WO2015005151A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物、リチウムイオン二次電池用セパレータ、リチウムイオン二次電池用電極、及びリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物、リチウムイオン二次電池用セパレータ、リチウムイオン二次電池用電極、及びリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015005151A1 WO2015005151A1 PCT/JP2014/067275 JP2014067275W WO2015005151A1 WO 2015005151 A1 WO2015005151 A1 WO 2015005151A1 JP 2014067275 W JP2014067275 W JP 2014067275W WO 2015005151 A1 WO2015005151 A1 WO 2015005151A1
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- ion secondary
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- porous film
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/04—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as impregnant, bonding, or embedding substance
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
- B32B27/24—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using solvents or swelling agents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
- H01M50/42—Acrylic resins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/46—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/724—Permeability to gases, adsorption
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2457/00—Electrical equipment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2457/00—Electrical equipment
- B32B2457/10—Batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a porous membrane composition for a lithium ion secondary battery, and a separator for a lithium ion secondary battery, an electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery, and a lithium ion secondary battery manufactured using the same.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are frequently used as secondary batteries used as power sources for these portable terminals.
- a separator is generally provided to prevent a short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- this separator may be provided with a porous film on the separator substrate as necessary.
- a porous film for example, a film containing non-conductive particles such as alumina and a binder that binds the non-conductive particles is known. It has also been proposed to provide the porous film on an electrode plate (see Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- the present invention was devised in view of the above problems, and provides a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in binding property in an electrolyte solution with a separator substrate or an electrode plate and excellent in low-temperature output characteristics.
- a porous membrane composition for a lithium ion secondary battery that can be realized and can produce a porous membrane that can suppress the dropping of the porous membrane in the electrolyte; excellent binding properties between the separator substrate and the porous membrane in the electrolyte
- a lithium ion secondary battery that can realize a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent low-temperature output characteristics and that can suppress the dropping of the porous film in the electrolytic solution; in the electrolytic solution of the electrode plate and the porous film Lithium ion secondary battery electrode that can realize a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in binding property and excellent in low temperature output characteristics, and can suppress the dropping of the porous film in the electrolyte; and low temperature output characteristics Excellent It was, and to provide a lithium ion secondary battery with excellent safety.
- the present inventor has formed a core that partially swells the core portion and the outer surface of the core portion, which is formed of a polymer that can swell with a predetermined degree of swelling with respect to the electrolytic solution.
- a porous membrane containing a particulate polymer having a core-shell structure with a portion has excellent binding properties in an electrolyte solution with a separator substrate and an electrode plate, and a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in low-temperature output characteristics
- the present invention has been completed by finding out that it can be realized. That is, the present invention is as follows.
- a porous membrane composition for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a first particulate polymer,
- the first particulate polymer has a core-shell structure including a core portion and a shell portion that partially covers an outer surface of the core portion;
- the core portion is made of a polymer having a swelling degree with respect to the electrolyte of 5 to 30 times,
- the glass transition temperature of the polymer of the core part is 0 ° C. or higher and 150 ° C.
- a glass transition temperature of the polymer of the shell part is 50 ° C or higher and 200 ° C or lower.
- an electrode plate An electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a porous film obtained by applying the porous film composition for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of [1] to [3] on the electrode plate.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolytic solution and a separator, The lithium ion secondary battery whose said separator is a separator for lithium ion secondary batteries as described in [4].
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte solution, A lithium ion secondary battery, wherein at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is an electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery according to [5].
- a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent binding properties in an electrolytic solution with a separator substrate or an electrode plate and excellent low-temperature output characteristics can be obtained.
- the separator for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention can realize a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in binding properties in an electrolyte solution between a separator substrate and a porous film, and excellent in low-temperature output characteristics, Dropping of the porous film can be suppressed in the electrolytic solution.
- the electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention can realize a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent binding properties in an electrolyte solution between an electrode plate and a porous film, and excellent in low-temperature output characteristics. Dropping of the porous film can be suppressed in the liquid.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is excellent in low-temperature output characteristics and excellent in safety.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of a first particulate polymer.
- (meth) acrylic acid includes acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
- the (meth) acrylate includes acrylate and methacrylate.
- (meth) acrylonitrile includes acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.
- (Meth) acrylamide includes acrylamide and methacrylamide.
- a certain substance is water-soluble means that when 0.5 g of the substance is dissolved in 100 g of water at 25 ° C., the insoluble content is 0 wt% or more and less than 1.0 wt%. Further, that a certain substance is water-insoluble means that an insoluble content is 90% by weight or more and 100% by weight or less when 0.5 g of the substance is dissolved in 100 g of water at 25 ° C.
- the proportion of the structural unit formed by polymerizing a certain monomer in the polymer is usually that unless otherwise specified. This coincides with the ratio (preparation ratio) of the certain monomer in the total monomers used for polymerization of the polymer.
- electrode plate includes not only a rigid plate member but also a flexible sheet and film.
- “monomer composition” is used not only as a composition containing two or more types of monomers but also as a term indicating one type of monomer.
- porous film composition for lithium ion secondary battery contains a first particulate polymer.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of a first particulate polymer.
- the first particulate polymer 100 has a core-shell structure including a core part 110 and a shell part 120.
- the core part 110 is a part inside the shell part 120 in the first particulate polymer 100.
- the shell portion 120 is a portion that covers the outer surface 110 ⁇ / b> S of the core portion 110, and is usually the outermost portion in the first particulate polymer 100.
- the shell portion 120 does not cover the entire outer surface 110S of the core portion 110 but partially covers the outer surface 110S of the core portion 110.
- the core part and the shell part are each made of a polymer having a predetermined degree of swelling with respect to the electrolytic solution.
- the porous film produced using the porous film composition containing the first particulate polymer is excellent in binding properties in the electrolyte solution with the separator substrate or the electrode plate. If this porous film is provided in a lithium ion secondary battery, the low temperature output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be improved. Moreover, dropping of the porous film in the electrolytic solution can be suppressed, and the safety of the battery can be improved. Furthermore, normally, the high-temperature cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be improved.
- a separator for a lithium ion secondary battery having a porous film may be stored and transported in a wound state, but the porous film composition of the present invention. Even if the separator provided with the porous film manufactured using is rolled up, it is difficult to cause blocking. The reason why such an excellent effect is obtained is not necessarily clear, but according to the study of the present inventor, it is presumed as follows. However, the present invention is not limited for the reason presumed below.
- Binding property between porous membrane and separator substrate or electrode plate The polymer constituting the shell part of the first particulate polymer swells in the electrolytic solution. At this time, due to factors such as activation of the functional group of the polymer in the swollen shell portion to cause chemical or electrical interaction with the functional group on the surface of the separator substrate or electrode plate, the shell portion is It can be firmly bonded to the separator substrate or the electrode plate. Therefore, it is speculated that it is possible to improve the binding property in the electrolyte solution between the porous membrane and the separator substrate or the electrode plate.
- the porous film is generally provided between a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- the electrode active material particularly, the negative electrode active material
- the electrode active material expands and contracts, and thus a void may be generated between the porous film and the electrode plate.
- the distance between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate increases, and the internal resistance of the battery increases, or the reaction field between the lithium ions and the electrode active material becomes non-uniform. As a result, the low-temperature output characteristics may deteriorate.
- the porous film manufactured using the porous film composition according to the present invention has a separator base material and an electrode plate in a state where the shell part of the first particulate polymer is swollen in the electrolytic solution as described above. Expresses high binding properties. For this reason, even if it charges / discharges, it is hard to produce a space
- the polymer in the core part of the first particulate polymer swells greatly in the electrolytic solution. In a state swollen greatly in the electrolytic solution, the gap between the molecules of the polymer becomes large, and ions easily pass between the molecules. Further, the polymer in the core part of the first particle polymer is not completely covered by the shell part. Therefore, since ions easily pass through the core portion in the electrolytic solution, the first particulate polymer can exhibit high ion diffusibility. Therefore, it is possible to suppress an increase in resistance due to the porous film.
- the polymer in the shell part usually does not have binding properties in a state where it does not swell in the electrolytic solution, and exhibits binding properties only after swelling in the electrolytic solution. Therefore, the first particulate polymer usually does not exhibit great binding properties in a state where it is not swollen in the electrolytic solution. Thereby, it is guessed that a porous film provided with a 1st particulate polymer does not produce blocking easily even if it piles up. Even when the first particulate polymer is not swollen in the electrolytic solution, the first particulate polymer can exhibit binding properties when heated to a certain temperature or higher (for example, 60 ° C. or higher).
- a core part consists of a polymer which has predetermined
- the swelling degree of the polymer of the core part with respect to the electrolytic solution is usually 5 times or more, preferably 6 times or more, more preferably 7 times or more, and usually 30 times or less, preferably 25 times or less, more Preferably it is 20 times or less.
- the life of the lithium ion secondary battery can be normally extended by setting it to the upper limit value or less.
- a solution in which LiPF 6 is dissolved at a concentration of 1 mol / liter with respect to the solvent is used.
- the swelling degree of the polymer in the core part can be measured as follows. First, a polymer of the core part of the first particulate polymer is prepared. For example, the polymer obtained by performing the process similar to performing in order to manufacture a core part in the manufacturing method of a 1st particulate polymer is prepared. Then, a film is produced with the prepared polymer. For example, if the polymer is solid, the polymer is dried at 25 ° C. for 48 hours, and then the polymer is formed into a film to produce a film having a thickness of 0.5 mm.
- the polymer is a solution or dispersion such as latex
- the solution or dispersion is placed in a petri dish made of polytetrafluoroethylene and dried under the conditions of 25 ° C. and 48 hours to obtain a thickness of 0.
- the film thus prepared is cut into 1 cm squares to obtain test pieces.
- the weight of this test piece is measured and set to W0.
- this test piece is immersed in electrolyte solution at 60 degreeC for 72 hours, and the test piece is taken out from electrolyte solution.
- the kind and amount of the monomer for producing the polymer in the core part are appropriately selected.
- the SP value of a polymer is close to the SP value of an electrolytic solution, the polymer tends to swell in the electrolytic solution.
- the SP value of the polymer is far from the SP value of the electrolytic solution, the polymer tends to hardly swell in the electrolytic solution.
- the SP value means a solubility parameter.
- the SP value can be calculated using the method introduced in Hansen Solubility Parameters A User's Handbook, 2ndEd (CRCPless).
- the SP value of an organic compound can be estimated from the molecular structure of the organic compound. Specifically, it can be calculated by using simulation software (for example, “HSPiP” (http://www.hansen-solution.com)) that can calculate the SP value from the SMILE equation.
- the simulation software also includes Hansen SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS A User's Handbook Second Edition, Charles M. Based on the theory described in Hansen.
- the monomer used for producing the core polymer those having a swelling degree of the polymer in the above range can be used.
- examples of such monomers include vinyl chloride monomers such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride; vinyl acetate monomers such as vinyl acetate; styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, styrenesulfonic acid, butoxystyrene, Aromatic vinyl monomers such as vinylnaphthalene; Vinylamine monomers such as vinylamine; Vinylamide monomers such as N-vinylformamide and N-vinylacetamide; (Meth) acrylic acid such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate Derivatives; (meth) acrylic acid ester monomers such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate; (meth) acrylamide monomers such as acrylamide and methacrylamide; acrylonitrile,
- the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit means a structural unit having a structure formed by polymerizing a (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer.
- the (meth) acrylonitrile monomer unit means a structural unit having a structure formed by polymerizing (meth) acrylonitrile. This facilitates control of the degree of swelling of the polymer. Moreover, the ion diffusibility of the porous membrane can be further enhanced.
- the total proportion of (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer units and (meth) acrylonitrile monomer units in the polymer of the core part is preferably 50% by weight or more, more preferably 55% by weight or more, and still more preferably 60%. % By weight or more, particularly preferably 70% by weight or more, preferably 99% by weight or less, more preferably 95% by weight or less, particularly preferably 90% by weight or less.
- total of (meth) acrylate monomer units and (meth) acrylonitrile monomer units in the polymer of the core part includes only (meth) acrylate monomer units. It may mean that it may contain only (meth) acrylonitrile monomer units, or may contain a combination of (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer units and (meth) acrylonitrile monomer units. .
- the polymer of the core part may include an acid group-containing monomer unit.
- the acid group-containing monomer the same acid group-containing monomers that can be contained in the shell portion are used.
- the acid group-containing monomer a monomer having a carboxylic acid group is preferable, among which monocarboxylic acid is preferable, and (meth) acrylic acid is more preferable.
- an acid group containing monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the ratio of the acid group content body unit in the polymer of the core part is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, still more preferably 3% by mass or more, and preferably 20% by mass. Hereinafter, it is more preferably 10% by mass or less, and further preferably 7% by mass or less.
- a shell portion that increases the dispersibility of the polymer in the core portion by partially covering the outer surface of the core portion with respect to the outer surface of the polymer in the core portion by keeping the ratio of the acid group content body unit in the above range. It becomes easy to form.
- the polymer in the core part preferably contains a crosslinkable monomer unit.
- a crosslinkable monomer unit is a structural unit having a structure formed by polymerizing a crosslinkable monomer.
- the crosslinkable monomer is a monomer that can form a crosslinked structure during or after polymerization by heating or irradiation with energy rays. By including a crosslinkable monomer unit, the degree of swelling of the polymer can be easily within the above range.
- crosslinkable monomer examples include polyfunctional monomers having two or more polymerization reactive groups in the monomer.
- polyfunctional monomers include divinyl compounds such as divinylbenzene; di (meta) such as ethylene dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, and 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate.
- Acrylic acid ester compounds Tri (meth) acrylic acid ester compounds such as trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate; Ethylenically unsaturated monomers containing epoxy groups such as allyl glycidyl ether and glycidyl methacrylate; Is mentioned.
- a dimethacrylic acid ester compound and an ethylenically unsaturated monomer containing an epoxy group are preferable, and a dimethacrylic acid ester compound is more preferable.
- these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the proportion of the crosslinkable monomer unit in the polymer increases, the degree of swelling of the polymer with respect to the electrolytic solution tends to decrease. Accordingly, the proportion of the crosslinkable monomer unit is preferably determined in consideration of the type and amount of the monomer used.
- the specific ratio of the crosslinkable monomer unit in the polymer of the core part is preferably 0.1% by weight or more, more preferably 0.2% by weight or more, particularly preferably 0.5% by weight or more, Preferably it is 5 weight% or less, More preferably, it is 4 weight% or less, Most preferably, it is 3 weight% or less.
- the ratio of the crosslinkable monomer unit By making the ratio of the crosslinkable monomer unit more than the lower limit of the above range, the binding property between the porous membrane and the separator substrate or the electrode plate in the electrolytic solution is improved, and the porosity in the electrolytic solution is increased. Dropping of the film can be suppressed. Moreover, the lifetime of a secondary battery can be lengthened by making it into an upper limit or less.
- the glass transition temperature of the polymer of the core part is preferably 0 ° C. or higher, more preferably 10 ° C. or higher, further preferably 20 ° C. or higher, still more preferably 30 ° C. or higher, particularly preferably 60 ° C. or higher.
- it is 150 degrees C or less, More preferably, it is 130 degrees C or less, More preferably, it is 110 degrees C or less, More preferably, it is 100 degrees C or less, Especially preferably, it is 90 degrees C or less, More preferably, it is 80 degrees C or less.
