WO2021031967A1 - 一种非贵金属单原子催化剂的制备方法及应用 - Google Patents

一种非贵金属单原子催化剂的制备方法及应用 Download PDF

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WO2021031967A1
WO2021031967A1 PCT/CN2020/108806 CN2020108806W WO2021031967A1 WO 2021031967 A1 WO2021031967 A1 WO 2021031967A1 CN 2020108806 W CN2020108806 W CN 2020108806W WO 2021031967 A1 WO2021031967 A1 WO 2021031967A1
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photoactive
preparing
carrier
noble metal
reaction
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PCT/CN2020/108806
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French (fr)
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董玉明
王光丽
蒋平平
张会珍
蹇亮
李激
朱永法
潘成思
吕金泽
张萍波
冷炎
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江南大学
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9075Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/02Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
    • B01J27/04Sulfides
    • B01J27/043Sulfides with iron group metals or platinum group metals
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25BELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/042Electrodes formed of a single material
    • C25B11/049Photocatalysts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/24Nitrogen compounds
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J35/39Photocatalytic properties
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/04Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
    • C01B3/042Decomposition of water
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25BELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01Products
    • C25B1/02Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25BELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25BELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • C25B11/073Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
    • C25B11/091Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25BELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0656Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by electrochemical means
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0266Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a decomposition step
    • C01B2203/0277Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a decomposition step containing a catalytic decomposition step
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/10Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
    • C01B2203/1041Composition of the catalyst
    • C01B2203/1047Group VIII metal catalysts
    • C01B2203/1052Nickel or cobalt catalysts
    • C01B2203/1058Nickel catalysts
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a preparation method and application of a non-noble metal single-atom catalyst, and belongs to the technical fields of chemistry, chemical engineering and material science.
  • Noble metal catalysts represented by platinum are well-known effective and stable photocatalysis and electrocatalysts, but their high price and low abundance limit their large-scale commercial applications. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop non-noble metal catalysts with high activity, high abundance and high stability.
  • transition metal elements and their compounds sulfides, phosphides, hydroxides, etc.
  • the preparation methods of transition metal-based promoters mainly include the following methods: solvothermal method, calcination method, impregnation method and photochemical method. These methods provide a variety of directions for the rational design and scalable manufacturing of hydrogen production promoters. Compared with the solvothermal method, calcination method and impregnation method, the photochemical method has attracted attention because of its advantages of simplicity, mildness, and efficiency.
  • the present invention adopts a simple, mild, and low-cost photochemical reduction method to prepare a non-noble metal-based single-atom catalyst with low preparation cost and preparation.
  • the cocatalyst has good catalytic performance, high stability and use value.
  • the first object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a non-noble metal single-atom catalyst, the method is: mixing a photoactive carrier, a metal source and an electron donor reagent, in a low-concentration oxygen or oxygen-free system,
  • a single-atom catalyst can be prepared by reacting under light.
  • the photoactive carrier is a substance that allows electrons to transition or be excited to generate reductive photo-generated electrons under light.
  • the electron donor reagent does not interact with The photoactive carrier and the metal source undergo a chemical reaction, and can react with the hole or oxidation state generated by the photoactive carrier due to electron transition or excitation under light conditions to provide electrons.
  • the photoactive carrier refers to a substance that can absorb photon energy under the excitation of a photon, and then an electron undergoes a transition or is excited to generate a reducing photogenerated electron.
  • the photoactive carrier may be a photoactive material composed of organic, inorganic or composites thereof.
  • the photoactive carrier is selected from any one or more of the following substances: metal oxides, sulfides, oxyhalides, tungstates, carbonitrides, and the like.
  • the photoactive carrier may be in the form of powder, such as nanowires, nanowire arrays, nanotubes, nanotube arrays, nanoparticles, nanostructures containing pores, or combinations thereof.
  • the metal in the metal source is selected from non-noble metals, including iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, zinc, aluminum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and the like.
  • the metal source is a salt selected from metals, and the salt includes chloride, bromide, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, sulfite, acetate, and the like.
  • the metal source may be dispersed in the reaction system.
  • the electron donor reagent is selected from one or more of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, thiourea, triethanolamine and the like.
  • the light refers to light that can excite the photoactive carrier and match the energy level of the photoactive carrier.
  • the wavelength of the light is subject to the requirements of the photoactive carrier.
  • the light is light with a wavelength range of 200-1300 nm. Any light that can provide corresponding wavelengths can be used as a light source, which can be sunlight or artificial light sources, such as xenon lamps, ultraviolet lamps, LED lamps, and lasers.
  • the low-concentration oxygen or oxygen-free system can be achieved by the following methods: passing in a certain inert gas for degassing, or adding a reducing agent, or taking off oxygen. Taking measures to reduce the oxygen concentration in the system will help realize the deposition process faster.
  • the inert gas may be nitrogen, argon, helium, or the like.
  • the method is carried out in a solvent system; the electron donor reagent and the metal source are dispersed, partially dissolved or completely dissolved in the solvent system.
  • the solvent is water, alcohols, acids or other organic solvents, or a mixed solvent composed of the aforementioned solvents.
  • the reaction is carried out under stirring, and the stirring includes interval stirring or continuous stirring.
  • the method is: adding the photoactive substance to the reaction vessel, then adding the metal source and the electron donor reagent dispersed or dissolved in the solvent, and after mixing uniformly, the reaction system is removed Oxygen or inert gas is introduced into the reaction system, and then placed under illumination to stir the reaction to prepare a monoatomic catalyst.
  • the method is specifically:
  • the method is:
  • the obtained solid material is the nickel monoatom/cadmium sulfide nanorod composite catalyst.
  • the cadmium sulfide nanorods are prepared by a hydrothermal method.
  • the method for preparing the cadmium sulfide nanorods is specifically: taking 2.5 g of cadmium chloride hydrate, thiourea, and a certain volume of ethylenediamine in an autoclave, and placing the reaction kettle in an autoclave. Hydrothermal treatment in an oven at 160°C for 48h. After the reaction, the reaction kettle was placed under natural conditions and dropped to room temperature. The yellow solid was filtered and washed with deionized water for 8-10 times, ethanol washed 1-2 times, and the solid was placed at 60°C. Oven drying, the yellow solid obtained is cadmium sulfide nanorods.
  • the method is specifically:
  • the obtained solid material is the nickel monoatom/nitrogen carbon nanosheet composite catalyst.
  • the nitrogen carbide nanosheets are prepared by a calcination method.
  • the method for preparing the nitrogen carbide nanosheets specifically includes: weighing 1 g of dicyandiamide and 5 g of ammonium chloride in a mortar, and grinding them to fully mix the two; The obtained solid is placed in a crucible, covered, and then placed in a muffle furnace, and heated at 550°C for 4 hours at a heating rate of 3°C min -1 . The obtained light yellow solid is the nitrogen carbide nanosheet.
