WO2017057474A1 - 静電潜像現像用トナー - Google Patents
静電潜像現像用トナー Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017057474A1 WO2017057474A1 PCT/JP2016/078650 JP2016078650W WO2017057474A1 WO 2017057474 A1 WO2017057474 A1 WO 2017057474A1 JP 2016078650 W JP2016078650 W JP 2016078650W WO 2017057474 A1 WO2017057474 A1 WO 2017057474A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/0825—Developers with toner particles characterised by their structure; characterised by non-homogenuous distribution of components
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/0819—Developers with toner particles characterised by the dimensions of the particles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08702—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- G03G9/08706—Polymers of alkenyl-aromatic compounds
- G03G9/08708—Copolymers of styrene
- G03G9/08711—Copolymers of styrene with esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08742—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- G03G9/08755—Polyesters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/093—Encapsulated toner particles
- G03G9/09307—Encapsulated toner particles specified by the shell material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/093—Encapsulated toner particles
- G03G9/09307—Encapsulated toner particles specified by the shell material
- G03G9/09314—Macromolecular compounds
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/093—Encapsulated toner particles
- G03G9/09307—Encapsulated toner particles specified by the shell material
- G03G9/09314—Macromolecular compounds
- G03G9/09321—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/093—Encapsulated toner particles
- G03G9/0935—Encapsulated toner particles specified by the core material
- G03G9/09357—Macromolecular compounds
- G03G9/09371—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/093—Encapsulated toner particles
- G03G9/09392—Preparation thereof
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrostatic latent image developing toner, and more particularly to a capsule toner.
- the toner particles contained in the capsule toner include a core and a shell layer (capsule layer) formed on the surface of the core.
- the shell layer (thin film) contains a melamine resin.
- the shell layer (shell region) contains a crosslinked polyester resin in a proportion of 60% by mass or more.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and provides a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image that is excellent in both heat storage stability and low-temperature fixability while reducing free formaldehyde and free isocyanate from the toner. With the goal.
- the electrostatic latent image developing toner according to the present invention includes a plurality of toner particles each having a core and a shell layer formed on the surface of the core.
- the shell layer includes a plurality of first domains and at least a second domain interposed between the plurality of first domains.
- Each of the plurality of first domains is substantially composed of a first thermoplastic resin.
- the second domain is substantially composed of a second thermoplastic resin.
- the second thermoplastic resin has a stronger hydrophobicity than the first thermoplastic resin.
- the first thermoplastic resin includes one or more specific repeating units having one or more groups selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, an amino group, and an amide group. The ratio of the specific repeating unit among all the repeating units contained in the first thermoplastic resin is 0.5 mol% or more and 50 mol% or less.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image that is excellent in both heat storage stability and low-temperature fixability while reducing free formaldehyde and free isocyanate from the toner.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a cross-sectional structure of toner particles (particularly, toner mother particles) included in the electrostatic latent image developing toner according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view showing a part of the surface of toner base particles shown in FIG. 1. It is a figure which shows the toner base particle which has the resin particle which protrudes from the surface of a resin film. It is a figure which shows the toner base particle which does not have the resin particle which protrudes from the surface of a resin film. It is a figure for demonstrating the manufacturing method of the toner for electrostatic latent image developing which concerns on embodiment of this invention.
- the evaluation results (values indicating shape, physical properties, etc.) regarding the powder are a considerable number of particles unless otherwise specified. Is the number average of the values measured for. Further, the number average particle diameter of the powder is the equivalent-circle diameter of the primary particles (diameter of a circle having the same area as the projected area of the particles) measured using a microscope unless otherwise specified.
- ⁇ Chargeability means chargeability in frictional charging unless otherwise specified.
- the strength of positive chargeability (or strength of negative chargeability) in frictional charging can be confirmed by a known charge train or the like.
- a compound and its derivatives may be generically named by adding “system” after the compound name.
- the name of a polymer is expressed by adding “system” after the compound name, it means that the repeating unit of the polymer is derived from the compound or a derivative thereof.
- Acrylic and methacrylic are sometimes collectively referred to as “(meth) acrylic”.
- the toner according to this embodiment can be suitably used for developing an electrostatic latent image, for example, as a positively chargeable toner.
- the toner of the present exemplary embodiment is a powder that includes a plurality of toner particles (each having a configuration described later).
- the toner may be used as a one-component developer.
- a two-component developer may be prepared by mixing toner and carrier using a mixing device (for example, a ball mill).
- a ferrite carrier ferrite particle powder
- magnetic carrier particles including a carrier core and a resin layer covering the carrier core.
- the carrier core may be formed of a magnetic material (for example, a ferromagnetic substance such as ferrite), or the carrier core may be formed of a resin in which magnetic particles are dispersed. Good. Further, magnetic particles may be dispersed in the resin layer covering the carrier core.
- the amount of toner in the two-component developer is preferably 5 parts by mass or more and 15 parts by mass or less, and 8 parts by mass or more and 12 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carrier. The following is more preferable.
- the positively chargeable toner contained in the two-component developer is positively charged by friction with the carrier.
- the toner particles contained in the toner according to the present embodiment include a core (hereinafter referred to as a toner core) and a shell layer (capsule layer) formed on the surface of the toner core.
- the shell layer covers the surface of the toner core.
- the shell layer may cover the entire surface of the toner core or may partially cover the surface of the toner core.
- An external additive may be attached to the surface of the shell layer (or the surface region of the toner core not covered with the shell layer).
- a plurality of shell layers may be laminated on the surface of the toner core. If not necessary, the external additive may be omitted.
- the toner particles before the external additive adheres are referred to as toner mother particles.
- a material for forming the shell layer is referred to as a shell material.
- the toner according to the present embodiment can be used for image formation in, for example, an electrophotographic apparatus (image forming apparatus).
- an electrophotographic apparatus image forming apparatus
- an example of an image forming method using an electrophotographic apparatus will be described.
- an image forming unit (charging device and exposure device) of an electrophotographic apparatus forms an electrostatic latent image on a photosensitive member (for example, a surface layer portion of a photosensitive drum) based on image data.
- a developing device of the electrophotographic apparatus specifically, a developing device in which a developer containing toner is set
- the toner is charged by friction with the carrier or blade in the developing device before being supplied to the photoreceptor. For example, a positively chargeable toner is positively charged.
- toner specifically, charged toner
- a developing sleeve for example, a surface layer portion of a developing roller in the developing device
- the consumed toner is replenished to the developing device from a toner container containing replenishment toner.
- the transfer device of the electrophotographic apparatus transfers the toner image on the photosensitive member to an intermediate transfer member (for example, a transfer belt), the toner image on the intermediate transfer member is further transferred to a recording medium (for example, paper). Transcript to.
- a fixing device fixing method: nip fixing with a heating roller and a pressure roller
- an image is formed on the recording medium.
- a full color image can be formed by superposing four color toner images of black, yellow, magenta, and cyan.
- the transfer method may be a direct transfer method in which the toner image on the photosensitive member is directly transferred to the recording medium without using the intermediate transfer member.
- the fixing method may be a belt fixing method.
- the toner according to the present embodiment is an electrostatic latent image developing toner having the following configuration (hereinafter referred to as a basic configuration).
- the substance is classified into three types according to the degree of affinity (hydrophilicity) with water, and the substance with strong affinity with water (that is, the hydrophobicity is weak). ) From water-soluble, water-insoluble and hydrophobic.
- a substance having water solubility dissolves in water.
- a substance having water insolubility does not dissolve in water but can be dispersed in water alone.
- a hydrophobic substance does not dissolve in water and does not disperse in water alone.
- Whether or not the substance is dissolved in water is determined by, for example, a method of checking whether or not the substance has been dissolved based on light scattering, or filtering the filter after a predetermined time since the substance was added to water. Thus, it can be confirmed by a method for confirming whether or not the substance has gelled. Hydrophobic strength (or hydrophilic strength) can also be confirmed by the contact angle of water droplets (easy to wet water). The larger the contact angle of the water droplet, the stronger the hydrophobicity.
- the shell layer has a plurality of first domains and at least a second domain interposed between the plurality of first domains.
- Each of the plurality of first domains is substantially composed of a first thermoplastic resin.
- the second domain is substantially composed of the second thermoplastic resin.
- the second thermoplastic resin has a stronger hydrophobicity than the first thermoplastic resin.
- the first thermoplastic resin includes one or more repeating units having one or more groups selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, an amino group, and an amide group (hereinafter referred to as a specific repeating unit).
- the ratio of the specific repeating unit among all the repeating units contained in the first thermoplastic resin is 0.5 mol% or more and 50 mol% or less.
- Formula (1) shows an example of a repeating unit having a hydroxyl group (—OH) (a repeating unit derived from 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate).
- Formula (2) shows an example of a repeating unit having an amino group (—NR 2 ) (a repeating unit derived from 2- (dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate).
- Formula (3) shows an example of a repeating unit having an amide group (—CO—NR 2 ) (a repeating unit derived from N, N-dimethylacrylamide).
- Formula (4) shows an example of a repeating unit having no hydroxyl group, amino group, or amide group (a repeating unit derived from butyl acrylate).
- each n independently represents the number of repeating units (number of moles).
- the number of moles of the three repeating units represented by the formulas (1) to (3) Is divided by the total number of moles of all repeating units (four repeating units), which corresponds to the ratio of the specific repeating unit.
- the calculated value may be multiplied by 100.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a cross-sectional structure of toner particles (particularly, toner mother particles) included in the toner according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view showing the surface of the toner base particles shown in FIG. 3A and 3B are enlarged views of the boundary between the toner core 11 and the shell layer 12 in FIG.
- the hatched region corresponds to the second domain R2.
- the shell layer 12 is substantially composed of a resin.
- the shell layer 12 covers the surface of the toner core 11.
