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Definitions

• This invention relates to the fields of biopharmaceuticals and therapeutics composed of nucleic acid based molecules. More particularly, this invention relates to methods and compositions for delivering RNA interference agents for preventing, treating or ameliorating the effects of conditions and diseases involving malignant tumors.
• the growth of malignant tumors is related to the extracellular matrix (ECM).
• ECM extracellular matrix
• the molecular chaperone "heat shock" protein Hsp47 is involved in regulating an ECM gene transcription network.
• Hsp47 expression may be activated in breast cancer and other cancers. Reducing Hsp47 can reduce growth of breast cancer cells, and limit tumor growth.
• Hsp47 may be a factor in poor survival outcomes of breast cancer patients. Hsp47 expression may promote cancer progression, in part by increasing ECM proteins. See, e.g., Cancer Res, 2015, 75(8); 1580-91.
• Hsp47 can be highly expressed in pancreatic cancer. Hsp-47 may be a useful specific marker for oral cancer detection.
• Hsp47 or a homologous gene sequence thereof is disclosed as, for example, GenBank accession No. ABO 10273 (human), X60676 (mouse), or M69246 (rat, gp46).
• Agents for suppressing Hsp47 have been disclosed for inhibiting fibrosis.
• p21 is a cell cycle-regulating protein that is encoded by CDKN1 A gene and belongs to the CIP/KIP family. This protein has the function of inhibiting cell cycle progression at the Gl phase and the G2/M phase by inhibiting the effect of a cyclin-CDK complex through binding to the complex. Specifically, the p21 gene undergoes activation by p53, one of tumor suppressor genes. It has been reported that upon activation of p53 due to DNA damage or the like, p53 activates p21 so that the cell cycle is arrested at the Gl phase and the G2/M phase.
• p21 is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers including prostate, cervical, breast and squamous cell carcinomas and, in many cases, p21 upregulation correlates positively with tumor grade, invasiveness and aggressiveness. See, e.g., Chang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, Vol. 97, No. 8, pp. 4291-96. Also, up-regulation of p21 has been reported to be associated with tumorigenicity and poor prognosis in many forms of cancers, including brain, prostate, ovarian, breast, and esophageal cell cancers. See, e.g., Winters et al., Breast Cancer Research, 2003, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. R242- R249. Also, the disease can be age related diseases, including atherosclerosis,
• Alzheimer's disease, amyloidosis, and arthritis See, e.g., Chang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, Vol. 97, No. 8, pp. 4291-96.
• This invention relates to the surprising discovery that malignant tumor size can be reduced in vivo by treatment with siRNA inhibitors of Hsp47, and inhibitors of Hsp47 in combination with inhibitors of p21.
• This invention relates to methods and compositions incorporating nucleic acid based therapeutic compounds for use in delivery to various organs for preventing, treating, or ameliorating conditions and diseases of malignant tumor.
• this invention provides compositions of RNA interference molecules (RNAi molecules) for gene silencing of various targets related to malignant tumors.
• RNAi molecules RNA interference molecules
• This invention can provide compositions for delivery of therapeutic molecules, as well as methods of use thereof.
• RNA-based and drug Various RNA-based and drug
• compositions of this invention can be used in methods for preventing or treating malignant tumors.
• This invention relates to methods and compositions for nucleic acid based therapeutic compounds against malignant tumors.
• this invention provides RNAi molecules, structures and compositions that can silence expression of Hsp47, as well as Hsp47 and p21.
• the structures and compositions of this disclosure can be used in preventing, treating or reducing the size of malignant tumors.
• this invention provides double-stranded nucleic acid molecules that are RNAi molecules such as siRNAs or shRNAs for suppressing Hsp47.
• RNAi molecules such as siRNAs or shRNAs for suppressing Hsp47.
• Embodiments of this invention can also provide RNAi molecules for suppressing p21.
• the inhibitory nucleic acid molecule can be an antisense nucleic acid molecule, a small interfering RNA (siRNA), or a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).
• siRNA small interfering RNA
• dsRNA double-stranded RNA
• RNAi molecules of this invention can be active for gene silencing, for example, a dsRNA that is active for gene silencing, a siRNA, a micro-RNA, or a shRNA active for gene silencing, as well as a DNA-directed RNA (ddRNA), a Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), and a repeat associated siRNA (rasiRNA).
• ddRNA DNA-directed RNA
• piRNA Piwi-interacting RNA
• rasiRNA a repeat associated siRNA
• methods of this invention can decrease transcription or translation of Hsp47 and/or p21 in malignant tumors.
• this invention includes methods for decreasing expression of Hsp47, or for decreasing expression of Hsp47 and p21 in a malignant tumor cell, where the cell can be a human cell, a neoplastic cell, a cell in vivo, or a cell in vitro.
• Embodiments of this invention can also provide methods for treating a subject having a neoplasm, where neoplasm cancer cells display aberrant Hsp47 expression levels. Methods can involve administering to the subject an effective amount of an inhibitory nucleic acid molecule, where the inhibitory nucleic acid molecule reduces Hsp47 expression, or where a combination of RNAi molecules reduce expression of Hsp47 and p21, thereby treating the neoplasm. In some embodiments, methods of this invention can decrease the size of a neoplasm, relative to the size of the neoplasm prior to treatment or without treatment.
• an inhibitory nucleic acid molecule can be delivered in a liposome, a polymer, a microsphere, a nanoparticle, a gene therapy vector, or a naked DNA vector.
• this invention features methods for treating a subject, e.g. a human patient, having a neoplasm in which the neoplasm cancer cells express Hsp47.
• the methods can include administering to the subject an effective amount of inhibitory nucleic acid molecules, where the inhibitory nucleic acid molecules are antisense nucleic acid molecules, or RNAi molecules, or a combination thereof, which inhibit expression of an Hsp47 polypeptide, or which inhibit expression of both an Hsp47 polypeptide and a p21 polypeptide.
• a cell of the neoplasm overexpresses Hsp47.
• the neoplasm can be a malignant tumor, or lung cancer, or pancreatic cancer.
• Embodiments of this invention can provide pharmaceutical compositions for treating malignant tumor, the composition comprising nanoparticles encapsulating RNAi molecules, wherein the RNAi molecules are targeted to Hsp47.
• this invention includes methods for distributing an active agent to a subject for treating malignant tumor, the method comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition above.
• this invention includes pharmaceutical compositions for treating malignant tumor, the composition comprising nanoparticles encapsulating RNAi molecules, wherein a portion of the RNAi molecules are targeted to Hsp47 and a portion of the RNAi molecules are targeted to p21.
• This invention further contemplates methods for preventing, treating or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a malignant tumor in a mammal in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising RNAi molecules active in reducing expression of Hsp47.
• this invention includes methods for preventing, treating or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a malignant tumor in a mammal in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising RNAi molecules, wherein a portion of the RNAi molecules are active in reducing expression of Hsp47 and a portion of the RNAi molecules are active in reducing expression of p21.
• this invention includes methods for reducing the growth rate or proliferation of cancer stem cells in a mammal in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising RNAi molecules, wherein a portion of the RNAi molecules are active in reducing expression of Hsp47 and a portion of the RNAi molecules are active in reducing expression of p21.
• compositions for use in distributing an active agent for treating a malignant tumor in a subject wherein the composition comprises liposome nanoparticles.
• the compositions can be used in methods for distributing an active agent to an organ of a subject for treating malignant tumor.
• FIG. 1 shows the results of an in vivo study of a pancreatic cancer model that was performed to test tumor growth inhibition using Hsp47 as a single target.
• Fig. 1 shows the results of an in vivo study of a pancreatic cancer model that was performed to test tumor growth inhibition using Hsp47 as a single target.
• the tumors grew slowly, if at all, during the course of the study. There was no body weight loss examined. To the contrary, the tumors of the vehicle control group doubled in only 22 days.
• the Hsp47 siRNA was observed to completely suppress tumor growth at dosages of 0.75 mpk, showing that the formulation containing the Hsp47 siRNA was a potent anticancer therapeutic.
• FIG. 2 shows the gene expressions of Hsp47, collagen I and collagen IV in human cancer cell lines.