- the glass transition temperature of the polymer of the core part By setting the glass transition temperature of the polymer of the core part to be equal to or higher than the lower limit of the above range, it is possible to improve the binding property in the electrolytic solution to the separator substrate or electrode plate of the porous film, It is possible to suppress the falling off of the porous film. Furthermore, the lifetime of a lithium ion secondary battery can be lengthened by setting it as below an upper limit. Moreover, the low temperature output characteristic of a lithium ion secondary battery can be normally improved by keeping the glass transition temperature of the polymer of a core part in the said range.
- the glass transition temperature can be measured according to JIS K7121.
- the diameter of the core part is preferably 50% or more, more preferably 60% or more, still more preferably 70% or more, particularly preferably 80% or more with respect to the volume average particle diameter of 100% of the first particulate polymer. Yes, preferably 99% or less, more preferably 98.5% or less, particularly preferably 98% or less.
- the diameter of the core part equal to or greater than the lower limit of the above range, the ionic conductivity can be increased.
- the binding force in the electrolyte solution between the porous membrane and the separator substrate or the electrode plate can be increased, and the dropping of the porous membrane in the electrolyte solution can be suppressed. .
- the diameter of the core part is the volume average particle size of the particulate polymer (that is, the particulate polymer constituting the core part) before forming the shell part obtained in the production process of the first particulate polymer. It can be measured as a diameter.
- the volume average particle diameter represents a particle diameter at which the cumulative volume calculated from the small diameter side is 50% in the particle diameter distribution measured by the laser diffraction method.
- the shell part is made of a polymer having a predetermined swelling degree smaller than that of the core part with respect to the electrolytic solution.
- the swelling degree of the polymer of the shell portion with respect to the electrolytic solution is usually greater than 1 time, preferably 1.05 times or more, more preferably 1.1 times or more, and further preferably 1.2 times or more. In addition, it is usually 4 times or less, preferably 3.5 times or less, more preferably 3 times or less.
- the low temperature output characteristic of a lithium ion secondary battery can be normally made favorable by making swelling degree of the polymer of a shell part more than the lower limit of the said range. Furthermore, by making it below the upper limit value, normally, the binding property of the porous membrane to the separator substrate or electrode plate in the electrolytic solution can be improved, and the loss of the porous membrane in the electrolytic solution is suppressed. be able to.
- the electrolytic solution used for measuring the swelling degree of the polymer in the shell portion the same electrolytic solution used for measuring the swelling degree of the polymer in the core portion is used.
- the swelling degree of the polymer in the shell part can be measured as follows. First, a polymer of the shell part of the first particulate polymer is prepared. For example, in the method for producing the first particulate polymer, the monomer composition used for producing the shell portion is used in the same manner as the method for producing the core portion instead of the monomer composition used for producing the core portion. To produce a polymer. Thereafter, a film is produced from the polymer in the shell portion by the same method as the method for measuring the degree of swelling of the polymer in the core portion, a test piece is obtained from the film, and the degree of swelling S is measured.
- the kind and amount of the monomer for producing the polymer of the shell part are appropriately selected. Can be mentioned.
- the monomer used for producing the polymer of the shell part those having a swelling degree of the polymer within the above range can be used.
- a monomer the same example as the monomer illustrated as a monomer which can be used in order to manufacture the polymer of a core part is mentioned, for example.
- such a monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- aromatic vinyl monomers are preferable. That is, the polymer of the shell part preferably contains an aromatic vinyl monomer unit.
- the aromatic vinyl monomer unit refers to a structural unit having a structure formed by polymerizing an aromatic vinyl monomer.
- aromatic vinyl monomers styrene derivatives such as styrene and styrene sulfonic acid are more preferable.
- an aromatic vinyl monomer it is easy to control the degree of swelling of the polymer. Moreover, the binding force between the porous membrane and the separator substrate or the electrode plate can be further increased.
- the ratio of the aromatic vinyl monomer unit in the polymer of the shell part is preferably 20% by weight or more, more preferably 40% by weight or more, still more preferably 50% by weight or more, still more preferably 60% by weight or more, particularly Preferably it is 80 mass% or more, Preferably it is 100 weight% or less, More preferably, it is 99.5 weight% or less, More preferably, it is 99 weight% or less.
- the polymer of the shell part may include an acid group-containing monomer unit.
- the acid group-containing monomer unit is a structural unit having a structure formed by polymerizing a monomer having an acid group.
- Examples of the acid group-containing monomer include a monomer having a carboxylic acid group, a monomer having a sulfonic acid group, a monomer having a phosphate group, and a monomer having a hydroxyl group.
- Examples of the monomer having a carboxylic acid group include monocarboxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid.
- Examples of the monocarboxylic acid include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and crotonic acid.
- Examples of the dicarboxylic acid include maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid and the like.
- Examples of the monomer having a sulfonic acid group include vinyl sulfonic acid, methyl vinyl sulfonic acid, (meth) allyl sulfonic acid, ethyl (meth) acrylic acid-2-sulfonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfone. Acid, 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid and the like.
- Examples of the monomer having a phosphoric acid group include phosphoric acid-2- (meth) acryloyloxyethyl phosphate, methyl-2- (meth) acryloyloxyethyl phosphate, and ethyl phosphate- (meth) acryloyloxyethyl phosphate. Can be mentioned.
- Examples of the monomer having a hydroxyl group include 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate.
- a monomer having a carboxylic acid group is preferable, among which monocarboxylic acid is preferable, and (meth) acrylic acid is preferable.
- an acid group containing monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the ratio of the acid group-containing monomer unit in the polymer of the shell part is preferably 0.1% by weight or more, more preferably 1% by weight or more, still more preferably 3% by weight or more, preferably 20% by weight. Hereinafter, it is more preferably 10% by weight or less, still more preferably 7% by weight or less.
- the polymer of the shell part may contain a crosslinkable monomer unit.
- a crosslinkable monomer the same example as what was illustrated as a crosslinkable monomer which can be used for the polymer of a core part is mentioned, for example.
- crosslinked monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the ratio of the crosslinkable monomer unit in the polymer of the shell part is preferably 0.1% by weight or more, more preferably 0.2% by weight or more, particularly preferably 0.5% by weight or more, preferably 5%. % By weight or less, more preferably 4% by weight or less, particularly preferably 3% by weight or less.
- the glass transition temperature of the polymer in the shell portion is preferably 50 ° C. or higher, more preferably 60 ° C. or higher, particularly preferably 70 ° C. or higher, preferably 200 ° C. or lower, more preferably 180 ° C. or lower, and still more preferably 150 ° C. It is 120 degrees C or less especially preferably.
- the shell part partially covers the outer surface of the core part. That is, the shell part covers the outer surface of the core part, but does not cover the entire outer surface of the core part. Even if it appears that the outer surface of the core part is completely covered by the shell part, the shell part is outside the core part as long as a hole that communicates the inside and outside of the shell part is formed. It is a shell part concerning the present invention which partially covers the surface. Therefore, for example, the first particulate polymer having a shell portion having pores communicating from the outer surface of the shell portion (that is, the peripheral surface of the first particulate polymer) to the outer surface of the core portion is included in the present invention. It is contained in the first particulate polymer.
- the average ratio at which the outer surface of the core part is covered with the shell part is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 30% or more, still more preferably 40% or more, particularly preferably 60% or more, preferably 99.9%. Below, more preferably 98% or less, still more preferably 95% or less, more preferably 90% or less, and still more preferably 85% or less.
- the average ratio of the outer surface of the core part covered by the shell part can be measured from the observation result of the cross-sectional structure of the first particulate polymer. Specifically, it can be measured by the method described below. First, the first particulate polymer is sufficiently dispersed in a room temperature curable epoxy resin, and then embedded to produce a block piece containing the first particulate polymer. Next, the block piece is cut into a thin piece having a thickness of 80 nm to 200 nm with a microtome equipped with a diamond blade to produce a measurement sample. Thereafter, if necessary, the measurement sample is dyed using, for example, ruthenium tetroxide or osmium tetroxide.
- this measurement sample is set in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the cross-sectional structure of the first particulate polymer is photographed.
- the magnification of the electron microscope is preferably such that the cross section of one first particulate polymer enters the field of view, specifically about 10,000 times.
- the circumferential length D1 corresponding to the outer surface of the core portion and the length D2 of the portion where the outer surface of the core portion and the shell portion abut are measured.
- ratio Rc by which the outer surface of the core part of the 1st particulate polymer is covered with a shell part is computed by the following (1) formula using measured length D1 and length D2.
- the coating ratio Rc is measured for 20 or more first particulate polymers, and the average value is calculated to obtain the average ratio at which the outer surface of the core part is covered by the shell part.
- the covering ratio Rc can be calculated manually from the cross-sectional structure, but can also be calculated using commercially available image analysis software. As commercially available image analysis software, for example, “AnalySIS Pro” (manufactured by Olympus Corporation) can be used.
- the shell portion preferably has an average thickness that falls within a predetermined range with respect to the volume average particle diameter of the first particulate polymer.
- the average thickness of the shell part with respect to the volume average particle diameter of the first particulate polymer is preferably 1% or more, more preferably 2% or more, particularly preferably 5% or more, preferably 30%. Below, more preferably 25% or less, particularly preferably 20% or less.
- the average thickness of the shell part is determined by observing the cross-sectional structure of the first particulate polymer with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Specifically, the maximum thickness of the shell part in the cross-sectional structure of the first particulate polymer is measured, and the average value of the maximum thickness of the shell part of 20 or more arbitrarily selected first particulate polymers is determined as the shell.
- the shell portion is composed of polymer particles, and the particles constituting the shell portion do not overlap in the radial direction of the first particulate polymer, and the polymer particles are a single layer.
- the number average particle diameter of the particles constituting the shell part is defined as the average thickness of the shell part.
- the form of the shell part is not particularly limited, but the shell part is preferably composed of polymer particles.
- the shell part is constituted by polymer particles, a plurality of particles constituting the shell part may overlap in the radial direction of the first particulate polymer.
- the particles constituting the shell portion do not overlap each other, and the particles of the polymer constitute the shell portion as a single layer.
- the number average particle diameter of the particles constituting the shell part is preferably 10 nm or more, more preferably 20 nm or more, particularly preferably 30 nm or more, preferably 200 nm or less, more preferably 150 nm or less, particularly preferably 100 nm or less. .
- the number average particle diameter of the particles constituting the shell portion is determined by observing the cross-sectional structure of the first particulate polymer with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Specifically, the longest diameter of the particles constituting the shell portion in the cross-sectional structure of the first particulate polymer is measured, and 20 or more arbitrarily selected particles constituting the shell portion of the first particulate polymer are selected. The average value of the longest diameter is defined as the number average particle diameter of the particles constituting the shell portion.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the 1st particulate polymer may be equipped with arbitrary components other than the core part and shell part which were mentioned above, unless the effect of the present invention is impaired remarkably.
- the seed particles used when the first particulate polymer is produced by the seed polymerization method may remain inside the core portion.
- the first particulate polymer preferably includes only the core portion and the shell portion.
- the volume average particle diameter of the first particulate polymer is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, particularly preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more, preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, particularly Preferably it is 1 micrometer or less.
- the binding force in the electrolyte solution between the porous membrane and the separator substrate or the electrode plate can be increased, the low temperature output characteristics can be improved, and the porous membrane in the electrolyte solution can be improved. Dropping can be suppressed.
- the amount of the first particulate polymer in the porous membrane composition is preferably set so that the ratio of the first particulate polymer in the porous membrane falls within a predetermined range.
- the ratio of the first particulate polymer in the porous membrane is preferably 0.1% by weight or more, and preferably 99.9% by weight or less.
- the proportion of the first particulate polymer in the porous film is preferably 50% by weight or more, more preferably 55% by weight or more, particularly preferably 60% by weight or more, preferably 99.9% by weight or less, more Preferably it is 99 weight% or less, Most preferably, it is 98 weight% or less.
- the binding force in the electrolyte solution between the porous membrane and the separator substrate or the electrode plate can be increased, and the ion diffusibility can be increased.
- the ratio of the first particulate polymer in the porous membrane is preferably 0.1% by weight or more, more preferably 0.5% by weight or more, still more preferably 1% by weight or more, particularly preferably 3% by weight or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but preferably does not express a large binding force in the electrolyte solution between the porous membrane and the separator substrate or the electrode plate, preferably less than 50% by weight, more preferably 20% by weight or less, and further Preferably it is 10 weight% or less.
- the first particulate polymer for example, uses a polymer monomer in the core part and a monomer in the shell part polymer, and gradually changes the ratio of these monomers over time. Can be manufactured. Specifically, it can be obtained by a continuous multi-stage emulsion polymerization method and a multi-stage suspension polymerization method in which the polymer in the previous stage is sequentially coated with the polymer in the subsequent stage.
- a first particulate polymer having a core-shell structure is obtained by a multistage emulsion polymerization method.
- an emulsifier for example, anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and sodium dodecylsulfate, nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether and sorbitan monolaurate, or Cationic surfactants such as octadecylamine acetate can be used.
- polymerization initiator examples include peroxides such as t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate, potassium persulfate, cumene peroxide, 2,2′-azobis (2-methyl-N- (2 An azo compound such as -hydroxyethyl) -propionamide) or 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride can be used.
- a polymerization procedure first, a monomer and an emulsifier that form a core part are mixed in water as a solvent, a polymerization initiator is then added, and a particulate polymer constituting the core part is formed by emulsion polymerization. obtain. Furthermore, the 1st particulate polymer which has a core shell structure can be obtained by superposing
- the polymer monomer of the shell portion it is preferable to supply the polymer monomer of the shell portion to the polymerization system in a plurality of times or continuously.
- the polymer constituting the shell part is formed into particles, and these particles are combined with the core part.
- a shell part that partially covers the core part can be formed.
- the particle diameter of the particles constituting the shell part and the average thickness of the shell part are controlled according to the ratio of dividing the monomer. It is possible.
- the number average particle diameter of the particles constituting the shell part and the shell part are adjusted by adjusting the monomer supply amount per unit time. It is possible to control the average thickness.
- the monomer forming the polymer of the shell part is a monomer having a low affinity for the polymerization solvent, it tends to easily form a shell part that partially covers the core part.
- the monomer that forms the polymer of the shell part preferably includes a hydrophobic monomer, and particularly preferably includes an aromatic vinyl monomer.
- a shell part that partially covers the core part can be formed. it can.
- the volume average particle diameter of the particulate polymer constituting the core part, the volume average particle diameter of the first particulate polymer after forming the shell part, and the number average particle diameter of the particles constituting the shell part For example, by adjusting the amount of the emulsifier, the amount of the monomer, etc., the desired range can be obtained.
- the average ratio of the outer surface of the core part covered by the shell part corresponds to the volume average particle diameter of the particulate polymer constituting the core part, for example, the amount of emulsifier and the polymer of the shell part By adjusting the amount of the monomer, a desired range can be obtained.
- the porous film composition of the present invention preferably contains a second particulate polymer.
- the second particulate polymer is a particulate polymer and can function as a binder in the porous film. Therefore, the second particulate polymer has an effect of binding the first particulate polymers to increase the mechanical strength of the porous membrane. Further, the second particulate polymer acts to bind the first particulate polymer and the separator substrate or electrode plate, so that the binding property between the porous film and the separator substrate or electrode plate is improved. Can do.
- a water-insoluble polymer is preferably used.
- a styrene-butadiene copolymer, a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, a (meth) acrylic acid ester polymer, and the like can be used.
- a (meth) acrylic acid ester polymer is preferable as the second particulate polymer.
- a (meth) acrylic acid ester polymer means a polymer containing a (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit.