- the shell layer 12 may cover the entire surface of the toner core 11 or may partially cover the surface of the toner core 11.
- the shell layer 12 has a plurality of first domains R1 and second domains R2.
- the second domain R2 is interposed between the plurality of first domains R1.
- Each of the plurality of first domains R1 has a particulate form.
- the second domain R2 has a membranous form.
- the number of second domains R2 may be one or plural.
- at least one of the first domains R ⁇ b> 1 and at least a part of the second domain R ⁇ b> 2 are each exposed on the surface of the shell layer 12.
- the first domains R ⁇ b> 1 are scattered on the surface of the shell layer 12.
- the shell layer 12 has a sea-island structure (sea: second domain R2, island: first domain R1) of the first domain R1 and the second domain R2.
- the second domain R2 is distributed in a sea shape, and the plurality of first domains R1 are distributed in an island shape.
- the first domain R1 is surrounded by the second domain R2.
- the first domain R1 is a particle substantially composed of the first thermoplastic resin.
- the first thermoplastic resin is preferably a water-insoluble thermoplastic resin having a physical cross-linked structure by hydrogen bonding.
- the second domain R2 is a film substantially composed of the second thermoplastic resin.
- the second thermoplastic resin has a stronger hydrophobicity than the first thermoplastic resin.
- the second thermoplastic resin is preferably a hydrophobic thermoplastic resin that does not have a physical cross-linked structure due to hydrogen bonding.
- the first domain R1 may protrude from the surface of the second domain R2.
- the first domain R1 may be dispersed in the second domain R2.
- each of the plurality of first domains R1 is in contact with the second domain R2.
- the first domains R1 are separated by the second domain R2.
- the toner having the above basic configuration tends to be excellent in both heat storage stability and low temperature fixability.
- the shell layer defined in the basic configuration has a structure in which a plurality of first domains and second domains are clearly separated. Since the 1st thermoplastic resin which comprises a 1st domain contains a specific repeating unit, it can form a hydrogen bond. The first thermoplastic resin is easily physically crosslinked by hydrogen bonding. For this reason, the first domain tends to be less plastically deformed than the second domain.
- the shell layer can be easily broken by applying pressure to the toner particles in the fixing step, for example. The reason is considered to be that the first domain is embedded in the toner core by an external force.
- the shell layer is not easily broken at room temperature.
- the reason for this is considered to be that the second domain interposed between the plurality of first domains has high strength that is stable at room temperature.
- the toner particles even when the toner particles are heated and the second domain is softened, the toner particles hardly aggregate.
- the reason is considered to be that the first domain functions as a spacer between the plurality of toner particles. It is considered that the first domain having a physical cross-linked structure is not easily softened even when heated.
- the fluidity of the toner can be improved by the first domain functioning as a spacer between the plurality of toner particles.
- the first domain functioning as a spacer between the plurality of toner particles.
- the first thermoplastic resin constituting the first domain is selected from the group consisting of a specific repeating unit (hydroxyl group, amino group, and amide group) at a ratio of 0.5 mol% to 50 mol%. 1 type or more of repeating units having one or more types of groups.
- a first thermoplastic resin can be synthesized without using formaldehyde or isocyanate. Certain repeating units tend to have strong hydrophilicity. However, if the ratio of the specific repeating unit is 50 mol% or less, the resin can be easily hydrophobized to the extent that it does not dissolve in water by selecting other repeating units. Moreover, if the ratio of a specific repeating unit is 0.5 mol% or more, it is easy to ensure a sufficient physical cross-linking structure in the first domain.
- the above basic configuration is useful for improving the chargeability of the toner.
- the first thermoplastic resin constituting the first domain is stronger in hydrophilicity (affinity with water) than the second thermoplastic resin constituting the second domain.
- each first domain is covered with the second domain, or the first domains are divided by the second domain, so that moisture is hardly adsorbed on the surface of the toner particles.
- the toner having the above-described basic configuration tends to be excellent in charging stability (specifically, it is difficult to attenuate charging).
- each of the plurality of first domains has a particulate form and the second domain has a film form.
- the shell layer has a sea-island structure of the first domain and the second domain (sea: second domain, island: first domain) (see, for example, FIGS. 2, 3A, and 3B).
- the number average primary particle diameter of the first domain is 20 nm. It is preferably 70 nm or less and the thickness of the second domain is preferably 10 nm or more and 60 nm or less.
- the method for measuring the number average primary particle size is the method shown in the Examples described later or an alternative method thereof.
- the thickness of the second domain can be measured by analyzing a TEM image of the cross section of the toner particles using commercially available image analysis software (for example, “WinROOF” manufactured by Mitani Corporation).
- the thickness of the second domain is not uniform in one toner particle, four equally spaced locations (specifically, two straight lines that are perpendicular to each other at the approximate center of the cross section of the toner particle are drawn, and the two straight lines are drawn. At the four points where the crossing the second domain), the thickness of the second domain is measured, and the arithmetic average of the four measurements obtained is the evaluation value of the toner particles (thickness of the second domain). To do.
- the boundary between the toner core and the second domain is unclear in the TEM image, the TEM and the electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) are combined and included in the second domain in the TEM image. By mapping characteristic elements, the boundary between the toner core and the second domain can be clarified.
- EELS electron energy loss spectroscopy
- the first thermoplastic resin constituting the first domain The glass transition point (Tg) is higher than the glass transition point (Tg) of the second thermoplastic resin constituting the second domain, and the glass transition point (Tg) of the first thermoplastic resin is 75 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower. More preferably.
- the measuring method of Tg is the method shown in the Example mentioned later, or its alternative method.
- thermoplastic resins (first thermoplastic resin and second thermoplastic resin) defined by the above-described basic configuration can be easily synthesized without using formaldehyde.
- the toner according to the present embodiment includes a plurality of toner particles (hereinafter referred to as toner particles according to the present embodiment) defined by the basic configuration described above.
- the toner including a plurality of toner particles of the present embodiment is considered to be excellent in both heat storage stability and low-temperature fixability since it contains less free formaldehyde and free isocyanate (see Tables 1 to 3 described later).
- the toner preferably contains the toner particles of the present embodiment at a ratio of 80% by number or more, and the toner is implemented at a ratio of 90% by number or more. It is more preferable that the toner particles of the present embodiment are included, and it is further preferable that the toner particles of the present embodiment are included at a ratio of 100% by number.
- thermosetting resin (hereinafter referred to as a specific thermosetting resin) produced by a polymerization reaction based on formaldehyde or isocyanate. Is preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or less, and further 0% by mass (the shell layer does not contain any specific thermosetting resin). preferable.
- a specific thermosetting resin more specifically, melamine resin, urea resin, glyoxal resin, or urethane resin
- formaldehyde or isocyanate is used. For this reason, it is considered that formaldehyde or isocyanate is easily liberated from the specific thermosetting resin.
- the shell layer preferably covers an area of 50% to 99% of the surface area of the toner core, and is 70% to 95%. More preferably, the area is covered.
- the volume median diameter (D 50 ) of the toner is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and less than 10 ⁇ m.
- the method of measuring the volume median diameter (D 50) is the method or the alternative method shown in examples described later.
- toner core binder resin and internal additive
- shell layer shell layer
- external additive external additive
- thermoplastic resin constituting the toner particles include, for example, a styrene resin, an acrylic resin (more specifically, an acrylic ester polymer or a methacrylic ester polymer), Olefin resins (more specifically, polyethylene resins or polypropylene resins), vinyl chloride resins, polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl ether resins, N-vinyl resins, polyester resins, polyamide resins, or urethane resins can be suitably used.
- copolymers of these resins that is, copolymers in which arbitrary repeating units are introduced into the resin (more specifically, styrene-acrylic acid resin or styrene-butadiene resin) are also used as toners. It can be suitably used as a thermoplastic resin constituting the particles.
- the styrene-acrylic acid resin is a copolymer of one or more styrene monomers and one or more acrylic monomers.
- styrene monomers and acrylic monomers as shown below can be used preferably.
- an acrylic acid monomer having a carboxyl group By using an acrylic acid monomer having a carboxyl group, a carboxyl group can be introduced into the styrene-acrylic acid resin.
- the hydroxyl group can be introduced into the styrene-acrylic acid resin.
- the acid value of the resulting styrene-acrylic acid resin can be adjusted.
- the hydroxyl value of the resulting styrene-acrylic acid resin can be adjusted by adjusting the amount of the monomer having a hydroxyl group.
- styrenic monomer examples include styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, p-hydroxystyrene, m-hydroxystyrene, vinyl toluene, ⁇ -chlorostyrene, o-chlorostyrene, m-chlorostyrene, p-chlorostyrene, Or p-ethylstyrene is mentioned.
- acrylic acid monomer examples include (meth) acrylic acid, (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester, (meth) acrylic acid hydroxyalkyl ester, or (meth) acrylamide.
- alkyl (meth) acrylate examples include methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-propyl (meth) acrylate, iso-propyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acryl Examples include n-butyl acid, iso-butyl (meth) acrylate, or 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate.
- Suitable examples of the (meth) acrylic acid hydroxyalkyl ester include 2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, or (meth) acrylic.
- the acid 4-hydroxybutyl is mentioned.
- the polyester resin can be obtained by polycondensing one or more polyhydric alcohols and one or more polyhydric carboxylic acids.
- the alcohol for synthesizing the polyester resin for example, dihydric alcohols (more specifically, diols or bisphenols) as shown below or trihydric or higher alcohols can be suitably used.
- the carboxylic acid for synthesizing the polyester resin for example, divalent carboxylic acids or trivalent or higher carboxylic acids as shown below can be suitably used.
- the acid value and the hydroxyl value of the polyester resin can be adjusted by changing the amount of alcohol used and the amount of carboxylic acid used. When the molecular weight of the polyester resin is increased, the acid value and hydroxyl value of the polyester resin tend to decrease.
