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  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/10—Spiro-condensed systems
  • C07D491/107—Spiro-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D498/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D498/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
  • C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D513/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• Parkinson's Disease Parkinson's Disease
• AD Alzheimer's Disease
• PD Parkinson's Disease
• AD Alzheimer's Disease
• PD Parkinson's Disease
• AD Alzheimer's Disease
• this disclosure features a compound having the structure of Formula I:
• R 1 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl;
• L 1 is optionally substituted C1-C6 alkylene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenylene, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkynylene, optionally substituted C3-C6 carbocyclylene,
• R a is H or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl
• L 3 is optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclylene
• each of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 is, independently, N or CH;
• L 2 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkylene or optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkylene; and R 2 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• L 1 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkylene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenylene, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkynylene, optionally
• L 1 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkylene, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenylene, or optionally substituted C2-C6 alkynylene. In some embodiments,
• L 1 is optionally substituted C3-C6 carbocyclylene.
• L 1 is Y ⁇ . In some embodiments, L 1 is . In some embodiments,
• L 1 In some embodiments, L 1 is
• L 1 is optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkylene.
• L 2 is optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl. In some embodiments,
• R 5 is H or CH3. In some embodiments, R 5 is H.
• X 1 is N. In some embodiments, X 1 is CH.
• X 2 is N. In some embodiments, X 2 is CH.
• X 3 is N. In some embodiments, X 3 is CH.
• X 4 is N. In some embodiments, X 4 is CH.
• At most two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are N.
• the compound has the structure of Formula la:
• the compound has the structure of Formula lb:
• the compound has the structure of Formula lc:
• the compound has the structure of Formula Id:
• the compound has the structure of Formula le:
• R 2 is optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl or optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C5 heterocyclyl.
• b1 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• b2 is 0, 1 , or 2;
• R 6a is H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C6 carbocyclyl;
• R 6b is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C6 carbocyclyl;
• each R 7 is, independently, halo or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl
• R 6a is H or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• V' CH 3 is H or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• R 6a is H or 3 ⁇ 4
• R 6b is H or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• R 6b is H or
• R 8 is L 3 ⁇ 4 , .
• each R 7 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I,
• each R 7 is, independently, V
• b1 is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, b1 is 0. In some embodiments, b1 is
• b2 is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, b2 is 0. In some embodiments, b2 is
• R 2 is . , . In
• R 2 is In some embodiments, R 2 is 0
• q1 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
• q2 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• q3 is 0, 1 , or 2;
• each R 21 is, independently, hydroxyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl; or two of the R 21 groups, taken together with the carbon atom to which each is attached, combine to form an optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl; and
• R 22 is H or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl.
• each R 21 is, independently, V A H 3 V U 'CH
• R 22 is H or V
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C5 heteroaryl. In some embodiments,
• c 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• each R 9 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 9 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, OH, or NH2.
• each R 9 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, V
• c is 0, 1 , or 2. In some embodiments, c is 0. In some embodiments, c is 1 . In some embodiments, c is 2.
• R 2 is v*) " VO ⁇ or . In some embodiments,
• d 0, 1 , 2, or 3;
• each R 10 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 10 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, OH, or NH2.
• each R 10 is , independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, Y ⁇ CH 3
• d is 0, 1 , or 2. In some embodiments, d is 0. In some embodiments, d is . In some embodiments, d is 2.
• e 0, 1 , or 2;
• each R 1 1 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• W is CH or N
• Y is O, S, or NR Y1 ;
• R Y1 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl ;
• Z is O, S, or NR Z1 ;
• R Z1 is H or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl.
• each R 1 1 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, OH, or NH2.
• each R 1 1 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, V 'CH
• W is CH. In some embodiments, W is N.
• Y is NR Y1 .
• R Y1 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• R Y1 is H. In some embodiments, R Y1 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl.
• R Y1 is optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• R Y1 is optionally substituted C3-C6 carbocyclyl. In some embodiments, R Y1 is U ⁇ - n orr V°
• Z is O.
• e is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, e is 0. In some embodiments, e is 1 .
• R 12a is H, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• each of Y a and Y b is, independently, O, S, or NR Y2 ;
• R Y2 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl ;
• Z a is O, S, or NR Z2 ;
• R Z2 is H or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl.
• R 12a is H.
• Z a is O.
• each of Y a and Y b is NR Y2 .
• R Y2 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• R 12b is H, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH , or NH2; and
• Y c is O, S, or NR Y3 ;
• R Y3 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• R 12b is H.
• Y c is NR Y3 .
• R Y3 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• f 0, 1 , or 2;
• each R 13 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2; and
• Y d is O, S, or NR Y4 ;
• R Y4 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• each R 13 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, OH, or NH2.
• each R 13 is, independently, halo, CN, or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl.
• f is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, f is 0. In some embodiments, f is 1 .
• Y d is NR Y4 .
• R Y4 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• Y d is O. In some embodiments,
• g 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• each R 1 4 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• Y e is O, S, or NR Y5 ;
• R Y5 is H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• R 14 is halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, OH, or NH2.
• R 14 is halo, CN, or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• g is 0, 1 , or 2. In some embodiments, g is 0. In some embodiments, g is 1 . In some embodiments, g is 2.
• Y e is NR Y5 .
• R Y5 is H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• Y e is O. In some embodiments, Y e is S.
• each of X a , X b , X c , and X d is, independently, N or CR 17 ;
• each R 1 7 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• i 0, 1 , 2, or 3;
• each R 1 5 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 15 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• i is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, i is 0. In some embodiments, i is 1 .
• X e is N or CR 18 ;
• R 1 8 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• each R 16 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• each of Y f and Y g is, independently, O, S, or NR Y6 ;
• R Y6 is H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl ;
• Z b is O, S, or NR Z3 ;
• R Z3 is H or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• each R 16 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• j is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, j is 0. In some embodiments, j is 1 . In some embodiments, Z is O.
• o1 is 0, 1 , 2, or 3;
• o2 is 0, 1 , or 2;
• each R 23 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2; and
• R 24 is H or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl. In some embodiments,
• r is 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• each R 24 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, optionally substituted sulfone, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 24 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 24 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• r is 0, 1 , or 2. In some embodiments, r is 0. In some embodiments, r is 1 . In some embodiments, r is 2.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl.
• R 2 is O where R 25 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl or optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl.
• R 1 is optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• R 1 is optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl.
• each of R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , and R 3e is, independently, H, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2; or R 3a and R 3b , R 3b and R 3c , R 3c and R 3d , or R 3d and R 3e , together with the atoms to which each is attached, combine to form optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• each of R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , and R 3e is, independently, H, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each of R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , and R 3e is, independently, H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN,
• R 1 is phenyl, 3-fluoro-phenyl, 4-fluoro-phenyl, 3-chloro-phenyl, 4-chloro-phenyl, 2-methoxy-phenyl, 3-methoxy-phenyl, 4-methoxy-phenyl, 3,4-di-fluoro-phenyl, 3,4-dichloro-phenyl, 3,5-di-fluoro-phenyl, 3,5-dichloro-phenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl,
• R 1 is optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• R 1 is optionally substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl.