• FIG. 3 shows an untreated sample for a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 4 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 5 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 50 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 6 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 7 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 8 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 50 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 9 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 10 shows the results of a growth assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the number of cells x 10 4 . Filled circles are the untreated sample.
• X markers are the negative siRNA.
• Triangle markers represent the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 11 shows the results of a dye exclusion assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the percentage of dead cells.
• Open circles are the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• X markers are the negative siRNA. Filled circle markers represent the untreated sample.
• FIG. 12 shows an untreated sample in a method for suppressing proliferation of HCTl 16 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 13 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HCTl 16 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 14 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HCTl 16 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 15 shows the results of a growth assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of HCTl 16 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the number of cells x 10 4 .
• Filled circles are the untreated sample.
• Open circle markers in the rising curve are the negative siRNA.
• Open circle markers in the flat curve represent the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 16 shows the results of a dye exclusion assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of HCTl 16 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the percentage of dead cells.
• Open circles in the rising curve are the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Open circle markers in the flat curve are the negative siRNA. Filled circle markers represent the untreated sample.
• FIG. 17 shows an untreated sample in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 18 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 19 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 50 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 20 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 21 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 22 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 50 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 23 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 24 shows the results of a growth assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the number of cells x 10 4 . Filled circles are the untreated sample. Open circle markers are the negative siRNA. Triangle markers represent the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 25 shows the results of a dye exclusion assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the percentage of dead cells. Open circles are the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• X markers are the negative siRNA. Filled circle markers represent the untreated sample.
• FIG. 26 shows an untreated sample in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 27 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 28 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 50 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 29 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 30 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 31 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 50 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 32 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 33 shows the results of a growth assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the number of cells x 10 4 .
• Filled circles are the untreated sample.
• Open circle markers are the negative siRNA.
• X markers represent the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 34 shows the results of a dye exclusion assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the percentage of dead cells.
• Open circles are the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• X markers are the negative siRNA.
• Open square markers represent the untreated sample.
• FIG. 35 shows the results of a method for detecting annexin V and PI in colon cancer cells SW480 transfected with an active Hsp47 siRNA on day 2 after transfection of the siRNA.
• FIG. 36 shows the results of a method for detecting annexin V and PI in colon cancer cells HCTl 16 transfected with an active Hsp47 siRNA on day 2 after transfection of the siRNA.
• FIG. 37 shows the results of a method for detecting expression of procaspase-3 and Hsp47 protein in SW480 colon cancer cells transfected with an active Hsp47 siRNA.
• FIG. 38 shows the results of a method for detecting expression of procaspase-3 and Hsp47 protein in HepG2 hepatic cancer cells transfected with an active Hsp47 siRNA.
• FIG. 39 shows the results of a method for detecting expression of procaspase-3 and Hsp47 protein in A549 lung cancer cells transfected with an active Hsp47 siRNA.
• FIG. 40 shows the results of a method for detecting Caspase-3/7 activity in colon cancer cells SW480 transfected with an Hsp47 siRNA and a p21 siRNA.
• This invention provides methods for utilizing therapeutic compositions that decrease the expression of an Hsp47 nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide for the treatment of a neoplasia in a subject. In certain embodiments, this invention provides methods for utilizing therapeutic compositions that decrease the expression of an Hsp47 nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide and a p21 nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide for the treatment of a neoplasia in a subject.
• embodiments of this invention can provide methods and compositions for reducing the rate of cancer stem cell growth or proliferation.
• This invention relates to the surprising effect that growth or proliferation of cancer stem cells can be inhibited in vivo by treatment with siRNA inhibitors of Hsp47, and inhibitors of Hsp47 in combination with inhibitors of p21.
• the therapeutic compositions of this invention can include inhibitory nucleic acid molecules, including RNAi molecules such as siRNAs, shRNAs, and anti sense RNAs.
• RNAi molecules such as siRNAs, shRNAs, and anti sense RNAs.
• This invention encompasses RNAi molecules for suppressing DNA encoding Hsp47, ribozymes, antisense nucleic acids, DNA/RNA chimeric
• polynucleotides and vectors for expressing them, and dominant negative variants of Hsp47.
• a method of treatment involving suppression of Hsp47 is selected, or suppression of Hsp47 and p21.
• Examples of an agent that suppresses Hsp47 as used herein include a drug that suppresses Hsp47 production and/or activity, and a drug that promotes Hsp47 degradation and/or inactivation.
• Examples of the drug that suppresses Hsp47 production include an RNAi molecule, a ribozyme, an antisense nucleic acid, a DNA/RNA chimera polynucleotide for DNA encoding Hsp47, or a vector expressing same.
• Examples of an agent that suppresses p21 as used herein include a drug that suppresses p21 production and/or activity, and a drug that promotes p21 degradation and/or inactivation.
• Examples of the drug that suppresses p21 production include an RNAi molecule, a ribozyme, an antisense nucleic acid, a DNA/RNA chimera
• polynucleotide for DNA encoding p21 or a vector expressing same.
• RNAi molecules [0080]
• Embodiments of this invention can provide compositions and methods for gene silencing of Hsp47 expression using small nucleic acid molecules. Additional embodiments of this invention can provide compositions and methods for gene silencing of Hsp47 expression and p21 expression using small nucleic acid molecules.
• RNAi molecules of this invention can be active for gene silencing, for example, a dsRNA that is active for gene silencing, a siRNA, a micro-RNA, or a shRNA active for gene silencing, as well as a DNA-directed RNA (ddRNA), a Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), and a repeat associated siRNA (rasiRNA).
• ddRNA DNA-directed RNA
• piRNA Piwi-interacting RNA
• rasiRNA repeat associated siRNA
• composition and methods disclosed herein can also be used in treating various kinds of malignant tumors in a subject.
• nucleic acid molecules and methods of this invention may be pooled, or used in combination to down regulate the expression of genes that encode Hsp47, and to down regulate the expression of genes that encode Hsp47 and p21 in concert.
• compositions and methods of this invention can include nucleic acid molecules, which can modulate or regulate the expression of Hsp47 proteins and/or genes encoding the proteins, or which can modulate or regulate the expression of Hsp47 proteins and/or genes encoding the proteins in combination with p21 proteins and/or genes encoding the proteins, as well as proteins and/or genes encoding the proteins that are associated with the maintenance and/or development of diseases, as well as conditions or disorders associated with Hsp47, such as malignant tumor.
• the compositions and methods of this invention are described with reference to exemplary sequences of Hsp47 and p21.
• Hsp47 or p21 genes any related Hsp47 or p21 genes, sequences, or variants, such as homolog genes and transcript variants, and polymorphisms, including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with any Hsp47 or p21 genes.
• SNP single nucleotide polymorphism
• RNAi molecule of this invention can be targeted to Hsp47 or p21, and any homologous sequences, for example, using complementary sequences or by incorporating non-canonical base pairs, for example, mismatches and/or wobble base pairs, that can provide additional target sequences.
• mismatches and/or wobble bases can be used to generate nucleic acid molecules that target more than one gene sequence.
• non-canonical base pairs such as UU and CC base pairs can be used to generate nucleic acid molecules that are capable of targeting sequences for differing targets that share sequence homology.
• a RNAi molecule can be targeted to a nucleotide sequence that is conserved between homologous genes, and a single RNAi molecule can be used to inhibit expression of more than one gene.
• compositions and methods of this invention include
• RNAi molecules that are active against any portion of Hsp47 mRNA.
• the RNAi molecule can include a sequence complementary to any mRNA encoding a Hsp47 sequence.
• compositions and methods of this invention include
• RNAi molecules that are active against any portion of p21 mRNA.
• the RNAi molecule can include a sequence complementary to any mRNA encoding a p21 sequence.
• RNAi molecule of this disclosure can have activity against Hsp47 RNA, where the RNAi molecule includes a sequence
• RNAi molecule of this invention can include a nucleotide sequence that can mediate silencing of Hsp47 or p21 gene expression.
• the RNAi molecule denotes any molecule that causes RNA interference, including a duplex RNA such as siRNA (small interfering RNA), miRNA (micro RNA), shRNA (short hairpin RNA), ddRNA (DNA-directed RNA), piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA), or rasiRNA (repeat associated siRNA) and modified forms thereof.