  • the second object of the present invention is to provide a single atom catalyst prepared according to the above method.
  • the third object of the present invention is to provide a heterostructure including at least one photoactive material substrate, and another material generated on the photoactive material substrate under light conditions;
  • the preparation includes that the metal is anchored on the photoactive carrier in the form of a single atom under light; in the preparation process of the other substance, the necessary substances are the photoactive carrier, the metal source and the electron donor reagent, wherein,
  • the photoactive carrier is a substance that electrons can transition or be excited to generate reductive photogenerated electrons under light.
  • the electron donor reagent does not chemically react with the photoactive carrier and the metal source under light protection. Under the circumstances, a substance that reacts with the hole or oxidation state generated by the photoactive carrier due to the electronic transition or excitation to provide electrons.
  • the photoactive carrier may be a photoactive material composed of organic, inorganic or composites thereof.
  • the photoactive carrier includes any one or more of the following: metal oxides, sulfides, oxyhalides, tungstates, carbonitrides, and the like.
  • the photoactive carrier may be in the form of powder, such as nanowires, nanowire arrays, nanotubes, nanotube arrays, nanoparticles, nanostructures containing pores, or combinations thereof.
  • the metal in the metal source is selected from non-noble metals, including iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, zinc, aluminum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and the like.
  • the metal source is selected from salts of metals, and the salts include chloride, bromide, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, sulfite, acetate, and the like.
  • the metal source may be dispersed in the reaction system.
  • the electron donor reagent includes one or more of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, thiourea, and triethanolamine.
  • the preparation of the other substance is carried out in a low-concentration oxygen or oxygen-free system.
  • taking measures to reduce the oxygen concentration in the system will help realize the deposition process faster. For example, pass in a certain inert gas for degassing, or add a reducing agent, or take off oxygen. Taking measures to reduce the oxygen concentration in the system will help realize the deposition process faster.
  • the present invention also provides a battery containing the above-mentioned single-atom catalyst.
  • the present invention finally provides the application of the above-mentioned single-atom catalyst in the field of photocatalysis.
  • the application may be used for catalytic hydrogen production, catalytic reduction, catalytic hydrogen release, catalytic oxygen reduction, catalytic oxygen production, catalytic oxidation, and the like.
  • the application is an application in preparing an electrode and an application in preparing a fuel cell.
  • the present invention uses cheap raw materials (non-noble metals) and simple methods to prepare single-atom catalysts at room temperature. Under light conditions, the metal is anchored in a single-atom state on the light-absorbing carrier to produce the present invention Single-atom catalyst.
  • a non-noble metal single-atom catalyst is prepared by a photochemical reduction method synthesis route.
  • the metal atoms are uniformly dispersed on the surface of the photoactive material, which improves the atom utilization rate of the catalyst; the present invention uses nickel monoatoms as the cocatalyst of the photocatalytic reaction, which greatly improves the catalysis Compared with other types of non-precious metal-modified composite photocatalysts, it has higher photocatalytic activity; the single-atom catalyst of the present invention can be used for photocatalytic decomposition of water to produce hydrogen with low price and high hydrogen production rate.
  • FIG. 1 is an XRD pattern of the cadmium sulfide nanorod and Ni 1 /cadmium sulfide nanorod composite catalyst of Example 1.
  • Figure 2 is a transmission electron microscope picture of the Ni 1 /cadmium sulfide nanorod composite catalyst of Example 1.
  • Figure 3 is a transmission electron microscope energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of the Ni 1 /cadmium sulfide nanorod composite catalyst of Example 1.
  • Example 4 is the X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectrum of the Ni 1 /cadmium sulfide nanorod composite catalyst of Example 1.
  • Figure 5 is an X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the Ni 1 /cadmium sulfide nanorod composite catalyst of Example 1, where a is the multi-element full spectrum, b is the Ni spectrum, c is the Cd spectrum, and d is the S spectrum.
  • Fig. 6 is a photocatalytic hydrogen production test diagram of the Ni 1 /cadmium sulfide nanorod composite catalyst of Example 2 under visible light.
  • Fig. 7 is a photocatalytic hydrogen production test diagram of the Ni 1 /cadmium sulfide nanorod composite catalyst of Example 2 under outdoor sunlight.
  • FIG. 8 is an XRD pattern of the nitrogen carbide nanosheet and nickel single atom/nitrogen carbide nanosheet composite catalyst of Example 4.
  • Example 9 is a transmission electron micrograph of the nickel single atom/nitrogen carbide nanosheet composite catalyst of Example 4.
  • Example 10 is a high-angle circular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope picture of the nickel single atom/nitrogen carbide nanosheet composite catalyst of Example 4.
  • Example 11 is the X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectrum of the nickel single atom/nitrogen carbide nanosheet composite catalyst of Example 4.
  • Example 12 is an X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the nickel single atom/nitrogen carbide nanosheet composite catalyst of Example 4, where a is the multi-element full spectrum, b is the Ni spectrum, c is the C spectrum, and d is the N spectrum.
  • Example 13 is a test diagram of the cyclic hydrogen production test of the nickel single atom/nitrogen carbide nanosheet composite catalyst of Example 5 under simulated sunlight.
  • Example 14 is a photocatalytic hydrogen production test diagram of the nickel monoatom/nitrogen carbide nanosheet composite catalyst of Example 5 under outdoor sunlight.
  • Figure 15 is a diagram of the reaction mechanism of the present invention.
  • Fig. 16 is a photocatalytic hydrogen production test diagram of the Co 1 /CN catalyst in Example 7 under visible light.
  • FIG. 17 is a photocatalytic hydrogen production test diagram of the Ni 1 /CN catalyst reduced by hydrogen in Comparative Example 5 under visible light.
  • the reaction mechanism of the present invention is shown in Figure 15, specifically: in an aqueous solution, water molecules are first adsorbed on CdS, under the irradiation of light, CdS nanorods absorb light to generate photo-generated electron-hole pairs, and then light-induced The electrons transferred to the surface of the CdS nanorods reduce H + to produce H 2 , while Ni 2+ combines with the remaining OH- in the water molecules, and finally makes Ni(II) loaded on the CdS; in addition, use The electron donating reagent provides electrons to combine with the remaining photo-generated holes, and finally completes the entire photoreduction process. Therefore, there is no Ni-Ni bond on the catalyst prepared by the present invention, but there is a Ni-O bond, so there is no metal component aggregation (no Ni-Ni bond) state, but a single-atom catalyst.
  • Example 1 Preparation of nickel single atom/cadmium sulfide nanorod composite catalyst
  • Ni 1 /CdS NRs the nickel single atom/cadmium sulfide nanorod composite catalyst
  • the prepared photocatalyst was subjected to X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) (shown in Figure 1), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (shown in Figure 2), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (shown in Figure 3), X-ray absorption Near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) (shown in Figure 4) and its X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (shown in Figure 5).