- the (meth) acrylic acid ester polymer is preferable in that it has high ion conductivity, can improve the rate characteristics of the secondary battery, and is electrochemically stable and can improve the high-temperature cycle characteristics of the battery. is there.
- Examples of the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer corresponding to the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, and t-butyl acrylate.
- Alkyl acrylate esters such as pentyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, heptyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, n-tetradecyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate; and methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n -Propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, pen Methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, heptyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, n- tetradecyl meth
- the proportion of the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit in the second particulate polymer is preferably 50% by weight or more, more preferably 70% by weight or more, particularly preferably 90% by weight or more, preferably 99% by weight. % Or less, more preferably 98% by weight or less, particularly preferably 97% by weight or less.
- the second particulate polymer preferably contains an amide monomer unit.
- the amide monomer unit is a structural unit having a structure formed by polymerizing an amide monomer.
- the amide monomer is a monomer having an amide group and includes not only an amide compound but also an imide compound.
- the second particulate polymer can capture halide ions in the electrolyte. Therefore, since decomposition
- the second particulate polymer can capture transition metal ions in the electrolyte.
- metal ions eluted from the positive electrode can be captured by the second particulate polymer. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the precipitation of the transition metal at the negative electrode accompanying charge / discharge. Therefore, if the second particulate polymer is used, the degree of decrease in battery capacity associated with charge / discharge can be reduced, so that the cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be improved.
- production of the gas accompanying charging / discharging can be suppressed as mentioned above. Therefore, generation
- the generation amount of the gas can be evaluated by the volume change of the cell of the lithium ion secondary battery when charging and discharging are repeated.
- amide monomer examples include a carboxylic acid amide monomer, a sulfonic acid amide monomer, and a phosphoric acid amide monomer.
- the carboxylic acid amide monomer is a monomer having an amide group bonded to a carboxylic acid group.
- the carboxylic acid amide monomer include (meth) acrylamide, ⁇ -chloroacrylamide, N, N′-methylenebis (meth) acrylamide, N, N′-ethylenebis (meth) acrylamide, N-hydroxymethyl (meta) ) Acrylamide, N-2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-2-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylamide, N-3-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylamide, crotonic acid amide, maleic acid diamide, fumaric acid diamide, diacetone Unsaturated carboxylic acid amide compounds such as acrylamide; N-dimethylaminomethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-2-aminoethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-2-methylaminoethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-2-ethylamino
- the sulfonic acid amide monomer is a monomer having an amide group bonded to a sulfonic acid group.
- examples of the sulfonic acid amide monomer include 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and Nt-butylacrylamidesulfonic acid.
- the phosphoric acid amide monomer is a monomer having an amide group bonded to a phosphoric acid group.
- Examples of the phosphoric acid amide monomer include acrylamide phosphonic acid and acrylamide phosphonic acid derivatives.
- amide monomers from the viewpoint of enhancing the durability of the porous membrane, a carboxylic acid amide monomer is preferable, an unsaturated carboxylic acid amide compound is more preferable, (meth) acrylamide and N-hydroxymethyl (meth) Acrylamide is particularly preferred.
- an amide monomer and an amide monomer unit may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the ratio of the amide monomer unit in the second particulate polymer is preferably 0.1% by weight or more, more preferably 0.2% by weight or more, particularly preferably 0.5% by weight or more, preferably 20%. % By weight or less, more preferably 15% by weight or less, particularly preferably 10% by weight or less.
- the second particulate polymer may contain an acid group-containing monomer unit.
- the acid group-containing monomer unit for example, those selected from the same range as those described as being usable for the first particulate polymer can be used.
- an acid group containing monomer unit may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the ratio of the acid group-containing monomer unit in the second particulate polymer is preferably 0.2% by weight or more, more preferably 0.4% by weight or more, particularly preferably 0.6% by weight or more, preferably Is 10.0% by weight or less, more preferably 6.0% by weight or less, and particularly preferably 4.0% by weight or less.
- the second particulate polymer can contain (meth) acrylonitrile monomer units.
- the (meth) acrylonitrile monomer corresponding to the (meth) acrylonitrile monomer unit acrylonitrile may be used, methacrylonitrile may be used, or acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile are used in combination. May be.
- the proportion of the (meth) acrylonitrile monomer unit in the second particulate polymer is preferably 0.2% by weight or more, more preferably 0.5% by weight or more, particularly preferably 1.0% by weight or more, Preferably it is 20.0 weight% or less, More preferably, it is 10.0 weight% or less, Most preferably, it is 5.0 weight% or less.
- the ratio of the (meth) acrylonitrile monomer unit equal to or higher than the lower limit, the life of the secondary battery can be particularly prolonged.
- the mechanical strength of a porous film can be raised by making the ratio of a (meth) acrylonitrile monomer unit below the said upper limit.
- the second particulate polymer may contain a crosslinkable monomer unit.
- the crosslinkable monomer corresponding to the crosslinkable monomer unit include the same examples as those exemplified in the description of the first particulate polymer.
- N-hydroxymethyl (meth) acrylamide exemplified as a carboxylic acid amide monomer can act as both an amide monomer and a crosslinkable monomer, the N-hydroxymethyl (meth) acrylamide is crosslinked. It may be used as a functional monomer.
- a crosslinkable monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the proportion of the crosslinkable monomer unit in the second particulate polymer is preferably 0.2% by weight or more, more preferably 0.6% by weight or more, particularly preferably 1.0% by weight or more, preferably It is 5.0% by weight or less, more preferably 4.0% by weight or less, and particularly preferably 3.0% by weight or less.
- the second particulate polymer can contain an arbitrary structural unit in addition to the structural units described above.
- the second particulate polymer includes a structural unit having a structure formed by polymerizing styrene (styrene unit) in combination with the structural unit described above, and a structural unit having a structure formed by polymerizing butadiene ( A butadiene unit) and a structural unit (acrylonitrile unit) having a structure formed by polymerizing acrylonitrile.
- these arbitrary structural units may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the glass transition temperature of the second particulate polymer is preferably ⁇ 100 ° C. or higher, more preferably ⁇ 90 ° C. or higher, particularly preferably ⁇ 80 ° C. or higher, preferably 0 ° C. or lower, more preferably ⁇ 5 ° C. or lower. Particularly preferably, it is ⁇ 10 ° C. or lower.
- the volume average particle diameter of the second particulate polymer is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.02 ⁇ m or more, particularly preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, preferably 1 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.9 ⁇ m or less. Particularly preferably, it is 0.8 ⁇ m or less.
- Examples of the method for producing the second particulate polymer include a solution polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, and an emulsion polymerization method.
- the emulsion polymerization method and the suspension polymerization method are preferable because they can be polymerized in water and can be suitably used as a material for the porous membrane composition as they are.
- the reaction system contains a dispersing agent.
- the second particulate polymer is usually formed by a polymer that substantially constitutes the second particulate polymer, but may be accompanied by optional components such as additives used in the polymerization.
- the amount of the second particulate polymer is preferably 0.1 parts by weight or more, more preferably 0.5 parts by weight or more, with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the first particulate polymer and the non-conductive particles.
- the amount is particularly preferably 1 part by weight or more, preferably 20 parts by weight or less, more preferably 15 parts by weight or less, and particularly preferably 10 parts by weight or less.
- the porous membrane composition of the present invention preferably contains non-conductive fibers.
- the porous membrane composition of the present invention contains non-conductive fibers, usually one or more of the following advantages can be obtained. a. Swelling of the porous membrane in the electrolyte can be suppressed. b. The mechanical strength of the porous membrane can be improved. c. The low-temperature output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be further improved. d. The high-temperature cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be further improved. The reason why such excellent effects can be obtained is not necessarily clear, but according to the study of the present inventor, it is presumed as follows. However, the present invention is not limited for the reason presumed below.
- the porous film contains non-conductive fibers, the diffusibility of the electrolytic solution into the porous film is usually improved.
- the diffusibility of the electrolytic solution into the porous film can be particularly improved.
- lithium ions can easily pass through the porous film, so that lithium deposition in the electrolyte can be prevented. Therefore, an increase in resistance due to precipitated lithium can be suppressed.
- the low-temperature output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be further improved when a porous film composition containing non-conductive fibers is used.
- Non-conductive fiber is a non-conductive fiber.
- Non-conductive fibers do not dissolve in the porous membrane composition and can maintain the shape of the fibers. Further, the non-conductive fiber is not dissolved in the electrolytic solution and can maintain the shape of the fiber.
- Such non-conductive fibers may be formed of an organic material, may be formed of an inorganic material, or may be formed of a combination of an organic material and an inorganic material. Especially, since there is no elution of a metal and acquisition is easy, the nonelectroconductive fiber formed with the organic material is preferable.
- the material of the non-conductive fiber is preferably a non-conductive material that is non-conductive, electrochemically stable, and stable to an electrolytic solution.
- suitable materials for non-conductive fibers include cellulose, cellulose modified products, polysaccharides such as chitin and chitosan, polymers such as polypropylene, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, polyaramid, polyamideimide, and polyimide. Is mentioned. Among these, since it is excellent in heat resistance and is excellent in the diffusibility of electrolyte solution, a polysaccharide is preferable and a cellulose is more preferable.
- the material of a nonelectroconductive fiber may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the non-conductive fiber may contain an optional additive as a constituent component in addition to the above constituent materials.
- the fiber diameter of the non-conductive fiber is usually 0.01 ⁇ m or more, preferably 0.015 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.02 ⁇ m or more, and usually 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or less. It is.
- non-conductive fibers having a fiber diameter in such a range the swelling of the porous film in the electrolytic solution can be effectively suppressed.
- the dispersibility of a nonelectroconductive fiber can be improved by making a fiber diameter more than the lower limit of the said range.
- the internal resistance of a battery can be reduced by making it below an upper limit.
- the fiber diameter of the nonconductive fiber indicates the thickness of the nonconductive fiber.
- the fiber length of the nonconductive fiber is preferably 50 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 60 ⁇ m or more, particularly preferably 70 ⁇ m or more, preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 200 ⁇ m or less.
- the fiber length of the non-conductive fiber indicates the length per fiber of the non-conductive fiber.
- the amount of the non-conductive fiber is set to an amount such that the weight ratio of the first particle polymer and the non-conductive fiber represented by “first particle polymer / non-conductive fiber” falls within a predetermined range. It is preferable. Specifically, the weight ratio “first particulate polymer / non-conductive fiber” is preferably 50/50 or more, more preferably 55/45 or more, and particularly preferably 60/40 or more. Is 99.99 / 0.01 or less, more preferably 99.9 / 0.1 or less, and particularly preferably 99/1 or less. By setting the weight ratio “first particulate polymer / nonconductive fiber” to be equal to or higher than the lower limit of the above range, the internal resistance of the battery can be reduced. Moreover, the adhesiveness of an electrode and a separator can be improved by using below an upper limit.
- the porous membrane composition of the present invention usually contains a solvent.
- a solvent water is preferably used. Since the first particulate polymer and the second particulate polymer are usually water-insoluble, when water is used as the solvent, the first particulate polymer and the second particulate polymer are particles in water. It is dispersed in the form. In addition, since non-conductive fibers are usually water-insoluble, when water is used as a solvent, the non-conductive fibers are dispersed in the form of fibers in water.
- a solvent other than water may be used in combination with water.
- the solvent that can be used in combination with water include cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; ketones such as ethyl methyl ketone and cyclohexanone; ethyl acetate and acetic acid Esters such as butyl, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -caprolactone; nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol diethyl ether: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, etc.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- N, N-dimethylformamide N-methylpyrrolidone
- One of these may be used alone, or two or more of these may be used in combination at any ratio. However, it is preferable to use water alone as the solvent.
- the amount of the solvent in the porous membrane composition is preferably set so that the solid content concentration of the porous membrane composition falls within a desired range.
- the solid content concentration of the specific porous membrane composition is preferably 10% by weight or more, more preferably 15% by weight or more, particularly preferably 20% by weight or more, preferably 80% by weight or less, more preferably 75% by weight. % Or less, particularly preferably 70% by weight or less.
- the solid content of the composition refers to a substance remaining after the composition is dried.
- the porous film composition of the present invention may further contain non-conductive particles.
- non-conductive particles By filling the porous film with particles having non-conductivity, the insulation of the porous film can be improved, and a short circuit in the lithium ion secondary battery can be prevented more stably.
- non-conductive particles have high rigidity, which can increase the mechanical strength of the porous membrane. For this reason, even when a stress that causes the separator base material to shrink due to heat is generated, the porous film can withstand the stress, and therefore it is possible to prevent the occurrence of a short circuit due to the shrinkage of the separator base material.
- inorganic particles or organic particles may be used.
- the inorganic particles are usually excellent in dispersion stability in water, hardly settled in the porous film composition, and can maintain a uniform slurry state for a long time.
- the heat resistance of the porous film can usually be increased.
- an electrochemically stable material is preferable.
- inorganic materials for non-conductive particles include aluminum oxide (alumina), aluminum oxide hydrate (boehmite (AlOOH), gibbsite (Al (OH) 3 ), silicon oxide, Oxide particles such as magnesium oxide (magnesia), magnesium hydroxide, calcium oxide, titanium oxide (titania), BaTiO 3 , ZrO 2 , alumina-silica composite oxide; nitride particles such as aluminum nitride and boron nitride; silicon, Examples include covalently bonded crystal particles such as diamond; sparingly soluble ionic crystal particles such as barium sulfate, calcium fluoride, and barium fluoride; clay fine particles such as talc and montmorillonite.
- oxide particles are preferable from the viewpoints of stability in an electrolytic solution and potential stability, and titanium oxide and aluminum oxide are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of low water absorption and excellent heat resistance (for example, resistance to high temperature of 180 ° C. or higher).
- Aluminum oxide hydrate, magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide are more preferable, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide hydrate, magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide are more preferable, and aluminum oxide is particularly preferable.
- Polymer particles are usually used as the organic particles.
- the organic particles can control the affinity for water by adjusting the type and amount of the functional group on the surface of the organic particles, and thus can control the amount of water contained in the porous film.
- Organic particles are excellent in that they usually have less metal ion elution.
- a polymer other than the first particulate polymer and the second particulate polymer described above can be used.
- examples thereof include various polymer compounds such as polystyrene, polyethylene, melamine resin, and phenol resin.
- the polymer compound forming the particles may be used, for example, as a mixture, a modified product, a derivative, a random copolymer, an alternating copolymer, a graft copolymer, a block copolymer, a crosslinked product, or the like.
- the organic particles may be formed of a mixture of two or more kinds of polymer compounds.
- the volume average particle diameter of the non-conductive particles is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, particularly preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 15 ⁇ m or less, particularly preferably. 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the amount of non-conductive particles is preferably 0.1 parts by weight or more, more preferably 1 part by weight or more, particularly preferably 5 parts by weight or more, preferably 100 parts by weight of the first particulate polymer. It is 99 parts by weight or less, more preferably 50 parts by weight or less, still more preferably 40 parts by weight or less, and particularly preferably 30 parts by weight or less.
- the heat resistance of the porous membrane can be increased by setting the amount of non-conductive particles to be equal to or greater than the lower limit of the above range. Moreover, the crack of a porous film can be prevented by making it below an upper limit.
- the porous film composition of the present invention may further contain a water-soluble polymer.
- the water-soluble polymer usually functions as a viscosity modifier.
- the porous membrane composition contains water as a solvent
- a part of the water-soluble polymer is free in the solvent, but another part of the water-soluble polymer is Adsorbed on the surface of the one-particulate polymer and the second particulate polymer.