• n1 is 0, 1 , 2, or 3;
• n2 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• each R 4 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 4 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 4 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN,
• R 1 is optionally substituted cycloalkenyl.
• n5 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• n6 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• each R 4 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 4 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 4 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, ⁇ « « « ⁇ a T
• R 1 is optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroaryl. In some embodiments,
• k 0, 1 , 2, or 3;
• each R 19 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• Y h is O, S, or NR Y7 ;
• R Y7 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• each R 19 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 19 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or
• Y h is S.
• k is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, k is 0. In some embodiments, k is 1 .
• each R 20 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 20 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 20 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or
• p is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, p is 1 .
• R 1 is 5-chloropyridin-3-yl, 5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl,
• the disclosure features a compound having the structure of Formula II:
• R 1 is optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl;
• L 1 is optionally substituted C1-C6 alkylene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenylene, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkynylene, optionally substituted C3-C6 carbocyclylene,
• R a is H or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl
• L 3 is optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclylene
• each of X 5 and X 6 is, independently, N or CH;
• X 7 is O, S, or NR b ;
• R b is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl ;
• L 2 is optionally substituted C1-C6 alkylene or optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkylene
• R 2 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• L 1 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkylene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenylene, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkynylene, optionally substituted C3-C6 carbocyclylene, V°V
• L 1 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkylene, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenylene, or optionally substituted C2-C6 alkynylene.
• L 1 is optionally substituted C3-C6 carbocyclylene.
• L 1 is . In some embodiments, L 1 is . In some embodiments, H ⁇ H3
• L 1 or 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ In some embodiments, L 1 is
• L 1 is optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkylene.
• L 2 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl.
• optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl In some embodiments, optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
• R 5 is H or CH3. In some embodiments, R 5 is H.
• X 5 is CH. In some embodiments, X 5 is N.
• X 6 is CH. In some embodiments, X 6 is N.
• X 7 is S.
• the compound has the structure of Formula lla:
• R 2 is optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl or optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C5 heterocyclyl.
• b2 is 0, 1 , or 2;
• R 6a is H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C6 carbocyclyl;
• R 6b is H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C6 carbocyclyl;
• each R 7 is, independently, halo or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl
• R 6a is H or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl.
• R 6b is H or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl.
• R 6b is H or
• each R 7 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I,
• b1 is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, b1 is 0. In some embodiments, b1 is
• b2 is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, b2 is 0. In some embodiments, b2 is
• R 2 is ,
• q1 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
• q2 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• q3 is 0, 1 , or 2;
• each R 21 is, independently, hydroxyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl; or two of the R 21 groups, taken together with the carbon atom to which each is attached, combine to form an optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl; and
• R 22 is H or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl.
• each R 21 is, independently,
• R 22 is H or V 3
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C2-C5 heteroaryl.
• c 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• each R 9 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 9 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, OH, or NH2.
• each R 9 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, V CH 3 ⁇ CH3
• c is 0, 1 , or 2. In some embodiments, c is 0. In some embodiments, c is 1 . In some embodiments, c is 2.
• R 2 is In some embodiments,
• d 0, 1 , 2, or 3;
• each R 10 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 10 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, OH, or NH2.
• each R 10 is , independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, 'CH 3
• d is 0, 1 , or 2. In some embodiments, d is 0. In some embodiments, d is 1 . In some embodiments, d is 2.
• e 0, 1 , or 2;
• each R 1 1 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• W is CH or N
• Y is O, S, or NR Y1 ;
• R Y1 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl ;
• Z is O, S, or NR Z1 ;
• R Z1 is H or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl.
• each R 1 1 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, OH, or NH2.
• each R 1 1 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, Y ⁇ H
• W is CH. In some embodiments, W is N.
• Y is NR Y1 .
• R Y1 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• R Y1 is H. In some embodiments, R Y1 is optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl.
• R Y1 is optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• R Y1 is optionally substituted C3-C6 carbocyclyl.
• Z is O.
• e is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, e is 0. In some embodiments, e is 1 .
• R 12a is H, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• each of Y a and Y b is, independently, O, S, or NR Y2 ;
• R Y2 is H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl;
• Z a is O, S, or NR Z2 ;
• R Z2 is H or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• R 12a is H. In some embodiments, Z a is O.
• each of Y a and Y b is NR Y2 .
• R Y2 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• R 12b is H, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2; and
• Y c is O, S, or NR Y3 ;
• R Y3 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• R 12b is H.
• Y c is NR Y3 .
• R Y3 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• f 0, 1 , or 2;
• each R 13 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2; and
• Y d is O, S, or NR Y4 ;
• R Y4 is H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• each R 13 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, OH, or NH2.
• each R 13 is, independently, halo, CN, or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• f is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, f is 0. In some embodiments, f is 1 .
• Y d is NR Y4 .
• R Y4 is H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• Y d is O.
• g 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• each R 14 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• Y e is O, S, or NR Y5 ; and R Y5 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• R 14 is halo, CN, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, OH, or NH2.
• R 14 is halo, CN, or optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl.
• g is 0, 1 , or 2. In some embodiments, g is 0. In some embodiments, g is 1 . In some embodiments, g is 2.
• Y e is NR Y5 .
• R Y5 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• Y e is O. In some embodiments, Y e is S.
• each of X a , X b , X c , and X d is, independently, N or CR 17 ;
• each R 17 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• each R 1 5 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 1 5 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• i is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, i is 0. In some embodiments, i is 1 .
• X e is N or CR 18 ;
• R 1 8 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted5 C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• j 0, 1 , or 2;
• each R 1 6 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl,0 optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• each of Y f and Y g is, independently, O, S, or NR Y6 ;
• R Y6 is H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl;
• Z b is O, S, or NR Z3 ;
• R Z3 is H or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• each R 1 6 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• j is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, j is 0. In some embodiments, j is 1 .
• Z is O. 0 In some embodiments,
• o1 is 0, 1 , 2, or 3;
• o2 is 0, 1 , or 2;
• each R 23 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2; and
• R 24 is H or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl.
• r is 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• each R 24 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, optionally substituted sulfone, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 24 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 24 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• r is 0, 1 , or 2. In some embodiments, r is 0. In some embodiments, r is 1 .
• r is 2.
• R 2 is optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl.
• R 2 is , where R 25 is optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl or optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl.
• R 1 is optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl.
• R 1 is optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl.