  • XRD X-ray diffraction spectroscopy
  • TEM transmission electron microscopy
  • EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
  • XANES X-ray absorption Near-edge structure spectroscopy
  • XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • the divalent nickel element is present on the cadmium sulfide nanorods, but the corresponding X-ray diffraction signal and TEM image are not found, and the existence of nickel-oxygen bonds can be found, but the existence of nickel-nickel bonds is not seen, which confirms this example
  • the nickel on the prepared catalyst is in the state of a single metal atom.
  • Example 2 Catalytic activity of nickel single atom/cadmium sulfide nanorod composite catalyst
  • Example 2 Put 2mg of the Ni 1 /CdS NRs composite catalyst obtained in Example 1 into a 100mL photocatalytic reactor, then add 10mL lactic acid, 40mL deionized water, ultrasonic treatment for 30s, and use nitrogen to degas for 1h to remove oxygen in the system.
  • round bottom flask was placed 300W xenon light (with a cut-off filter 420nm) irradiation, after the reaction, with a thermal conductivity - gas chromatography hydrogen formed in the reaction, the reaction 6h after which the hydrogen production rate is 142.7mmol ⁇ g - 1 ⁇ h -1 , the hydrogen production rate is about 30 times higher than that of simple cadmium sulfide nanorods.
  • Example 1 Put 1 mg of the Ni 1 /CdS NRs composite catalyst in Example 1 into a 100 mL photocatalytic reactor, and then add 9.0 g of sodium sulfide nonahydrate, 6.6 g of anhydrous sodium sulfite, 50 mL of deionized water, ultrasonic treatment for 30 seconds, using nitrogen Degas for 1h to remove oxygen from the system, and place the round-bottom flask under 300W xenon light (equipped with 420nm cut-off filter).
  • Ni 1 /CdS NRs composite catalyst in Example 1 into a 100 mL photocatalytic reactor, and then add 9.0 g of sodium sulfide nonahydrate, 6.6 g of anhydrous sodium sulfite, and 50 mL of deionized water.
  • Ultrasonic treatment for 30s use nitrogen to degas for 1h to remove oxygen in the system, place the round bottom flask under outdoor sunlight, after the reaction, use thermal conductivity-gas chromatography to detect the hydrogen generated in the reaction, and use thermal conductivity every 2h- Gas chromatography detects the hydrogen generated in the reaction, and then continues to light.
  • the amount of hydrogen produced after 6 hours of reaction can be as high as 900 mmol ⁇ g -1 .
  • the photocatalytic hydrogen production test diagram of Ni 1 /CdS NRs composite catalyst under outdoor sunlight is shown in Figure 7.
  • Ni 1 /CdS NRs prepared in this example has a simple synthesis method, high photocatalytic hydrogen production rate, good stability, and low price. It can greatly save costs when applied in industrial production. A new type of catalytic material for the prospect of catalytic hydrogen production.
  • Ni 1 /CN the nickel single atom/nitrogen carbide nanosheet composite catalyst
  • the prepared photocatalyst was subjected to X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) (shown in Figure 8), transmission electron microscope (TEM) (shown in Figure 9), high-angle circular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM) (shown in Figure 10) (Shown), X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectrum (XANES) (shown in Figure 11) and its X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (shown in Figure 12).
  • XRD X-ray diffraction spectroscopy
  • TEM transmission electron microscope
  • HAADF-STEM high-angle circular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope
  • XANES X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectrum
  • XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • Example 5 Catalytic activity of nickel monoatom/nitrogen carbide nanosheets
  • Example 4 Take the 5 mg Ni 1 /CN composite catalyst obtained in Example 4 and place it in a 25 mL round bottom flask, then add 2 mL of triethanolamine, 8 mL of water, sonicate for 30 seconds, use nitrogen to degas for 1 hour to remove oxygen in the system, and place the round bottom flask in Irradiate under 300W xenon light (equipped with AM 1.5 filter). After the reaction, the hydrogen generated in the reaction is detected by thermal conductivity-gas chromatography. The hydrogen production rate is 16500 ⁇ mol ⁇ g -1 ⁇ h -1 , which is better than simple The hydrogen production rate of the nitrogen carbide nanosheets has increased by about 7174 times.
  • Example 4 Put 5 mg of the Ni 1 /CN composite catalyst in Example 4 into a 25 mL round bottom flask, then add 2 mL of triethanolamine, 8 mL of water, sonicate for 30 seconds, use nitrogen to degas for 1 hour to remove oxygen from the system, and place the round bottom flask in Irradiate under 300W xenon light (equipped with AM 1.5 filter).
  • the hydrogen generated in the reaction is detected by thermal conductivity-gas chromatography. Thermal conductivity-gas chromatography was used to detect the hydrogen generated in the reaction every 1h. After 4 hours (one cycle), a degassing was performed to remove the hydrogen from the reaction system, and then the light treatment was continued. After 32h of reaction, the catalytic activity was still not significantly reduced.
  • Example 4 Put 5 mg of the Ni 1 /CN composite catalyst in Example 4 into a 25 mL round bottom flask, then add 2 mL of triethanolamine, 8 mL of water, sonicate for 30 seconds, use nitrogen to degas for 1 hour to remove oxygen from the system, and place the round bottom flask in After the reaction is irradiated under outdoor sunlight, use thermal conductivity-gas chromatography to detect the hydrogen generated in the reaction, and use thermal conductivity-gas chromatography to detect the hydrogen generated in the reaction every 2h, and then continue to illuminate.
  • the amount of hydrogen produced after 6 hours of reaction can be as high as 11.8 mmol ⁇ g -1 .
  • the Ni 1 /CN composite catalyst prepared in this example has a simple synthesis method, high photocatalytic hydrogen production rate, good stability, and low price, and it is used in industrial production. It can greatly save costs and is a new type of catalytic material with a large industrial photocatalytic hydrogen production prospect.
  • step (1) of Example 4 Take 30 mg of the nitrogen carbide nanosheets obtained in step (1) of Example 4 and place them in a 25 mL single-necked flask, and then add 0.1 mL of cobalt acetate aqueous solution (12.5 mg/mL), 5 mL of anhydrous methanol, and 5 mL of deionized water.
  • Example 4 when methanol is replaced with an equal volume of water, the nickel single-atom composite catalyst cannot be prepared.
  • the electron donor reagent in the present invention is essential for the preparation of the single-atom catalyst of the present invention.
  • Non-photoactive carrier materials such as Y-type molecular sieve, porous alumina, porous silica, coal-based activated carbon, biomass activated carbon, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, etc. were selected successively, and the method in Example 1 was used to add nickel acetate solution , Thiourea solution and deionized water are degassed with nitrogen and irradiated under a 300W xenon lamp for 20 to 100 minutes, neither of which can be deposited to obtain a non-precious metal monoatomic catalyst.