- the surfaces of the first particulate polymer and the second particulate polymer are covered with the water-soluble polymer layer, so that the dispersibility of the first particulate polymer and the second particulate polymer in water is improved. Can be made.
- water-soluble polymer examples include cellulose polymers such as carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and ammonium salts and alkali metal salts thereof; (modified) poly (meth) acrylic acid and ammonium salts and alkali metal salts thereof.
- Polyvinyl alcohol compounds such as (modified) polyvinyl alcohol, a copolymer of acrylic acid or acrylate and vinyl alcohol, maleic anhydride or a copolymer of maleic acid or fumaric acid and vinyl alcohol; polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl Examples include pyrrolidone, modified polyacrylic acid, oxidized starch, phosphate starch, casein, and various modified starches.
- (modified) poly” means “unmodified poly” and “modified poly”.
- the amount of the water-soluble polymer is preferably 0.1 parts by weight or more, more preferably 0.2 parts by weight or more, particularly preferably 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the first particulate polymer and the non-conductive particles. Is 0.5 parts by weight or more, preferably 15 parts by weight or less, more preferably 10 parts by weight or less, and particularly preferably 5 parts by weight or less. In the case where the porous membrane composition contains non-conductive fibers, the amount of the water-soluble polymer is preferably 0.01 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total of the first particulate polymer and the non-conductive fibers.
- the amount of the water-soluble polymer is equal to or higher than the lower limit of the above range, the dispersibility of the porous film composition can be improved. Moreover, the ion diffusibility which a 1st particulate polymer has can fully be exhibited by making it into an upper limit or less.
- the porous film composition may contain an optional component in addition to the first particulate polymer, the second particulate polymer, the nonconductive fiber, the solvent, the nonconductive particles, and the water-soluble polymer described above.
- optional components those which do not exert an excessively unfavorable influence on the battery reaction can be used.
- Arbitrary components may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the porous membrane composition is an isothiazoline-based compound, chelate compound, pyrithione compound, dispersant, leveling agent, antioxidant, thickener, antifoaming agent, wetting agent, and electrolyte having a function of inhibiting electrolyte decomposition. It may contain a liquid additive.
- the porous membrane composition of the present invention is usually a fluid slurry composition.
- each component contained in the porous film composition has high dispersibility. Therefore, the viscosity of the porous membrane composition of the present invention can usually be easily lowered.
- the specific viscosity of the porous membrane composition is preferably 10 mPa ⁇ s to 2000 mPa ⁇ s from the viewpoint of improving the coating property when producing the porous membrane.
- the said viscosity is a value when it measures at 25 degreeC and rotation speed 60rpm using an E-type viscosity meter.
- the nonconductive fiber may have an effect of improving the dispersion stability of the porous film composition depending on the type of the material of the nonconductive fiber.
- the porous film composition containing non-conductive fibers is usually excellent in dispersion stability.
- the method for producing the porous film composition is not particularly limited. Usually, a porous membrane composition is obtained by mixing each component mentioned above. There is no restriction
- the disperser is preferably an apparatus capable of uniformly dispersing and mixing the above components.
- examples include a ball mill, a sand mill, a pigment disperser, a crusher, an ultrasonic disperser, a homogenizer, and a planetary mixer.
- a high dispersion apparatus such as a bead mill, a roll mill, or a fill mix is particularly preferable because a high dispersion share can be added.
- Porous membrane for lithium ion secondary battery A porous film for a lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter referred to as a film formed by solid content of the porous film composition by applying the porous film composition of the present invention on a suitable substrate and drying it as necessary. Can be appropriately referred to as “porous membrane”). For example, by a production method comprising a step of applying a porous film composition on a substrate to obtain a film of the porous film composition, and a step of removing a solvent such as water from the film by drying as necessary, A porous membrane can be produced.
- the porous film thus obtained contains a first particulate polymer and forms a large number of pores.
- the shell portion swells in the electrolytic solution and exhibits binding properties. Therefore, the porous film can be strongly bound to the separator substrate or the electrode plate.
- the core part of a 1st particulate polymer has high ion diffusivity, the raise of the resistance by the porous film which concerns on this invention is small.
- the shell part of the first particulate polymer does not swell so much as to impair its rigidity excessively, the first particulate polymer has an appropriate rigidity.
- the porous film containing the first particulate polymer is excellent in rigidity, in a separator having the porous film, shrinkage due to heat of the separator base material is suppressed, or damage to the separator base material due to foreign matters is prevented. it can.
- the porous film may be provided on the electrode active material layer. In that case, the porous film can prevent detachment of particles such as the electrode active material from the electrode active material layer and separation of the electrode active material layer from the current collector.
- the porous film can suppress the dropping of the porous film in the electrolytic solution even when the battery is continuously vibrated, and can improve the safety of the battery. Furthermore, when this porous film contains a non-conductive fiber, normally, the swelling of the porous film in the electrolytic solution can be suppressed.
- the base material is a member that forms a film of the porous film composition.
- membrane of a porous film composition may be formed in the surface of a peeling film, a solvent may be removed from the film
- the constituent elements of the battery are used as the base material. Examples of such battery components include separator substrates and electrode plates.
- Examples of the coating method include a doctor blade method, a dip method, a reverse roll method, a direct roll method, a gravure method, an extrusion method, and a brush coating method.
- the dip method and the gravure method are preferable in that a uniform porous film can be obtained.
- drying method examples include drying with winds such as warm air, hot air, and low-humidity air; vacuum drying; drying method by irradiation with infrared rays, far infrared rays, and electron beams.
- the temperature during drying is preferably 40 ° C. or higher, more preferably 45 ° C. or higher, particularly preferably 50 ° C. or higher, preferably 90 ° C. or lower, more preferably 80 ° C. or lower, particularly preferably 70 ° C. or lower. .
- the drying time is preferably 5 seconds or more, more preferably 10 seconds or more, particularly preferably 15 seconds or more, preferably 3 minutes or less, more preferably 2 minutes or less, and particularly preferably 1 minute or less.
- the porous film may be subjected to pressure treatment by a pressing method such as a mold press and a roll press.
- a pressing method such as a mold press and a roll press.
- the pressure treatment By performing the pressure treatment, the binding property between the substrate and the porous film can be improved.
- it is preferable to appropriately control the pressure and the pressurization time so as not to become excessively large.
- heat treatment is also preferable, whereby the thermal crosslinking group contained in the polymer component can be crosslinked to increase the binding force.
- the thickness of the porous membrane is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more, particularly preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more, preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 15 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the separator of the present invention includes a separator substrate and a porous film. Since the separator of the present invention includes the porous film according to the present invention, in the lithium ion secondary battery including the separator, the porous film, the separator base material, and the electrode plate are strongly bound. Moreover, since the porous film concerning this invention is excellent in ion diffusibility, the raise of the internal resistance by the separator of this invention is small. Further, the porous membrane of the present invention can suppress the dropping of the porous membrane in the electrolytic solution even when the battery is continuously vibrated, and can improve the safety of the battery.
- separator substrate for example, a porous substrate having fine pores can be used. By using such a separator base material, a short circuit can be prevented in the secondary battery without hindering charging / discharging of the battery.
- the separator substrate include a microporous film or a nonwoven fabric containing a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene resin and polypropylene resin, an aromatic polyamide resin, and the like.
- the thickness of the separator substrate is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m or less. Within this range, the increase in internal resistance due to the separator base material in the secondary battery is small, and the workability during battery production is excellent.
- the separator of this invention is equipped with the porous film mentioned above on the separator base material. That is, the separator of the present invention includes a separator base material and a porous film obtained by applying a porous film composition on the separator base material and drying it as necessary. Such a separator can be manufactured, for example, by performing the porous film manufacturing method described above using a separator base material as a base material. At this time, the porous film may be provided only on one side of the separator base material, or may be provided on both sides.
- Electrode for lithium ion secondary battery includes an electrode plate and a porous film. Further, the electrode plate usually includes a current collector and an electrode active material layer. Since the electrode of the present invention includes the porous film according to the present invention, in the lithium ion secondary battery including the electrode, the porous film and the separator substrate or the electrode plate are strongly bound. Moreover, since the porous film concerning this invention is excellent in ion diffusivity, it can make the internal resistance of an electrode small. Furthermore, since the porous film of the present invention can function as a separator, an internal short circuit of the lithium ion secondary battery can be prevented. Further, the porous membrane of the present invention can suppress the dropping of the porous membrane in the electrolytic solution even when the battery is continuously vibrated, and can improve the safety of the battery.
- the current collector may be made of a material having electrical conductivity and electrochemical durability.
- a metal material is used as the material of the current collector. Examples thereof include iron, copper, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel, titanium, tantalum, gold, platinum and the like.
- the current collector used for the positive electrode is preferably aluminum
- the current collector used for the negative electrode is preferably copper.
- the said material may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the shape of the current collector is not particularly limited, but a sheet having a thickness of about 0.001 mm to 0.5 mm is preferable.
- the current collector In order to increase the binding strength between the current collector and the electrode active material layer, it is preferable to use the current collector after roughening the surface.
- the roughening method include a mechanical polishing method, an electrolytic polishing method, and a chemical polishing method.
- the mechanical polishing method for example, an abrasive cloth paper to which abrasive particles are fixed, a grindstone, an emery buff, a wire brush provided with a steel wire, or the like is used.
- an intermediate layer may be formed on the surface of the current collector.
- Electrode active material layer is a layer provided on the current collector and includes an electrode active material.
- an electrode active material of the lithium ion secondary battery a material capable of reversibly inserting or releasing lithium ions by applying a potential in an electrolytic solution can be used.
- the positive electrode active material is roughly classified into those made of inorganic compounds and those made of organic compounds.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material made of an inorganic compound include transition metal oxides, composite oxides of lithium and transition metals, and transition metal sulfides.
- Examples of the transition metal include Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn.
- the inorganic compound used for the positive electrode active material include LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , LiFeVO 4, and other lithium-containing composite metal oxides; TiS 2 , TiS 3 , non- Transition metal sulfides such as crystalline MoS 2 ; transition metal oxides such as Cu 2 V 2 O 3 , amorphous V 2 O—P 2 O 5 , MoO 3 , V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13, etc. Can be mentioned.
- examples of the positive electrode active material made of an organic compound include conductive polymers such as polyacetylene and poly-p-phenylene.
- the positive electrode active material which consists of a composite material which combined the inorganic compound and the organic compound.
- a composite material covered with a carbon material may be produced by reducing and firing an iron-based oxide in the presence of a carbon source material, and the composite material may be used as a positive electrode active material.
- Iron-based oxides tend to have poor electrical conductivity, but can be used as a high-performance positive electrode active material by using a composite material as described above.
- you may use as a positive electrode active material what carried out the element substitution of the said compound partially.
- These positive electrode active materials may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the particle size of the positive electrode active material can be selected in consideration of other constituent requirements of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- the volume average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less. It is. When the volume average particle size of the positive electrode active material is within this range, a battery having a large charge / discharge capacity can be obtained, and handling of the electrode slurry composition and the electrode is easy.
- the ratio of the positive electrode active material in the electrode active material layer is preferably 90% by weight or more, more preferably 95% by weight or more, and preferably 99.9% by weight or less, more preferably 99% by weight or less.
- the negative electrode active material examples include carbonaceous materials such as amorphous carbon, graphite, natural graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, and pitch-based carbon fibers; and conductive polymers such as polyacene.
- metals such as silicon, tin, zinc, manganese, iron and nickel, and alloys thereof; oxides of the metals or alloys; sulfates of the metals or alloys; Further, metallic lithium; lithium alloys such as Li—Al, Li—Bi—Cd, and Li—Sn—Cd; lithium transition metal nitride; silicon and the like may be used.
- an electrode active material having a conductive material attached to the surface by a mechanical modification method may be used. These negative electrode active materials may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the particle size of the negative electrode active material is appropriately selected in consideration of other constituent requirements of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- the volume average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more. Is 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material, the output from the viewpoint of improving the density preferably 2m 2 / g or more, more preferably 3m 2 / g or more, more preferably 5 m 2 / g or more, and preferably 20 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 15 m 2 / g or less, and further preferably 10 m 2 / g or less.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material can be measured by, for example, the BET method.
- the proportion of the negative electrode active material in the electrode active material layer is preferably 85% by weight or more, more preferably 88% by weight or more, and preferably 99% by weight or less, more preferably 97% by weight or less.
- the electrode active material layer preferably contains an electrode binder in addition to the electrode active material.
- an electrode binder in addition to the electrode active material.
- the binding property of the electrode active material layer is improved, and the strength against the mechanical force applied in the process of winding the electrode is increased.
- the electrode active material layer is less likely to be peeled off from the current collector and the porous film, the risk of short-circuiting due to the detached desorbed material is reduced.
- the electrode binder for example, a polymer can be used.
- the polymer that can be used as the binder for the electrode include a polymer selected from the same range as the polymer described in the description of the second particulate polymer or the description of the water-soluble polymer. .
- a soft polymer for example, (I) Polybutyl acrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, butyl acrylate / styrene copolymer, butyl acrylate / acrylonitrile copolymer, butyl acrylate / acrylonitrile / glycidyl methacrylate copolymer, etc.
- An acrylic soft polymer which is a homopolymer of acrylic acid or a methacrylic acid derivative or a copolymer thereof with a monomer copolymerizable therewith;
- isobutylene-based soft polymers such as polyisobutylene, isobutylene-isoprene rubber, isobutylene-styrene copolymer;
- a diene soft polymer and an acrylic soft polymer are preferable.
- these soft polymers may have a cross-linked structure or may have a functional group introduced by modification.
- the binder for electrodes may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the amount of the binder for the electrode in the electrode active material layer is preferably 0.1 parts by weight or more, more preferably 0.2 parts by weight or more, particularly preferably 0.5 parts by weight or more with respect to 100 parts by weight of the electrode active material. It is preferably 5 parts by weight or less, more preferably 3 parts by weight or less. When the amount of the electrode binder is within the above range, it is possible to prevent the electrode active material from dropping from the electrode without inhibiting the battery reaction.
- the electrode active material layer may contain any component other than the electrode active material and the electrode binder as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired. Examples thereof include a conductive material and a reinforcing material. Moreover, arbitrary components may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- Examples of the conductive material include conductive carbon such as acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon black, graphite, vapor-grown carbon fiber, and carbon nanotube; carbon powder such as graphite; fibers and foils of various metals; .
- conductive carbon such as acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon black, graphite, vapor-grown carbon fiber, and carbon nanotube
- carbon powder such as graphite
- fibers and foils of various metals .
- the specific surface area of the conductive material is preferably 50 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 60 m 2 / g or more, particularly preferably 70 m 2 / g or more, preferably 1500 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 1200 m 2 / g. Hereinafter, it is particularly preferably 1000 m 2 / g or less.
- the reinforcing material for example, various inorganic and organic spherical, plate, rod or fiber fillers can be used. By using the reinforcing material, a tough and flexible electrode can be obtained, and excellent long-term cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the amount of the conductive material and the reinforcing agent used is usually 0 part by weight or more, preferably 1 part by weight or more, preferably 20 parts by weight or less, more preferably 10 parts by weight, with respect to 100 parts by weight of the electrode active material. It is as follows.
- the thickness of the electrode active material layer is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, preferably 300 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the method for producing the electrode active material layer is not particularly limited.
- the electrode active material layer can be produced, for example, by applying an electrode active material, a solvent, and, if necessary, a slurry composition for an electrode containing an electrode binder and optional components onto a current collector and drying it.
- the solvent either water or an organic solvent can be used.