• siRNA small interfering RNA
• miRNA miRNA
• shRNA short hairpin RNA
• ddRNA DNA-directed RNA
• piRNA piRNA
• rasiRNA replicaat associated siRNA
• the antisense nucleic acid includes RNA, DNA, PNA, or a complex thereof.
• the DNA/RNA chimera polynucleotide includes a double-strand polynucleotide composed of DNA and RNA that inhibits the expression of a target gene.
• the agents of this invention contain siRNA as a therapeutic agent.
• An siRNA molecule can have a length from about 10-50 or more nucleotides.
• An siRNA molecule can have a length from about 15-45 nucleotides.
• An siRNA molecule can have a length from about 19-40 nucleotides.
• An siRNA molecule can have a length of from 19-23 nucleotides.
• An siRNA molecule of this invention can mediate RNAi against a target mRNA.
• Commercially available design tools and kits such as those available from Ambion, Inc. (Austin, TX), and the Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research at MIT (Cambridge, MA) allow for the design and production of siRNA.
• Embodiments of this invention can provide RNAi molecules that can be used to down regulate or inhibit the expression of Hsp47 and/or Hsp47 proteins, as well as to down regulate or inhibit the expression of p21 and/or p21 proteins.
• RNAi molecule of this invention can be used to down regulate or inhibit the expression of Hsp47 and/or Hsp47 proteins arising from Hsp47 haplotype polymorphisms that may be associated with a disease or condition such as malignant tumor.
• Monitoring of Hsp47 protein or mRNA levels, and/or p21 protein or mRNA levels, can be used to characterize gene silencing, and to determine the efficacy of compounds and compositions of this invention.
• RNAi molecules of this disclosure can be used individually, or in combination with other siRNAs for modulating the expression of one or more genes.
• RNAi molecules of this disclosure can be used individually, or in combination, or in conjunction with other known drugs for preventing or treating diseases, or ameliorating symptoms of conditions or disorders associated with Hsp47, including malignant tumor.
• RNAi molecules of this invention can be used to modulate or inhibit the expression of Hsp47 or p21 in a sequence-specific manner.
• RNAi molecules of this disclosure can include a guide strand for which a series of contiguous nucleotides are at least partially complementary to a Hsp47 mRNA or a p21 mRNA.
• malignant tumor may be treated by RNA interference using one or more RNAi molecule of this invention.
• Treatment of malignant tumor may be characterized in suitable cell-based models, as well as ex vivo or in vivo animal models.
• Treatment of malignant tumor may be characterized by determining the level of Hsp47 mRNA or the level of Hsp47 protein in cells of affected tissue, and/or by determining the level of p21 mRNA or the level of p21 protein in cells of affected tissue.
• Treatment of malignant tumor may be characterized by non-invasive medical scanning of an affected organ or tissue.
• Embodiments of this invention may include methods for preventing, treating, or ameliorating the symptoms of a disease or condition associated with Hsp47 in a subject in need thereof.
• a combination of an Hsp47 siRNA and a p21 siRNA can provide unexpectedly advantageous increases in cancer cell death.
• a combination of an Hsp47 siRNA and a p21 siRNA can provide unexpectedly advantageous decreases in cancer cell proliferation.
• methods for preventing, treating, or ameliorating the symptoms of malignant tumor in a subject can include administering to the subject a RNAi molecule of this invention to modulate the expression of a Hsp47 gene and/or a p21 gene in the subject or organism.
• this invention contemplates methods for down regulating the expression of a Hsp47 gene in a cell or organism, by contacting the cell or organism with a RNAi molecule of this invention. In certain embodiments, this invention contemplates methods for down regulating the expression of a Hsp47 gene and a p21 gene in a cell or organism, by contacting the cell or organism with two or more RNAi molecules of this invention.
• Inhibitory nucleic acid molecules can be nucleotide oligomers that may be employed as single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid molecule to decrease gene expression.
• the inhibitory nucleic acid molecule is a double-stranded RNA used for RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of gene expression.
• RNAi RNA interference
• a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule is made that includes from eight to twenty-five (e.g., 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25) consecutive nucleotides of a nucleotide oligomer of the invention.
• the dsRNA can be two
• RNA complementary strands of RNA that have duplexed, or a single RNA strand that has self- duplexed (small hairpin (sh)RNA).
• dsRNAs are about 21 or 22 base pairs, but may be shorter or longer, up to about 29 nucleotides.
• Double stranded RNA can be made using standard techniques, e.g., chemical synthesis or in vitro transcription. Kits are available, for example, from Ambion (Austin, Tex.) and Epicentre (Madison, Wis.).
• An inhibitory nucleic acid molecule that "corresponds" to a Hsp47 gene comprises at least a fragment of the double-stranded gene, such that each strand of the double-stranded inhibitory nucleic acid molecule is capable of binding to the
• inhibitory nucleic acid molecule need not have perfect correspondence to the reference Hsp47 sequence.
• a siRNA has at least about 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%), 98%), or even 99%> sequence identity with the target nucleic acid.
• a 19 base pair duplex having 1-2 base pair mismatch is considered useful in the methods of the invention.
• the nucleotide sequence of the inhibitory nucleic acid molecule exhibits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more mismatches.
• the inhibitory nucleic acid molecules provided by the invention are not limited to siRNAs, but include any nucleic acid molecule sufficient to decrease the expression of a Hsp47 or p21 nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide.
• the DNA sequences provided herein may be used, for example, in the discovery and development of therapeutic antisense nucleic acid molecule to decrease the expression of the encoded protein.
• the invention further provides catalytic RNA molecules or ribozymes. Such catalytic RNA molecules can be used to inhibit expression of a target nucleic acid molecule in vivo.
• the inclusion of ribozyme sequences within an antisense RNA confers RNA-cleaving activity upon the molecule, thereby increasing the activity of the constructs.
• the design and use of target RNA-specific ribozymes is described in
• Haseloff et al. Nature 334:585-591. 1988, and US 2003/0003469 Al, each of which is incorporated by reference.
• the catalytic nucleic acid molecule is formed in a hammerhead or hairpin motif.
• hammerhead motifs are described by Rossi et al., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 8: 183, 1992.
• hairpin motifs are described by Hampel et al., Biochemistry, 28:4929, 1989, and Hampel et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 18: 299, 1990.
• RNA cleaving activity is a specific substrate binding site that is complementary to one or more of the target gene RNA regions, and that it have nucleotide sequences within or surrounding that substrate binding site which impart an RNA cleaving activity to the molecule.
• Suppression of a target may be determined by the expression or activity of the corresponding protein in cells being suppressed, as compared to cells in which a suppressing agent is not utilized.
• Expression of protein may be evaluated by any known technique; examples thereof include an immunoprecipitation method utilizing an antibody, EIA, ELISA, IRA, IRMA, a western blot method, an immunohistochemical method, an immunocytochemical method, a flow cytometry method, various combinations thereof.
• hybridization methods utilizing a nucleic acid that specifically hybridizes with a nucleic acid encoding the protein or a unique fragment thereof, or a transcription product (e.g., mRNA) or splicing product of said nucleic acid, a northern blot method, a Southern blot method, and various PCR methods.
• a transcription product e.g., mRNA
• the activity of the protein may be evaluated by analyzing a known activity of the protein including binding to a protein such as, for example, Raf-1 (in particular phosphorylated Raf-1) or EGFR (in particular phosphorylated EGFR) by means of any known method such as for example an immunoprecipitation method, a western blot method, amass analysis method, a pull-down method, or a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method.
• a protein such as, for example, Raf-1 (in particular phosphorylated Raf-1) or EGFR (in particular phosphorylated EGFR)
• any known method such as for example an immunoprecipitation method, a western blot method, amass analysis method, a pull-down method, or a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method.
• the invention features a vector encoding an inhibitory nucleic acid molecule of any of the above aspects.
• the vector is a retroviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated viral, or lentiviral vector.
• the vector contains a promoter suitable for expression in a mammalian cell.