  • Example 1 The thiourea in Example 1 was replaced with a more reducing sodium borohydride aqueous solution (1mL, 19mg/mL), and the rest of the operation steps and methods were the same as in Example 1.
  • the catalyst was prepared, and it was found that the final non-noble metal monomer could not be prepared.
  • Atom catalyst
  • Example 4 The methanol in Example 4 was replaced with hydrazine hydrate, and the remaining operation steps and methods were the same as those in Example 4. The catalyst was prepared, and it was found that the non-noble metal monoatomic catalyst could not be prepared in the end.
  • the electron donor reagents required by the present invention must be able to not chemically react with the photoactive carrier and the metal source under light-shielding conditions, and will react with the photoactive carrier under light conditions.
  • Example 4 Take 0.2 g of the Ni 1 /CN composite catalyst obtained in Example 4 into a porcelain boat, and then put it in a tube furnace, and heat up at 10°C/min under a 5% H 2 /Ar mixed gas atmosphere The rate is maintained at 300°C for 1 h, and the solid obtained is the Ni 1 /CN composite material reduced by hydrogen.

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Abstract

一种非贵金属单原子催化剂的制备方法及应用,属于化学、化工和材料科学技术领域。采用廉价的原料、简便的方法,制备得到了单原子催化剂。其本质上,在光照情况下,金属以单原子态形式被锚定在吸光载体上生成单原子催化剂。用光化学合成路线制得非贵金属单原子催化剂。该合成的单原子催化剂,分散在光活性物质的表面。采用镍单原子作为光催化分解水产氢反应的助催化剂,价格低廉,大幅度提高催化效率,相比于其他类型非贵金属修饰的复合光催化剂具有更高的光催化活性。

Description

一种非贵金属单原子催化剂的制备方法及应用 技术领域
本发明涉及一种非贵金属单原子催化剂的制备方法及应用,属于化学、化工和材料科学技术领域。
背景技术
全球环境污染、能源危机日益严重,开发新型可持续能源备受世界各国的关注。其中氢气因其来源丰富、燃烧值高效、燃烧产物清洁无污染等优点,被认为是最理想的能源。分解水制氢是有可能实现大规模生产氢气的重要方法之一。利用太阳能分解水产氢,将太阳能转换为存储于氢能源中的化学能,提供了一种获得氢气的廉价、便捷的方法,而此技术中,开发廉价高效的光催化剂是光催化分解水制氢的关键。
以铂为代表的贵金属催化剂是众所周知的有效和稳定的光催化和电催化剂,但其昂贵的价格和低丰度限制了其在商业上的大规模应用。因此,开发高活性、高丰度和高稳定性的非贵金属催化剂是非常有必要的。在过去的几年中,许多研究已经表明过渡金属单质及其化合物(硫化物、磷化物、氢氧化物等)可作为高效的助催化剂用于光解水制氢。过渡金属基助催化剂制的制备方法主要有以下几种:溶剂热法、煅烧法、浸渍法和光化学法等。这些方法为产氢助催化剂的合理设计和可扩展制造提供了多种方向。相比于溶剂热法、煅烧法和浸渍法,光化学法因具有更加简便、温和、高效等优点,而引起了关注。
现有技术制得的产氢助催化剂大多以纳米颗粒的形式存在,由于光催化产氢过程中仅有催化剂纳米颗粒表面的原子参与反应,使得催化剂的原子利用率低。将助催化剂的尺寸由纳米级降为单原子态形式,有望大大提高原子利用率,进而改善光解水制氢速率。目前,由光化学法制备原子级分散的非贵金属助催化剂尚未见文献报道。
发明内容
为了降低产氢催化剂的制备成本、提高其催化性能和提高原子利用率,本发明采用简便、温和、低成本的光化学还原法,制备得到了非贵金属基单原子催化剂,制备成本低,且制备得到的助催化剂的催化性能好,具有较高稳定性和使用价值。
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,所述方法为:将光活性载体、金属源和电子供体试剂混合,在低浓度氧气或者无氧气的体系中,在光照下反应,即可制备得到单原子催化剂,所述光活性载体为在光照下电子可以发生跃迁或者被激发产生还原性光生电子的物质,所述电子供体试剂为避光情况下不与光活性载体及金属源发生化学 反应,而在光照情况下能够与光活性载体由于电子跃迁或者被激发而产生的空穴或氧化状态发生反应从而提供电子的物质。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述光活性载体是指在能够在光子的激发下吸收光子能量后,电子发生跃迁或者被激发产生还原性光生电子的物质。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述光活性载体可以是有机、无机或者其复合组成的光活性物质。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述光活性载体选自以下任意一种或者多种物质:金属氧化物、硫化物、卤氧化物、钨酸盐、碳氮化合物等。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述光活性载体选自以下任意一种或者多种:TiO 2、BiOX(其中,X=Cl,Br,I)、CdX(其中,X=S,Se,Te)、BiWO 6、BiVO 4、Cu 2O、C 3N 4、ZnO、ZnS、ZnSe、氧化锌-氧化钌(ZnO-RuO 2)、硫镓铜矿(CuGaS 2)、磷化镓(GaP)、砷化镓(GaAs)。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述光活性载体可以是粉体形态,比如纳米线、纳米线阵列、纳米管、纳米管阵列、纳米颗粒、含有多孔的纳米结构或其组合。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述金属源中的金属选自非贵金属,包括铁、钴、镍、铜、锰、锌、铝、铬、钼、钨等。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述金属源是选自金属的盐,所述盐包括氯盐、溴盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐或醋酸盐等。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述金属源可分散在反应体系中。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述电子供体试剂选自甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、硫脲、三乙醇胺等的一种或几种。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述光是指能够激发光活性载体、与光活性载体能级匹配的光。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述光的波长以光活性载体的需要为准。优选的,所述光为波长范围在200-1300nm的光,能提供相应波长光的均可以作为光源,可以是太阳光,也可以是人造光源,比如氙灯、紫外灯、LED灯、激光等。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述在低浓度氧气或者无氧气的体系中可以通过以下方法实现:通入一定的惰性气体脱气、或者加入还原剂、或者抽走氧气等。采取措施降低体系中氧气浓度,有助于较快实现沉积过程。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述惰性气体可以是氮气、氩气、氦气等。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述方法是在溶剂体系中进行的;所述电子供体试剂和金 属源分散、部分溶解或者完全溶于溶剂体系中。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述溶剂为水、醇类、酸类或其它有机溶剂,或者上述的溶剂组成的混合溶剂。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述反应在搅拌下进行,所述搅拌包括间隔搅拌或者持续搅拌。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述方法是:将光活性物质加入到反应容器中,然后添加分散或溶解在溶剂中的金属源和电子供体试剂,混合均匀后除去反应体系中的氧气或在反应体系中通入惰性气体,然后置于光照下搅拌反应,即可制备得到单原子催化剂。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述方法具体是:
(1)取光活性载体加入到反应容器中,再加入分散或溶解在溶剂中的金属源和空穴捕获剂,混合后通入惰性气氛30-40min以除去反应体系中的氧气,然后置于光源下光照,光照时搅拌;
(2)反应结束后,固液分离,洗涤、干燥即可得到单原子催化剂。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述方法为:
(1)取硫化镉纳米棒加入到反应容器中,再加入硫脲和醋酸镍的混合水溶液,混合均匀后通入氮气30-40min以除去反应体系中的氧气,然后置于氙灯下光照,光照时保持均匀搅拌,通过不同的光照时间调节镍的含量;
(2)反应结束后,固液分离,去离子水离心洗涤5-8次,乙醇洗涤1-3次,将所得固体物质干燥,所得固体物质即为镍单原子/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述硫化镉纳米棒是水热法制备的。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述硫化镉纳米棒的制备方法具体是:取2.5g水合氯化镉、硫脲与一定体积乙二胺置于高压反应釜中,将反应釜置于160℃烘箱中水热处理48h,反应结束后将反应釜置于自然条件下降至室温,过滤得到黄色固体并用去离子水洗涤8-10次,乙醇洗涤1-2次,将得到固体置于60℃烘箱干燥,得到的黄色固体即为硫化镉纳米棒。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述方法具体是:
(1)取碳化氮纳米片加入反应容器中,加入醋酸镍和甲醇的混合水溶液,超声分散后通入30-40min氮气以除去反应体系中的氧气,然后置于氙灯下光照,光照时保持均匀搅拌,通过不同的光照时间调节镍的含量;
(2)反应结束后,固液分离,去离子水离心洗涤5-8次,乙醇洗涤1-3次,将所得固体物质干燥,所得固体物质即为镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述碳化氮纳米片是由煅烧法制备的。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述碳化氮纳米片的制备方法具体是:称取1克双氰胺和5克氯化铵置于研钵中,经过研磨使二者充分混合;将研磨得到的固体置于坩埚中,加盖,然后放到马弗炉中,在550℃下加热4小时,升温速率为3℃min -1。得到的淡黄色固体即为碳化氮纳米片。
本发明的第二个目的是提供按照上述方法制备得到单原子催化剂。
本发明的第三个目的是提供一种异质结构,所述异质结构包括至少一个光活性物质基底,以及在光活性物质基底上光照条件下生成的另一物质;所述另一物质的制备,包括在光照情况下,金属以单原子态形式被锚定在光活性载体上;所述另一物质的制备过程中,必要物质为光活性载体、金属源和电子供体试剂,其中,所述光活性载体为在光照下电子可以发生跃迁或者被激发产生还原性光生电子的物质,所述电子供体试剂为避光情况下不与光活性载体及金属源发生化学反应,而在光照情况下与光活性载体由于电子跃迁或者被激发而产生的空穴或氧化状态发生反应从而提供电子的物质。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述光活性载体可以是有机、无机或者其复合组成的光活性物质。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述光活性载体包括以下任意一种或者多种:金属氧化物、硫化物、卤氧化物、钨酸盐、碳氮化合物等。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述光活性载体可以是以下任意一种或者多种:TiO 2、BiOX(其中,X=Cl,Br,I)、CdX(其中,X=S,Se,Te)、BiWO 6、BiVO 4、Cu 2O、C 3N 4、ZnO、ZnS、ZnSe、氧化锌-氧化钌(ZnO-RuO 2)、硫镓铜矿(CuGaS 2)、磷化镓(GaP)、砷化镓(GaAs)。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述光活性载体可以是粉体形态,比如纳米线、纳米线阵列、纳米管、纳米管阵列、纳米颗粒、含有多孔的纳米结构或其组合。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述金属源中的金属选自非贵金属,包括铁、钴、镍、铜、锰、锌、铝、铬、钼、钨等。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述金属源选自金属的盐,所述盐包括氯盐、溴盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐或醋酸盐等。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述金属源可分散在反应体系中。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述电子供体试剂包括甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、硫脲、三乙醇胺等的一种或几种。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述另一物质的制备是在低浓度氧气或者无氧气的体系中 进行的。在光化学反应中,采取措施降低体系中氧气浓度,有助于较快实现沉积过程。比如通入一定的惰性气体脱气、或者加入还原剂、或者抽走氧气等。采取措施降低体系中氧气浓度,有助于较快实现沉积过程。
本发明还提供了包含上述单原子催化剂的电池。
本发明最后提供了上述单原子催化剂在光催化领域的应用。可选地,所述应用,可以是用于催化产氢、催化还原、催化放氢、催化氧还原、催化产氧、催化氧化等等。可选的,所述应用是在制备电极方面的应用,在制备燃料电池方面的应用。
本发明的有益效果:
(1)本发明采用廉价的原料(非贵金属)、简便的方法,在室温条件下制备得到了单原子催化剂,在光照情况下,金属以单原子态形式被锚定在吸光载体上生成本发明的单原子催化剂。本发明首次用光化学还原的方法合成路线制得非贵金属单原子催化剂。
(2)本发明制备得到的单原子催化剂中金属原子均匀的分散在光活性物质的表面,提高了催化剂的原子利用率;本发明利用镍单原子作为光催化反应的助催化剂,大幅度提高催化效率,相比于其他类型非贵金属修饰的复合光催化剂具有更高的光催化活性;本发明的单原子催化剂,可用于光催化分解水产氢反应,价格低廉,且产氢速率较高。
附图说明
图1是实施例1的硫化镉纳米棒和Ni 1/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂的XRD图谱。
图2是实施例1的Ni 1/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂的透射电镜图片。
图3是实施例1的Ni 1/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂的透射电镜能量色散X射线光谱。
图4是实施例1的Ni 1/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂的X射线吸收近边缘结构光谱。
图5是实施例1的Ni 1/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂的X射线光电子能谱,其中,a为多元素全谱,b为Ni谱,c为Cd谱,d为S谱。
图6是实施例2的Ni 1/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂在可见光下的光催化产氢测试图。