- the electrode of the present invention includes the porous film described above on the electrode plate. That is, the electrode of the present invention includes an electrode plate and a porous film obtained by applying a porous film composition on the electrode plate and drying it as necessary. Such an electrode can be manufactured, for example, by performing the above-described porous film manufacturing method using an electrode plate as a substrate. At this time, the porous film may be provided on only one surface of the electrode plate, or may be provided on both surfaces. However, since the porous film is usually provided on the electrode active material layer, the electrode of the present invention includes a current collector, an electrode active material layer, and a porous film in this order.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of this invention is equipped with a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and electrolyte solution.
- the secondary battery of the present invention satisfies the following requirement (A), satisfies the requirement (B), or satisfies both the requirements (A) and (B).
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes a separator, and the separator is the separator of the present invention.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes the porous film according to the present invention, it is excellent in low temperature output characteristics. In general, the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is excellent in high temperature cycle characteristics.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes the electrode of the present invention as one or both of a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes the separator of the present invention as a separator, an electrode other than the electrode of the present invention may be provided as both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes the separator of the present invention as a separator.
- a separator other than the separator of the present invention may be provided as a separator.
- the porous film with which the electrode of this invention is provided has a function as a separator, you may abbreviate
- Electrolyte As the electrolytic solution, a polymer that can swell the polymer of the core part and the polymer of the shell part of the first particulate polymer with the degree of swelling in the predetermined range described above can be used. As such an electrolytic solution, an organic electrolytic solution containing an organic solvent and a supporting electrolyte dissolved in the organic solvent can be preferably used.
- a lithium salt is used as the supporting electrolyte.
- the lithium salt include LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiClO 4 , CF 3 SO 3 Li, C 4 F 9 SO 3 Li, CF 3 COOLi, (CF 3 CO) 2 NLi , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) NLi, and the like.
- LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 and CF 3 SO 3 Li are preferable because they are easily soluble in a solvent and exhibit a high degree of dissociation.
- a supporting electrolyte may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios. Since the lithium ion conductivity tends to increase as the supporting electrolyte having a higher degree of dissociation is used, the lithium ion conductivity can be adjusted depending on the type of the supporting electrolyte.
- the concentration of the supporting electrolyte in the electrolytic solution is preferably 1% by weight or more, more preferably 5% by weight or more, preferably 30% by weight or less, more preferably 20% by weight or less.
- the supporting electrolyte is preferably used at a concentration of 0.5 mol / liter to 2.5 mol / liter.
- organic solvent used for the electrolytic solution a solvent capable of dissolving the supporting electrolyte can be used.
- the organic solvent include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), and the like.
- Preferred examples include carbonate compounds of the following: ester compounds such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and methyl formate; ether compounds such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran; sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfolane and dimethyl sulfoxide; Moreover, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios. Among them, a carbonate compound is preferable because it has a high dielectric constant and a stable potential region in a wide range. Moreover, since the lithium ion conductivity tends to increase as the viscosity of the solvent used decreases, the lithium ion conductivity can be adjusted depending on the type of the solvent.
- the electrolytic solution may contain an additive as necessary.
- An additive may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- a solvent having a desired SP value is used as the solvent of the electrolyte solution. It is preferable to use it.
- the specific SP value of the solvent of the electrolytic solution is preferably 8 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 or more, more preferably 9 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 or more, and preferably 15 (cal / Cm 3 ) 1/2 or less, more preferably 14 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 or less.
- the solvent having an SP value that falls within the above range include cyclic ester compounds such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate; chain ester compounds such as ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate; and the like.
- the manufacturing method of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the above-described negative electrode and positive electrode may be overlapped via a separator, and this may be wound or folded according to the shape of the battery and placed in the battery container, and the electrolyte may be injected into the battery container and sealed.
- an expanded metal; an overcurrent prevention element such as a fuse or a PTC element; a lead plate or the like may be inserted to prevent an increase in pressure inside the battery or overcharge / discharge.
- the shape of the battery may be any of, for example, a laminate cell type, a coin type, a button type, a sheet type, a cylindrical type, a square type, and a flat type.
- the first group of examples and comparative examples are examples and comparative examples of porous membrane compositions that do not contain non-conductive fibers.
- the charge / discharge operation was repeated 1000 cycles under the same conditions as described above.
- the wound cell after 1000 cycles was immersed in liquid paraffin, and the volume X1 of the cell was measured.
- the cellophane tape was affixed on the surface of the porous film with the surface of the porous film from which the electrolyte solution was wiped down.
- a cellophane tape defined in JIS Z1522 was used.
- the cellophane tape was fixed on a horizontal test bench. Thereafter, the stress was measured when one end of the separator substrate was pulled vertically upward and pulled at a pulling speed of 50 mm / min. This measurement was performed three times, the average value of the stress was determined, and the average value was defined as the peel strength P. It shows that the binding strength of a separator base material and a porous film is so large that the measured peel strength P is large. That is, the greater the peel strength P measured, the greater the binding strength.
- Example I-24 Measurement method of peel strength between electrode plate and porous film
- the electrode produced in Example I-24 was cut into a rectangle having a length of 100 mm and a width of 10 mm to obtain a test piece.
- the test piece was taken out from the electrolytic solution, and the electrolytic solution adhering to the surface of the porous membrane was wiped off.
- the cellophane tape was affixed on the surface of the porous film with the surface of the porous film from which the electrolyte solution was wiped down.
- a cellophane tape defined in JIS Z1522 was used.
- the cellophane tape was fixed on a horizontal test bench. Then, the stress when one end of the current collector was pulled vertically upward at a pulling speed of 50 mm / min and peeled was measured. This measurement was performed three times, the average value of the stress was determined, and the average value was defined as the peel strength P. It shows that the binding strength between the electrode plate and the porous film is larger as the measured peel strength P is larger. That is, the greater the peel strength P measured, the greater the binding strength.
- ⁇ C C1 / C0 ⁇ 100 (%).
- This film was cut into a 1 cm square to obtain a test piece.
- the weight of this test piece was measured and designated as W0.
- the first particulate polymer was sufficiently dispersed in a visible light curable resin (“D-800” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) and then embedded to produce a block piece containing the first particulate polymer. .
- the block piece was cut into a thin piece having a thickness of 100 nm with a microtome equipped with a diamond blade to prepare a measurement sample. Thereafter, the measurement sample was dyed using ruthenium tetroxide.
- the dyed measurement sample was set in a transmission electron microscope (“JEM-3100F” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.), and a cross-sectional structure of the first particulate polymer was photographed at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV.
- the magnification of the electron microscope was set so that the cross section of one first particulate polymer would be in the visual field.
- volume-average particle size of the first particulate polymer is a cumulative volume calculated from the small-diameter side in the particle size distribution measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device (“SALD-3100” manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). % Particle size.
- the average thickness of the shell part of the first particulate polymer was measured by the following procedure.
- the first particle is obtained by a transmission electron microscope in the same manner as described in the method of measuring the average ratio in which the outer surface of the core part is covered by the shell part.
- the cross-sectional structure of the polymer was observed. From the observed cross-sectional structure of the first particulate polymer, the longest diameter of the polymer particles constituting the shell portion was measured. For the 20 first particulate polymers arbitrarily selected, the longest diameter of the polymer particles constituting the shell portion was measured by the above-described method, and the average value of the longest diameters was taken as the average thickness of the shell portion.
- the transmission electron microscope is used to determine the average ratio of the outer surface of the core portion covered by the shell portion in the same manner as described above.
- the cross-sectional structure of the one particle polymer was observed. From the observed cross-sectional structure of the first particulate polymer, the maximum thickness of the shell portion was measured. About the 20 first particulate polymers arbitrarily selected, the maximum thickness of the shell portion was measured by the above-described method, and the average value of the maximum thickness was defined as the average thickness of the shell portion.
- the core-shell ratio was calculated by dividing the measured average thickness of the shell part by the volume average particle diameter of the first particulate polymer.
- Precipitation of the metal in the negative electrode was evaluated by using an ICP emission spectroscopic analyzer “SPS3000” (manufactured by SII Nano Technology) on the basis of weight of cobalt in the negative electrode. It shows that the metal precipitation has occurred in the negative electrode, so that the cobalt weight in a negative electrode is large.
- D The vibration drop rate ⁇ M is 60% or more.
- Example I-1 (I-1-1. Production of first particulate polymer) In a 5 MPa pressure vessel with a stirrer, 75 parts of methyl methacrylate, 4 parts of methacrylic acid and 1 part of ethylene dimethacrylate as monomer composition used for the production of the core part; 1 part of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate as emulsifier; ion-exchanged water 150 parts; and 0.5 part of potassium persulfate as a polymerization initiator was added and stirred sufficiently. Then, it heated to 60 degreeC and superposition
- this aqueous dispersion was heated to 70 ° C.
- 20 parts of styrene as a monomer composition used for producing the shell part was continuously supplied over 30 minutes, and polymerization was continued.
- the reaction was stopped by cooling to produce an aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer.
- the obtained first particulate polymer had a volume average particle diameter D50 of 0.45 ⁇ m.
- the shell portion was composed of polymer particles.
- the polymer particles constituting the shell portion do not overlap in the radial direction of the first particulate polymer, and these particles constitute a shell portion in a single layer.
- the number average particle diameter of the polymer particles constituting the shell portion was 45 nm.
- the average ratio by which the core shell ratio and the surface of a core part are covered with a shell part was measured by the method mentioned above.
- aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer 100 parts of the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer is mixed in an amount corresponding to the solid content and 1.5 parts of the water-soluble polymer, and then ion-exchanged water is mixed so that the solid content concentration is 40% by weight. Then, the first particulate polymer was dispersed. To this, 6 parts of an aqueous dispersion containing the second particulate polymer corresponding to the solid content, and 0.2 parts of a polyethylene glycol type surfactant (manufactured by San Nopco, product name “SN Wet 366”) as a leveling agent Were mixed to produce a slurry-like porous film composition.
- a polyethylene glycol type surfactant manufactured by San Nopco, product name “SN Wet 366”
- a 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added to the mixture containing the particulate binder to adjust the pH to 8. Thereafter, unreacted monomers were removed from the mixture by heating under reduced pressure, and the mixture was cooled to 30 ° C. or lower to obtain an aqueous dispersion containing a desired particulate binder.
- the negative electrode slurry was applied on a copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, which was a current collector, with a comma coater so that the film thickness after drying was about 150 ⁇ m, and dried. This drying was performed by conveying the copper foil in an oven at 60 ° C. at a speed of 0.5 m / min for 2 minutes. Thereafter, heat treatment was performed at 120 ° C. for 2 minutes to obtain a negative electrode raw material before pressing.
- the negative electrode raw material before pressing was rolled with a roll press to obtain a negative electrode after pressing with a negative electrode active material layer having a thickness of 80 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode slurry was applied onto a 20 ⁇ m-thick aluminum foil as a current collector by a comma coater so that the film thickness after drying was about 150 ⁇ m and dried. This drying was performed by conveying the aluminum foil in an oven at 60 ° C. at a speed of 0.5 m / min for 2 minutes. Thereafter, heat treatment was performed at 120 ° C. for 2 minutes to obtain a positive electrode raw material before pressing. The positive electrode raw material before pressing was rolled with a roll press to obtain a positive electrode.
- the pressed positive electrode was cut out to 49 ⁇ 5 cm 2 .
- a separator cut out to 55 ⁇ 5.5 cm 2 was disposed on the positive electrode active material layer of the cut out positive electrode.
- the negative electrode after pressing was cut into a 50 ⁇ 5.2 cm 2 rectangle, and the cut negative electrode was placed on the side opposite to the positive electrode of the separator so that the surface on the negative electrode active material layer side faced the separator. This was wound by a winding machine to obtain a wound body.
- the wound body was pressed at 60 ° C. and 0.5 MPa to obtain a flat body.
- Example I-2 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (I-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate is changed to 75.85 parts, and the amount of ethylene dimethacrylate is changed to 0.15 parts. did. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-3 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (I-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate was changed to 71.5 parts, and the amount of ethylene dimethacrylate was changed to 4.5 parts. did. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-4 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (I-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate was changed to 75.95 parts, and the amount of ethylene dimethacrylate was changed to 0.05 parts. did. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-5 In the monomer composition used for manufacturing the core part according to the step (I-1-1), instead of 75 parts of methyl methacrylate, 55 parts of methyl methacrylate and 20 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate are used in combination. It was. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-6 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (I-1-1), 75 parts of acrylonitrile was used instead of 75 parts of methyl methacrylate. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-7 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (I-1-1), instead of 75 parts of methyl methacrylate, 65 parts of acrylonitrile and 10 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate were used in combination. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-8 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (I-1-1), 72 parts of acrylonitrile is used instead of 75 parts of methyl methacrylate, and the amount of ethylene dimethacrylate is changed to 4.0 parts. did. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-9 In the monomer composition used for producing the shell part according to the step (I-1-1), 10 parts of styrene and 10 parts of acrylonitrile were used in combination instead of 20 parts of styrene. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-10 In the monomer composition used for producing the shell part according to the step (I-1-1), instead of 20 parts of styrene, 5 parts of styrene and 15 parts of acrylonitrile were used in combination. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-11 In the monomer composition used for producing the shell part according to the step (I-1-1), 20 parts of sodium salt of styrenesulfonic acid was used instead of 20 parts of styrene. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-12 In the monomer composition used for producing the shell part according to the step (I-1-1), 15 parts of sodium salt of styrenesulfonic acid and 5 parts of acrylonitrile were used in combination instead of 20 parts of styrene. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-13 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (I-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate is changed to 72.5 parts, and the amount of ethylene dimethacrylate is changed to 3.5 parts. did. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-14 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (I-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate was changed to 90 parts. In the monomer composition used for producing the shell part according to the step (I-1-1), the amount of styrene was changed to 5 parts. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-15 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (I-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate is changed to 52.5 parts, and the amount of ethylene dimethacrylate is changed to 3.5 parts. did. In the monomer composition used for producing the shell part according to the step (I-1-1), the amount of styrene was changed to 40 parts. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-16 In the step (I-1-1), the amount of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate used as an emulsifier was changed to 2 parts. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-17 In the step (I-1-1), the amount of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate used as an emulsifier was changed to 0.5 part. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-18 In the step (I-1-2), 2 parts of N-methylolacrylamide was used instead of 2 parts of acrylamide. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-19 In the step (I-1-2), 2 parts of methacrylamide was used instead of 2 parts of acrylamide. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-20 In the step (I-1-2), 2 parts of N, N-dimethylaminoethylacrylamide was used instead of 2 parts of acrylamide. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-21 In the step (I-1-2), 2 parts of N, N-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide was used instead of 2 parts of acrylamide. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-22 In the step (I-1-2), the amount of butyl acrylate was changed to 94.5 parts, and the amount of acrylamide was changed to 0.5 parts. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-23 In the step (I-1-2), the amount of butyl acrylate was changed to 86.5 parts, and the amount of acrylamide was changed to 8.5 parts. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-24 An electrode plate having the same structure as the negative electrode after pressing produced in the step (I-1-7) of Example I-1 was prepared. On the negative electrode active material layer of this electrode plate, the porous film composition obtained in the step (I-1-3) of Example I-1 is coated with a gravure coater to give a coating amount of 6 mg / cm 2. And then dried. This drying was performed by conveying the electrode plate in an oven at 100 ° C. at a speed of 20 m / min for 1 minute. This obtained the negative electrode provided with an electrode plate and a porous film. About this negative electrode, the peeling strength was measured by the method mentioned above.