- diols include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, 2-butene-1,4. -Diol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polytetramethylene glycol.
- suitable bisphenols include bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol A, bisphenol A ethylene oxide adduct, or bisphenol A propylene oxide adduct.
- trihydric or higher alcohol examples include sorbitol, 1,2,3,6-hexanetetrol, 1,4-sorbitan, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, 1,2,4-butane.
- the divalent carboxylic acid maleic acid, fumaric acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid, glutaconic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, malonic acid Succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid (more specifically, n-butyl succinic acid, isobutyl succinic acid, n-octyl succinic acid, n-dodecyl succinic acid, isododecyl succinic acid, etc.), or alkenyl succinic acid (more specific Specific examples include n-butenyl succinic acid, isobutenyl succinic acid, n-octenyl succinic acid, n-dodecenyl succinic acid, and isododecenyl succinic acid.
- Preferred examples of the trivalent or higher carboxylic acid include 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid (trimellitic acid), 2,5,7-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,5-hexanetricarboxylic acid, 1,3-dicarboxyl-2-methyl-2-methylenecarboxypropane, 1,2,4-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, tetra (methylenecarboxyl)
- Examples include methane, 1,2,7,8-octanetetracarboxylic acid, pyromellitic acid, or empole trimer acid.
- the divalent or trivalent or higher carboxylic acid may be transformed into an ester-forming derivative (more specifically, an acid halide, an acid anhydride, or a lower alkyl ester).
- ester-forming derivative more specifically, an acid halide, an acid anhydride, or a lower alkyl ester.
- lower alkyl means an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the toner core contains a binder resin.
- the toner core may contain internal additives (for example, a colorant, a release agent, a charge control agent, and magnetic powder).
- Binder resin In the toner core, the binder resin generally occupies most of the components (for example, 85% by mass or more). For this reason, it is considered that the properties of the binder resin greatly affect the properties of the entire toner core. For example, when the binder resin has an ester group, a hydroxyl group, an ether group, an acid group, or a methyl group, the toner core tends to become anionic, and the binder resin has an amino group or an amide group. The toner core tends to become cationic.
- the hydroxyl value of the binder resin Is preferably 10 mgKOH / g or more, more preferably 20 mgKOH / g or more.
- a resin having one or more groups selected from the group consisting of an ester group, a hydroxyl group, an ether group, an acid group, and a methyl group is preferable, and a resin having a hydroxyl group and / or a carboxyl group is more preferable.
- a binder resin having such a functional group tends to be strongly bonded to the shell material.
- a toner core containing such a binder resin tends to be firmly bonded to the shell layer.
- a resin having a functional group containing active hydrogen in the molecule is also preferable.
- the glass transition point (Tg) of the binder resin is preferably 20 ° C. or higher and 55 ° C. or lower.
- the softening point (Tm) of the binder resin is preferably 100 ° C. or lower.
- each measuring method of Tg and Tm is the same method as the Example mentioned later, or its alternative method.
- the Tg and / or Tm of the resin can be adjusted by changing the type or amount of the resin component (monomer).
- the Tg and / or Tm of the binder resin can also be adjusted by combining a plurality of types of resins.
- the binder resin for the toner core is preferably a thermoplastic resin (more specifically, the “preferable thermoplastic resin” described above).
- a thermoplastic resin more specifically, the “preferable thermoplastic resin” described above.
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the styrene-acrylic acid resin is 2000 or more and 3000 or less in order to improve the strength of the toner core and the toner fixing property. It is preferable that The molecular weight distribution (the ratio Mw / Mn of the mass average molecular weight (Mw) to the number average molecular weight (Mn)) of the styrene-acrylic acid resin is preferably 10 or more and 20 or less. Gel permeation chromatography can be used to measure Mn and Mw of the styrene-acrylic acid resin.
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the polyester resin is preferably 1000 or more and 2000 or less in order to improve the strength of the toner core and the toner fixing property.
- the molecular weight distribution of the polyester resin (the ratio Mw / Mn of the mass average molecular weight (Mw) to the number average molecular weight (Mn)) is preferably 9 or more and 21 or less.
- Gel permeation chromatography can be used for the measurement of Mn and Mw of the polyester resin.
- the toner core may contain a colorant.
- a colorant a known pigment or dye can be used according to the color of the toner.
- the amount of the colorant is preferably 1 part by mass or more and 20 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. It is more preferable that the amount is not more than part by mass.
- the toner core may contain a black colorant.
- a black colorant is carbon black.
- the black colorant may be a colorant that is toned to black using a yellow colorant, a magenta colorant, and a cyan colorant.
- the toner core may contain a color colorant such as a yellow colorant, a magenta colorant, or a cyan colorant.
- the yellow colorant for example, one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of condensed azo compounds, isoindolinone compounds, anthraquinone compounds, azo metal complexes, methine compounds, and arylamide compounds can be used.
- the yellow colorant include C.I. I. Pigment Yellow (3, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 62, 74, 83, 93, 94, 95, 97, 109, 110, 111, 120, 127, 128, 129, 147, 151, 154, 155 168, 174, 175, 176, 180, 181, 191, or 194), naphthol yellow S, Hansa yellow G, or C.I. I. Vat yellow can be preferably used.
- the magenta colorant is, for example, selected from the group consisting of condensed azo compounds, diketopyrrolopyrrole compounds, anthraquinone compounds, quinacridone compounds, basic dye lake compounds, naphthol compounds, benzimidazolone compounds, thioindigo compounds, and perylene compounds.
- One or more compounds can be used.
- Examples of the magenta colorant include C.I. I. Pigment Red (2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 19, 23, 48: 2, 48: 3, 48: 4, 57: 1, 81: 1, 122, 144, 146, 150, 166, 169, 177 184, 185, 202, 206, 220, 221 or 254) can be preferably used.
- cyan colorant for example, one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of a copper phthalocyanine compound, an anthraquinone compound, and a basic dye lake compound can be used.
- cyan colorants include C.I. I. Pigment blue (1, 7, 15, 15: 1, 15: 2, 15: 3, 15: 4, 60, 62, or 66), phthalocyanine blue, C.I. I. Bat Blue, or C.I. I. Acid blue can be preferably used.
- the toner core may contain a release agent.
- the release agent is used, for example, for the purpose of improving the fixing property or offset resistance of the toner.
- the amount of the release agent is preferably 1 part by mass or more and 30 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. More preferably, it is 20 parts by mass or less.
- the release agent examples include low molecular weight polyethylene, low molecular weight polypropylene, polyolefin copolymer, polyolefin wax, microcrystalline wax, paraffin wax, or aliphatic hydrocarbon wax such as Fischer-Tropsch wax; oxidized polyethylene wax or a block thereof Oxides of aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes such as copolymers; plant waxes such as candelilla wax, carnauba wax, wood wax, jojoba wax, or rice wax; animal properties such as beeswax, lanolin, or whale wax Waxes; mineral waxes such as ozokerite, ceresin, or petrolatum; waxes based on fatty acid esters such as montanic ester waxes or castor waxes; such as deoxidized carnauba wax; Some or all of the fatty acid ester can be preferably used de oxidized wax.
- One type of release agent may be used alone, or multiple types of release agents may be used in combination.
- a compatibilizer may be added to the toner core.
- the toner core may contain a charge control agent.
- the charge control agent is used, for example, for the purpose of improving the charge stability or charge rising property of the toner.
- the charge rising characteristic of the toner is an index as to whether or not the toner can be charged to a predetermined charge level in a short time.
- the anionicity of the toner core can be increased.
- a positively chargeable charge control agent more specifically, pyridine, nigrosine, quaternary ammonium salt, or the like
- the toner core can be made more cationic.
- a charge control agent more specifically, pyridine, nigrosine, quaternary ammonium salt, or the like
- the toner core may contain magnetic powder.
- magnetic powder materials include ferromagnetic metals (more specifically, iron, cobalt, nickel, or alloys containing one or more of these metals), ferromagnetic metal oxides (more specifically, Ferrite, magnetite, chromium dioxide, or the like) or a material subjected to ferromagnetization treatment (more specifically, a carbon material or the like imparted with ferromagnetism by heat treatment) can be suitably used.
- One type of magnetic powder may be used alone, or a plurality of types of magnetic powder may be used in combination.
- the magnetic powder In order to suppress elution of metal ions (for example, iron ions) from the magnetic powder, it is preferable to surface-treat the magnetic powder.
- metal ions for example, iron ions
- a shell layer is formed on the surface of the toner core under acidic conditions, if the metal ions are eluted on the surface of the toner core, the toner cores are easily fixed to each other. It is considered that fixing of the toner cores can be suppressed by suppressing elution of metal ions from the magnetic powder.
- the toner according to the exemplary embodiment has the basic configuration described above.
- a shell layer contains the 1st thermoplastic resin which constitutes the 1st domain, and the 2nd thermoplastic resin which constitutes the 2nd domain.
- the second thermoplastic resin for example, the above-mentioned “suitable thermoplastic resin” is preferable.
- each of the first thermoplastic resin constituting the first domain and the second thermoplastic resin constituting the second domain is derived from one or more acrylic acid monomers. It is preferable to include a repeating unit.
- a compound having a vinyl group (CH 2 ⁇ CH—) or a group in which hydrogen in the vinyl group is substituted is usually subjected to addition polymerization by a carbon double bond “C ⁇ C”, so that the polymer (resin) Embedded as a repeating unit.
- the first thermoplastic resin constituting the first domain is a (meth) acrylic acid hydroxyalkyl ester (more specifically, 4-hydroxy acrylate).
- repeating units derived from (butyl) and the like, repeating units derived from alkylaminoalkyl esters of (meth) acrylic acid (more specifically, 2- (dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate, etc.), and alkylacrylamides are also included in the group consisting of repeating units derived from N, N-dimethylacrylamide and the like.