图7是实施例2的Ni 1/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂在室外太阳光下的光催化产氢测试图。
图8是实施例4的碳化氮纳米片和镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂的XRD图谱。
图9是实施例4的镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂的透射电镜图片。
图10是实施例4的镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂的高角度环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜图片。
图11是实施例4的镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂的X射线吸收近边缘结构光谱。
图12是实施例4的镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂的X射线光电子能谱,其中,a 为多元素全谱,b为Ni谱,c为C谱,d为N谱。
图13是实施例5的镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂在模拟太阳光下的循环产氢测试图。
图14是实施例5的镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂在室外太阳光下的光催化产氢测试图。
图15为本发明的反应机理图。
图16为实施例7中Co 1/CN催化剂的在可见光下的光催化产氢测试图。
图17为对比例5中氢气还原的Ni 1/CN催化剂的在可见光下的光催化产氢测试图。
具体实施方式
下面是对本发明进行具体描述。
本发明的反应机理如图15所示,具体是:在水溶液中,水分子首先吸附到CdS上,在光的照射下,CdS纳米棒吸收光以产生光生电子-空穴对,随后,光诱导的电子转移到CdS纳米棒的表面,还原H +使其产生H 2,而Ni 2+则与水分子中剩下的OH -相结合,最终使得Ni(II)负载在CdS上;另外,使用电子提供试剂提供电子与剩余的光生空穴结合,最终完成了整个光还原过程。所以,本发明制备得到的催化剂上不存在Ni-Ni键,而存在Ni-O键,也就不存在金属组分聚集(不存在Ni-Ni键)状态,而是单原子催化剂。
为了更具体的说明本发明的方法,下面给出本发明的实施例,但本发明的应用不仅限于此。
实施例1:镍单原子/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂的制备
按照如下方法制备镍单原子/硫化镉复合催化剂
(1)取20.25mmol二点五水合氯化镉,40.75mmol硫脲和60mL乙二胺置于100mL高压反应釜中,将反应釜置于160℃烘箱中水热处理48h,反应结束后将反应釜置于自然条件下降至室温,过滤得到黄色固体并用去离子水洗涤10次,乙醇洗涤2次,将得到固体置于60℃烘箱干燥12小时得到的黄色固体即为硫化镉纳米棒;
(2)取50mg硫化镉纳米棒置于25mL单口烧瓶中,随后加入1mL醋酸镍水溶液(12.5mg/mL)、1mL硫脲水溶液(38mg/mL)和8mL去离子水,超声分散处理1min,然后使用氮气脱气40min除去反应体系中的氧气;
(3)待脱气完成后,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光灯下照射20分钟,将所得固体离心分离,去离子水洗涤5次,乙醇洗涤2次,将所得固体使用氮气吹干,得到的固体即为镍单原子/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂,记为Ni 1/CdS NRs。
将制备的光催化剂进行X射线衍射光谱(XRD)(图1所示)、透射电镜(TEM)(图2所示),能量色散X射线光谱(EDX)(图3所示)、X射线吸收近边缘结构光谱(XANES)(图4所示)及其X射线光电子能谱(XPS)(图5所示)。可见,二价镍元素存在硫化镉纳米棒上,但没发现对应的X射线衍射信号和TEM影像,且能够发现镍氧键的存在,但未见镍-镍键的存在,证实了本实施例制备得到的催化剂上的镍为单金属原子状态。
实施例2:镍单原子/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂的催化活性
取实施例1中步骤(1)得到的硫化镉2mg置于100mL光催化反应器中,随后加入10mL乳酸,40mL水,超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光(配有420nm截止滤光片)下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,反应6h后其产氢速率为4.8mmol·g -1·h -1
将实施例1中得到的Ni 1/CdS NRs复合催化剂取2mg置于100mL光催化反应器中,随后加入10mL乳酸,40mL去离子水,超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光(配有420nm截止滤光片)下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,反应6h后其产氢速率为142.7mmol·g -1·h -1,比单纯的硫化镉纳米棒产氢速率提高了大约30倍。
将实施例1中Ni 1/CdS NRs复合催化剂取1mg置于100mL光催化反应器中,随后加入,9.0g九水合硫化钠,6.6g无水亚硫酸钠,50mL去离子水,超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光(配有420nm截止滤光片)下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,每隔2h使用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气并进行一次脱气排除反应体系中氢气,然后继续光照处理,反应16h后催化活性仍无明显降低。Ni 1/CdS NRs复合催化剂在可见光下的光催化产氢测试图如图6所示。
将实施例1中Ni 1/CdS NRs复合催化剂取1mg置于100mL光催化反应器中,随后加入,9.0g九水合硫化钠,6.6g无水亚硫酸钠,50mL去离子水。超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于室外太阳光下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,每隔2h使用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,然后继续光照。反应6h后产氢量可高达900mmol·g -1。Ni 1/CdS NRs复合催化剂在室外太阳光下的光催化产氢测试图如图7所示。
可见,本实施例所制备的Ni 1/CdS NRs合成方法简便、光催化产氢速率高、稳定性好、价格低廉,应用于工业生产中可大幅度节约成本,是一种有较大工业光催化产氢前景的新型催化材料。
实施例3
(1)取20.25mmol二点五水合氯化镉,40.75mmol硫脲和60mL乙二胺置于100mL高压反应釜中,将反应釜置于160℃烘箱中水热处理48h,反应结束后将反应釜置于自然条件下降至室温,过滤得到黄色固体并用去离子水洗涤10次,乙醇洗涤2次,将得到固体置于60℃烘箱干燥12小时得到的黄色固体即为硫化镉纳米棒;
(2)取50mg硫化镉纳米棒置于25mL单口烧瓶中,随后加入1mL醋酸镍水溶液(12.5mg/mL),1mL硫脲水溶液(38mg/mL),8mL去离子水,超声分散处理1min,然后使用氮气脱气40min除去反应体系中氧气;
(3)待脱气完成后,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光灯下分别照射5分钟、10分钟、15分钟、20分钟,将所得固体离心分离,去离子水洗涤5次,乙醇洗涤2次,将所得固体使用氮气吹干。
通过测试可以确定,制备得到的均为镍单原子/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂,测试不同光照时间下所得镍单原子/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂中镍的含量(质量百分比),可以发现,照射5分钟、10分钟、15分钟、20分钟后获得的符合催化剂中的镍的含量分别为0.61%、1.25%、2.13%和2.85%。可见,通过调节光照时间的长短可以调节催化剂中金属单原子的含量。
实施例4:镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂的制备