- a polyethylene organic porous substrate (thickness 16 ⁇ m, Gurley value 210 s / 100 cc) having no porous film was used as a separator, and a negative electrode having a porous film produced in Example I-24 was used as a negative electrode. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Step (I-1-10) of Example I-1. The lithium ion secondary battery thus obtained was evaluated for cell volume change, high temperature cycle characteristics, low temperature output characteristics, and metal deposition on the negative electrode before and after the high temperature cycle test by the above-described methods.
- Example I-25 In the step (I-1-3), instead of using 100 parts of the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer in an amount corresponding to the solid content, the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer in an amount of 50 equivalent to the solid content is used. Part and 50 parts of alumina particles (volume average particle diameter 0.8 ⁇ m) were used in combination. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-26 In the step (I-1-3), instead of using 100 parts of the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer in an amount corresponding to the solid content, the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer in the amount equivalent to the solid content of 90 parts is used. Part and 50 parts of polystyrene particles (volume average particle diameter 0.5 ⁇ m) were used in combination. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-27 In the monomer composition used for producing the shell part according to the step (I-1-1), 19 parts of styrene and 1 part of methacrylic acid were used in combination instead of 20 parts of styrene. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-28 In the step (I-1-3), the amount of the polyethylene glycol type surfactant (“SN Wet 366” manufactured by San Nopco) used as the leveling agent was changed to 0.05 part. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- the polyethylene glycol type surfactant (“SN Wet 366” manufactured by San Nopco) used as the leveling agent was changed to 0.05 part.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-29 In the step (I-1-3), the amount of the polyethylene glycol type surfactant (“SN Wet 366” manufactured by San Nopco) used as the leveling agent was changed to 1.0 part. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- the polyethylene glycol type surfactant (“SN Wet 366” manufactured by San Nopco) used as the leveling agent was changed to 1.0 part.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-30 In the step (I-1-6), instead of 100 parts of artificial graphite, 90 parts of artificial graphite and 10 parts of silicon oxide (“KSC-1064” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) were used in combination. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-31 In the step (I-1-6), instead of 100 parts of artificial graphite, 70 parts of artificial graphite and 30 parts of silicon oxide (“KSC-1064” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) were used. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-32 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (I-1-1), 79 parts of acrylonitrile was used instead of 75 parts of methyl methacrylate and 4 parts of methacrylic acid. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-33 In the step (I-1-3), instead of using 100 parts of the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer corresponding to the solid content, the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer is equivalent to 1 equivalent to the solid content. Part and 99 parts of alumina particles (volume average particle diameter 0.8 ⁇ m) were used in combination. Further, in Example I-33, the durability of the porous film was evaluated without measuring the cell volume change rate ⁇ X. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-34 In the step (I-1-3), instead of using 100 parts of the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer in an amount corresponding to the solid content, the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer in an amount equivalent to the solid content of 10 parts. Part and 90 parts of alumina particles (volume average particle diameter 0.8 ⁇ m) were used in combination. Further, in Example I-34, the durability of the porous film was evaluated without measuring the cell volume change rate ⁇ X. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-1 In the step (I-1-2), the amount of butyl acrylate was changed to 95 parts, and acrylamide was not used. In the step (I-1-3), 100 parts of alumina particles similar to those in Example I-25 were used instead of the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Example I-2 In the step (I-1-2), the amount of butyl acrylate was changed to 80 parts, and the amount of acrylamide was changed to 15 parts. In the step (I-1-3), 100 parts of alumina particles similar to those in Example I-25 were used instead of the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer. A lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- Step (I-1-2) the amount of butyl acrylate was changed to 95 parts, and acrylamide was not used.
- step (I-1-3) instead of using an aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer, polymethyl methacrylate particles (volume average particle diameter 0.5 ⁇ m; degree of swelling 25 times) 100 are used instead. Parts were used.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as Example I-1 except for the above items.
- the obtained particulate polymer is the same as the particulate polymer constituting the core part according to Example I-1.
- this particulate polymer is appropriately referred to as a core polymer.
- the volume average particle diameter of the particulate core polymer was 0.405 ⁇ m.
- the total amount of the aqueous dispersion containing the particulate core polymer and the total amount of the aqueous dispersion containing the particulate shell polymer were mixed to obtain a mixed dispersion.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example I-1, except that this mixed dispersion was used instead of the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer.
- EDMA ethylene dimethacrylate
- MMA methyl methacrylate
- MAA methacrylic acid
- 2-EHA 2-ethylhexyl acrylate
- AN acrylonitrile
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- Tg glass transition temperature
- ST Styrene“ NaSS ”: Sodium salt of styrene sulfonic acid“
- Core shell ratio Ratio of average thickness of shell part to volume average particle diameter of first particulate polymer“ Average coating ratio ”: Outer surface of core part Average ratio covered by shell part “BA”: butyl acrylate
- AMA allyl methacrylate
- AAm acrylamide
- NMA N-methylolacrylamide
- MAAm methacrylamide
- DMAEAA N, N-dimethylaminoethylacrylamide
- DMAPAA N, N-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide
- CMC Carcinolacrylamide
- the porous membrane according to the present invention is excellent in blocking resistance, and the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention generates less gas due to charge / discharge. And it was confirmed that the lithium ion secondary battery of this invention is excellent in high temperature cycling characteristics. In particular, from the results of Example I-33 and Example I-34, it was confirmed that the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention can suppress the dropping of the porous film in the electrolytic solution, and thus is excellent in safety.
- the second group of examples and comparative examples are examples and comparative examples of porous membrane compositions containing non-conductive fibers.
- the electrolytic solution adhering to the surface of the removed separator was wiped off. Thereafter, the separator was cut into a rectangle having a length of 100 mm and a width of 10 mm to obtain a test piece.
- a cellophane tape was affixed to the surface of the porous membrane with the test piece facing down. At this time, a cellophane tape defined in JIS Z1522 was used. The cellophane tape was fixed on a horizontal test bench. Thereafter, the stress was measured when one end of the separator substrate was pulled vertically upward and pulled at a pulling speed of 50 mm / min. This measurement was performed three times, the average value of the stress was determined, and the average value was defined as the peel strength P. It shows that the binding strength of a separator base material and a porous film is so large that the measured peel strength P is large. That is, the greater the peel strength P measured, the greater the binding strength.
- the negative electrode was cut into a rectangle having a length of 100 mm and a width of 10 mm to obtain a test piece.
- a cellophane tape was affixed to the surface of the porous membrane with the test piece facing down.
- a cellophane tape defined in JIS Z1522 was used.
- the cellophane tape was fixed on a horizontal test bench.
- the stress when one end of the current collector was pulled vertically upward at a pulling speed of 50 mm / min and peeled was measured. This measurement was performed three times, the average value of the stress was determined, and the average value was defined as the peel strength P. It shows that the binding strength between the electrode plate and the porous film is larger as the measured peel strength P is larger. That is, the greater the peel strength measured, the greater the binding strength.
- the negative electrode produced in Example II-19 was cut into squares of 5 cm wide ⁇ 5 cm long and 4 cm wide ⁇ 4 cm long to form test pieces.
- a sample in which the two porous films are superposed with each other facing each other (a sample in an unpressed state) and a sample (a pressed sample) placed under pressure at 40 ° C. and 10 g / cm 2 after superposition are produced. did.
- Each of these samples was left for 24 hours.
- the binding state (blocking state) between the negative electrodes of each sample was visually confirmed and evaluated according to the following criteria.
- Example II-1 (II-1-1. Production of first particulate polymer)
- 75 parts of methyl methacrylate, 4 parts of methacrylic acid and 1 part of ethylene dimethacrylate as monomer composition used for the production of the core part 1 part of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate as emulsifier; ion-exchanged water 150 parts; and 0.5 part of potassium persulfate as a polymerization initiator was added and stirred sufficiently. Then, it heated to 60 degreeC and superposition
- the obtained first particulate polymer had a volume average particle diameter D50 of 0.45 ⁇ m.
- the average ratio by which the core shell ratio and the surface of a core part are covered with a shell part was measured by the method mentioned above.
- the obtained second particulate polymer had a volume average particle diameter D50 of 0.36 ⁇ m and a glass transition temperature of ⁇ 45 ° C.
- a porous substrate made of polyethylene (thickness 16 ⁇ m, Gurley value 210 s / 100 cc) was prepared as a separator substrate.
- the porous membrane composition was applied to both sides of the prepared separator substrate and dried at 50 ° C. for 3 minutes.
- a separator provided with a porous film having a thickness of 3 ⁇ m per layer and provided on both surfaces was obtained.
- blocking resistance was evaluated by the method mentioned above.
- Example II-2 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (II-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate was changed to 75.85 parts and the amount of ethylene dimethacrylate was changed to 0.15 parts. did. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-3 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (II-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate was changed to 71.5 parts, and the amount of ethylene dimethacrylate was changed to 4.5 parts. did. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-4 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (II-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate was changed to 75.95 parts, and the amount of ethylene dimethacrylate was changed to 0.05 parts. did. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-5 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (II-1-1), instead of 75 parts of methyl methacrylate, 55 parts of methyl methacrylate and 20 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate were used in combination. . Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-6 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (II-1-1), acrylonitrile was used instead of methyl methacrylate. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-7 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (II-1-1), instead of 75 parts of methyl methacrylate, 65 parts of acrylonitrile and 10 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate were used in combination. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-8 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (II-1-1), 72 parts of acrylonitrile is used instead of 75 parts of methyl methacrylate, and the amount of ethylene dimethacrylate is 4.0 parts. Changed to Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-9 In the monomer composition used for producing the shell part according to the step (II-1-1), 10 parts of styrene and 10 parts of acrylonitrile were used in combination instead of 20 parts of styrene. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-10 In the monomer composition used for producing the shell part according to the step (II-1-1), 5 parts of styrene and 15 parts of acrylonitrile were used in combination instead of 20 parts of styrene. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-11 In the monomer composition used for the production of the shell part according to the step (II-1-1), styrenesulfonic acid sodium salt was used instead of styrene. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-12 In the monomer composition used for the production of the shell part according to the step (II-1-1), 15 parts of sodium salt of styrenesulfonic acid and 5 parts of acrylonitrile were used in combination instead of 20 parts of styrene. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-13 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (II-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate was changed to 72.5 parts, and ethylene dimethacrylate was not used. In addition, in the monomer composition used for manufacturing the shell part according to the step (II-1-1), 3.5 parts of ethylene dimethacrylate was used in addition to 20 parts of styrene. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-14 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (II-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate was changed to 90 parts. Further, in the monomer composition used for producing the shell part according to the step (II-1-1), the amount of styrene was changed to 5 parts. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-15 In the monomer composition used for producing the core part according to the step (II-1-1), the amount of methyl methacrylate is changed to 52.5 parts, and the amount of ethylene dimethacrylate is changed to 3.5 parts. did. In the monomer composition used for producing the shell part according to the step (II-1-1), the amount of styrene was changed to 40 parts. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-16 In the step (II-1-3), cellulose fibers (“BiNFIs-cellulose” manufactured by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd .; fiber diameter 0.02 ⁇ m) are used as non-conductive fibers in place of “Cerish KY-100G” manufactured by Daicel. It was. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- cellulose fibers (“BiNFIs-cellulose” manufactured by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd .; fiber diameter 0.02 ⁇ m) are used as non-conductive fibers in place of “Cerish KY-100G” manufactured by Daicel. It was. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-17 In the step (II-1-3), the amount of cellulose fiber was changed to 0.5 part, and the amount of the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer was changed to 99.5 parts by weight corresponding to the solid content. . Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-18 In the step (II-1-3), the amount of cellulose fiber was changed to 45 parts, and the amount of the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer was changed to 55 parts by weight corresponding to the solid content. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- Example II-19 An electrode plate having the same configuration as the pressed negative electrode obtained in the step (II-1-7) of Example II-1 was prepared.
- the porous film composition obtained in the step (II-1-3) of Example II-1 was applied to both surfaces of this electrode plate with a gravure coater so that the coating amount after drying was 6 mg / cm 2. , Dried. This drying was performed by conveying the electrode plate in an oven at 100 ° C. at a speed of 20 m / min for 1 minute.
- a negative electrode including a porous film, a current collector, a negative electrode active material layer, and a porous film in this order was obtained. This negative electrode was evaluated for blocking resistance by the method described above.
- step (II-1-10) a polyethylene porous substrate (thickness 16 ⁇ m, Gurley value 210 s / 100 cc) without a porous film was used as a separator.
- the negative electrode provided with the porous film produced in Example II-19 was used as the negative electrode. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- step (II-1-3) instead of the aqueous dispersion containing the first particulate polymer, the aqueous dispersion containing the particulate polymer having no core-shell structure produced in Comparative Example II-2 The liquid was used. Except for the above, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-1.