• the amount of active RNA interference inducing ingredient formulated in the composition of the present invention may be an amount that does not cause an adverse effect exceeding the benefit of administration. Such an amount may be determined by an in vitro test using cultured cells, or a test in a model animal or mammal such as a mouse, a rat, a dog, or a pig, etc., and such test methods are known to those skilled in the art.
• the amount of active ingredient formulated can vary according to the manner in which the agent or composition is administered. For example, when a plurality of units of the composition is used for one administration, the amount of active ingredient to be formulated in one unit of the composition may be determined by dividing the amount of active ingredient necessary for one administration by said plurality of units.
• This invention also relates to a process for producing an agent or composition for suppressing Hsp47 or p21, and the use of a composition that suppresses Hsp47, or that suppresses Hsp47 and p21, for reducing or shrinking malignant tumors.
• RNA interference refers to sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals mediated by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). See, e.g., Zamore et al., Cell, 2000, Vol. 101, pp. 25-33; Fire et al., Nature, 1998, Vol. 391, pp. 806811; Sharp, Genes & Development, 1999, Vol. 13, pp. 139-141.
• RNAi response in cells can be triggered by a double stranded RNA (dsRNA), although the mechanism is not yet fully understood.
• dsRNA double stranded RNA
• Certain dsRNAs in cells can undergo the action of Dicer enzyme, a ribonuclease III enzyme. See, e.g., Zamore et al., Cell, 2000, Vol. 101, pp. 25-33; Hammond et al., Nature, 2000, Vol. 404, pp. 293- 296.
• Dicer can process the dsRNA into shorter pieces of dsRNA, which are siRNAs.
• siRNAs can be from about 21 to about 23 nucleotides in length and include a base pair duplex region about 19 nucleotides in length.
• RNAi involves an endonuclease complex known as the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC).
• RISC RNA induced silencing complex
• An siRNA has an antisense or guide strand which enters the RISC complex and mediates cleavage of a single stranded RNA target having a sequence complementary to the antisense strand of the siRNA duplex.
• the other strand of the siRNA is the passenger strand.
• Cleavage of the target RNA takes place in the middle of the region complementary to the antisense strand of the siRNA duplex See, e.g., Elbashir et al., Genes & Development, 2001, Vol. 15, pp. 188-200.
• sense strand refers to a nucleotide sequence of a siRNA molecule that is partially or fully complementary to at least a portion of a corresponding antisense strand of the siRNA molecule.
• the sense strand of a siRNA molecule can include a nucleic acid sequence having homology with a target nucleic acid sequence.
• antisense strand refers to a nucleotide sequence of a siRNA molecule that is partially or fully complementary to at least a portion of a target nucleic acid sequence.
• the antisense strand of a siRNA molecule can include a nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of a corresponding sense strand of the siRNA molecule.
• RNAi molecules can down regulate or knock down gene expression by mediating RNA interference in a sequence-specific manner. See, e.g., Zamore et al., Cell, 2000, Vol. 101, pp. 25-33; Elbashir et al., Nature, 2001, Vol. 411, pp. 494-498; Kreutzer et al., WO2000/044895; Zernicka-Goetz et al., WO2001/36646; Fire et al., WO 1999/032619; Plaetinck et al., WO2000/01846; Mello et al., WO2001/029058.
• the terms “inhibit,” “down-regulate,” or “reduce” with respect to gene expression means that the expression of the gene, or the level of mRNA molecules encoding one or more proteins, or the activity of one or more of the encoded proteins is reduced below that observed in the absence of a RNAi molecule or siRNA of this invention.
• the level of expression, level of mRNA, or level of encoded protein activity may be reduced by at least 1%, or at least 10%, or at least 20%, or at least 50%), or at least 90%>, or more from that observed in the absence of a RNAi molecule or siRNA of this invention.
• RNAi molecules can also be used to knock down viral gene expression, and therefore affect viral replication.
• RNAi molecules can be made from separate polynucleotide strands: a sense strand or passenger strand, and an antisense strand or guide strand.
• the guide and passenger strands are at least partially complementary.
• the guide strand and passenger strand can form a duplex region having from about 15 to about 49 base pairs.
• the duplex region of a siRNA can have 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, or 49 base pairs.
• RNAi molecule can be active in a RISC complex, with a length of duplex region active for RISC.
• RNAi molecule can be active as a Dicer substrate, to be converted to a RNAi molecule that can be active in a RISC complex.
• a RNAi molecule can have complementary guide and passenger sequence portions at opposing ends of a long molecule, so that the molecule can form a duplex region with the complementary sequence portions, and the strands are linked at one end of the duplex region by either nucleotide or non-nucleotide linkers.
• nucleotide or non-nucleotide linkers For example, a hairpin arrangement, or a stem and loop arrangement.
• the linker interactions with the strands can be covalent bonds or non-covalent interactions.
• a RNAi molecule of this disclosure may include a nucleotide, non- nucleotide, or mixed nucleotide/non-nucleotide linker that joins the sense region of the nucleic acid to the antisense region of the nucleic acid.
• a nucleotide linker can be a linker of ⁇ 2 nucleotides in length, for example about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 nucleotides in length.
• the nucleotide linker can be a nucleic acid aptamer.
• aptamer or “nucleic acid aptamer” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid molecule that binds specifically to a target molecule wherein the nucleic acid molecule has sequence that includes a sequence recognized by the target molecule in its natural setting.
• an aptamer can be a nucleic acid molecule that binds to a target molecule, where the target molecule does not naturally bind to a nucleic acid.
• the aptamer can be used to bind to a ligand-binding domain of a protein, thereby preventing interaction of the naturally occurring ligand with the protein. See, e.g., Gold et al., Annu Rev Biochem, 1995, Vol.
• non-nucleotide linker examples include an abasic nucleotide, polyether, polyamine, polyamide, peptide, carbohydrate, lipid, polyhydrocarbon, or other polymeric compounds, for example polyethylene glycols such as those having from 2 to 100 ethylene glycol units.
• a RNAi molecule can have one or more overhangs from the duplex region.
• the overhangs which are non-base-paired, single strand regions, can be from one to eight nucleotides in length, or longer.
• An overhang can be a 3 '-end overhang, wherein the 3 '-end of a strand has a single strand region of from one to eight nucleotides.
• An overhang can be a 5 '-end overhang, wherein the 5 '-end of a strand has a single strand region of from one to eight nucleotides.
• the overhangs of a RNAi molecule can have the same length, or can be different lengths.
• a RNAi molecule can have one or more blunt ends, in which the duplex region ends with no overhang, and the strands are base paired to the end of the duplex region.
• a RNAi molecule of this disclosure can have one or more blunt ends, or can have one or more overhangs, or can have a combination of a blunt end and an overhang end.
• a 5 '-end of a strand of a RNAi molecule may be in a blunt end, or can be in an overhang.
• a 3 '-end of a strand of a RNAi molecule may be in a blunt end, or can be in an overhang.
• a 5 '-end of a strand of a RNAi molecule may be in a blunt end, while the 3 '-end is in an overhang.
• a 3 '-end of a strand of a RNAi molecule may be in a blunt end, while the 5 '-end is in an overhang.
• both ends of a RNAi molecule are blunt ends.
• both ends of a RNAi molecule have an overhang.
• the overhangs at the 5'- and 3'-ends may be of different lengths.
• a RNAi molecule may have a blunt end where the 5 '-end of the antisense strand and the 3 '-end of the sense strand do not have any overhanging nucleotides.
• a RNAi molecule may have a blunt end where the 3 '-end of the antisense strand and the 5 '-end of the sense strand do not have any overhanging nucleotides.
• a RNAi molecule may have mismatches in base pairing in the duplex region.
• Any nucleotide in an overhang of a RNAi molecule can be a
• deoxyribonucleotide or a ribonucleotide.
• One or more deoxyribonucleotides may be at the 5 '-end, where the 3 '-end of the other strand of the RNAi molecule may not have an overhang, or may not have a deoxyribonucleotide overhang.
• One or more deoxyribonucleotides may be at the 3 '-end, where the 5 '-end of the other strand of the RNAi molecule may not have an overhang, or may not have a deoxyribonucleotide overhang.
• one or more, or all of the overhang nucleotides of a RNAi molecule may be 2'-deoxyribonucleotides.