按照如下方法制备镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂
(1)称取1克双氰胺和5克氯化铵置于研钵中,经过研磨使二者充分混合;将研磨得到的固体置于坩埚中,加盖,然后放到马弗炉中,在550℃下加热4小时,升温速率为3℃min -1;得到的淡黄色固体即为碳化氮纳米片;
(2)取30mg碳化氮纳米片置于25mL单口烧瓶中,随后加入0.1mL醋酸镍水溶液(12.5mg/mL),5mL无水甲醇,5mL去离子水,超声分散处理1min,然后使用氮气脱气40min除去反应体系中的氧气;
(3)待脱气完成后,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光灯下照射3小时,将所得固体离心分离,去离子水洗涤5次,乙醇洗涤2次,将所得固体使用氮气吹干,得到的固体即为镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂,记为Ni 1/CN。
将制备的光催化剂进行X射线衍射光谱(XRD)(图8所示),透射电镜(TEM)(图9所示),高角度环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜(HAADF-STEM)(图10所示),X射线吸收近边缘结构光谱(XANES)(图11所示)及其X射线光电子能谱(XPS)(图12所示)。可见,二价镍元素存在碳化氮上,但没发现X射线衍射信号和TEM影像,但从HAADF-STEM能够发现单个镍原子的影像,且能够发现镍氧键的存在,但未见镍-镍键的存在,证实了本实施例制备得到的催化剂上的镍为单金属原子状态。
实施例5:镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片的催化活性
取实施例4中步骤(1)得到的5mg碳化氮纳米片置于25mL圆底烧瓶中,随后加入2mL三乙醇胺,8mL水,超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光(配有AM 1.5滤光片)下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,其产氢速率为2.3μmol·g -1·h -1
取实施例4中得到的5mg Ni 1/CN复合催化剂置于25mL圆底烧瓶中,随后加入2mL三乙醇胺,8mL水,超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光(配有AM 1.5滤光片)下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,其产氢速率为16500μmol·g -1·h -1,比单纯的碳化氮纳米片产氢速率提高了大约7174倍。
将实施例4中Ni 1/CN复合催化剂取5mg置于25mL圆底烧瓶中,随后加入2mL三乙醇胺,8mL水,超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光(配有AM 1.5滤光片)下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气。每隔1h使用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,4个小时(一个循环)后进行一次脱气排除反应体系中氢气,然后继续光照处理,反应32h后催化活性仍无明显降低。
将实施例4中Ni 1/CN复合催化剂取5mg置于25mL圆底烧瓶中,随后加入2mL三乙醇胺,8mL水,超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于室外太阳光下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,每隔2h使用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,然后继续光照。反应6h后产氢量可高达11.8mmol·g -1
由上述各实施例及图13和图14可看出,本实施例所制备的Ni 1/CN复合催化剂合成方法简便、光催化产氢速率高、稳定性好、价格低廉,应用于工业生产中可大幅度节约成本,是一种有较大工业光催化产氢前景的新型催化材料。
实施例6
当光照时间分别为1小时和2小时时,其余操作和步骤和实施例4一致,制备得到的镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂。
测试不同光照时间下所得的镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂中镍的含量(质量百分比),可以发现,照射1小时、2小时和3小时(实施例4)后获得的符合催化剂中的镍的含量分别为0.05%、0.03%和0.21%。可见,通过调节光照时间的长短可以调节催化剂中金属单原子的含量。
实施例7
(1)取实施例4中步骤(1)得到的30mg碳化氮纳米片置于25mL单口烧瓶中,随后加入0.1mL醋酸钴水溶液(12.5mg/mL),5mL无水甲醇,5mL去离子水,超声分散处理1min,然后使用氮气脱气40min除去反应体系中的氧气;将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光灯下照射3小时,将所得固体离心分离,去离子水洗涤5次,乙醇洗涤2次,将所得固体使用氮气吹干,得到的固体即为钴单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂,记为Co 1/CN。
(2)取实施例4中步骤(1)得到的5mg碳化氮纳米片置于25mL圆底烧瓶中,随后加入2mL三乙醇胺,8mL水,超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光(配有AM 1.5滤光片)下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,其产氢速率为2.3μmol·g -1·h -1
(3)取实施例7中步骤(1)得到的5mg Co 1/CN复合催化剂置于25mL圆底烧瓶中,随后加入2mL三乙醇胺,8mL水,超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光(配有AM 1.5滤光片)下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,其产氢速率为708.9μmol·g -1·h -1
测试结果如图16所示,反应1h后,Co 1/CN的产氢速率达到708.9μmol·g -1·h -1,而未负载Co的CN的产氢速率仅为2.3μmol·g -1·h -1
实施例8
将实施例1和4中的吸光载体换成TiO 2、BiOX(其中,X=Cl,Br,I)、CdX(其中,X=S,Se,Te)、BiWO 6、BiVO 4、Cu 2O、C 3N 4、ZnO、ZnS、ZnSe、氧化锌-氧化钌(ZnO-RuO 2)、硫镓铜矿(CuGaS 2)、磷化镓(GaP)、砷化镓(GaAs)等,金属种类换成铁、钴、铜、锰、锌、铝、铬、钼、钨等,通过调控条件,也可以获得单金属原子催化剂,同样能够取得良好的催化性能,在此不再一一列出。
对比例1
为了验证在本发明中电子供体试剂的必要性,开展了无电子供体试剂的对照实验。
(1)取20.25mmol二点五水合氯化镉,40.75mmol硫脲和60mL乙二胺置于100mL高压反应釜中,将反应釜置于160℃烘箱中水热处理48h,反应结束后将反应釜置于自然条 件下降至室温,过滤得到黄色固体并用去离子水洗涤10次,乙醇洗涤2次,将得到固体置于60℃烘箱干燥12小时得到的黄色固体即为硫化镉纳米棒;
(2)取50mg硫化镉纳米棒置于25mL单口烧瓶中,随后加入1mL醋酸镍水溶液(12.5mg/mL),9mL去离子水,超声分散处理1min,然后使用氮气脱气40min除去反应体系中的氧气;
(3)待脱气完成后,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光灯下照射20分钟,将所得固体离心分离,去离子水洗涤5次,乙醇洗涤2次,将所得固体使用氮气吹干,对制备得到的材料进行相关表征,最终发现,制备得到的材料中没有得到单原子镍催化剂。
同样的,在实施例4的制备方法中,将甲醇替换成等体积的水,同样无法制备得到镍单原子复合催化剂。
由此可见,本发明中的电子供体试剂对本发明单原子催化剂的制备是必不可少的。
对比例2
先后选取了Y型分子筛、多孔氧化铝、多孔氧化硅、煤质活性炭、生物质活性炭、碳纤维、碳纳米管等常见的无光活性的载体材料,采用实施例1中的方法,加入醋酸镍溶液、硫脲溶液和去离子水,利用氮气脱气后,在300W氙光灯下照射20~100分钟,均无法沉积得到非贵金属单原子催化剂。
可见,本发明为了制备得到非贵金属单原子催化剂,必须添加能够在光照下电子发生跃迁或者被激发产生还原性光生电子的光活性载体。
对比例3