• each of R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , and R 3e is, independently, H, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2; or R 3a and R 3b , R 3b and R 3c , R 3c and R 3d , or R 3d and R 3e , together with the atoms to which each is attached, combine to form optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• each of R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , and R 3e is, independently, H, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each of R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , and R 3e is, independently, H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN,
• R 1 is phenyl, 3-fluoro-phenyl, 4-fluoro-phenyl, 3-chloro-phenyl,
• R 1 is optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl.
• R 1 is optionally substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl.
• n1 is 0, 1 , 2, or 3;
• n2 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• n3 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• n4 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
• each R 4 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 4 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 4 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I , CN,
• R 1 is optionally substituted cycloalkenyl.
• n5 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• n6 is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• each R 4 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 4 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 4 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I , CN,
• R 1 is optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroaryl.
• k 0, 1 , 2, or 3;
• each R 19 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2;
• Y h is O, S, or NR ⁇ ; and R Y7 is H, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl.
• each R 19 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1 -C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1 -C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 19 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or
• Y h is S.
• k is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, k is 0. In some embodiments, k is 1 .
• each R 20 is, independently, halo, CN, NO2, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C9 heteroaryl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 20 is, independently, halo, CN, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkene, optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, SH, OH, or NH2.
• each R 20 is, independently, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or V
• p is 0 or 1 . In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, p is 1 .
• R 1 is 5-chloropyridin-3-yl, 5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl,
• this disclosure features a compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the structure of any one of compounds 1 -683 in Table 1 and Table 2.
• the compound is any one of compounds 1 -475 in Table 1 .
• the compound is any one of compounds 476-683 in Table 2.
• the compound is any one of compounds 40, 41 , 46, 48, 53, 56, 57, 59, 66, 74-76, 79, 89, 91 , 94, 95, 99, 1 1 1 -1 14, 1 16, 1 19, 121 , 122, 125, 128, 131 , 132, 134, 137, 140, 142, 144,
• the compound is any one of compounds 56, 76, 91 , 94, 1 1 1 , 1 12, 1 14, 1 16, 1 19, 122, 125, 131 , 132, 137, 144, 148, 150, 236, 242-244, 290, 31 5, 316, 321 , and 375 in Table 1 .
• the compound is any one of compounds 484, 494-497, 500-503, 506, 526, 528, 532, 540, 542, 543, 547, 555, 556, 559, 562, 567, 571 , 572, 575, 580, 603, 616, 626, 627, 642-644, 657, 661 , 668, 676, and 679 in Table 2.
• the compound is any one of compounds 494, 497, 501 , 503, 532, 559, 567, 572, 580, 603, 657, and 668 in Table 2.
• the compound is any one of compounds 1 -200, 238-305, 310-316, 318- 321 , 323-335, 337-339, 342, 344-346, 348, 349, 351 , 352, 354-376, 379, 381 -384, 387, 391 -393, 396, 397, 401 -403, 41 0-412, 41 5, 417, 418, 421 , 423, 425-429, 433, 435-456, 458-460, 463, 467-472, 474, and 475 in Table 1 and 476-683 in Table 2.
• the compound is any one of compounds 1 -200, 238-305, 310-316, 31 8-321 , 323-335, 337-339, 342, 344-346, 348, 349, 351 , 352, 354-376, 379, 381 -384, 387, 391 -393, 396, 397, 401 -403, 410-412, 41 5, 417, 418, 421 , 423, 425-429, 433, 435-456, 458-460, 463, 467-472, 474, and 475 in Table 1 .
• the compound is any one of compounds 476-681 and 683 in Table 2.
• the compound is any one of compounds 201 -237, 317, 340, 341 , 343, 345-347, 350, 353, 377, 378, 380, 385, 386, 388-390, 398-400, 404-409, 413, 414, 416, 419, 420, 422, 424, 430, 431 , 461 , 462, 464-466, and 473 in Table 1 .
• the compound is any one of compounds 305-309, 322, 336, 394, 432, 434, and 457 in Table 1 .
• the compound is any one of compounds 305-309 in Table 1 .
• CMPD refers to“compound.”
• this disclosure features a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any of the foregoing compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• the pharmaceutical composition includes a compound of Formula I or Formula II and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• this disclosure features a method of treating a neurological disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of any of the foregoing compounds or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
• this disclosure features a method of inhibiting toxicity in a cell related to a protein, the method comprising administering an effective amount of any of the foregoing compounds or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
• the toxicity is a-synuclein-related toxicity. In some embodiments, the toxicity is ApoE4-related toxicity.
• the cell is a mammalian neural cell.
• this disclosure features a method of treating a stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)- associated disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of any of the foregoing compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
• SCD stearoyl-CoA desaturase
• Non-limiting exemplary SCD-associated disorders include, but are not limited to metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes (e.g., Type I diabetes and Type II diabetes), hyperglycemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, lipid disorders, fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and hypertension), cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, kidney diseases, liver diseases, skin disorders (e.g., acne (e.g., acne vulgaris)), central nervous system (CNS) disorders, dementia, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and dementia associated with Down Syndrome.
• the SCD-associated disorder is a SCD1 -associated disorder.
• the SCD-associated disorder is a SCD5-associated disorder.
• this disclosure features a method of inhibiting SCD5, the method comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of any of the foregoing compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
• this disclosure features a method of inhibiting SCD1 , the method comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of any of the foregoing compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
• one or more compounds depicted herein may exist in different tautomeric forms.
• references to such compounds encompass all such tautomeric forms.
• tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond and the concomitant migration of a proton.
• a tautomeric form may be a prototropic tautomer, which is an isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge as a reference form.
• moieties with prototropic tautomeric forms are ketone - enol pairs, amide - imidic acid pairs, lactam - lactim pairs, amide - imidic acid pairs, enamine - imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, such as, 1 H- and 3H-imidazole, 1 H-, 2H- and 4H- 1 ,2,4-triazole, 1 H- and 2H- isoindole, and 1 H- and 2H-pyrazole.
• tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.
• tautomeric forms result from acetal interconversion, e.g., the interconversion illustrated in the scheme below:
• isotopes of compounds described herein may be prepared and/or utilized in accordance with the present invention.
• “Isotopes” refers to atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers resulting from a different number of neutrons in the nuclei.
• isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.
• an isotopic substitution e.g., substitution of hydrogen with deuterium
• compounds described and/or depicted herein may be provided and/or utilized in salt form.
• compounds described and/or depicted herein may be provided and/or utilized in hydrate or solvate form.
• substituents of compounds of the present disclosure are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the present disclosure include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges.
• the term“C1-C6 alkyl” is specifically intended to individually disclose methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, Cs alkyl, and Ce alkyl.
• the present disclosure is intended to cover individual compounds and groups of compounds (e.g., genera and subgenera) containing each and every individual subcombination of members at each position.