• RNAi molecule can be of a length suitable as a Dicer substrate, which can be processed to produce a RISC active RNAi molecule. See, e.g., Rossi et al., US2005/0244858.
• a Dicer substrate dsRNA can be of a length sufficient such that it is processed by Dicer to produce an active RNAi molecule, and may further include one or more of the following properties: (i) the Dicer substrate dsRNA can be asymmetric, for example, having a 3' overhang on the antisense strand, and (ii) the Dicer substrate dsRNA can have a modified 3' end on the sense strand to direct orientation of Dicer binding and processing of the dsRNA to an active RNAi molecule.
• RNAi molecules for p21 [00162] RNAi molecules for p21
• RNAi molecules of this invention targeted to p21 mRNA are shown in Table 1.
• RNAi molecules of this invention targeted to p21 mRNA are shown in Table 2.
• Upper case A, G, C and U refer to ribo-A, ribo-G, ribo-C and ribo-U, respectively.
• Underlining refers to 2'-OMe-substituted, e.g., U.
• N is A, C, G, U, U, a, c, g, u, t, or a modified, inverted, or chemically modified nucleotide.
• the RNAi molecule denotes any molecule that causes RNA interference, including a duplex RNA such as siRNA (small interfering RNA), miRNA (micro RNA), shRNA (short hairpin RNA), ddRNA (DNA-directed RNA), piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA), or rasiRNA (repeat associated siRNA) and modified forms thereof.
• siRNA small interfering RNA
• miRNA miRNA
• shRNA short hairpin RNA
• ddRNA DNA-directed RNA
• piRNA piRNA
• rasiRNA replicaat associated siRNA
• the antisense nucleic acid includes RNA, DNA, PNA, or a complex thereof.
• the DNA/RNA chimera polynucleotide includes a double-strand polynucleotide composed of DNA and RNA that inhibits the expression of a target gene.
• the agents of this invention contain siRNA as a therapeutic agent.
• An siRNA molecule can have a length from about 10-50 or more nucleotides.
• An siRNA molecule can have a length from about 15-45 nucleotides.
• An siRNA molecule can have a length from about 19-40 nucleotides.
• An siRNA molecule can have a length of from 19-23 nucleotides.
• An siRNA molecule of this invention can mediate RNAi against a target mRNA.
• Commercially available design tools and kits such as those available from Ambion, Inc. (Austin, TX), and the Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research at MIT (Cambridge, MA) allow for the design and production of siRNA.
• p21 is present in various animals including humans. Sequence
• nucleic acid sequence of an example target p21 mRNA is disclosed in GenBank accession number NM_000389.4 (CDKNl A), which is 2175 nucleotides in length.
• RNAi molecules targeted for Hsp47 [00171] RNAi molecules targeted for Hsp47
• this invention can provide a range of RNAi molecules and compositions for modulating expression of heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47), a collagen-specific molecular chaperone for intracellular transport and maturation.
• Hsp47 heat shock protein 47
• a collagen-specific molecular chaperone for intracellular transport and maturation.
• siRNAs for Hsp47 are given in US 8,710,209, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
• Hsp47 or a homologous gene sequence thereof is disclosed as, for example, GenBank accession No. ABO 10273 (human), X60676 (mouse), or M69246 (rat, gp46).
• each strand of a siRNA molecule of this invention can be from 15 to 60 nucleotides in length, or from 15 to 40 nucleotides in length, or from 19 to 25 nucleotides in length.
• this invention provides a pharmaceutical composition containing RNAi molecules for treating malignant tumor that are RNAi molecules targeted to Hsp47.
• RNAi molecules of this disclosure targeted to Hsp47 mRNA are shown in Table 3.
• Table 3 RNAi molecule sequences for Hsp47
• SEQ SENSE STRAND SEQ ANTI SENSE STRAND ID ( 5 '— >3 ' ) ID ( 5 '— >3 ' ) NO NO SEQ ID NOS: 85 to 105 SEQ ID NOS: 106 to 126 mouse 85 CGAGAACAGUUUGUACAAGUU 106 CUUGUACAAACUGUUCUCGUU
• RNAi molecules of this disclosure targeted to Hsp47 mRNA are shown in Table 4.
• xX represents ribonucleotides
• ml represents 2'-0-Methyl ribonucleotides
• 25r represents ribonucleotides with 2'-5' linkages
• C3 represents a 1,3-propanediol spacer
• idAB represents inverted 1,2-dideoxy- D-Ribose
• P represents a phosphate group on the 3 '-terminus.
• nucleic acid molecules and RNAi molecules of this invention may be delivered to a cell or tissue by direct application of the molecules, or with the molecules combined with a carrier or a diluent.
• nucleic acid molecules and RNAi molecules of this invention can be delivered or administered to a cell, tissue, organ, or subject by direct application of the molecules with a carrier or diluent, or any other delivery vehicle that acts to assist, promote or facilitate entry into a cell, for example, viral sequences, viral material, or lipid or liposome formulations.
• nucleic acid molecules and RNAi molecules of this invention can be complexed with cationic lipids, packaged within liposomes, or otherwise delivered to target cells or tissues.
• the nucleic acid or nucleic acid complexes can be locally administered to relevant tissues ex vivo, or in vivo through direct dermal application, transdermal application, or injection.
• Delivery systems may include, for example, aqueous and nonaqueous gels, creams, emulsions, microemulsions, liposomes, ointments, aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, lotions, aerosols, hydrocarbon bases and powders, and can contain excipients such as solubilizers and permeation enhancers.
• a inhibitory nucleic acid molecule or composition of this invention may be administered within a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents, carrier, or excipient, in unit dosage form.
• Conventional pharmaceutical practice may be employed to provide suitable formulations or compositions to administer the compounds to patients suffering from a disease that is caused by excessive cell proliferation. Administration may begin before the patient is symptomatic. Any appropriate route of administration may be employed, for example, administration may be parenteral, intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intratumoral, intramuscular, intracranial, intraorbital, ophthalmic, intraventricular, intrahepatic, intracapsular, intrathecal, intracistemal, intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, suppository, or oral administration.
• therapeutic formulations may be in the form of liquid solutions or suspensions; for oral
• formulations may be in the form of tablets or capsules; and for intranasal formulations, in the form of powders, nasal drops, or aerosols.
• compositions and methods of this disclosure can include an expression vector that includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one RNAi molecule of this invention in a manner that allows expression of the nucleic acid molecule.
• nucleic acid molecules and RNAi molecules of this invention can be expressed from transcription units inserted into DNA or RNA vectors.
• Recombinant vectors can be DNA plasmids or viral vectors.
• Viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression of nucleic acid molecules.
• the vector may contain sequences encoding both strands of a RNAi molecule of a duplex, or a single nucleic acid molecule that is self-complementary and thus forms a RNAi molecule.
• An expression vector may include a nucleic acid sequence encoding two or more nucleic acid molecules.
• a nucleic acid molecule may be expressed within cells from eukaryotic promoters. Those skilled in the art realize that any nucleic acid can be expressed in eukaryotic cells from the appropriate DNA/RNA vector.
• a viral construct can be used to introduce an expression construct into a cell, for transcription of a dsRNA construct encoded by the expression construct.
• Lipid formulations can be administered to animals by intravenous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal injection, or orally or by inhalation or other methods as are known in the art.
• the inhibitory nucleic acid molecule is administered at a dosage of about 5 to 500 mg/m 2 /day, e.g., 5, 25, 50, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, or 300 mg/m 2 /day.
• the inhibitory nucleic acid molecules of this invention are administered systemically in dosages from about 1 to 100 mg/kg, e.g., 1, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg.
• the dosage can range from about 25 to 500 mg/m 2 /day.
• Formulations for parenteral administration may, for example, contain excipients, sterile water, or saline, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, or hydrogenated napthalenes.
• polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, or hydrogenated napthalenes.
• Biocompatible, biodegradable lactide polymer, lactide/glycolide copolymer, or polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers may be used to control the release of the compounds.
• Other potentially useful parenteral delivery systems for inhibitory nucleic acid molecules include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes.