实施例1中的硫脲替换为还原性更强的硼氢化钠水溶液(1mL,19mg/mL),其余操作步骤和方法与实施例1一致,制备催化剂,结果发现,最终无法制备得到非贵金属单原子催化剂。
实施例4中的甲醇替换为水合肼,其余操作步骤和方法与实施例4一致,制备催化剂,结果发现,最终无法制备得到非贵金属单原子催化剂。
可见,电子供体试剂的选择也非常重要,本发明需要的电子供体试剂必须是能够在避光情况下不与光活性载体及金属源发生化学反应,而在光照情况下与光活性载体由于电子跃迁或者被激发而产生的氧化状态发生反应从而提供电子的物质。
对比例4
当实施例1的实验过程中采用避光操作时,发现无法沉积得到非贵金属单原子催化剂。说明。光照对于本发明制备单原子催化剂而言,也是必不可少的。
对比例5
为了验证所得单原子催化剂被高温氢气还原后的效果,开展本对照实验。
(1)取实施例4中得到的Ni 1/CN复合催化剂0.2g放入瓷舟,然后放入管式炉中,在5%H 2/Ar混合气氛围下,以10℃/min的升温速率,在300℃下保持1h,得到的固体即为氢气还原的Ni 1/CN复合材料。
(2)取实施例4中得到的5mg Ni 1/CN复合催化剂置于25mL圆底烧瓶中,随后加入2mL三乙醇胺,8mL水,超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光(配有AM 1.5滤光片)下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,其产氢速率为16500μmol·g -1·h -1
(3)取对比例5(1)中得到的5mg氢气还原的Ni 1/CN复合催化剂置于25mL圆底烧瓶中,随后加入2mL三乙醇胺,8mL水,超声处理30s,使用氮气脱气1h排除体系中氧气,将圆底烧瓶置于300W氙光(配有AM 1.5滤光片)下照射,反应结束后,用热导-气相色谱检测反应中生成的氢气,其产氢速率为62.9μmol·g -1·h -1
测试结果如图17所示:从图中可以看出:氢气还原的Ni 1/CN复合材料反应6h后,产氢速率仅为62.9μmol·g -1·h -1,仅为未还原的Ni 1/CN的产氢速率(16500μmol·g -1·h -1)的0.38%。这说明本发明所得显示正价的单原子催化剂,是高活性的,优于还原后单质状态的情况。

Claims (20)

  1. 一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述方法为:将光活性载体、金属源和电子供体试剂混合,在低浓度氧气或者无氧气的体系中,在光照下反应,即可制备得到单原子催化剂;所述光活性载体为在光照下电子可以发生跃迁或者被激发产生还原性光生电子的物质,所述电子供体试剂为在避光情况下不与光活性载体及金属源发生化学反应,而在光照情况下能够与光活性载体由于电子跃迁或者被激发而产生的空穴或氧化状态发生反应从而提供电子的物质。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述光活性载体包括以下任意一种或者多种:金属氧化物、硫化物、卤氧化物、钨酸盐、碳氮化合物。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述光活性载体可以是以下任意一种或者多种:TiO 2、BiOX(其中,X=Cl,Br,I)、CdX(其中,X=S,Se,Te)、BiWO 6、BiVO 4、Cu 2O、C 3N 4、ZnO、ZnS、ZnSe、氧化锌-氧化钌、硫镓铜矿、磷化镓、砷化镓。
  4. 根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述金属源中的金属选自非贵金属,包括铁、钴、镍、铜、锰、锌、铝、铬、钼、钨;所述金属源选自金属的盐,所述盐包括氯盐、溴盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐或醋酸盐。
  5. 根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述电子供体试剂包括甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、硫脲、三乙醇胺等的一种或几种。
  6. 根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述光是指能够激发光活性载体、与光活性载体能级匹配的光。
  7. 根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述光为波长范围在200-1300nm的光,能提供相应波长光的均可以作为光源。
  8. 根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述方法是:将光活性物质加入到反应容器中,然后添加分散或溶解在溶剂中的金属源和电子供体试剂,混合均匀后除去反应体系中的氧气或在反应体系中通入惰性气体,然后置于光照下搅拌反应,即可制备得到单原子催化剂。
  9. 根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述方法是:
    (1)取光活性载体加入到反应容器中,再加入分散或溶解在溶剂中的金属源和空穴捕获 剂,混合后通入惰性气氛30-40min以除去反应体系中的氧气,然后置于光源下光照,光照时搅拌;
    (2)反应结束后,固液分离获得固体,洗涤、干燥即可得到单原子催化剂。
  10. 根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述方法是:
    (1)取硫化镉纳米棒加入到反应容器中,再加入硫脲和醋酸镍的混合水溶液,混合均匀后通入氮气30-40min以除去反应体系中的氧气,然后置于氙灯下光照,光照处理,通过不同的光照时间调节镍的含量;
    (2)反应结束后,固液分离获得固体,水洗涤5-8次,乙醇洗涤1-3次,将所得固体物质干燥,即可得到镍单原子/硫化镉纳米棒复合催化剂。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述硫化镉纳米棒是水热法制备的。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述硫化镉纳米棒的制备方法具体是:取2.5g水合氯化镉、硫脲与一定体积乙二胺置于高压反应釜中,将反应釜置于160℃烘箱中水热处理48h,反应结束后将反应釜置于自然条件下降至室温,过滤得到黄色固体并用去离子水洗涤8-10次,乙醇洗涤1-2次,将得到固体置于60℃烘箱干燥,得到的黄色固体即为硫化镉纳米棒。
  13. 根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述方法是:
    (1)取碳化氮纳米片加入反应容器中,加入醋酸镍和甲醇的混合水溶液,超声分散后通入30-40min氮气以除去反应体系中的氧气,然后置于氙灯下光照,光照处理,通过不同的光照时间调节镍的含量;
    (2)反应结束后,固液分离获得固体,水洗涤5-8次,乙醇洗涤1-3次,将所得固体物质干燥,即可得到镍单原子/碳化氮纳米片复合催化剂。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述碳化氮纳米片是由煅烧法制备的。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述碳化氮纳米片的制备方法具体是:称取1克双氰胺和5克氯化铵置于研钵中,经过研磨使二者充分混合;将研磨得到的固体置于坩埚中,加盖,然后放到马弗炉中,在550℃下加热4小时,升温速率为3℃ min -1;得到的淡黄色固体即为碳化氮纳米片。
  16. 根据权利要求1~15任一项所述的一种制备非贵金属单原子催化剂的方法制备得到非贵金属单原子催化剂。
  17. 一种异质结构,其特征在于,所述异质结构包括至少一个光活性物质基底,以及在光活性物质基底上光照条件下生成的另一物质;所述另一物质的制备,包括在光照情况下,金属以单原子态形式被锚定在光活性载体上;所述另一物质的制备过程中,必要物质为光活性载体、金属源和电子供体试剂,其中,所述光活性载体为在光照下电子可以发生跃迁或者被激发产生还原性光生电子的物质,所述电子供体试剂为避光情况下不与光活性载体及金属源发生化学反应,而在光照情况下与光活性载体由于电子跃迁或者被激发而产生的空穴或氧化状态发生反应从而提供电子的物质。
  18. 一种电池,其特征在于,包含权利要求16所述的非贵金属单原子催化剂。
  19. 权利要求16所述的非贵金属单原子催化剂的应用,其特征在于,所述应用是用于催化产氢、催化还原、催化放氢、催化氧还原、催化产氧、催化氧化反应。
  20. 权利要求16所述的非贵金属单原子催化剂的应用,其特征在于,所述应用是在制备电极方面的应用,或在制备燃料电池方面的应用。
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