- EDMA ethylene dimethacrylate
- MAA methacrylic acid
- 2-EHA 2-ethylhexyl acrylate
- AN acrylonitrile
- PST polystyrene
- Tg glass Transition temperature
- NaSS Sodium salt of styrene sulfonic acid
- Core shell ratio Ratio of average thickness of shell part to volume average particle diameter of first particulate polymer
- Coverage Outer surface of core part depends on shell part Covered average ratio
- D50 Volume average particle size
- KY-100G Cellulose fiber (“Serisch KY-100G” manufactured by Daicel)
- BiNFIs Cellulose fiber (“BiNFIs-cellulose” manufactured by Sugino Machine)
- Granule Fine”: Weight ratio of first particulate polymer to non-conductive fiber
- the porous film produced using the porous film composition of the present invention has a binding property with the separator substrate and the electrode plate in the electrolytic solution. Excellent. Furthermore, when the porous film composition contains non-conductive fibers, the porous film formed using the porous film composition can suppress swelling in the electrolytic solution. Therefore, the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is excellent in low temperature output characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
すなわち、本発明は以下の通りである。
前記第一粒子状重合体が、コア部と、前記コア部の外表面を部分的に覆うシェル部とを備えるコアシェル構造を有し、
前記コア部が、電解液に対する膨潤度が5倍以上30倍以下の重合体からなり、
前記シェル部が、電解液に対する膨潤度が1倍より大きく4倍以下の重合体からなる、リチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物。
〔2〕 前記コア部の重合体のガラス転移温度が、0℃以上150℃以下であり、
前記シェル部の重合体のガラス転移温度が、50℃以上200℃以下である、〔1〕記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物。
〔3〕 前記シェル部が、電解液に対する膨潤度が1倍より大きく4倍以下の重合体の粒子により構成されている、〔1〕又は〔2〕記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物。
〔4〕 セパレータ基材と、
前記セパレータ基材上に〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物を塗布して得られる多孔膜とを備える、リチウムイオン二次電池用セパレータ。
〔5〕 極板と、
前記極板上に〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物を塗布して得られる多孔膜とを備える、リチウムイオン二次電池用電極。
〔6〕 正極、負極、電解液及びセパレータを備えるリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記セパレータが、〔4〕記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用セパレータである、リチウムイオン二次電池。
〔7〕 正極、負極及び電解液を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記正極及び前記負極の少なくとも一方が、〔5〕記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極である、リチウムイオン二次電池。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用セパレータは、セパレータ基材と多孔膜との電解液中での結着性に優れ、且つ、低温出力特性に優れたリチウムイオン二次電池を実現でき、また、電解液中において多孔膜の脱落を抑制できる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極は、極板と多孔膜との電解液中での結着性に優れ、且つ、低温出力特性に優れたリチウムイオン二次電池を実現でき、また、電解液中において多孔膜の脱落を抑制できる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、低温出力特性に優れ、また、安全性に優れる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物(以下、適宜「多孔膜組成物」ということがある。)は、第一粒子状重合体を含む。
図1は、第一粒子状重合体の例を模式的に示す断面図である。図1に示すように、第一粒子状重合体100は、コア部110及びシェル部120を備えるコアシェル構造を有する。ここで、コア部110は、この第一粒子状重合体100においてシェル部120よりも内側にある部分である。また、シェル部120は、コア部110の外表面110Sを覆う部分であり、通常は第一粒子状重合体100において最も外にある部分である。ただし、シェル部120は、コア部110の外表面110Sの全体を覆っているのではなく、コア部110の外表面110Sを部分的に覆っている。
第一粒子状重合体のシェル部を構成する重合体は、電解液に膨潤する。このとき、例えば膨潤したシェル部の重合体が有する官能基が活性化してセパレータ基材又は極板の表面にある官能基と化学的又は電気的な相互作用を生じるなどの要因により、シェル部はセパレータ基材又は極板に強固に結着できる。そのため、多孔膜とセパレータ基材又は極板との電解液中における結着性を向上させることが可能になっていると推察される。
リチウムイオン二次電池において多孔膜は、一般に、正極と負極との間に設けられる。ここで、従来、リチウムイオン二次電池が充放電をすると、電極活物質(特に、負極活物質)が膨張及び収縮を生じるため、多孔膜と極板との間に空隙を生じることがあった。このような現象が生じると、正極の極板と負極の極板との距離が大きくなって電池の内部抵抗が大きくなったり、リチウムイオンと電極活物質との反応場が不均一になったりするので、低温出力特性が低下することがあった。
したがって、リチウムイオン二次電池において正極の極板と負極の極板との距離が大きくなり難いので、電池の内部抵抗を小さくでき、また、リチウムイオンと電極活物質との反応場が不均一になり難い。
リチウムイオン二次電池では、充放電を繰り返すと、例えば電解液及び添加剤の分解によりガスを生じることがある。また、前記のように、リチウムイオン二次電池では充放電により電極活物質の膨張及び収縮が生じることがある。そのため、リチウムイオン二次電池の充放電を繰り返すと、多孔膜と極板との間に空隙ができ、正極の極板と負極の極板との距離が次第に大きくなって、電池容量が低下することがあった。
これに対し、第一粒子状重合体を備える多孔膜は、前記のように電解液中において極板との結着性に優れる。そのため、この多孔膜を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池では、充放電を繰り返しても多孔膜と極板との間に空隙ができ難いので、電池容量が低下しにくい。これにより、優れた高温サイクル特性が実現できているものと推察される。
シェル部の重合体は、電解液に膨潤していない状態においては、通常、結着性を有さず、電解液に膨潤することにより始めて結着性を発現する。そのため、第一粒子状重合体は、電解液に膨潤していない状態において、通常、大きな結着性を発現しない。これにより、第一粒子状重合体を備える多孔膜は、重ねてもブロッキングを生じ難いものと推察される。なお、第一粒子状重合体は電解液に膨潤していない状態であっても、一定温度以上(例えば60℃以上)に加熱されることにより、結着性を発現しうる。
従来、電池に連続的に振動が与えられると、電解液中において多孔膜の結着性が低下することにより多孔膜が脱落することがあった。多孔膜が脱落すると、電池が短絡する虞があるので、従来の電池には安全性に課題があった。これに対し、第一粒子状重合体は、電解液中において結着力を発現する。そのため、電池に連続的に振動が与えられても、電解液中での多孔膜の脱落を抑制することができる。したがって、電池の安全性を向上させることができると推察される。
コア部は、電解液に対して所定の膨潤度を有する重合体からなる。具体的には、コア部の重合体の電解液に対する膨潤度は、通常5倍以上、好ましくは6倍以上、より好ましくは7倍以上であり、通常30倍以下、好ましくは25倍以下、より好ましくは20倍以下である。コア部の重合体の膨潤度を前記範囲に収めることにより、多孔膜のイオン拡散性を高めることができるので、リチウムイオン二次電池の低温出力特性を改善することができる。また、コア部の重合体の膨潤度を前記範囲の下限値以上にすることにより、通常は、多孔膜のセパレータ基材又は極板に対する電解液中での結着性を高めることができ、また、電解液中での多孔膜の脱落を抑制することができる。さらに、上限値以下にすることにより、通常は、リチウムイオン二次電池の寿命を長くすることができる。
まず、第一粒子状重合体のコア部の重合体を用意する。例えば、第一粒子状重合体の製造方法においてコア部を製造するために行うのと同様の工程を行うことにより得られた重合体を用意する。
その後、用意した重合体によりフィルムを作製する。例えば重合体が固体であれば、25℃、48時間の条件で重合体を乾燥した後、その重合体をフィルム状に成形して、厚み0.5mmのフィルムを作製する。また、例えば、重合体がラテックス等の溶液又は分散液である場合は、その溶液又は分散液を、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン製のシャーレに入れ、25℃、48時間の条件で乾燥して、厚み0.5mmのフィルムを作製する。
こうして作製したフィルムを1cm角に裁断して、試験片を得る。この試験片の重量を測定し、W0とする。
また、この試験片を電解液に60℃で72時間浸漬し、その試験片を電解液から取り出す。取り出した試験片の表面の電解液を拭き取り、浸漬試験後の試験片の重量W1を測定する。
そして、これらの重量W0及びW1を用いて、膨潤度S(倍)を、S=W1/W0にて計算する。
SP値は、Hansen Solubility Parameters A User’s Handbook,2ndEd(CRCPress)で紹介される方法を用いて算出することができる。
また、有機化合物のSP値は、その有機化合物の分子構造から推算することが可能である。具体的には、SMILEの式からSP値を計算できるシミュレーションソフトウェア(例えば「HSPiP」(http=//www.hansen-solubility.com))を用いて計算しうる。また、このシミュレーションソフトウェアでは、Hansen SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS A User’s Handbook SecondEdition、Charles M.Hansenに記載の理論に基づき、求められている。
また、酸基含有単量体は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
シェル部は、電解液に対して、コア部の膨潤度よりも小さい所定の膨潤度を有する重合体からなる。具体的には、シェル部の重合体の電解液に対する膨潤度は、通常1倍より大きく、好ましくは1.05倍以上、より好ましくは1.1倍以上、更に好ましくは1.2倍以上であり、また、通常4倍以下、好ましくは3.5倍以下、より好ましくは3倍以下である。シェル部の重合体の膨潤度を前記範囲に収めることにより、多孔膜とセパレータ基材又は極板との電解液中における結着性を高めることができる。そのため、リチウムイオン二次電池の内部抵抗を小さくできるので、電池特性を良好に維持することができる。また、シェル部の重合体の膨潤度を前記範囲の下限値以上にすることにより、通常は、リチウムイオン二次電池の低温出力特性を良好にできる。さらに、上限値以下にすることにより、通常は、多孔膜のセパレータ基材又は極板に対する電解液中における結着性を高めることができ、また、電解液中での多孔膜の脱落を抑制することができる。
まず、第一粒子状重合体のシェル部の重合体を用意する。例えば、第一粒子状重合体の製造方法において、コア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物の代わりにシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物を用いて、コア部の製造方法と同様にして重合体を製造する。
その後、コア部の重合体の膨潤度の測定方法と同様の方法で、シェル部の重合体によりフィルムを作製し、そのフィルムから試験片を得て、膨潤度Sを測定する。
また、酸基含有単量体は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
まず、第一粒子状重合体を常温硬化性のエポキシ樹脂中に十分に分散させた後、包埋し、第一粒子状重合体を含有するブロック片を作製する。次に、ブロック片を、ダイヤモンド刃を備えたミクロトームで厚さ80nm~200nmの薄片状に切り出して、測定用試料を作製する。その後、必要に応じて、例えば四酸化ルテニウム又は四酸化オスミウムを用いて測定用試料に染色処理を施す。
次に、この測定用試料を、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)にセットして、第一粒子状重合体の断面構造を写真撮影する。電子顕微鏡の倍率は、第一粒子状重合体1個の断面が視野に入る倍率が好ましく、具体的には10,000倍程度が好ましい。
撮影された第一粒子状重合体の断面構造において、コア部の外表面に相当する周の長さD1、及び、コア部の外表面とシェル部とが当接する部分の長さD2を測定する。そして、測定された長さD1及び長さD2を用いて、下記の(1)式により、その第一粒子状重合体のコア部の外表面がシェル部によって覆われる割合Rcを算出する。
被覆割合Rc(%)=D2/D1×100 (1)
前記の被覆割合Rcを、20個以上の第一粒子状重合体について測定し、その平均値を計算して、コア部の外表面がシェル部によって覆われる平均割合とする。
前記の被覆割合Rcは、断面構造からマニュアルで計算することもできるが、市販の画像解析ソフトを用いて計算することもできる。市販の画像解析ソフトとして、例えば「AnalySIS Pro」(オリンパス株式会社製)を用いることができる。
第一粒子状重合体は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り、上述したコア部及びシェル部以外に任意の構成要素を備えていてもよい。
例えば、コア部の内部に、コア部とは別の重合体で形成された部分を有していてもよい。具体例を挙げると、第一粒子状重合体をシード重合法で製造する場合に用いたシード粒子が、コア部の内部に残留していてもよい。
ただし、本発明の効果を顕著に発揮する観点からは、第一粒子状重合体はコア部及びシェル部のみを備えることが好ましい。
第一粒子状重合体の体積平均粒子径は、好ましくは0.01μm以上、より好ましくは0.1μm以上、特に好ましくは0.3μm以上であり、好ましくは10μm以下、より好ましくは5μm以下、特に好ましくは1μm以下である。第一粒子状重合体の体積平均粒子径を前記範囲の下限値以上にすることにより、多孔膜組成物及び多孔膜における第一粒子状重合体の分散性を良好にできる。また、上限値以下にすることにより、多孔膜とセパレータ基材又は極板との電解液中での結着力を高め、低温出力特性を高めることができ、また、電解液中での多孔膜の脱落を抑制することができる。
多孔膜組成物における第一粒子状重合体の量は、多孔膜における第一粒子状重合体の割合が所定の範囲に収まるように設定することが好ましい。具体的には、多孔膜における第一粒子状重合体の割合は、好ましくは0.1重量%以上、好ましくは99.9重量%以下である。
第一粒子状重合体は、例えば、コア部の重合体の単量体とシェル部の重合体の単量体とを用い、経時的にそれらの単量体の比率を変えて段階的に重合することにより、製造しうる。具体的には、先の段階の重合体を後の段階の重合体が順次に被覆するような連続した多段階乳化重合法及び多段階懸濁重合法によって得ることができる。
重合に際しては、常法に従って、乳化剤として、例えば、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム、ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム等のアニオン性界面活性剤、ポリオキシエチレンノニルフェニルエーテル、ソルビタンモノラウレート等のノニオン性界面活性剤、又はオクタデシルアミン酢酸塩等のカチオン性界面活性剤を用いることができる。また、重合開始剤として、例えば、t-ブチルパーオキシ-2-エチルヘキサノエート、過硫酸カリウム、キュメンパーオキサイド等の過酸化物、2,2’-アゾビス(2-メチル-N-(2-ハイドロキシエチル)-プロピオンアミド)、2,2’-アゾビス(2-アミジノプロパン)塩酸塩等のアゾ化合物を用いることができる。
本発明の多孔膜組成物は、第二粒子状重合体を含むことが好ましい。第二粒子状重合体は、粒子状の重合体であり、多孔膜においてバインダーとして機能できる。そのため、第二粒子状重合体は第一粒子状重合体同士を結着させて、多孔膜の機械的強度を高める作用を奏する。また、第二粒子状重合体は、第一粒子状重合体とセパレータ基材又は極板とを結着させる作用を奏するので、多孔膜とセパレータ基材又は極板との結着性を高めることができる。
ここで、前記のガスの発生量は、充放電を繰り返したときのリチウムイオン二次電池のセルの体積変化により評価することができる。
また、アミド単量体及びアミド単量体単位は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
本発明の多孔膜組成物は、非導電性繊維を含むことが好ましい。本発明の多孔膜組成物が非導電性繊維を含むことにより、通常は、下記の利点のうち1以上を得ることができる。
a.多孔膜の電解液中での膨れを抑制できる。
b.多孔膜の機械的強度を向上させることができる。
c.リチウムイオン二次電池の低温出力特性を更に向上させることができる。
d.リチウムイオン二次電池の高温サイクル特性を更に良好にすることができる。
これらのような優れた効果が得られる理由は必ずしも定かではないが、本発明者の検討によれば、以下のように推察される。ただし、以下に推察する理由により本発明は制限されるものではない。