• acyl represents a hydrogen or an alkyl group, as defined herein that is attached to a parent molecular group through a carbonyl group, as defined herein, and is exemplified by formyl (i.e., a carboxyaldehyde group), acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, propionyl, and butanoyl.
• exemplary unsubstituted acyl groups include from 1 to 6, from 1 to 1 1 1 , or from 1 to 21 carbons.
• alkyl refers to a branched or straight-chain monovalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 16 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or 1 to 6 carbon atoms).
• An alkylene is a divalent alkyl group.
• alkenyl refers to a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon residue having a carbon-carbon double bond and having 2 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., 2 to 16 carbon atoms, 2 to 10 carbon atoms, 2 to 6, or 2 carbon atoms).
• alkynyl refers to a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon residue having a carbon-carbon triple bond and having 2 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., 2 to 16 carbon atoms, 2 to 10 carbon atoms, 2 to 6, or 2 carbon atoms).
• amino represents -N(R N1 )2, wherein each Ft N1 is, independently, FI, OH, NO2, N(R N2 )2, S020R N2 , S02R N2 , SOR N2 , an /V-protecting group, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl (e.g., acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, or others described herein), wherein each of these recited R N1 groups can be optionally substituted; or two R N1 combine to form an alkylene or heteroalkylene, and wherein each R N2 is, independently, H, alkyl, or aryl.
• the amino groups of the invention can be an unsubstituted amino (i.e., -NH2) or a substituted amino (i.e., -N(R N1 )2).
• aryl refers to an aromatic mono- or polycarbocyclic radical of 6 to 12 carbon atoms having at least one aromatic ring. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1 ,2-dihydronaphthyl, indanyl, and //-/- indenyl.
• arylalkyl represents an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group.
• Exemplary unsubstituted arylalkyl groups are from 7 to 30 carbons (e.g., from 7 to 16 or from 7 to 20 carbons, such as C1-C6 alkyl Ce-io aryl, C1-C10 alkyl Ce-io aryl, or C1-C20 alkyl Ce-io aryl), such as, benzyl and phenethyl.
• the akyl and the aryl each can be further substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 substituent groups as defined herein for the respective groups.
• cyano represents a CN group.
• Carbocyclyl refer to a non-aromatic C3-C12 monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic structure in which the rings are formed by carbon atoms.
• Carbocyclyl structures include cycloalkyl groups and unsaturated carbocyclyl radicals.
• cycloalkyl refers to a saturated, non-aromatic, monovalent mono- or polycarbocyclic radical of three to ten, preferably three to six carbon atoms. This term is further exemplified by radicals such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, norbornyl, and adamantyl.
• halo means a fluorine (fluoro), chlorine (chloro), bromine (bromo), or iodine (iodo) radical.
• heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, in which one or more of the constituent carbon atoms have been replaced by nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• the heteroalkyl group can be further substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 substituent groups as described herein for alkyl groups.
• heteroalkyl groups are an“alkoxy” which, as used herein, refers alkyl-O- (e.g., methoxy and ethoxy).
• a heteroalkylene is a divalent heteroalkyl group.
• heteroalkenyl refers to an alkenyl group, as defined herein, in which one or more of the constituent carbon atoms have been replaced by nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• the heteroalkenyl group can be further substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 substituent groups as described herein for alkenyl groups.
• heteroalkenyl groups are an“alkenoxy” which, as used herein, refers alkenyl-O-.
• a heteroalkenylene is a divalent heteroalkenyl group.
• heteroalkynyl refers to an alkynyl group, as defined herein, in which one or more of the constituent carbon atoms have been replaced by nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• the heteroalkynyl group can be further substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 substituent groups as described herein for alkynyl groups.
• heteroalkynyl groups are an“alkynoxy” which, as used herein, refers alkynyl-O-.
• a heteroalkynylene is a divalent heteroalkynyl group.
• heteroaryl refers to an aromatic mono- or polycyclic radical of 5 to 12 atoms having at least one aromatic ring containing one, two, or three ring heteroatoms selected from N,
• heteroaryl group is pyridyl, pyrazoyl, benzooxazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxaxolyl, and thiazolyl.
• heteroarylalkyl represents an alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.
• exemplary unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl groups are from 7 to 30 carbons (e.g., from 7 to 16 or from 7 to 20 carbons, such as C1 -C6 alkyl C2-C9 heteroaryl, C1 -C10 alkyl C2-C9 heteroaryl, or C1 -C20 alkyl C2-C9 heteroaryl).
• the akyl and the heteroaryl each can be further substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 substituent groups as defined herein for the respective groups.
• heterocyclyl denotes a mono- or polycyclic radical having 3 to 12 atoms having at least one ring containing one, two, three, or four ring heteroatoms selected from N, O or S, wherein no ring is aromatic.
• heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, furyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyranyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and 1 ,3-dioxanyl.
• heterocyclylalkyl represents an alkyl group substituted with a heterocyclyl group.
• exemplary unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl groups are from 7 to 30 carbons (e.g., from 7 to 16 or from 7 to 20 carbons, such as C1 -C6 alkyl C2-C9 heterocyclyl, C1 -C10 alkyl C2-C9 heterocyclyl, or C1 -C20 alkyl C2-C9 heterocyclyl).
• the akyl and the heterocyclyl each can be further substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 substituent groups as defined herein for the respective groups.
• hydroxyl represents an -OH group.
• /V-protecting group represents those groups intended to protect an amino group against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures. Commonly used /V-protecting groups are disclosed in Greene,“Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” 3 rd Edition (John Wiley &
• /V-protecting groups include acyl, aryloyl, or carbamyl groups such as formyl, acetyl, propionyl, pivaloyl, t-butylacetyl, 2-chloroacetyl, 2-bromoacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, phthalyl, o-nitrophenoxyacetyl, a-chlorobutyryl, benzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, 4-bromobenzoyl,
• 4-nitrobenzoyl, and chiral auxiliaries such as protected or unprotected D, L or D, L-amino acids such as alanine, leucine, and phenylalanine; sulfonyl-containing groups such as benzenesulfonyl, and p-toluenesulfonyl; carbamate forming groups such as benzyloxycarbonyl, p-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl,
• diisopropylmethoxycarbonyl isopropyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, 2,2,2,-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, 4-nitrophenoxy carbonyl, fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl, cyclopentyloxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexyloxycarbonyl, and phenylthiocarbonyl, arylalkyl groups such as benzyl, triphenylmethyl, and benzyloxymethyl, and silyl groups, such as trimethylsilyl.
• Preferred /V-protecting groups are alloc, formyl, acetyl, benzoyl, pivaloyl, t-butylacetyl, alanyl, phenylsulfonyl, benzyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), and benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz).
• nitro represents an NO2 group.
• thiol represents an -SH group.
• alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl (e.g., cycloalkyl), aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. When substituted, there will generally be 1 to 4 substituents present, unless otherwise specified.
