第二电能量。
15、根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中提供所述储能单元包括提供至少一个电容器。
16、根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中提供所述引擎包括提供柴油机引擎。
17、根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中提供所述发电机包括提供AC同步发电机。
18、根据权利要求11所述的方法，其进一步包括配置所述电力牵引系统用于串联的混合车辆。
19、根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中提供所述驱动控制器包括提供AC-AC变换器。
20、根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中提供所述电动机包括提供AC电动机。
21、一种电力牵引车辆，包括：
车辆平台；
安装在所述车辆平台上的主电力单元，并且该主电力单元包括引擎和耦合到所述引擎的AC发电机；
耦合到至少一个车轮并且相对于所述车辆平台支撑的AC电动机；
耦合到所述AC电动机的驱动控制器；
耦合到所述驱动控制器的车辆控制器；以及
用于耦合所述主电力单元和所述驱动控制器的AC母线组件；
其中所述主电力单元配置为接收由所述AC电动机再生到所述AC母线组件上的能量并且使用所述引擎来消耗所述能量，以便提供制动功能。
22、根据权利要求21所述的电力牵引车辆，其中所述AC发电机配置为接收由所述AC电动机再生到所述AC母线组件上的AC电能，以便提供机械能给所述引擎。
23、根据权利要求21所述的电力牵引车辆，其中所述引擎配置为用作空气压缩机以便消耗能量。
24、根据权利要求21所述的电力牵引车辆，其进一步包括储能单元，其配置为存储由所述AC电动机再生到所述AC母线组件上的AC电能。
25、根据权利要求24所述的电力牵引车辆，其中所述储能单元配置为存储由所述AC电动机再生到所述AC母线组件上的第一AC电能量，并且所述主电力单元配置为消耗由所述AC电动机再生到所述AC母线组件上的第二AC电能量。
26、根据权利要求24所述的电力牵引车辆，其中所述储能单元包括至少一个电容器。
27、根据权利要求21所述的电力牵引车辆，其中所述引擎为柴油机引擎。
28、根据权利要求21所述的电力牵引车辆，其中所述AC发电机为同步发电机。
29、根据权利要求21所述的电力牵引车辆，其中所述电力牵引车辆配置为串联的混合车辆。
30、根据权利要求21所述的电力牵引车辆，其中所述驱动控制器为AC-AC变换器。
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