• Formulations for inhalation may contain excipients, for example, lactose, or may be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, glycocholate and deoxycholate, or may be oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops, or as a gel.
• the formulations can be administered to human patients in therapeutically effective amounts (e.g., amounts which prevent, eliminate, or reduce a pathological condition) to provide therapy for a neoplastic disease or condition.
• therapeutically effective amounts e.g., amounts which prevent, eliminate, or reduce a pathological condition
• the preferred dosage of a nucleotide oligomer of the invention can depend on such variables as the type and extent of the disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the formulation of the compound excipients, and its route of administration.
• a pharmaceutical composition of this invention can be effective in treating a Hsp47 associated disease. Examples of the diseases include a disease due to abnormal cell proliferation, and a disease presenting Hsp47 overexpression.
• All of the above methods for reducing malignant tumors may be either an in vitro method or an in vivo method. Dosage may be determined by an in vitro test using cultured cells, etc., as is known in the art.
• An effective amount may be an amount that reduces tumor size by at least 10%, at least 20%, or at least 30%>, or at least 40%, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, up to 100% of the tumor size.
• An effective amount may be an amount that reduces cancer cell proliferation by at least 10%>, at least 20%, or at least 30%>, or at least 40%, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, or up to 100% as compared to control.
• Examples of the disease due to abnormal cell proliferation include malignant tumors, hyperplasia, keloid, Cushing's syndrome, primary aldosteronism, erythroplakia, polycythemia vera, leukoplakia, hyperplastic scar, lichen planus, and lentiginosis.
• Examples of the disease due to Hsp47 overexpression include malignant tumor.
• Examples of cancer include sarcomas such as fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma, carcinomas such as brain tumor, head and neck carcinoma, breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, duodenal carcinoma, appendiceal carcinoma, colon carcinoma, rectal carcinoma, liver carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, gall bladder carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, anal carcinoma, renal carcinoma, ureteral carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, testicular carcinoma, uterine carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, skin carcinoma, leukemia, and malignant lymphoma.
• sarcomas such as fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, lip
• Cancer includes epithelial malignancy and non-epithelial malignancy.
• a cancer can be present at any site of the body, for example, the brain, head and neck, chest, limbs, lung, heart, thymus, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (colon, cecum, appendix, rectum), liver, pancreas, gallbladder, kidney, urinary duct, bladder, prostate, testis, uterus, ovary, skin, striated muscle, smooth muscle, synovial membrane, cartilage, bone, thyroid, adrenal gland, peritoneum, mesentery, bone marrow, blood, vascular system, lymphatic system such as lymph node, lymphatic fluid, etc.
• the cancer includes cancer cells that exhibit hormone- or growth factor-independent proliferation.
• a cancer includes cancer cells exhibiting Hsp47 overexpression.
• Embodiments of this invention can provide liposome nanoparticle compositions.
• the ionizable molecules of this invention can be used to form liposome compositions, which can have a bilayer of lipid-like molecules.
• a nanoparticle composition can have one or more of the ionizable molecules of this invention in a liposomal structure, a bilayer structure, a micelle, a lamellar structure, or a mixture thereof.
• a composition can include one or more liquid vehicle components.
• a liquid vehicle suitable for delivery of active agents of this invention can be a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid vehicle.
• a liquid vehicle can include an organic solvent, or a combination of water and an organic solvent.
• Embodiments of this invention can provide lipid nanoparticles having a size of from 10 to 1000 nm. In some embodiments, the liposome nanoparticles can have a size of from 10 to 150 nm.
• the liposome nanoparticles of this invention can encapsulate the RNAi molecule and retain at least 80% of the encapsulated RNAi molecules after 1 hour exposure to human serum.
• This invention further contemplates methods for distributing an active agent to an organ of a subject for treating malignant tumor by administering to the subject a composition of this invention.
• Organs that can be treated include lung, liver, pancreas, colon, heart, bone, skin, intestine and joints.
• this invention provides methods for treating a lung malignant tumor disease by administering to the subject a composition of this invention.
• this invention provides a range of pharmaceutical formulations.
• a pharmaceutical formulation herein can include an active agent, as well as a drug carrier, or a lipid of this invention, along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• active agents of this description include siRNAs, active agents for malignant tumor, as well as any small molecule drug.
• a drug carrier may target a composition to reach stellate cells.
• a drug carrier may include a drug in its interior, or be attached to the exterior of a drug- containing substance, or be mixed with a drug so long as a retinoid derivative and/or vitamin A analogue is included in the drug carrier, and is at least partially exposed on the exterior of the preparation.
• the composition or preparation may be covered with an appropriate material, such as, for example, an enteric coating or a material that disintegrates over time, or may be incorporated into an appropriate drug release system.
• a pharmaceutical formulation of this invention may contain one or more of each of the following: a surface active agent, a diluent, an excipient, a preservative, a stabilizer, a dye, and a suspension agent.
• preservatives include sodium benzoate, ascorbic acid, and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
• surface active agents include alcohols, esters, sulfated aliphatic alcohols.
• excipients include sucrose, glucose, lactose, starch, crystallized cellulose, mannitol, light anhydrous silicate, magnesium aluminate, magnesium metasilicate aluminate, synthetic aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, sodium acid carbonate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, and calcium carboxymethyl cellulose.
• suspension agents include coconut oil, olive oil, sesame oil, peanut oil, soya, cellulose acetate phthalate, methylacetate-methacrylate copolymer, and ester phthalates.
• a therapeutic formulation of this invention for the delivery of one or more molecules active for gene silencing can be administered to a mammal in need thereof.
• a therapeutically effective amount of the formulation and active agent, which may be encapsulated in a liposome, can be administered to a mammal for preventing or treating malignant tumor.
• the route of administration may be local or systemic.
• a therapeutically-effective formulation of this invention can be administered by various routes, including intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral.
• Routes of administration may include, for example, parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections.
• the formulation can also be administered in sustained or controlled release dosage forms, including depot injections, osmotic pumps, and the like, for prolonged and/or timed, pulsed administration at a predetermined rate.
• composition of the present invention may be administered via various routes including both oral and parenteral routes, and examples thereof include, but are not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, local, intrapulmonary, intra- airway, intratracheal, intrabronchial, nasal, rectal, intraarterial, intraportal, intraventricular, intramedullar, intra-lymph-node, intralymphatic, intrabrain, intrathecal, intracerebroventricular, transmucosal, percutaneous, intranasal, intraperitoneal, and intrauterine routes, and it may be formulated into a dosage form suitable for each administration route.
• Such a dosage form and formulation method may be selected as appropriate from any known dosage forms and methods. See e.g. Hyojun Yakuzaigaku, Standard Pharmaceutics, Ed. by Yoshiteru Watanabe et al., Nankodo, 2003.
• Examples of dosage forms suitable for oral administration include, but are not limited to, powder, granule, tablet, capsule, liquid, suspension, emulsion, gel, and syrup, and examples of the dosage form suitable for parenteral administration include injections such as an injectable solution, an injectable suspension, an injectable emulsion, and a ready-to-use injection.
• Formulations for parenteral administration may be a form such as an aqueous or nonaqueous isotonic sterile solution or suspension.
• compositions for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active formulation in water-soluble form.
• Suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions.
• Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
• the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
• Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
• the formulations may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulary agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
• the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
• the formulations may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by intramuscular injection.
• the formulation may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials, for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil, or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• compositions and formulations of this invention may also be formulated for topical delivery and may be applied to the subject's skin using any suitable process for application of topical delivery vehicle.
• the formulation may be applied manually, using an applicator, or by a process that involves both.
• the formulation may be worked into the subject's skin, e.g., by rubbing.
• Application may be performed multiple times daily or on a once-daily basis.
• the formulation may be applied to a subject's skin once a day, twice a day, or multiple times a day, or may be applied once every two days, once every three days, or about once every week, once every two weeks, or once every several weeks.
• formulations or pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be administered to the subject by any suitable means. Examples of methods of
• administration include, among others, (a) administration via injection, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, intradermally, intraorbitally, intracapsularly, intraspinally, intrasternally, or the like, including infusion pump delivery; (b) administration locally such as by injection directly in the renal or cardiac area, e.g., by depot implantation; as well as deemed appropriate by those of skill in the art for bringing the active compound into contact with living tissue.