• Substituents include, for example: aryl (e.g., substituted and unsubstituted phenyl), carbocyclyl (e.g., substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl), halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, heteroalkyl (e.g., substituted and unsubstituted methoxy, ethoxy, or thioalkoxy), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, amino (e.g., NH2 or mono- or dialkyl amino), azido, cyano, nitro, or thiol.
• aryl e.g., substituted and unsubstituted phenyl
• carbocyclyl e.g., substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl
• halo e.g., fluoro
• hydroxyl e.g., heteroalkyl (e.g., substituted and unsubstitute
• Aryl, carbocyclyl (e.g., cycloalkyl), heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl groups may also be substituted with alkyl (unsubstituted and substituted such as arylalkyl (e.g., substituted and unsubstituted benzyl)).
• Compounds of the invention can have one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and can exist in the form of optically pure enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers such as, for example, racemates, optically pure diastereoisomers, mixtures of diastereoisomers, diastereoisomeric racemates or mixtures of diastereoisomeric racemates.
• optically active forms can be obtained for example by resolution of the racemates, by asymmetric synthesis or asymmetric chromatography (chromatography with a chiral adsorbents or eluant). That is, certain of the disclosed compounds may exist in various stereoisomeric forms. Stereoisomers are compounds that differ only in their spatial arrangement. Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers whose mirror images are not superimposable, most commonly because they contain an asymmetrically substituted carbon atom that acts as a chiral center. "Enantiomer” means one of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other and are not superimposable.
• Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not related as mirror images, most commonly because they contain two or more asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms and represent the configuration of substituents around one or more chiral carbon atoms.
• Enantiomers of a compound can be prepared, for example, by separating an enantiomer from a racemate using one or more well-known techniques and methods, such as, for example, chiral chromatography and separation methods based thereon. The appropriate technique and/or method for separating an enantiomer of a compound described herein from a racemic mixture can be readily determined by those of skill in the art.
• Racemate or “racemic mixture” means a compound containing two enantiomers, wherein such mixtures exhibit no optical activity; i.e., they do not rotate the plane of polarized light.
• “Geometric isomer” means isomers that differ in the orientation of substituent atoms in relationship to a carbon-carbon double bond, to a cycloalkyl ring, or to a bridged bicyclic system. Atoms (other than H) on each side of a carbon- carbon double bond may be in an E (substituents are on opposite sides of the carbon- carbon double bond) or Z (substituents are oriented on the same side) configuration.
• R,” “S,” “S * ,” “R * ,” “E,” “Z,” “cis,” and “trans,” indicate configurations relative to the core molecule.
• Certain of the disclosed compounds may exist in atropisomeric forms.
• Atropisomers are stereoisomers resulting from hindered rotation about single bonds where the steric strain barrier to rotation is high enough to allow for the isolation of the conformers.
• the compounds of the invention may be prepared as individual isomers by either isomer-specific synthesis or resolved from an isomeric mixture.
• Conventional resolution techniques include forming the salt of a free base of each isomer of an isomeric pair using an optically active acid (followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base), forming the salt of the acid form of each isomer of an isomeric pair using an optically active amine (followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free acid), forming an ester or amide of each of the isomers of an isomeric pair using an optically pure acid, amine or alcohol (followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary), or resolving an isomeric mixture of either a starting material or a final product using various well known chromatographic methods.
• the stereochemistry of a disclosed compound is named or depicted by structure, the named or depicted stereoisomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9%) by weight relative to the other
• stereoisomers When a single enantiomer is named or depicted by structure, the depicted or named enantiomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by weight optically pure. When a single diastereomer is named or depicted by structure, the depicted or named diastereomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by weight pure. Percent optical purity is the ratio of the weight of the enantiomer or over the weight of the enantiomer plus the weight of its optical isomer. Diastereomeric purity by weight is the ratio of the weight of one diastereomer or over the weight of all the diastereomers.
• the stereochemistry of a disclosed compound is named or depicted by structure
• the named or depicted stereoisomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by mole fraction pure relative to the other stereoisomers.
• the depicted or named enantiomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by mole fraction pure.
• the depicted or named diastereomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by mole fraction pure.
• Percent purity by mole fraction is the ratio of the moles of the enantiomer or over the moles of the enantiomer plus the moles of its optical isomer.
• percent purity by moles fraction is the ratio of the moles of the diastereomer or over the moles of the diastereomer plus the moles of its isomer.
• diastereomeric pairs mixtures of diastereomers in which one diastereomer is enriched relative to the other diastereomer(s) or mixtures of diastereomers in which one or more diastereomer is enriched relative to the other diastereomers.
• the invention embraces all of these forms.
• the term“a” may be understood to mean“at least one”;
• the term“or” may be understood to mean“and/or”;
• the terms“comprising” and “including” may be understood to encompass itemized components or steps whether presented by themselves or together with one or more additional components or steps; and
• the terms“about” and “approximately” may be understood to permit standard variation as would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art; and (v) where ranges are provided, endpoints are included.
• the term“administration” refers to the administration of a composition (e.g., a compound, a complex or a preparation that includes a compound or complex as described herein) to a subject or system.
• Administration to an animal subject may be by any appropriate route.
• administration may be bronchial (including by bronchial instillation), buccal, enteral, interdermal, intra-arterial, intradermal, intragastric, intramedullary, intramuscular, intranasal, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intravenous, intraventricular, mucosal, nasal, oral, rectal, subcutaneous, sublingual, topical, tracheal (including by intratracheal instillation), transdermal, vaginal and vitreal.
• bronchial including by bronchial instillation
• the term“animal” refers to any member of the animal kingdom. In some embodiments,“animal” refers to humans, at any stage of development. In some embodiments,“animal” refers to non-human animals, at any stage of development. In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a mammal (e.g., a rodent, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a monkey, a dog, a cat, a sheep, cattle, a primate, and/or a pig). In some embodiments, animals include, but are not limited to, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and/or worms.
• an animal may be a transgenic animal, genetically-engineered animal, and/or a clone.
• the terms“approximately” and“about” are each intended to encompass normal statistical variation as would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art as appropriate to the relevant context.
• the terms“approximately” or“about” each refer to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 1 9%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 1 1 %, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1 %, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of a stated value, unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (e.g., where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value).
• Two events or entities are“associated” with one another, as that term is used herein, if the presence, level and/or form of one is correlated with that of the other.
• a particular entity e.g., polypeptide
• a particular disease, disorder, or condition if its presence, level and/or form correlates with incidence of and/or susceptibility of the disease, disorder, or condition (e.g., across a relevant population).
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via any of the usual and acceptable methods known in the art, either singly or in combination.
• the term“combination therapy” refers to those situations in which a subject is simultaneously exposed to two or more therapeutic agents.
• two or more compounds may be administered simultaneously; in some embodiments, such compounds may be administered sequentially; in some embodiments, such compounds are administered in overlapping dosing regimens.