- the first thermoplastic resin constituting the first domain includes one or more repeating units derived from an acrylic acid monomer in addition to the specific repeating unit. It is especially preferable that it contains further.
- the first thermoplastic resin includes two kinds including at least one acrylic acid monomer selected from the group consisting of (meth) acrylic acid hydroxyalkyl ester, (meth) acrylic acid alkylaminoalkyl ester, and alkylacrylamide.
- a polymer of the above acrylic acid monomers (for example, three types of acrylic acid monomers: acrylic acid alkyl ester, methacrylic acid alkyl ester, and alkyl acrylamide) is particularly preferable.
- the second thermoplastic resin constituting the second domain includes one or more repeating units derived from an acrylic acid monomer.
- the second thermoplastic resin constituting the second domain includes one or more styrene monomers (for example, styrene) and one or more acrylic acid monomers (for example, And a copolymer with an acrylic ester). Styrene-acrylic acid resins are more hydrophobic than polyester resins and tend to be positively charged.
- An external additive may be attached to the surface of the toner base particles.
- the external additive is used, for example, to improve the fluidity or handleability of the toner.
- the amount of the external additive is preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner base particles.
- the particle diameter of the external additive is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 1.0 ⁇ m or less.
- particles of silica particles or metal oxides can be preferably used.
- One type of external additive may be used alone, or a plurality of types of external additives may be used in combination.
- a toner core is prepared. Subsequently, the toner core and the shell material are put in the liquid. In order to form a homogeneous shell layer, it is preferable to dissolve or disperse the shell material in the liquid by, for example, stirring the liquid containing the shell material. Subsequently, the shell material is reacted in the liquid to form a shell layer (cured resin) on the surface of the toner core.
- the aqueous medium is a medium containing water as a main component (more specifically, pure water or a mixed liquid of water and a polar medium).
- the aqueous medium may function as a solvent.
- a solute may be dissolved in the aqueous medium.
- the aqueous medium may function as a dispersion medium.
- the dispersoid may be dispersed in the aqueous medium.
- a polar medium in the aqueous medium for example, alcohol (more specifically, methanol or ethanol) can be used.
- the toner core is preferably produced by an aggregation method or a pulverization method, and more preferably produced by a pulverization method.
- a binder resin and an internal additive for example, at least one of a colorant, a release agent, a charge control agent, and magnetic powder
- an internal additive for example, at least one of a colorant, a release agent, a charge control agent, and magnetic powder
- the obtained mixture is melt-kneaded.
- the obtained melt-kneaded product is pulverized, and the obtained pulverized product is classified.
- a toner core having a desired particle size can be obtained.
- these particles are agglomerated in an aqueous medium containing fine particles of a binder resin, a release agent, and a colorant until a desired particle diameter is obtained.
- aggregated particles containing the binder resin, the release agent, and the colorant are formed.
- the obtained aggregated particles are heated to unite the components contained in the aggregated particles.
- an unnecessary substance such as a surfactant
- aqueous medium in which the toner core and the shell material are put for example, ion exchange water is prepared.
- the pH of the aqueous medium is adjusted to a predetermined pH (for example, about 7).
- a water core for example, neutral ion-exchanged water
- a toner core and a suspension of the first thermoplastic resin for example, water-insoluble thermoplastic resin particles having a physical cross-linked structure by hydrogen bonding
- a suspension of the second thermoplastic resin for example, a liquid containing a plurality of hydrophobic thermoplastic resin particles not having a physical cross-linking structure by hydrogen bonding.
- the toner core and shell material may be added to an aqueous medium at room temperature, or may be added to an aqueous medium adjusted to a predetermined temperature (insulated).
- the appropriate addition amount of the shell material can be calculated based on the specific surface area of the toner core.
- a polymerization accelerator may be added to the aqueous medium.
- the first thermoplastic resin particles 12a and the second thermoplastic resin particles 12b adhere to the surface of the toner core 11 in the liquid.
- a surfactant may be included in the liquid, or the liquid is stirred using a powerful stirring device (for example, “Hibis Disper Mix” manufactured by Primics Co., Ltd.). May be.
- a powerful stirring device for example, “Hibis Disper Mix” manufactured by Primics Co., Ltd..
- the toner core has an anionic property, aggregation of the toner core can be suppressed by using an anionic surfactant having the same polarity.
- the surfactant for example, sulfate ester salt, sulfonate salt, phosphate ester salt, or soap can be used.
- the liquid temperature is set at a predetermined holding temperature (for example, 45 ° C. at a speed selected from 0.1 ° C./min to 3 ° C./min).
- a temperature selected from 85 ° C. to 85 ° C. Furthermore, the temperature of the liquid is maintained at the above holding temperature for a predetermined time (for example, a time selected from 30 minutes to 4 hours) while stirring the liquid.
- the Tg of the first thermoplastic resin, and the Tg of the second thermoplastic resin the first thermoplastic resin particles and / or the second thermoplastic resin particles may be left as particles. It can also be dissolved (or deformed) and cured in the form of a film.
- the resin particles tend to melt (or deform) to form a film.
- Tg of the resin particles is 50 ° C.
- the resin particles can be formed into a film by keeping the liquid temperature at 45 ° C. or higher.
- the resin particles can be completely dissolved once to form a film without graininess.
- the second thermoplastic resin particles of the first thermoplastic resin particles and the second thermoplastic resin particles are dissolved, the melted second thermoplastic resins come close together to form a film. I think that.
- the first thermoplastic resin particles when the first thermoplastic resin particles are not dissolved or deformed, the first thermoplastic resin particles are considered to exist as particles.
- a shell layer including a plurality of first thermoplastic resin particles and a second thermoplastic resin film interposed between the particles can be formed on the surface of the toner core.
- a shell layer comprising a plurality of first thermoplastic resin particles and a plurality of second thermoplastic resin particles is formed on the toner core. It can also be formed on the surface.
- the second thermoplastic resin particles are interposed between the first thermoplastic resin particles.
- both the first thermoplastic resin particles and the second thermoplastic resin particles may be formed into a film. It is considered that the first thermoplastic resin particles containing the specific repeating unit do not undergo major deformation until the dissociation temperature of the hydrogen bond formed in the resin is exceeded.
- the circularity of the toner base particles can be adjusted by changing at least one of the holding temperature and the holding time at that temperature.
- the holding temperature is preferably less than the glass transition point (Tg) of the toner core.
- the toner core may be intentionally deformed by setting the holding temperature to be equal to or higher than the glass transition point (Tg) of the toner core.
- Tg glass transition point
- the holding temperature is increased, the deformation of the toner core is promoted, and the shape of the toner base particles tends to approach a true sphere. It is desirable to adjust the holding temperature so that the toner base particles have a desired shape. Further, when the shell material is reacted at a high temperature, the shell layer tends to become hard. Based on the holding temperature, the molecular weight of the shell layer can also be controlled.
- the toner mother particle dispersion is cooled to, for example, room temperature (about 25 ° C.). Subsequently, the dispersion of the toner base particles is filtered using, for example, a Buchner funnel. Thereby, the toner base particles are separated from the liquid (solid-liquid separation), and wet cake-like toner base particles are obtained. Subsequently, the obtained wet cake-like toner base particles are washed. Subsequently, the washed toner base particles are dried.
- the toner base particles and the external additive are mixed using a mixer (for example, FM mixer manufactured by Nippon Coke Kogyo Co., Ltd.), and the external additive is adhered to the surface of the toner base particles. May be.
- a spray dryer is used in the drying step, the drying step and the external addition step can be performed at the same time by spraying a dispersion of an external additive (for example, silica particles) onto the toner base particles.
- an external additive for example, silica particles
- the content and order of the toner manufacturing method can be arbitrarily changed according to the required configuration or characteristics of the toner.
- a material for example, a shell material
- the material when reacting a material (for example, a shell material) in a liquid, the material may be reacted in the liquid for a predetermined time after the material is added to the liquid, or the material is added to the liquid over a long period of time. Then, the material may be reacted in the liquid while adding the material to the liquid.
- the shell material may be added to the liquid at once, or may be added to the liquid in a plurality of times.
- the toner may be sieved after the external addition step. Further, unnecessary steps may be omitted.
- the step of preparing the material can be omitted by using a commercially available product.
- the external addition process may be omitted.
- the external additive is not attached to the surface of the toner base particles (the step of external addition is omitted)
- the toner base particles correspond to the toner particles.
- a salt, ester, hydrate, or anhydride of the compound may be used as a raw material.
- the toner particles produced at the same time are considered to have substantially the same configuration.
- Table 1 shows toners TA-1 to TA-4, TB-1 to TB-7, TC-1 to TC-4, TD-1, and TD-2 (respective electrostatic latent images, respectively) according to Examples or Comparative Examples.
- 2 shows a positively chargeable toner for development).
- Table 2 shows shell materials (suspensions A-1 to A-3 and B-1 to B-6, and aqueous solutions C-1 and C-2) used in the production of the toner shown in Table 1.
- the “ratio” in Table 2 indicates the ratio (unit: mol%) of the specific repeating unit. Regarding the ratio of the specific repeating unit, the calculated values are shown in Table 2, but the same values were obtained even when measured by the GC / MS method.
- the measured value of the number average primary particle diameter is a value obtained by photographing particles using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) unless otherwise specified.
- the measured value of the volume median diameter (D 50 ) is a value measured using “Coulter Counter Multisizer 3” manufactured by Beckman Coulter Co., Ltd. unless otherwise specified.
- the measuring methods of Tg (glass transition point) and Tm (softening point) are as follows unless otherwise specified.
- Tg glass transition point
- ⁇ Tm measurement method A sample (for example, resin) is set on a Koka-type flow tester (“CFT-500D” manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), a die pore diameter of 1 mm, a plunger load of 20 kg / cm 2 , and a temperature increase rate of 6 ° C./min Then, a 1 cm 3 sample was melted and discharged, and an S-shaped curve (horizontal axis: temperature, vertical axis: stroke) of the sample was obtained. Subsequently, the Tm (softening point) of the sample was read from the obtained S-shaped curve.