• the exact formulation, route of administration and dosage for the pharmaceutical compositions can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition. See, e.g., Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12 th Ed., Sec. 1, 2011.
• the dose range of the composition administered to the patient can be from about 0.5 to about 1000 mg/kg of the patient's body weight.
• the dosage may be a single one or a series of two or more given in the course of one or more days, as is needed by the patient.
• the dosages will be about the same, or dosages that are about 0.1% to about 500%, more preferably about 25%) to about 250%> of the established human dosage.
• a suitable human dosage can be inferred from ED50 or ID50 values, or other appropriate values derived from in vitro or in vivo studies, as qualified by toxicity studies and efficacy studies in animals.
• the present invention further relates to a method for controlling the activity or growth of malignant tumors, the method including administering an effective amount of the composition to a subject in need thereof.
• the effective amount referred to here is, in a method for treating malignant tumor, alleviates its symptoms, or delays or stops its progression, and is preferably an amount that prevents the onset or recurrence of malignant tumor, or cures it. It is also preferably an amount that does not cause an adverse effect that exceeds the benefit from administration.
• Such an amount may be determined as appropriate by an in vitro test using cultured cells or by a test in a model animal or mammal such as a mouse, a rat, a dog, or a pig, and such test methods are well known to a person skilled in the art.
• a model animal or mammal such as a mouse, a rat, a dog, or a pig
• the dose of the active agents in the carrier and the dose of the active agents used in the method of the present invention are known to a person skilled in the art, or may be determined as appropriate by the above- mentioned tests.
• the frequency of administration depends on the properties of the composition used and the above-mentioned conditions of the subject, and may be a plurality of times per day (that is, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more times per day), once a day, every few days (that is, every 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, etc.), a few times per week (e.g. 2, 3, 4 times, etc. per week), every other week, or every few weeks (that is, every 2, 3, 4 weeks, etc.).
• he present invention also relates to a method for delivering a drug to a malignant tumor cell, by utilizing the above carrier.
• This method includes a step of administering or adding the carrier having the substance to be delivered carried thereon to a living being or a medium, for example a culture medium, containing an extracellular matrix -producing cell in the lung. These steps may be achieved as appropriate in accordance with any known method or a method described in this invention.
• the above method includes a mode carried out in vitro and a mode in which a malignant tumor cell in the lung inside the body is targeted.
• a therapeutically-effective formulation of this invention can be administered by systemic delivery that can provide a broad biodistribution of the active agent.
• Embodiments of this invention can provide a therapeutic formulation, which includes an inventive therapeutic molecule and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
• An effective dose of a formulation of this invention may be administered from 1 to 12 times per day, or once per week.
• the duration of administration can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days, or can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 or 12 weeks.
• Example 1 An in vivo study was performed to test tumor growth inhibition with HSP47 as a single target.
• a pancreatic cancer model derived from PANC-1 was chosen due to its enrichment of collagen proteins, as shown in Table 5.
• PANC-1 cells were inoculated into right flank of female athymic nude mice subcutaneously.
• Formulation containing HSP47-siRNA (2M) was injected into animal intravenously at 0.75 mg/kg, qlw and totals 4 doses.
• Fig. 1 shows the results of an in vivo study of a pancreatic cancer model that was performed to test tumor growth inhibition using Hsp47 as a single target.
• a formulation containing Hsp47 siRNA (2M) the tumor volumes grew slowly, if at all, during the course of the study. There was no body weight loss examined. To the contrary, the tumor volumes of the vehicle control group doubled in only 22 days.
• the Hsp47 siRNA was observed to completely suppress tumor growth at dosages of 0.75 mpk, showing that the formulation containing the Hsp47 siRNA was a potent anticancer therapeutic.
• Example 2 The gene expressions of Hsp47, collagen I, and collagen IV in human cancer cell lines A549, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HCT116, M7609,
• Example 3 Results of a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47 are shown in Figs. 3-11.
• Fig. 3 shows an untreated sample for a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 4 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 5 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 50 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 3 shows an untreated sample for a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 4 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 6 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 7 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 8 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 50 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 9 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 10 shows the results of a growth assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the number of cells x 10 4 .
• Filled circles are the untreated sample.
• X markers are the negative siRNA.
• Triangle markers represent the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 11 shows the results of a dye exclusion assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the percentage of dead cells.
• Open circles are the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• X markers are the negative siRNA. Filled circle markers represent the untreated sample.
• Example 4 Results of a method for suppressing proliferation of HCT116 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47 are shown in Figs. 12-16.
• Fig. 12 shows an untreated sample in a method for suppressing proliferation of HCT116 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 13 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HCTl 16 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 14 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HCTl 16 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Comparison of Figs. 12, 13 and 14 shows that the active siRNA targeted to Hsp47 suppresses HCTl 16 colon cancer cells.
• Fig. 15 shows the results of a growth assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of HCTl 16 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the number of cells x 10 4 .
• Filled circles are the untreated sample.
• Open circle markers in the rising curve are the negative siRNA.
• Open circle markers in the flat curve represent the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 16 shows the results of a dye exclusion assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of HCTl 16 colon cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the percentage of dead cells.
• Open circles in the rising curve are the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Open circle markers in the flat curve are the negative siRNA. Filled circle markers represent the untreated sample.
• Example 5 Results of a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47 are shown in Figs. 17-25.
• Fig. 17 shows an untreated sample in a method for suppressing
• Fig. 18 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 19 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 50 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 20 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 21 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 22 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 50 nM in a method for
• Fig. 23 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing
• Fig. 24 shows the results of a growth assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the number of cells x 10 4 .
• Filled circles are the untreated sample.
• Open circle markers are the negative siRNA.
• Triangle markers represent the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 25 shows the results of a dye exclusion assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the percentage of dead cells.
• Open circles are the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• X markers are the negative siRNA. Filled circle markers represent the untreated sample.
• Example 6 Results of a method for suppressing proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47 are shown in Figs. 26-34.
• Fig. 26 shows an untreated sample in a method for suppressing
• Fig. 27 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 28 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 50 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 29 shows the effect of a negative siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 30 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 10 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 31 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 50 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 32 shows the effect of an active siRNA at 100 nM in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• FIG. 33 shows the results of a growth assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the number of cells x 10 4 .
• Filled circles are the untreated sample.
• Open circle markers are the negative siRNA.
• X markers represent the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• Fig. 34 shows the results of a dye exclusion assay in a method for suppressing proliferation of HepG2 hepatic cancer cells with a siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the vertical axis is the percentage of dead cells.
• Open circles are the sample treated with an active siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• X markers are the negative siRNA.
• Open square markers represent the untreated sample.
• Example 7 Results of a method for detecting annexin V and PI in colon cancer cells (SW480, HCT116) transfected with an Hsp47 siRNA are shown in Figs. 35- 36.
• Fig. 35 shows the results of a method for detecting annexin V and PI in colon cancer cells SW480 transfected with an active Hsp47 siRNA on day 2 after transfection of the siRNA.
• Fig. 36 shows the results of a method for detecting annexin V and PI in colon cancer cells HCT116 transfected with an active Hsp47 siRNA on day 2 after transfection of the siRNA.
• Example 8 Results of a method for detecting expression of procaspase-3 and Hsp47 protein in cancer cells transfected with an Hsp47 siRNA are shown in Figs. 37-39.
• Fig. 37 shows the results of a method for detecting expression of procaspase-3 and Hsp47 protein in SW480 colon cancer cells transfected with an active Hsp47 siRNA.
• Fig. 38 shows the results of a method for detecting expression of procaspase-3 and Hsp47 protein in HepG2 hepatic cancer cells transfected with an active Hsp47 siRNA.
• Fig. 39 shows the results of a method for detecting expression of procaspase-3 and Hsp47 protein in A549 lung cancer cells transfected with an active Hsp47 siRNA.
• Example 9 Results of a method for detecting Caspase-3/7 activity in colon cancer cells (SW480) transfected with an Hsp47 siRNA and a p21 siRNA are shown in Fig. 40. These data show that the use of a combination of an Hsp47 siRNA and a p21 siRNA in colon cancer cells provided unexpectedly advantageous increases in the levels of Caspases. The surprising increases in the level of Caspases in cancer cells shows that the cells have surprisingly increased apoptosis.