• the term“dosage form” refers to a physically discrete unit of an active compound (e.g., a therapeutic or diagnostic agent) for administration to a subject. Each unit contains a
• such quantity is a unit dosage amount (or a whole fraction thereof) appropriate for administration in accordance with a dosing regimen that has been determined to correlate with a desired or beneficial outcome when administered to a relevant population (i.e. , with a therapeutic dosing regimen).
• a dosing regimen that has been determined to correlate with a desired or beneficial outcome when administered to a relevant population (i.e. , with a therapeutic dosing regimen).
• the total amount of a therapeutic composition or compound administered to a particular subject is determined by one or more attending physicians and may involve administration of multiple dosage forms.
• a dosing regimen refers to a set of unit doses (typically more than one) that are administered individually to a subject, typically separated by periods of time.
• a given therapeutic compound has a recommended dosing regimen, which may involve one or more doses.
• a dosing regimen comprises a plurality of doses each of which are separated from one another by a time period of the same length; in some embodiments, a dosing regimen comprises a plurality of doses and at least two different time periods separating individual doses.
• all doses within a dosing regimen are of the same unit dose amount. In some embodiments, different doses within a dosing regimen are of different amounts.
• a dosing regimen comprises a first dose in a first dose amount, followed by one or more additional doses in a second dose amount different from the first dose amount. In some embodiments, a dosing regimen comprises a first dose in a first dose amount, followed by one or more additional doses in a second dose amount same as the first dose amount In some embodiments, a dosing regimen is correlated with a desired or beneficial outcome when administered across a relevant population (i.e., is a therapeutic dosing regimen).
• compositions represents a composition containing a compound described herein formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and manufactured or sold with the approval of a governmental regulatory agency as part of a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of disease in a mammal.
• Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated, for example, for oral administration in unit dosage form (e.g., a tablet, capsule, caplet, gelcap, or syrup); for topical administration (e.g., as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment); for intravenous administration (e.g., as a sterile solution free of particulate emboli and in a solvent system suitable for intravenous use); or in any other pharmaceutically acceptable formulation.
• A“pharmaceutically acceptable excipient,” as used herein, refers any ingredient other than the compounds described herein (for example, a vehicle capable of suspending or dissolving the active compound) and having the properties of being substantially nontoxic and non-inflammatory in a patient.
• Excipients may include, for example: antiadherents, antioxidants, binders, coatings, compression aids, disintegrants, dyes (colors), emollients, emulsifiers, fillers (diluents), film formers or coatings, flavors, fragrances, glidants (flow enhancers), lubricants, preservatives, printing inks, sorbents, suspensing or dispersing agents, sweeteners, and waters of hydration.
• excipients include, but are not limited to: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate (dibasic), calcium stearate, croscarmellose, crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, citric acid, crospovidone, cysteine, ethylcellulose, gelatin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, maltitol, mannitol, methionine, methylcellulose, methyl paraben, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, povidone, pregelatinized starch, propyl paraben, retinyl palmitate, shellac, silicon dioxide, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium citrate, sodium starch glycolate, sorbitol, starch (corn), stearic acid, sucrose, talc, titanium dioxide, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C,
• the term“pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means any pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of formula (I).
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the compounds described herein include those that are within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are described in: Berge et al., J. Pharmaceutical Sciences 66:1 -19, 1977 and in Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, (Eds. P.H. Stahl and C.G. Wermuth), Wiley-VCH, 2008.
• the salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds described herein or separately by reacting a free base group with a suitable organic acid.
• the compounds of the invention may have ionizable groups so as to be capable of preparation as pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• These salts may be acid addition salts involving inorganic or organic acids or the salts may, in the case of acidic forms of the compounds of the invention be prepared from inorganic or organic bases.
• the compounds are prepared or used as pharmaceutically acceptable salts prepared as addition products of pharmaceutically acceptable acids or bases.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acids and bases and methods for preparation of the appropriate salts are well-known in the art.
• Salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids and bases including inorganic and organic acids and bases.
• pure means substantially pure or free of unwanted components (e.g., other compounds and/or other components of a cell lysate), material defilement, admixture or imperfection.
• Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptonate, hexanoate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pe
• alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, as well as nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations, including, but not limited to ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, and ethylamine.
• SCD-associated disorder refers to an undesired physiological condition, disorder, or disease that is associated with and/or mediated at least in part by an SCD protein.
• SCD-associated disorders are associated with excess SCD levels and/or activity.
• SCDs introduce a double bond in the C9-C10 position of saturated fatty acids such as palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA which are converted to palmitoleoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA, respectively.
• SCD1 One SCD gene, SCD1 , has been characterized in humans for which there are two isoforms, SCD1 and SCD5.
• An SCD-associated disorder may be associated with and/or mediated at least in part by SCD1 and/or SCD5.
• Exemplary SCD-associated disorders include SCD-associated disorders include, but are not limited to metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes (e.g., Type I diabetes and Type II diabetes), hyperglycemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, lipid disorders, fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and hypertension), cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, kidney diseases, liver diseases, skin disorders (e.g., acne (e.g., acne vulgaris)), central nervous system (CNS) disorders, dementia, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and dementia associated with Down Syndrome. Additional SCD-associated disorders are described herein or known in the art.
• the term“subject” refers to any organism to which a composition in accordance with the invention may be administered, e.g., for experimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, and/or therapeutic purposes. Typical subjects include any animal (e.g., mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and humans). A subject may seek or be in need of treatment, require treatment, be receiving treatment, be receiving treatment in the future, or be a human or animal who is under care by a trained professional for a particular disease or condition.
• animal e.g., mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and humans.
• a subject may seek or be in need of treatment, require treatment, be receiving treatment, be receiving treatment in the future, or be a human or animal who is under care by a trained professional for a particular disease or condition.
• the terms “treat,” “treated,” or “treating” mean both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological condition, disorder, or disease, or obtain beneficial or desired clinical results.
• Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms; diminishment of the extent of a condition, disorder, or disease; stabilized (i.e.
• Treatment includes eliciting a clinically significant response without excessive levels of side effects. Treatment also includes prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.
• A“therapeutic regimen” refers to a dosing regimen whose administration across a relevant population is correlated with a desired or beneficial therapeutic outcome.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount that is sufficient, when a
• a therapeutically effective amount is one that reduces the incidence and/or severity of, and/or delays onset of, one or more symptoms of the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
• a therapeutically effective amount does not in fact require successful treatment be achieved in a particular individual. Rather, a therapeutically effective amount may be that amount that provides a particular desired pharmacological response in a significant number of subjects when administered to patients in need of such treatment.
• a refractory subject may have a low bioavailability such that clinical efficacy is not obtainable.