- CFT-500D Koka-type flow tester
- the stroke value in the S-curve is “(S 1 + S 2 ) / 2”.
- the stroke value in the S-curve is “(S 1 + S 2 ) / 2”.
- the Tm softening point
- the obtained mixture was put into a feed rate (material supply speed) of 5 kg / hour, a shaft rotation speed of 160 rpm, a set temperature range (cylinder temperature) using a twin-screw extruder (“PCM-30” manufactured by Ikegai Co., Ltd.). ) It was melt kneaded under conditions of 100 ° C. or higher and 130 ° C. or lower. Thereafter, the obtained melt-kneaded product was cooled. Subsequently, the cooled melt-kneaded product was coarsely pulverized using a pulverizer (“Rotoplex (registered trademark) 16/8 type” manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation).
- the obtained coarsely pulverized product was finely pulverized using a jet mill (“Ultrasonic Jet Mill Type I” manufactured by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.). Subsequently, the obtained finely pulverized product was classified using a classifier (“Elbow Jet EJ-LABO type” manufactured by Nippon Steel Mining Co., Ltd.). As a result, a toner core having a volume median diameter (D 50 ) of 6 ⁇ m was obtained.
- first liquid and second liquid two kinds of liquids
- the first liquid was a mixed liquid of styrene 68 mL and butyl acrylate 12 mL.
- the second liquid was a solution in which 0.5 g of potassium persulfate was dissolved in 30 mL of ion exchange water.
- the temperature in the flask was kept at 80 ° C. for another 2 hours to polymerize the flask contents.
- Suspension A- a suspension (hereinafter referred to as Suspension A-) containing resin fine particles (specifically, particles substantially composed of a hydrophobic thermoplastic resin having no physical cross-linking structure by hydrogen bonding) at a solid content concentration of 8 mass%. 1)) was obtained.
- resin fine particles specifically, particles substantially composed of a hydrophobic thermoplastic resin having no physical cross-linking structure by hydrogen bonding
- Tg 71 ° C.
- the third liquid was a mixed liquid of 120 mL of methyl methacrylate, 20 mL of butyl acrylate, and 10 mL of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate.
- the fourth liquid was a solution in which 0.5 g of potassium persulfate was dissolved in 30 mL of ion exchange water. Subsequently, the temperature in the flask was kept at 80 ° C. for another 2 hours to polymerize the flask contents. As a result, a suspension (hereinafter referred to as Suspension B-) containing resin fine particles (specifically, particles substantially composed of a water-insoluble thermoplastic resin having a physical crosslinking structure by hydrogen bonding) at a solid content concentration of 15% by mass. 1)) was obtained.
- Suspension B- containing resin fine particles (specifically, particles substantially composed of a water-insoluble thermoplastic resin having a physical crosslinking structure by hydrogen bonding) at a solid content concentration of 15% by mass. 1)
- the number average primary particle size was 50 nm and Tg was 96 ° C.
- the ratio of the specific repeating unit (the repeating unit having a hydroxyl group) in the resin (resin fine particles) contained in the suspension B-1 was 5 mol%.
- toner base particles were dispersed in an aqueous ethanol solution having a concentration of 50% by mass. As a result, a slurry of toner base particles was obtained. Subsequently, the toner base particles in the slurry were removed under the conditions of a hot air temperature of 45 ° C. and a blower air volume of 2 m 3 / min using a continuous surface reformer (“Coat Mizer (registered trademark)” manufactured by Freund Sangyo Co., Ltd.). Dried. As a result, toner mother particle powder was obtained.
- Coat Mizer registered trademark
- toner base particles were externally added. Specifically, 100 parts by mass of toner base particles and 1.0 part by mass of dry silica fine particles (“REA90” manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) are mixed for 5 minutes using an FM mixer (manufactured by Nippon Coke Industries, Ltd.) having a capacity of 10 L. As a result, the external additive (silica particles) was adhered to the surface of the toner base particles. Thereafter, the obtained toner was sieved using a sieve of 200 mesh (aperture 75 ⁇ m). As a result, Toner TA-1 containing a large number of toner particles was obtained.
- REA90 dry silica fine particles
- Method for preparing suspension A-2 was the same as the method for preparing the suspension A-1, except that the amount of the cationic surfactant (Cotamine 24P) used was changed from 75 mL to 25 mL.
- the number average primary particle diameter was 98 nm, and Tg was 68 ° C.
- Method for preparing suspension A-3 was the same as the method for preparing the suspension A-1, except that the amount of styrene used was changed from 68 mL to 80 mL and butyl acrylate was not used.
- the number average primary particle size was 27 nm and Tg was 104 ° C.
- the toner manufacturing method TB-1, as a shell material S B, except for using the suspension B-2 of 10mL in place of the suspension B-1 of 10mL was the same as the manufacturing method of the toner TA-1.
- the suspension B-2 was prepared by using, as a third solution, 90 mL of methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid instead of a mixed solution of 120 mL of methyl methacrylate, 20 mL of butyl acrylate, and 10 mL of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate. This was the same as the method for preparing suspension B-1, except that a mixed solution with 60 mL of 2- (dimethylamino) ethyl was used.
- the number average primary particle size was 35 nm and Tg was 77 ° C.
- the ratio of the specific repeating unit (the repeating unit having an amino group) in the resin (resin fine particles) contained in the suspension B-2 was 30 mol%.
- the toner manufacturing method TB-2 as the shell material S B, except for using suspension B-3 of 10mL in place of the suspension B-1 of 10mL was the same as the manufacturing method of the toner TA-1.
- the suspension B-3 was prepared by using, as a third liquid, instead of a mixed liquid of 120 mL of methyl methacrylate, 20 mL of butyl acrylate, and 10 mL of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, 125 mL of methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid
- the suspension was prepared in the same manner as the suspension B-1, except that a mixed solution of 23 mL of butyl and 2 mL of N, N-dimethylacrylamide was used.
- the number average primary particle size was 58 nm and Tg was 105 ° C.
- the ratio of the specific repeating unit (repeat unit having an amide group) in the resin (resin fine particles) contained in the suspension B-3 was 1.5 mol%.
- the toner manufacturing method TB-3, as the shell material S B, except for using the suspension B-4 of 10mL in place of the suspension B-1 of 10mL was the same as the manufacturing method of the toner TA-1.
- the suspension B-4 was prepared by using 125 mL of methyl methacrylate as a third solution instead of a mixed solution of 120 mL of methyl methacrylate, 20 mL of butyl acrylate, and 10 mL of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, and acrylic acid.
- the procedure was the same as that for the suspension B-1, except that a mixed solution of 25 mL of butyl and 0.1 mL of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate was used.
- the resin fine particles contained in Suspension B-4 the number average primary particle size was 65 nm, and Tg was 97 ° C.
- the ratio of the specific repeating unit (the repeating unit having a hydroxyl group) in the resin (resin fine particles) contained in the suspension B-4 was 0.1 mol%.
- the toner manufacturing method TB-4, as the shell material S B, except for using suspension B-5 of 10mL in place of the suspension B-1 of 10mL was the same as the manufacturing method of the toner TA-1.
- the suspension B-5 was prepared by using, as a third solution, 129 mL of methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid instead of a mixed solution of 120 mL of methyl methacrylate, 20 mL of butyl acrylate, and 10 mL of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate.
- the procedure was the same as that for the suspension B-1, except that a mixed solution of 20 mL of butyl and 0.8 mL of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate was used.
- the number average primary particle size was 61 nm and Tg was 102 ° C.
- the ratio of the specific repeating unit (a repeating unit having a hydroxyl group) in the resin (resin fine particles) contained in the suspension B-5 was 0.5 mol%.
- the toner manufacturing method TB-5 as the shell material S B, except for using suspension B-6 in 10mL instead of suspension B-1 of 10mL was the same as the manufacturing method of the toner TA-1.
- the suspension B-6 was prepared by using, as the third liquid, 75 mL of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid instead of the mixed liquid of 120 mL of methyl methacrylate, 20 mL of butyl acrylate, and 10 mL of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate.
- the procedure was the same as that for preparing suspension B-1, except that a mixed solution with 75 mL of 3-hydroxypropyl was used.
- the resin fine particles contained in Suspension B-6 the number average primary particle size was 26 nm, and Tg was 71 ° C.
- the ratio of the specific repeating unit (a repeating unit having a hydroxyl group) in the resin (resin fine particles) contained in the suspension B-6 was 50 mol%.
- the toner manufacturing method TB-7 as the shell material S B, except for using the acrylic resin solution C-2 of 10mL in place of the suspension B-1 of 10mL is the same as the method for producing a toner TA-1 there were.
- the preparation method of the acrylic acid-based resin aqueous solution C-2 was as follows. As a third solution, instead of a mixed solution of 120 mL of methyl methacrylate, 20 mL of butyl acrylate, and 10 mL of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, 60 mL of methyl methacrylate
- the suspension B-1 was prepared in the same manner as the suspension B-1, except that a mixed solution of 90 mL of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was used.
- the Tg of the resin contained in the aqueous acrylic acid resin solution C-2 was 94 ° C.
- the ratio of the specific repeating unit (repeating unit having a hydroxyl group) in the resin contained in the aqueous acrylic acid resin solution C-2 was 60 mol%.
- Each of the manufacturing methods of the toners TC-1 to TC-4 shows the amounts of addition of the shell material S A (suspension A-1) and the shell material S B (suspension B-1) in the shell layer forming step. Except for the changes shown in FIG. 1, the production method was the same as that for toner TA-1.
- the production method of the toner TD-1 was the same as that of the toner TA-1, except that the shell material S B (suspension B-1) was not used.