• Example 10 In vitro transfection was performed in an A549 cell line to determine siRNA knockdown efficacy. Using a formulation of this invention containing RNAi molecules, which are targeted to Hsp47, dose dependent knockdown for Hsp47 mRNA is observed.
• Protocol for in vitro knockdown One day before the transfection, plate the cells in a 96-well plate at 2 x 103 cells per well with 100 ⁇ of DMEM (HyClone Cat. # SH30243.01) containing 10% FBS and culture in a 37°C incubator containing a humidified atmosphere of 5% C02 in air. Before transfection, change medium to 90 ⁇ of Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium (Life Technologies Cat. # 31985-070) containing 2% FBS. Mix 0.2 ⁇ of Lipofectamine RNAiMax (Life Technologies Cat. # 13778-100) with 4.8 ⁇ of Opti-MEM I for 5 minutes at room temperature.
• Example 11 Tumor inhibition efficacy for Hsp47 siRNA.
• a pancreatic cancer xenograft model is utilized with a relatively low dose at 0.75 mg/kg of siRNA targeted to Hsp47.
• the combined siRNAs demonstrate significant and unexpectedly advantageous tumor inhibition efficacy at day 28.
• A549 and PANC-1 cell lines are obtained from ATCC.
• the cell suspension is mixed well with ice thawed BD matrigel at 1 : 1 ratio for injection.
• Each mouse, athymic nude female mice, 6 to 8 weeks, Charles River, is inoculated subcutaneously in the right flank with 0.1 ml of an inoculum of 2x 10 6 (A549) or 2.5 x 10 6 (PANC-1) cells using a 25 G needle and syringe (1 inoculum per mouse). Mice are anesthetized for inoculation. On the day when the established tumors reaches
• mice approximately 250 - 350 mm 3 (A549) or 150 - 250 mm 3 (PANC-1) animals are subjected to bolus injection through tail vein. Animals are sacrificed by overdosed C0 2 and tumors dissected at different time points following the dosing. Tumors are first wet weighted, and then are separated into three parts for measurement of Hsp47 knockdown, biodistribution of siRNA, and biomarker analysis. The samples are snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until ready to be processed for bioanalysis.
• Example 12 Efficacy evaluation of siRNA encapsulated in a liposomal formulation on an orthotopic A549 lung cancer mouse model.
• mice A total of sixty male NCr nu/nu mice, 5-6 weeks old, are used in the study.
• the experimental animals are bred and raised at Anticancer Inc. They are maintained in a HEPA filtered environment during the experimental period. Cages, food and bedding are autoclaved.
• the animal diets are obtained from Harlan Teklad (Madison, WI).
• Liposomal formulation preparation The formulations are prepared and stored at 4° C. They are warmed to room temperature 10 minutes prior to injecting to the mice.
• A549 human lung cancer orthotopic model (SOI): On the day of SOI, the stock tumors are harvested from the subcutaneous site of animals bearing A549 tumor xenograft and placed in RPMI-1640 medium. Necrotic tissues are removed and viable tissues are cut into 1.5-2 mm 3 pieces. The animals are anesthetized with isoflurane inhalation and the surgical area is sterilized with iodine and alcohol. A transverse incision approximately 1.5 cm long is made in the left chest wall of the mouse using a pair of surgical scissors. An intercostal incision is made between the third and the fourth rib and the left lung is exposed. One A549 tumor fragment is transplanted to the surface of the lung with an 8-0 surgical suture (nylon).
• the chest wall is closed with a 6-0 surgical suture (silk).
• the lung is re-inflated by intrathoracic puncture using a 3 cc syringe with a 25 G X 1 1 ⁇ 2 needle to draw out the remaining air in the chest cavity.
• the chest wall is closed with a 6-0 surgical silk suture. All procedures of the operation described above are performed with a 7 x magnification microscope (Olympus) under HEPA filtered laminar flow hoods.
• mice Three days after tumor implantation, the tumor-bearing mice are randomly divided into groups with ten mice per group. Treatments for each group of mice are initiated three days after tumor implantation.
• Endpoint The experimental mice are sacrificed forty-two days after treatment initiation. Primary tumors are excised and weighed on an electronic balance for subsequent analysis.
• the anti-tumor efficacy of formulations against human lung cancer A549 is evaluated by comparing the final primary tumor weights measured at necropsy between each of the treatment groups and the vehicle control group. The average tumor weight in each group is measured.
• Hsp47 siRNA-plasmid The most effective pair of Hsp47 siRNA-plasmid is selected by ELISA and real-time RT- PCR. A549 cells are transfected with selected Hsp47 siRNA- plasmid, A549 cells are transfected with non-silencing-plasmid, and A549 cells without transfection are inoculated into nude mice, respectively.
• Chick embryos are randomly divided into four groups and CAM is treated by different solutions for 48 h: culture media DMEM as negative control group, un-transfected A549 cell culture supernatants as positive control group, Hsp47 siRNA A549 cell culture supernatants as Hsp47 siRNA group and non- silencing siRNA A549 cell culture supernatants as non-silencing siRNA group.
• the CAMs were harvested on day 12 for microscopic assays.
• Hsp47 siRNA-plasmid induces reduction in Hsp47 secretion by A549 cells accompanied by reduction in Hsp47 mRNA.
• the mean tumor volume of murine xenograft is reduced in Hsp47 siRNA group; time for xenografts growing to 50 mm 3 is delayed. Hsp47 contents in xenograft are reduced.
• Hsp47 content is zero in negative group, and in Hsp47 siRNA group is reduced by 20-70% compared to non-silencing siRNA group or positive group; vessels branch points of CAM in Hsp47 siRNA group or non-silencing siRNA group or positive group are increased compared with negative group; total vessel length of CAM in Hsp47 siRNA group is increased compared with negative group, while in non-silencing siRNA group or positive group it is increased.
• the proliferation of microvessels is increased when cell culture supernatant with Hsp47 added in Hsp47 siRNA group, significant proliferated vessels are observed in non-silencing siRNA group or positive group.
• Example 14 Cell culture.
• the human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line, A549 is cultured in F-12K medium (ATCC) supplemented with 10% FBS (FBS, Invitrogen) at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% C0 2 .
• the cells stably expressing control, orHsp47 siRNAs are generated by transducing A549TR cells with the respective lentiviral transduction particles as per manufacturer's instructions (Sigma- Aldrich).
• Resistant clones are selected in 2.5 ⁇ g/mL puromycin (Invivogen) for 12 d, isolated using cloning cylinders, and subsequently expanded and maintained in puromycin-containing medium.
• Example 15 Hsp47 targeted siRNAs result in profound regression of tumor volume in vivo.
• a lipid formulation is used to encapsulate and deliver siRNA in nanoparticles to xenografts of human A549 lung cancer cells in scid mice.
• the xenografts are tested to identify the presence of KRAS mutations or aberrant levels of expression compared to normal cells.
• mice are treated with either Hsp47 targeted siRNA or Control (non-specific) siRNA every 2 days for 2 weeks. The trial is halted when the control group has to be euthanized.
• Hsp47 targeted siRNA-treated tumors display significantly higher levels of apoptosis.
• RNA is extracted from the tumors, and real-time PCR is performed to examine specific knockdown of Hsp47.
• Example 16 siRNAs of this invention targeted to p21 were found to be active for gene silencing in vitro.
• the dose-dependent activities of p21 siRNAs for gene knockdown were found to exhibit an IC50 below about 3 picomolar (pM), and as low as 1 pM.
• Example 17 The structure of p21 siRNAs of this invention having deoxynucleotides located in the seed region of the antisense strand of the siRNA provided unexpectedly and advantageously increased gene knockdown activity.
• deoxynucleotides in the seed region of the antisense strand provided surprisingly increased gene knockdown activity as compared to a p21 siRNA without
• deoxynucleotides in the seed region of the antisense strand were in the range 0.001 to 0.1 pM, which is exceptionally suitable for many uses, including as a drug agent to be used in vivo.

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