• reference to a therapeutically effective amount may be a reference to an amount as measured in one or more specific tissues (e.g., a tissue affected by the disease, disorder or condition) or fluids (e.g., blood, saliva, serum, sweart, tears, urine, etc).
• tissue e.g., a tissue affected by the disease, disorder or condition
• fluids e.g., blood, saliva, serum, sweart, tears, urine, etc.
• a therapeutically effective amount may be formulated and/or administered in a single dose.
• a therapeutically effective amount may be formulated and/or administered in a plurality of doses, for example, as part of a dosing regimen.
• the invention features compounds useful for the treatment of neurological disorders, e.g., by inhibiting a-synuclein toxicity in a cell such as a neural cell, or by inhibiting SCD5 and/or SCD1 in a cell such as a neural cell.
• exemplary compounds described herein include compounds having a structure according to Formula I or Formula II:
• the compound has the structure of any one of compounds 1 -475 in Table 1 . In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of any one of compounds 476-683 in Table 2.
• the compounds described herein are useful in the methods of the invention and, while not bound by theory, are believed to exert their desirable effects through their ability to inhibit toxicity caused by protein aggregation, e.g., a-synuclein aggregation, in a cell.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to methods of treating and/or preventing neurological disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases in a subject in need thereof.
• the pathology of neurodegenerative disease may be characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies in brain tissue of affected patients.
• neurological disorders that may be treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods include, but are not limited to, Alexander disease, Alper' s disease, AD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ataxia telangiectasia, Canavan disease, Cockayne syndrome, corticobasal degeneration, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington disease, Kennedy's disease, Krabbe disease, Lewy body dementia, Machado-Joseph disease, multiple sclerosis, PD, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, Pick's disease, primary lateral sclerosis, Ref sum's disease, Sandhoff disease, Schilder' s disease,
• SCD stearoyl-CoA desaturase
• SCD inhibitors are known in the art to be useful in methods of treating and/or preventing SCD-associated disorders.
• SCD-associated disorders are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 8,148,378, and in International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 201 1 /047481 ,
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to methods of treating and/or preventing an SCD-associated disorder in a subject in need thereof.
• SCD-associated disorders include metabolic disorders (e.g., insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus (e.g., Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, and diabetic complications (e.g., diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy diseases, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macroangiopathy, vascular complications of diabetes, and diabetic arteriosclerosis)), hyperglycemia, metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinanemia, glucose intolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, body weight disorders (e.g., obesity (e.g., abdominal obesity), overweight, cachexia, body mass index, and anorexia), lipid disorders (e.g., abnormal lipid levels (e.g., elevated lipid levels, for example, in plasma), dyslipidemia (e.g., diabetic dyslipidemia), mixed dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypoalphalipoproteinemia, hyperbetalipoproteinemia, atherosclerosis,
• metabolic disorders
• hypercholesterolemia e.g., familial hypercholesterolemia
• low HDL high LDL
• diseases related to accumulation of lipids in liver familial histiocytic reticulosis, lipoprotein lipase deficiency
• polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) disorder e.g.
• NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
• NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• microalbuminemia leptin related diseases
• hyperleptinaemia hyperleptinaemia
• appetite disorder essential fatty acid deficiency
• adverse weight gain associated with a drug therapy adverse weight gain associated with a drug therapy.
• Additional SCD-associated disorders include cancer, including solid tumors or hematological malignancies (e.g., esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, hepatoma, thyroid cancer, gallbladder cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia (e.g., lymphomas and myelomas), ENT-related cancer, brain cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, and prostate cancer), neoplasia, malignancy, metastases, tumors (benign or malignant), carcinogenesis, and hepatomas.
• cancer including solid tumors or hematological malignancies (e.g., esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, hepatoma, thyroid cancer, gallbladder cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia (e.g., lymphomas and myelomas), ENT-related cancer, brain cancer
• cardiovascular disease e.g., heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, lipidemia, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, microalbuminemia, hyperuricaemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemias, hypertriglyceridemias, arteriosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, vascular complications of diabetes, and diabetic arteriosclerosis
• inflammation sinusitis, asthma, pancreatitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
• hepatitis e.g., sexual hepatitis
• meibomitis cystic fibrosis
• pre-menstrual syndrome osteoporosis
• thrombosis cardiovascular risks, weight loss, angina, high blood pressure, ischemia, cardiac ischemia, reperfusion injury, angioplastic restenosis, infertility
• liver disease e.g., fatty liver, cirrhosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis,
• SCD-associated disorders include central nervous system (CNS) disorders, dementia, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, dementia associated with Down Syndrome, other neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, eye diseases, immune disorders, multiple sclerosis, neuropathy, and depression.
• CNS central nervous system
• Additional SCD-associated disorders include skin disorders (e.g., acne (e.g., acne vulgaris), psoriasis, hirsutism, rosacea, seborrheic skin, oily skin (syn seborrhea), seborrheic dermatitis, hyperseborrhea, eczema, keloid scar, skin ageing, diseases related to production or secretions from mucous membranes, wrinkles, lack of adequate skin firmness, lack of adequate dermal hydration, insufficient sebum secretion, oily hair, shiny skin, greasy-looking skin, greasy-looking hair, and other skin conditions caused by lipid imbalance).
• skin disorders e.g., acne (e.g., acne vulgaris), psoriasis, hirsutism, rosacea, seborrheic skin, oily skin (syn seborrhea), seborrheic dermatitis, hyperseborrhea, e
• An SCD-associated disorder can also include a disease or condition which is, or is related to, viral diseases or infections.
• the SCD-associated disorder is acne (e.g., acne vulgaris).
• the SCD-associated disorder is diabetes (e.g., type II diabetes, including diabetes with inadequate glycemic control).
• the SCD-associated disorder is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
• NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• the SCD-associated disorder is cancer. In some embodiments, the SCD- associated disorder is obesity. In some embodiments, the SCD-associated disorder is metabolic syndrome (e.g., dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension,
• microalbuminemia, hyperuricaemia, and hypercoagulability syndrome X, diabetes, insulin resistance, decreased glucose tolerance, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Type II diabetes, Type I diabetes, diabetic complications, body weight disorders (e.g., obesity, overweight, cachexia, and anorexia), weight loss, body mass index, leptin related diseases, or a skin disorder (e.g., eczema, acne, psoriasis, and keloid scar).
• the SCD-associated disorder is diabetes, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, obesity, a cardiovascular disorder, a CNS disorder, schizophrenia, or Alzheimer's disease.
• the compounds of the invention can be combined with one or more therapeutic agents.
• the therapeutic agent can be one that treats or prophylactically treats any neurological disorder described herein.
• a compound of the invention can be used alone or in combination with other agents that treat neurological disorders or symptoms associated therewith, or in combination with other types of treatment to treat, prevent, and/or reduce the risk of any neurological disorders.