- the production method of the toner TD-2 was the same as the production method of the toner TA-1, except that the shell material S A (suspension A-1) was not used.
- the obtained toner for evaluation was placed on a sieve having a known mass of 100 mesh (aperture 150 ⁇ m). Then, the mass of the sieve containing the evaluation toner was measured, and the mass of the toner before sieving was determined. Subsequently, the sieve was set in a powder tester (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation), and the sieve for evaluation was sieved by vibrating the sieve for 30 seconds under the conditions of the rheostat scale 5 according to the manual of the powder tester. Then, after sieving, the mass of the toner remaining on the sieve was determined by measuring the mass of the sieve containing the toner.
- a powder tester manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation
- the aggregation rate 100 ⁇ toner mass after sieving / toner mass before sieving
- An image was formed using the two-component developer prepared as described above, and the low-temperature fixability was evaluated.
- a color printer having a Roller-Roller type heat and pressure type fixing device (an evaluator in which “FS-C5250DN” manufactured by Kyocera Document Solutions Co., Ltd. was modified to change the fixing temperature) was used.
- the two-component developer prepared as described above was charged into the developing device of the evaluation machine, and the sample (replenishment toner) was charged into the toner container of the evaluation machine.
- the linear velocity is 200 mm / second and the toner applied amount is 1.0 mg / cm 2 in an environment of a temperature of 23 ° C. and a humidity of 60% RH.
- a solid image having a size of 25 mm ⁇ 25 mm was formed on 90 g / m 2 paper (A4 size plain paper).
- the setting range of the fixing temperature was 100 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower. Specifically, the fixing temperature of the fixing device was gradually increased from 100 ° C., and the lowest temperature (minimum fixing temperature) at which the solid image (toner image) can be fixed on the paper was measured.
- the solid image (toner image) could be fixed in the measurement of the minimum fixing temperature was confirmed by a rubbing test as shown below.
- the paper was folded so that the surface on which the image was formed was on the inside, and a 1 kg weight covered with a fabric was used to rub the crease 5 times. Subsequently, the paper was spread and the bent portion of the paper (the portion where the solid image was formed) was observed. Then, the toner peeling length (peeling length) of the bent portion was measured. The lowest temperature among the fixing temperatures at which the peeling length was less than 1 mm was defined as the lowest fixing temperature.
- Table 3 shows the evaluation results (heat resistant storage stability: aggregation rate, low temperature fixability: minimum fixing temperature) for each of toners TA-1 to TD-2.
- the toners TA-1 to TA-3, TB-1, TB-2, TB-4, TB-5, and TC-1 to TC-4 are each configured as described above. Had. Specifically, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2, in each of the toners according to Examples 1 to 11, the shell layer includes a plurality of first domains and a second domain interposed between the plurality of first domains. Had. Each of the plurality of first domains was substantially composed of a first thermoplastic resin (specifically, a water-insoluble thermoplastic resin having a physical crosslinking structure by hydrogen bonding).
- a first thermoplastic resin specifically, a water-insoluble thermoplastic resin having a physical crosslinking structure by hydrogen bonding
- the second domain was substantially composed of the second thermoplastic resin (specifically, a hydrophobic thermoplastic resin having no physical cross-linking structure by hydrogen bonds).
- the 1st thermoplastic resin contained the specific repeating unit (The repeating unit which has 1 or more types of groups selected from the group which consists of a hydroxyl group, an amino group, and an amide group).
- the ratio of the specific repeating unit was 0.5 mol% or more and 50 mol% or less among all the repeating units contained in the 1st thermoplastic resin (refer Table 2).
- the resin particles contained in the shell material S A and the resin particles contained in the shell material S B were subjected to the shell layer forming step, and the surface of the toner particles was changed. It was in the form as shown in “Form” in 1.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- a plurality of first domains are distributed in an island shape
- the second domain is a sea shape.
- the shell layer had a sea-island structure distributed in the sea. Specifically, at least one of the first domains and at least a part of the second domains were exposed on the surface of the shell layer.
- Each of the plurality of first domains was a particle substantially composed of the first thermoplastic resin (see “form” in Table 1).
- the second domain was a film substantially composed of the second thermoplastic resin (see “form” in Table 1).
- the particle diameter of the resin particles contained in the shell material S A (in the toner TA-1, suspension A-1) is formed by forming the resin particles contained in the shell material S A into a film (see Table 2).
- a second domain about half the thickness of the second domain was formed.
- the number average primary particle size of the first domains was the same as the particle size (see Table 2) of the resin particles contained in the shell material S B (suspension B-1 for toner TA-1).
- the number average primary particle diameter of the first domain is 20 nm or more and 70 nm or less
- the thickness of the second domain was 10 nm or more and 60 nm or less.
- each of the toners according to Examples 1 to 11 was excellent in both heat storage stability and low temperature fixability. Further, in the toners according to Examples 1 to 11, the amount of free formaldehyde and the amount of free isocyanate were respectively small.
- the electrostatic latent image developing toner according to the present invention can be used for forming an image in, for example, a copying machine, a printer, or a multifunction machine.
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Abstract
Description
シェル層は、複数の第1ドメインと、少なくとも複数の第1ドメインの間に介在する第2ドメインとを有する。複数の第1ドメインはそれぞれ、実質的に第1熱可塑性樹脂から構成される。第2ドメインは、実質的に第2熱可塑性樹脂から構成される。第2熱可塑性樹脂は、第1熱可塑性樹脂よりも強い疎水性を有する。第1熱可塑性樹脂は、水酸基、アミノ基、及びアミド基からなる群より選択される1種以上の基を有する繰返し単位(以下、特定繰返し単位と記載する)を1種以上含む。第1熱可塑性樹脂に含まれる全ての繰返し単位のうち、特定繰返し単位の割合は、0.5mol%以上50mol%以下である。
トナー粒子(特に、トナーコア又はシェル層)を構成する熱可塑性樹脂としては、例えば、スチレン系樹脂、アクリル酸系樹脂(より具体的には、アクリル酸エステル重合体又はメタクリル酸エステル重合体等)、オレフィン系樹脂(より具体的には、ポリエチレン樹脂又はポリプロピレン樹脂等)、塩化ビニル樹脂、ポリビニルアルコール、ビニルエーテル樹脂、N-ビニル樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、又はウレタン樹脂を好適に使用できる。また、これら各樹脂の共重合体、すなわち上記樹脂中に任意の繰返し単位が導入された共重合体(より具体的には、スチレン-アクリル酸系樹脂又はスチレン-ブタジエン系樹脂等)も、トナー粒子を構成する熱可塑性樹脂として好適に使用できる。
トナーコアは、結着樹脂を含有する。また、トナーコアは、内添剤(例えば、着色剤、離型剤、電荷制御剤、及び磁性粉)を含有してもよい。
トナーコアでは、一般的に、成分の大部分(例えば、85質量%以上)を結着樹脂が占める。このため、結着樹脂の性質がトナーコア全体の性質に大きな影響を与えると考えられる。例えば、結着樹脂がエステル基、水酸基、エーテル基、酸基、又はメチル基を有する場合には、トナーコアはアニオン性になる傾向が強くなり、結着樹脂がアミノ基又はアミド基を有する場合には、トナーコアはカチオン性になる傾向が強くなる。結着樹脂が強いアニオン性を有するためには、結着樹脂の水酸基価(測定方法:JIS(日本工業規格)K0070-1992)及び酸価(測定方法:JIS(日本工業規格)K0070-1992)がそれぞれ10mgKOH/g以上であることが好ましく、20mgKOH/g以上であることがより好ましい。
トナーコアは、着色剤を含有してもよい。着色剤としては、トナーの色に合わせて公知の顔料又は染料を用いることができる。トナーを用いて高画質の画像を形成するためには、着色剤の量が、結着樹脂100質量部に対して、1質量部以上20質量部以下であることが好ましく、3質量部以上10質量部以下であることがより好ましい。
トナーコアは、離型剤を含有していてもよい。離型剤は、例えば、トナーの定着性又は耐オフセット性を向上させる目的で使用される。トナーコアのアニオン性を強めるためには、アニオン性を有するワックスを用いてトナーコアを作製することが好ましい。トナーの定着性又は耐オフセット性を向上させるためには、離型剤の量は、結着樹脂100質量部に対して、1質量部以上30質量部以下であることが好ましく、5質量部以上20質量部以下であることがより好ましい。
トナーコアは、電荷制御剤を含有していてもよい。電荷制御剤は、例えば、トナーの帯電安定性又は帯電立ち上がり特性を向上させる目的で使用される。トナーの帯電立ち上がり特性は、短時間で所定の帯電レベルにトナーを帯電可能か否かの指標になる。
トナーコアは、磁性粉を含有していてもよい。磁性粉の材料としては、例えば、強磁性金属(より具体的には、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、又はこれら金属の1種以上を含む合金等)、強磁性金属酸化物(より具体的には、フェライト、マグネタイト、又は二酸化クロム等)、又は強磁性化処理が施された材料(より具体的には、熱処理により強磁性が付与された炭素材料等)を好適に使用できる。1種類の磁性粉を単独で使用してもよいし、複数種の磁性粉を併用してもよい。
本実施形態に係るトナーは、前述の基本構成を有する。シェル層は、第1ドメインを構成する第1熱可塑性樹脂と、第2ドメインを構成する第2熱可塑性樹脂とを含有する。第2熱可塑性樹脂としては、例えば、前述の「好適な熱可塑性樹脂」が好ましい。均質なシェル層を形成するためには、第1ドメインを構成する第1熱可塑性樹脂と、第2ドメインを構成する第2熱可塑性樹脂とがそれぞれ、アクリル酸系モノマーに由来する1種以上の繰返し単位を含むことが好ましい。ビニル基(CH2=CH-)、又はビニル基中の水素が置換された基を有する化合物は、通常、炭素二重結合「C=C」により付加重合することで、高分子(樹脂)中に繰返し単位として組み込まれる。
トナー母粒子の表面に外添剤を付着させてもよい。外添剤は、例えばトナーの流動性又は取扱性を向上させるために使用される。トナーの流動性又は取扱性を向上させるためには、外添剤の量は、トナー母粒子100質量部に対して、0.5質量部以上10質量部以下であることが好ましい。また、トナーの流動性又は取扱性を向上させるためには、外添剤の粒子径は0.01μm以上1.0μm以下であることが好ましい。
以下、前述の基本構成を有するトナーを製造する方法の一例について説明する。まず、トナーコアを準備する。続けて、液中にトナーコアとシェル材料とを入れる。均質なシェル層を形成するためには、シェル材料を含む液を攪拌するなどして、シェル材料を液に溶解又は分散させることが好ましい。続けて、液中でシェル材料を反応させて、トナーコアの表面にシェル層(硬化した樹脂)を形成する。シェル層形成時におけるトナーコア成分(特に、結着樹脂及び離型剤)の溶解又は溶出を抑制するためには、水性媒体中でシェル層を形成することが好ましい。水性媒体は、水を主成分とする媒体(より具体的には、純水、又は水と極性媒体との混合液等)である。水性媒体は溶媒として機能してもよい。水性媒体中に溶質が溶けていてもよい。水性媒体は分散媒として機能してもよい。水性媒体中に分散質が分散していてもよい。水性媒体中の極性媒体としては、例えば、アルコール(より具体的には、メタノール又はエタノール等)を使用できる。
好適なトナーコアを容易に得るためには、凝集法又は粉砕法によりトナーコアを製造することが好ましく、粉砕法によりトナーコアを製造することがより好ましい。
トナーコアとシェル材料とが入れられる上記水性媒体として、例えばイオン交換水を準備する。続けて、水性媒体のpHを所定のpH(例えば、約7)に調整する。続けて、pHが調整された水性媒体(例えば、中性のイオン交換水)に、トナーコアと、第1熱可塑性樹脂のサスペンション(例えば、水素結合による物理架橋構造を有する非水溶性熱可塑性樹脂粒子を複数含む液)と、第2熱可塑性樹脂のサスペンション(例えば、水素結合による物理架橋構造を有しない疎水性熱可塑性樹脂粒子を複数含む液)とを添加する。また、必要に応じて、熱硬化性樹脂を合成するための材料を、水性媒体中に添加してもよい。
示差走査熱量計(セイコーインスツル株式会社製「DSC-6220」)を用いて、試料(例えば、樹脂)の吸熱曲線を求めた。続けて、得られた吸熱曲線から試料のTg(ガラス転移点)を読み取った。得られた吸熱曲線中の比熱の変化点(ベースラインの外挿線と立ち下がりラインの外挿線との交点)の温度が、試料のTg(ガラス転移点)に相当する。
高化式フローテスター(株式会社島津製作所製「CFT-500D」)に試料(例えば、樹脂)をセットし、ダイス細孔径1mm、プランジャー荷重20kg/cm2、昇温速度6℃/分の条件で、1cm3の試料を溶融流出させて、試料のS字カーブ(横軸:温度、縦軸:ストローク)を求めた。続けて、得られたS字カーブから試料のTm(軟化点)を読み取った。得られたS字カーブにおいて、ストロークの最大値をS1とし、低温側のベースラインのストローク値をS2とすると、S字カーブ中のストロークの値が「(S1+S2)/2」となる温度が、試料のTm(軟化点)に相当する。
(トナーコアの作製)
低粘度ポリエステル樹脂(Tg=38℃、Tm=65℃)750gと、中粘度ポリエステル樹脂(Tg=53℃、Tm=84℃)100gと、高粘度ポリエステル樹脂(Tg=71℃、Tm=120℃)150gと、カルナバワックス(株式会社加藤洋行製「カルナウバワックス1号」)55gと、着色剤(DIC株式会社製「KET BLUE 111」、フタロシアニンブルー)40gとを、FMミキサー(日本コークス工業株式会社製)を用いて回転速度2400rpmで混合した。
温度計及び攪拌羽根を備えた容量1Lの3つ口フラスコをウォーターバスにセットし、フラスコ内に30℃のイオン交換水815mLとカチオン界面活性剤(花王株式会社製「コータミン(登録商標)24P」、ラウリルトリメチルアンモニウムクロライド25質量%水溶液)75mLとを入れた。その後、ウォーターバスを用いてフラスコ内の温度を80℃に昇温させた後、その温度(80℃)に保った。続けて、80℃のフラスコ内容物に2種類の液(第1の液及び第2の液)をそれぞれ5時間かけて滴下した。第1の液は、スチレン68mLとアクリル酸ブチル12mLとの混合液であった。第2の液は、過硫酸カリウム0.5gをイオン交換水30mLに溶かした溶液であった。続けて、フラスコ内の温度を80℃にさらに2時間保って、フラスコ内容物を重合させた。その結果、固形分濃度8質量%の割合で樹脂微粒子(詳しくは、水素結合による物理架橋構造を有しない疎水性熱可塑性樹脂から実質的に構成される粒子)を含むサスペンション(以下、サスペンションA-1と記載する)が得られた。得られたサスペンションA-1に含まれる樹脂微粒子に関して、個数平均1次粒子径は31nmであり、Tgは71℃であった。
温度計及び攪拌羽根を備えた容量1Lの3つ口フラスコをウォーターバスにセットし、フラスコ内に30℃のイオン交換水790mLとカチオン界面活性剤(花王株式会社製「コータミン24P」、ラウリルトリメチルアンモニウムクロライド25質量%水溶液)30mLとを入れた。その後、ウォーターバスを用いてフラスコ内の温度を80℃に昇温させた後、その温度(80℃)に保った。続けて、80℃のフラスコ内容物に2種類の液(第3の液及び第4の液)をそれぞれ5時間かけて滴下した。第3の液は、メタクリル酸メチル120mLと、アクリル酸ブチル20mLと、アクリル酸4-ヒドロキシブチル10mLとの混合液であった。第4の液は、過硫酸カリウム0.5gをイオン交換水30mLに溶かした溶液であった。続けて、フラスコ内の温度を80℃にさらに2時間保って、フラスコ内容物を重合させた。その結果、固形分濃度15質量%の割合で樹脂微粒子(詳しくは、水素結合による物理架橋構造を有する非水溶性熱可塑性樹脂から実質的に構成される粒子)を含むサスペンション(以下、サスペンションB-1と記載する)が得られた。得られたサスペンションB-1に含まれる樹脂微粒子に関して、個数平均1次粒子径は50nmであり、Tgは96℃であった。サスペンションB-1に含まれる樹脂(樹脂微粒子)における特定繰返し単位(水酸基を有する繰返し単位)の割合は5mol%であった。
温度計及び攪拌羽根を備えた容量1Lの3つ口フラスコをウォーターバスにセットし、フラスコ内にイオン交換水300mLを入れた。その後、ウォーターバスを用いてフラスコ内の温度を30℃に保った。続けて、水酸化ナトリウム又は希塩酸を用いて、フラスコ内容物のpHを7に調整した。続けて、フラスコ内に、シェル材料SA(前述の手順で調製したサスペンションA-1)20mLと、シェル材料SB(前述の手順で調製したサスペンションB-1)10mLとを添加し、フラスコ内容物を十分攪拌した。疎水性樹脂粒子及び非水溶性樹脂粒子をそれぞれ水性媒体中に分散させて、シェル材料の分散液を得た。
上記のようにして得られたトナー母粒子の分散液を、ブフナー漏斗を用いてろ過(固液分離)して、ウェットケーキ状のトナー母粒子を得た。その後、得られたウェットケーキ状のトナー母粒子をイオン交換水に再分散させた。さらに、分散とろ過とを5回繰り返して、トナー母粒子を洗浄した。
続けて、得られたトナー母粒子を、濃度50質量%のエタノール水溶液に分散させた。これにより、トナー母粒子のスラリーが得られた。続けて、連続式表面改質装置(フロイント産業株式会社製「コートマイザー(登録商標)」)を用いて、熱風温度45℃かつブロアー風量2m3/分の条件で、スラリー中のトナー母粒子を乾燥させた。その結果、トナー母粒子の粉体が得られた。