• the dosages of one or more of the therapeutic compounds may be reduced from standard dosages when administered alone. For example, doses may be determined empirically from drug combinations and permutations or may be deduced by isobolographic analysis (e.g., Black et al., Neurology 65:S3-S6, 2005). In this case, dosages of the compounds when combined should provide a therapeutic effect.
• the compounds of the invention are preferably formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for administration to human subjects in a biologically compatible form suitable for administration in vivo. Accordingly, in another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention in admixture with a suitable diluent, carrier, or excipient.
• the compounds of the invention may be used in the form of the free base, in the form of salts, solvates, and as prodrugs. All forms are within the scope of the invention.
• the described compounds or salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof may be administered to a patient in a variety of forms depending on the selected route of administration, as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered, for example, by oral, parenteral, buccal, sublingual, nasal, rectal, patch, pump, or transdermal administration and the pharmaceutical compositions formulated accordingly.
• Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transepithelial, nasal, intrapulmonary, intrathecal, rectal, and topical modes of administration. Parenteral administration may be by continuous infusion over a selected period of time.
• a compound of the invention may be orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent or with an assimilable edible carrier, or it may be enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, or it may be compressed into tablets, or it may be incorporated directly with the food of the diet.
• a compound of the invention may be incorporated with an excipient and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, and wafers.
• a compound of the invention may also be administered parenterally.
• Solutions of a compound of the invention can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose.
• Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, DMSO and mixtures thereof with or without alcohol, and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations may contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
• Conventional procedures and ingredients for the selection and preparation of suitable formulations are described, for example, in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (2003, 20 th ed.) and in The United States Pharmacopeia: The National Formulary (USP 24 NF19), published in 1999.
• the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that may be easily administered via syringe.
• compositions for nasal administration may conveniently be formulated as aerosols, drops, gels, and powders.
• Aerosol formulations typically include a solution or fine suspension of the active substance in a physiologically acceptable aqueous or non-aqueous solvent and are usually presented in single or multidose quantities in sterile form in a sealed container, which can take the form of a cartridge or refill for use with an atomizing device.
• the sealed container may be a unitary dispensing device, such as a single dose nasal inhaler or an aerosol dispenser fitted with a metering valve which is intended for disposal after use.
• the dosage form comprises an aerosol dispenser
• a propellant which can be a compressed gas, such as compressed air or an organic propellant, such as fluorochlorohydrocarbon.
• the aerosol dosage forms can also take the form of a pump-atomizer.
• compositions suitable for buccal or sublingual administration include tablets, lozenges, and pastilles, where the active ingredient is formulated with a carrier, such as sugar, acacia, tragacanth, gelatin, and glycerine.
• a carrier such as sugar, acacia, tragacanth, gelatin, and glycerine.
• Compositions for rectal administration are conveniently in the form of suppositories containing a conventional suppository base, such as cocoa butter.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered to an animal, e.g., a human, alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, as noted herein, the proportion of which is determined by the solubility and chemical nature of the compound, chosen route of administration, and standard pharmaceutical practice.
• the dosage of the compounds of the invention, and/or compositions comprising a compound of the invention can vary depending on many factors, such as the pharmacodynamic properties of the compound; the mode of administration; the age, health, and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the frequency of the treatment, and the type of concurrent treatment, if any; and the clearance rate of the compound in the animal to be treated.
• One of skill in the art can determine the appropriate dosage based on the above factors.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered initially in a suitable dosage that may be adjusted as required, depending on the clinical response. In general, satisfactory results may be obtained when the compounds of the invention are administered to a human at a daily dosage of, for example, between 0.05 mg and 3000 mg (measured as the solid form).
• Dose ranges include, for example, between 10-1000 mg (e.g., 50-800 mg). In some embodiments, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 mg of the compound is administered. Preferred dose ranges include, for example, between 0.05-15 mg/kg or between 0.5-1 5 mg/kg.
• the dosage amount can be calculated using the body weight of the patient.
• the dose of a compound, or pharmaceutical composition thereof, administered to a patient may range from 0.1 -50 mg/kg (e.g., 0.25-25 mg/kg).
• the dose may range from 0.5-5.0 mg/kg (e.g., 0.5, 1 .0, 1 .5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 mg/kg) or from 5.0-20 mg/kg (e.g., 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 mg/kg).
• alpha-halo aldehyde I (X a is a halo, such as Cl or Br) can be condensed with urea or thiourea II to give appropiate 5-membered heterocycle III, where Y is either an O or S.
• This amine can be coupled with acid IV under a variety of conditions to provide the desired amide V.
• aldehyde or ketone I can be alkylated with heterocycle II (where X c is H or halide, usually bromide) under basic conditions (e.g. n-butyllithium) to give alcohol intermediate III.
• basic conditions e.g. n-butyllithium
• Pyridine I is alkylated with alkyl halide under basic conditions (e.g. potassium carbonate) to give two regioisomers II and III.
• the alkylated amide III is hydrolyzed under various conditions to give acid IV.
• Subsequent coupling with appropriately substituted amine V under various coupling conditions e.g. HATU) affords amide VI.
• amine intermediate III can be reacted under metal catalysis conditions with appropriately substituted boronic ester II to give amine intermediate III. Protection of amine III with a carbamate group (e.g. Boc) under standard conditions affords amine intermediate IV. Displacement of mesylate V with amine IV affords product VI which can be deprotected under standard acidic conditions to give amine VII.
• a carbamate group e.g. Boc
• Ester I can be coupled with a variety of alkyl halides II (where X c is a halide, usually Br) to give alkylated pyridazinone III. Hydrolysis of ester under basic conditions (usually lithium hydroxide) gives acid intermediate IV. Coupling of acid IV with an appropriately substituted amine V under various peptide coupling conditions affords amide VI.
• Step 2 Preparation of 1 -methyl-6-oxo-1 ,6-dihydropyridazine-3-carboxylic acid
• Step 3 Preparation of A/-(4-(3-chlorobenzyl)phenyl)-1 -methyl-6-oxo-1 ,6-dihydropyridazine-3-carboxamide
• Step 1 Preparation of A/-(4-(3-fluorobenzyl)phenyl)-1 -methyl-6-oxo-1 ,6-dihydropyridazine-3-carboxamide
• Step 1 Preparation of A/-(4-(3-fluorobenzyl)phenyl)-1 -methyl-6-oxo-1 ,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide
• Step 1 Preparation of 5-((6-aminopyridin-3-yl)methyl)-2-fluorobenzonitrile
• Step 1 Preparation of 5-(3-chlorobenzyl)pyridin-2-amine A mixture of 1 -(bromomethyl)-3-chlorobenzene (0.1 57 g, 0.77 mmol),
• Step 1 Preparation of ferf-butyl 4-(3-chlorobenzyl)pyridin-2-ylcarbamate Boc
• Step 2 Preparation of 5-((1 ,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
• Step 1 Preparation of 5-((5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine

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