続けて、得られたトナー母粒子を外添処理した。詳しくは、トナー母粒子100質量部と乾式シリカ微粒子(日本アエロジル株式会社製「REA90」)1.0質量部とを、容量10LのFMミキサー(日本コークス工業株式会社製)を用いて5分間混合することにより、トナー母粒子の表面に外添剤(シリカ粒子)を付着させた。その後、得られたトナーを、200メッシュ(目開き75μm)の篩を用いて篩別した。その結果、多数のトナー粒子を含むトナーTA-1が得られた。
トナーTA-2の製造方法は、シェル材料SAとして、20mLのサスペンションA-1の代わりに20mLのサスペンションA-2を用いた以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
サスペンションA-2の調製方法は、カチオン界面活性剤(コータミン24P)の使用量を75mLから25mLに変更した以外は、サスペンションA-1の調製方法と同じであった。サスペンションA-2に含まれる樹脂微粒子に関して、個数平均1次粒子径は98nmであり、Tgは68℃であった。
トナーTA-3の製造方法は、シェル材料SAとして、20mLのサスペンションA-1の代わりに20mLのサスペンションA-3を用いた以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
サスペンションA-3の調製方法は、スチレンの使用量を68mLから80mLに変更し、アクリル酸ブチルを使用しなかった以外は、サスペンションA-1の調製方法と同じであった。サスペンションA-3に含まれる樹脂微粒子に関して、個数平均1次粒子径は27nmであり、Tgは104℃であった。
トナーTA-4の製造方法は、シェル材料SAとして、20mLのサスペンションA-1の代わりに10mLのポリスチレンスルホン酸ナトリウム水溶液C-1(東ソー株式会社製「ポリナス(登録商標)PS-50」、固形分濃度20質量%)を用いた以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
トナーTB-1の製造方法は、シェル材料SBとして、10mLのサスペンションB-1の代わりに10mLのサスペンションB-2を用いた以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
サスペンションB-2の調製方法は、第3の液として、メタクリル酸メチル120mLと、アクリル酸ブチル20mLと、アクリル酸4-ヒドロキシブチル10mLとの混合液の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル90mLと、メタクリル酸2-(ジメチルアミノ)エチル60mLとの混合液を用いた以外は、サスペンションB-1の調製方法と同じであった。サスペンションB-2に含まれる樹脂微粒子に関して、個数平均1次粒子径は35nmであり、Tgは77℃であった。サスペンションB-2に含まれる樹脂(樹脂微粒子)における特定繰返し単位(アミノ基を有する繰返し単位)の割合は30mol%であった。
トナーTB-2の製造方法は、シェル材料SBとして、10mLのサスペンションB-1の代わりに10mLのサスペンションB-3を用いた以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
サスペンションB-3の調製方法は、第3の液として、メタクリル酸メチル120mLと、アクリル酸ブチル20mLと、アクリル酸4-ヒドロキシブチル10mLとの混合液の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル125mLと、アクリル酸ブチル23mLと、N,N-ジメチルアクリルアミド2mLとの混合液を用いた以外は、サスペンションB-1の調製方法と同じであった。サスペンションB-3に含まれる樹脂微粒子に関して、個数平均1次粒子径は58nmであり、Tgは105℃であった。サスペンションB-3に含まれる樹脂(樹脂微粒子)における特定繰返し単位(アミド基を有する繰返し単位)の割合は1.5mol%であった。
トナーTB-3の製造方法は、シェル材料SBとして、10mLのサスペンションB-1の代わりに10mLのサスペンションB-4を用いた以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
サスペンションB-4の調製方法は、第3の液として、メタクリル酸メチル120mLと、アクリル酸ブチル20mLと、アクリル酸4-ヒドロキシブチル10mLとの混合液の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル125mLと、アクリル酸ブチル25mLと、アクリル酸4-ヒドロキシブチル0.1mLとの混合液を用いた以外は、サスペンションB-1の調製方法と同じであった。サスペンションB-4に含まれる樹脂微粒子に関して、個数平均1次粒子径は65nmであり、Tgは97℃であった。サスペンションB-4に含まれる樹脂(樹脂微粒子)における特定繰返し単位(水酸基を有する繰返し単位)の割合は0.1mol%であった。
トナーTB-4の製造方法は、シェル材料SBとして、10mLのサスペンションB-1の代わりに10mLのサスペンションB-5を用いた以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
サスペンションB-5の調製方法は、第3の液として、メタクリル酸メチル120mLと、アクリル酸ブチル20mLと、アクリル酸4-ヒドロキシブチル10mLとの混合液の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル129mLと、アクリル酸ブチル20mLと、アクリル酸4-ヒドロキシブチル0.8mLとの混合液を用いた以外は、サスペンションB-1の調製方法と同じであった。サスペンションB-5に含まれる樹脂微粒子に関して、個数平均1次粒子径は61nmであり、Tgは102℃であった。サスペンションB-5に含まれる樹脂(樹脂微粒子)における特定繰返し単位(水酸基を有する繰返し単位)の割合は0.5mol%であった。
トナーTB-5の製造方法は、シェル材料SBとして、10mLのサスペンションB-1の代わりに10mLのサスペンションB-6を用いた以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
サスペンションB-6の調製方法は、第3の液として、メタクリル酸メチル120mLと、アクリル酸ブチル20mLと、アクリル酸4-ヒドロキシブチル10mLとの混合液の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル75mLと、メタクリル酸3-ヒドロキシプロピル75mLとの混合液を用いた以外は、サスペンションB-1の調製方法と同じであった。サスペンションB-6に含まれる樹脂微粒子に関して、個数平均1次粒子径は26nmであり、Tgは71℃であった。サスペンションB-6に含まれる樹脂(樹脂微粒子)における特定繰返し単位(水酸基を有する繰返し単位)の割合は50mol%であった。
トナーTB-6の製造方法は、シェル材料SBとして、10mLのサスペンションB-1の代わりに10mLのサスペンションA-2を用いた以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
トナーTB-7の製造方法は、シェル材料SBとして、10mLのサスペンションB-1の代わりに10mLのアクリル酸系樹脂水溶液C-2を用いた以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
アクリル酸系樹脂水溶液C-2の調製方法は、第3の液として、メタクリル酸メチル120mLと、アクリル酸ブチル20mLと、アクリル酸4-ヒドロキシブチル10mLとの混合液の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル60mLと、メタクリル酸2-ヒドロキシエチル90mLとの混合液を用いた以外は、サスペンションB-1の調製方法と同じであった。アクリル酸系樹脂水溶液C-2に含まれる樹脂のTgは94℃であった。アクリル酸系樹脂水溶液C-2に含まれる樹脂における特定繰返し単位(水酸基を有する繰返し単位)の割合は60mol%であった。
トナーTC-1~TC-4の各々の製造方法は、シェル層形成工程において、シェル材料SA(サスペンションA-1)及びシェル材料SB(サスペンションB-1)の各々の添加量を、表1に示すように変更した以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
トナーTD-1の製造方法は、シェル材料SB(サスペンションB-1)を使用しなかった以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
トナーTD-2の製造方法は、シェル材料SA(サスペンションA-1)を使用しなかった以外は、トナーTA-1の製造方法と同じであった。
各試料(トナーTA-1~TD-2)の評価方法は、以下の通りである。
試料(トナー)2gを容量20mLのポリエチレン製容器に入れて、その容器を、60℃に設定された恒温器内に3時間静置した。その後、恒温器から取り出したトナーを冷却して、評価用トナーを得た。
凝集率=100×篩別後のトナーの質量/篩別前のトナーの質量
現像剤用キャリア(京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社製の「TASKalfa5550ci」用キャリア)100質量部と、試料(トナー)10質量部とを、ボールミルを用いて30分間混合して、2成分現像剤を調製した。
トナーTA-1~TD-2の各々についての評価結果(耐熱保存性:凝集率、低温定着性:最低定着温度)を、表3に示す。
Claims (10)
- コアと、前記コアの表面に形成されたシェル層とを備えるトナー粒子を、複数含む静電潜像現像用トナーであって、
前記シェル層は、複数の第1ドメインと、少なくとも前記複数の第1ドメインの間に介在する第2ドメインとを有し、
前記複数の第1ドメインはそれぞれ、第1熱可塑性樹脂から実質的に構成され、
前記第2ドメインは、前記第1熱可塑性樹脂よりも強い疎水性を有する第2熱可塑性樹脂から実質的に構成され、
前記第1熱可塑性樹脂は、水酸基、アミノ基、及びアミド基からなる群より選択される1種以上の基を有する特定繰返し単位を1種以上含み、
前記第1熱可塑性樹脂に含まれる全ての繰返し単位のうち、前記特定繰返し単位の割合は、0.5mol%以上50mol%以下である、静電潜像現像用トナー。 - 前記シェル層は、前記複数の第1ドメインが島状に分布し、前記第2ドメインが海状に分布する海島構造を有し、
前記複数の第1ドメインはそれぞれ、前記第1熱可塑性樹脂から実質的に構成される粒子であり、
前記第2ドメインは、前記第2熱可塑性樹脂から実質的に構成される膜である、請求項1に記載の静電潜像現像用トナー。 - 前記複数の第1ドメインの個数平均1次粒子径は20nm以上70nm以下であり、前記第2ドメインの厚さは10nm以上60nm以下である、請求項2に記載の静電潜像現像用トナー。
- 前記第1熱可塑性樹脂のガラス転移点は、前記第2熱可塑性樹脂のガラス転移点よりも高く、かつ、前記第1熱可塑性樹脂のガラス転移点は75℃以上120℃以下である、請求項3に記載の静電潜像現像用トナー。
- 前記シェル層を構成する全ての樹脂のうち、ホルムアルデヒド又はイソシアネートに基づく重合反応によって生成される熱硬化性樹脂の割合が、5質量%以下である、請求項1に記載の静電潜像現像用トナー。
- 前記第1熱可塑性樹脂は、前記特定繰返し単位として、(メタ)アクリル酸ヒドロキシアルキルエステルに由来する繰返し単位と、(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルアミノアルキルエステルに由来する繰返し単位と、アルキルアクリルアミドに由来する繰返し単位とからなる群より選択される1種以上の繰返し単位を含む、請求項1に記載の静電潜像現像用トナー。
- 前記第1熱可塑性樹脂及び前記第2熱可塑性樹脂はそれぞれ、アクリル酸系モノマーに由来する1種以上の繰返し単位を含む、請求項1に記載の静電潜像現像用トナー。
- 前記第1熱可塑性樹脂は、(メタ)アクリル酸ヒドロキシアルキルエステルと、(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルアミノアルキルエステルと、アルキルアクリルアミドとからなる群より選択される1種以上のアクリル酸系モノマーを含む2種以上のアクリル酸系モノマーの重合体である、請求項7に記載の静電潜像現像用トナー。
- 前記第2熱可塑性樹脂は、1種以上のスチレン系モノマーと1種以上のアクリル酸系モノマーとの共重合体である、請求項7に記載の静電潜像現像用トナー。
- 前記第1熱可塑性樹脂は、水素結合による物理架橋構造を有する非水溶性熱可塑性樹脂であり、
前記第2熱可塑性樹脂は、水素結合による物理架橋構造を有しない疎水性熱可塑性樹脂である、請求項1に記載の静電潜像現像用トナー。
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