多孔膜が非導電性繊維を含む場合、通常、非導電性繊維同士の絡み合い、及び、非導電性繊維と第一粒子状重合体との絡み合いにより、多孔膜は変形を生じ難くなっている。そのため、多孔膜を電解質に浸漬したときに多孔膜中の重合体が膨潤しても、非導電性繊維が多孔膜の変形を抑制しようと働く。そのため、電解液中において、多孔膜は膨れ難くなっていると推察される。
多孔膜が非導電性繊維を含む場合、通常、多孔膜中では、前記のように、非導電性繊維同士が絡み合ったり、非導電性繊維と第一粒子状重合体とが絡み合ったりしている。そのため、多孔膜の機械的強度が向上しているものと推察される。
電解液中で多孔膜が膨れると、電池の内部抵抗が上昇して、リチウムイオン二次電池の低温出力特性の低下を招く可能性がある。
これに対し、多孔膜が非導電性繊維を含む場合、通常、非導電性繊維の作用により、電解液中で多孔膜は膨れ難い。したがって、リチウムイオン二次電池において正極の極板と負極の極板との距離が大きくなり難いので、電池の内部抵抗を小さくできる。
また、多孔膜が膨れ難いと、多孔膜と極板との間に空隙を生じ難くなるので、リチウムイオンと電極活物質との反応場が不均一になり難い。
多孔膜が非導電性繊維を含む場合、通常、前記のように、電解液中でのリチウムの析出を抑制できる。そのため、充放電の繰り返しによる抵抗の増大が生じ難い。これにより、非導電性繊維を含む多孔膜組成物を用いた場合に、更に優れた高温サイクル特性が実現できているものと推察される。
本発明の多孔膜組成物は、通常、溶媒を含む。溶媒としては、水を用いることが好ましい。第一粒子状重合体及び第二粒子状重合体は通常は非水溶性であるので、溶媒として水を用いた場合には、第一粒子状重合体及び第二粒子状重合体は水中において粒子状となって分散している。また、非導電性繊維は通常は非水溶性であるので、溶媒として水を用いた場合には、非導電性繊維は水中において繊維状となって分散している。
本発明の多孔膜組成物は、更に、非導電性粒子を含んでいてもよい。非導電性を有する粒子を多孔膜に充填することにより、多孔膜の絶縁性を高め、リチウムイオン二次電池における短絡を更に安定して防止することができる。また、通常、非導電性粒子は高い剛性を有し、これにより、多孔膜の機械的強度を高めることができる。そのため、熱によってセパレータ基材に収縮しようとする応力が生じた場合でも、多孔膜がその応力に抗することができるので、セパレータ基材の収縮による短絡の発生を防止することが可能である。このような非導電性粒子としては、無機粒子を用いてもよく、有機粒子を用いてもよい。
本発明の多孔膜組成物は、更に、水溶性重合体を含みうる。多孔膜組成物において水溶性重合体は、通常は粘度調整剤として機能する。また、特に多孔膜組成物が溶媒として水を含む場合は、多孔膜組成物において、一部の水溶性重合体は溶媒中に遊離しているが、別の一部の水溶性重合体は第一粒子状重合体及び第二粒子状重合体の表面に吸着する。これにより、第一粒子状重合体及び第二粒子状重合体の表面が水溶性重合体の層で覆われるので、第一粒子状重合体及び第二粒子状重合体の水中における分散性を向上させることができる。
多孔膜組成物は、上述した第一粒子状重合体、第二粒子状重合体、非導電性繊維、溶媒、非導電性粒子及び水溶性重合体以外に、任意の成分を含みうる。このような任意の成分としては、電池反応に過度に好ましくない影響を及ぼさないものを用いうる。任意の成分は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
本発明の多孔膜組成物は、通常、流体状のスラリー組成物となっている。また、本発明の多孔膜組成物において、その多孔膜組成物に含まれる各成分は、高い分散性を有する。そのため、本発明の多孔膜組成物の粘度は、通常、容易に低くできる。多孔膜組成物の具体的な粘度は、多孔膜を製造する際の塗布性を良好にする観点から、10mPa・s~2000mPa・sが好ましい。ここで、前記の粘度は、E型粘度計を用いて25℃、回転数60rpmで測定した時の値である。
多孔膜組成物の製造方法は、特に限定はされない。通常は、上述した各成分を混合することにより、多孔膜組成物が得られる。
各成分の混合順序には特に制限は無い。また、混合方法にも特に制限は無い。通常は、粒子を速やかに分散させるため、混合装置として分散機を用いて混合を行う。
本発明の多孔膜組成物を適切な基材上に塗布し、必要に応じて乾燥することにより、多孔膜組成物の固形分により形成された膜として、リチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜(以下、適宜「多孔膜」ということがある。)を製造することができる。例えば、多孔膜組成物を基材上に塗布して当該多孔膜組成物の膜を得る工程と、必要に応じてその膜から乾燥によって水等の溶媒を除去する工程とを含む製造方法により、多孔膜を製造できる。
例えば、金型プレス及びロールプレス等のプレス方法によって、多孔膜に加圧処理を施してもよい。加圧処理を施すことにより、基材と多孔膜との結着性を向上させることができる。ただし、多孔膜の空隙率を好ましい範囲に保つ観点では、圧力および加圧時間が過度に大きくならないように適切に制御することが好ましい。
また、残留水分除去のため、例えば真空乾燥やドライルーム内で乾燥することが好ましい。
さらに、例えば加熱処理することも好ましく、これにより重合体成分に含まれる熱架橋基を架橋させて、結着力を高めることができる。
本発明のセパレータは、セパレータ基材と多孔膜とを備える。本発明のセパレータが本発明に係る多孔膜を備えるので、当該セパレータを備えるリチウムイオン二次電池においては、多孔膜とセパレータ基材及び極板とは強力に結着されている。また、本発明にかかる多孔膜はイオン拡散性に優れるので、本発明のセパレータによる内部抵抗の上昇は小さい。また、本発明の多孔膜は、電池に連続的に振動が与えられても電解液中での多孔膜の脱落を抑制することができ、電池の安全性を向上させることができる。
セパレータ基材としては、例えば、微細な孔を有する多孔性基材を用いうる。このようなセパレータ基材を用いることにより、二次電池において電池の充放電を妨げることなく短絡を防止することができる。セパレータ基材の具体例を挙げると、ポリエチレン樹脂、ポリプロピレン樹脂等のポリオレフィン樹脂、芳香族ポリアミド樹脂などを含む微孔膜または不織布などが挙げられる。
本発明のセパレータは、セパレータ基材上に上述した多孔膜を備える。すなわち、本発明のセパレータは、セパレータ基材と、前記セパレータ基材上に多孔膜組成物を塗布し、必要に応じて乾燥して得られる多孔膜とを備える。このようなセパレータは、例えば、基材としてセパレータ基材を用いて上述した多孔膜の製造方法を行うことにより、製造することができる。この際、多孔膜は、セパレータ基材の片方の面だけに設けられていてもよく、両方の面に設けられていてもよい。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極(以下、適宜「電極」ということがある。)は、極板と多孔膜とを備える。また、極板は、通常、集電体及び電極活物質層を備える。本発明の電極が本発明に係る多孔膜を備えるので、当該電極を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池においては、多孔膜とセパレータ基材又は極板とは強力に結着されている。また、本発明にかかる多孔膜はイオン拡散性に優れるので、電極の内部抵抗を小さくできる。さらに、本発明の多孔膜はセパレータとして機能しうるので、リチウムイオン二次電池の内部短絡を防止することができる。また、本発明の多孔膜は、電池に連続的に振動が与えられても電解液中での多孔膜の脱落を抑制することができ、電池の安全性を向上させることができる。
集電体は、電気導電性を有し、且つ、電気化学的に耐久性のある材料を用いうる。通常、この集電体の材料としては、金属材料を用いる。その例を挙げると、鉄、銅、アルミニウム、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼、チタン、タンタル、金、白金などが挙げられる。中でも、正極に用いる集電体としてはアルミニウムが好ましく、負極に用いる集電体としては銅が好ましい。また、前記の材料は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
電極活物質層は、集電体上に設けられた層であり、電極活物質を含む。
リチウムイオン二次電池の電極活物質は、電解液中で電位をかけることにより可逆的にリチウムイオンを挿入又は放出できるものを用いうる。
また、例えば、鉄系酸化物を炭素源物質の存在下において還元焼成することで、炭素材料で覆われた複合材料を作製し、この複合材料を正極活物質として用いてもよい。鉄系酸化物は電気伝導性に乏しい傾向があるが、前記のような複合材料にすることにより、高性能な正極活物質として使用できる。
さらに、前記の化合物を部分的に元素置換したものを正極活物質として用いてもよい。
これらの正極活物質は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。また、前述の無機化合物と有機化合物との混合物を正極活物質として用いてもよい。
さらに、以下に例示する軟質重合体の粒子を、電極用バインダーとして用いてもよい。軟質重合体としては、例えば、
(i)ポリブチルアクリレート、ポリブチルメタクリレート、ポリヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリアクリロニトリル、ブチルアクリレート・スチレン共重合体、ブチルアクリレート・アクリロニトリル共重合体、ブチルアクリレート・アクリロニトリル・グリシジルメタクリレート共重合体などの、アクリル酸またはメタクリル酸誘導体の単独重合体またはそれと共重合可能な単量体との共重合体である、アクリル系軟質重合体;
(ii)ポリイソブチレン、イソブチレン・イソプレンゴム、イソブチレン・スチレン共重合体などのイソブチレン系軟質重合体;
(iii)ポリブタジエン、ポリイソプレン、ブタジエン・スチレンランダム共重合体、イソプレン・スチレンランダム共重合体、アクリロニトリル・ブタジエン共重合体、アクリロニトリル・ブタジエン・スチレン共重合体、ブタジエン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体、イソプレン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体などジエン系軟質重合体;
(iv)ジメチルポリシロキサン、ジフェニルポリシロキサン、ジヒドロキシポリシロキサンなどのケイ素含有軟質重合体;
(v)液状ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリ-1-ブテン、エチレン・α-オレフィン共重合体、プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体、エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン共重合体(EPDM)、エチレン・プロピレン・スチレン共重合体などのオレフィン系軟質重合体;
(vi)ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリステアリン酸ビニル、酢酸ビニル・スチレン共重合体などビニル系軟質重合体;
(vii)ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリプロピレンオキシド、エピクロルヒドリンゴムなどのエポキシ系軟質重合体;
(viii)フッ化ビニリデン系ゴム、四フッ化エチレン-プロピレンゴムなどのフッ素含有軟質重合体;
(ix)天然ゴム、ポリペプチド、蛋白質、ポリエステル系熱可塑性エラストマー、塩化ビニル系熱可塑性エラストマー、ポリアミド系熱可塑性エラストマーなどのその他の軟質重合体;などが挙げられる。これらの中でも、ジエン系軟質重合体及びアクリル系軟質重合体が好ましい。また、これらの軟質重合体は、架橋構造を有したものであってもよく、変性により官能基を導入したものであってもよい。
また、電極用バインダーは、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
本発明の電極は、前記の極板上に、上述した多孔膜を備える。すなわち、本発明の電極は、極板と、極板上に多孔膜組成物を塗布し、必要に応じて乾燥して得られる多孔膜とを備える。このような電極は、例えば、基材として極板を用いて上述した多孔膜の製造方法を行うことにより、製造することができる。この際、多孔膜は、極板の片方の面だけに設けられていてもよく、両方の面に設けられていてもよい。ただし、通常は、多孔膜が電極活物質層上に設けられるので、本発明の電極は、集電体、電極活物質層及び多孔膜をこの順に備える。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、正極、負極及び電解液を備える。また、本発明の二次電池は、下記の要件(A)を満たすか、要件(B)を満たすか、要件(A)及び(B)の両方を満たす。
(A)本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池の正極及び負極の少なくとも一方が、本発明の電極である。
(B)本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池がセパレータを備え、且つ、そのセパレータが本発明のセパレータである。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、原則として、正極及び負極の一方又は両方として、本発明の電極を備える。ただし、本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池がセパレータとして本発明のセパレータを備える場合には、正極及び負極の両方として本発明の電極以外の電極を備えていてもよい。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、原則として、セパレータとして本発明のセパレータを備える。ただし、本発明の二次電池が正極及び負極の少なくとも一方として本発明の電極を備える場合には、セパレータとして本発明のセパレータ以外のセパレータを備えていてもよい。また、本発明の電極が備える多孔膜はセパレータとしての機能を有するので、本発明の電極を備える二次電池においてはセパレータを省略してもよい。
電解液としては、第一粒子状重合体のコア部の重合体及びシェル部の重合体を、前述した所定の範囲の膨潤度で膨潤させられるものを用いうる。このような電解液としては、有機溶媒と、その有機溶媒に溶解した支持電解質とを含む有機電解液が好ましく用いうる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法は、特に限定されない。例えば、上述した負極と正極とをセパレータを介して重ね合わせ、これを電池形状に応じて巻く、折るなどして電池容器に入れ、電池容器に電解液を注入して封口してもよい。さらに、必要に応じてエキスパンドメタル;ヒューズ、PTC素子などの過電流防止素子;リード板などを入れ、電池内部の圧力上昇、過充放電の防止をしてもよい。電池の形状は、例えば、ラミネートセル型、コイン型、ボタン型、シート型、円筒型、角形、扁平型などいずれであってもよい。
以下、第一群の実施例及び比較例について説明する。第一群の実施例及び比較例は、非導電性繊維を含まない多孔膜組成物についての実施例及び比較例である。
〔I-1.高温サイクル試験の前後でのセル体積変化の測定方法〕
実施例及び比較例で製造した800mAh捲回型セルのリチウムイオン二次電池を、25℃の環境下で24時間静置した。その後、25℃の環境下で、0.1Cで4.35Vまで充電し0.1Cで2.75Vまで放電する充放電の操作を行った。この捲回型セルを流動パラフィンに浸漬し、セルの体積X0を測定した。
実施例I-1~I-23及びI-25~I-34並びに比較例I-1~I-6において製造した多孔膜を備えるセパレータを、長さ100mm、幅10mmの長方形に切り出して、試験片を得た。この試験片を、電解液(溶媒:EC/DEC/VC=68.5/30/1.5体積比、電解質:濃度1MのLiPF6)に3日間浸漬した。電解液から試験片を取り出し、多孔膜の表面に付着した電解液を拭き取った。その後、電解液を拭き取った多孔膜の表面を下にして、多孔膜の表面にセロハンテープを貼り付けた。この際、セロハンテープとしてはJIS Z1522に規定されるものを用いた。また、セロハンテープは水平な試験台に固定しておいた。その後、セパレータ基材の一端を鉛直上方に引張り速度50mm/分で引っ張って剥がしたときの応力を測定した。この測定を3回行い、応力の平均値を求めて、当該平均値をピール強度Pとした。測定されたピール強度Pが大きいほど、セパレータ基材と多孔膜との結着力が大きいことを示す。すなわち、測定されたピール強度Pが大きいほど、結着強度が大きいことを示す。
実施例I-24において製造した電極を、長さ100mm、幅10mmの長方形に切り出して、試験片を得た。この試験片を、電解液(溶媒:EC/DEC/VC=68.5/30/1.5体積比、電解質:濃度1MのLiPF6)に3日間浸漬した。電解液から試験片を取り出し、多孔膜の表面に付着した電解液を拭き取った。その後、電解液を拭き取った多孔膜の表面を下にして、多孔膜の表面にセロハンテープを貼り付けた。この際、セロハンテープとしてはJIS Z1522に規定されるものを用いた。また、セロハンテープは水平な試験台に固定しておいた。その後、集電体の一端を鉛直上方に引張り速度50mm/分で引っ張って剥がしたときの応力を測定した。この測定を3回行い、応力の平均値を求めて、当該平均値をピール強度Pとした。測定されたピール強度Pが大きいほど、極板と多孔膜との結着力が大きいことを示す。すなわち、測定されたピール強度Pが大きいほど、結着強度が大きいことを示す。
実施例及び比較例で製造した800mAh捲回型セルのリチウムイオン二次電池を、25℃の環境下で24時間静置した。その後、25℃の環境下で、0.1Cで4.35Vまで充電し0.1Cで2.75Vまで放電する充放電の操作を行い、初期容量C0を測定した。
実施例及び比較例で製造したセパレータを、幅5cm×長さ5cm、及び、幅4cm×長さ4cmにそれぞれ正方形に切って試験片を得た。これらを二枚重ね合わせたサンプル(未プレスの状態のサンプル)と、重ね合わせた後に40℃、10g/cm2の加圧下に置いたサンプル(プレスしたサンプル)とを作製した。これらのサンプルを、それぞれ24時間放置した。24時間放置後のサンプルにおいて、各サンプルのセパレータ同士の結着状態(ブロッキング状態)を目視で確認し、下記の基準で評価した。
A:プレスしたサンプルにおいて、セパレータ同士がブロッキングしない。
B:プレスしたサンプルにおいて、セパレータ同士がブロッキングするが剥がれる。
C:プレスしたサンプルにおいて、セパレータ同士がブロッキングして剥がれない。
D:未プレスの状態のサンプルにおいて、セパレータ同士がブロッキングする。
実施例及び比較例で製造した800mAh捲回型のリチウムイオン二次電池を、25℃の環境下で24時間静置した。その後、25℃の環境下で、0.1Cの充電レートで5時間の充電の操作を行い、充電後の電圧V0を測定した。その後、-10℃環境下で、1Cの放電レートにて放電の操作を行い、放電開始から15秒後の電圧V1を測定した。
電圧変化ΔVを、ΔV=V0-V1にて計算した。この電圧変化ΔVの値が小さいほど、低温出力特性に優れることを示す。
実施例及び比較例においてコア部を構成する重合体を含む水分散液を製造した方法と同様にして、第一粒子状重合体のコア部を構成する重合体を含む水分散液を製造した。この水分散液を、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン製のシャーレに入れ、25℃、48時間の条件で乾燥して、厚み0.5mmのフィルムを製造した。
また、前記の試験片を電解液に、60℃で72時間浸漬した。その後、試験片を電解液から取り出し、試験片の表面の電解液を拭き取り、浸漬試験後の試験片の重量W1を測定した。
これらの重量W0及びW1を用いて、膨潤度S(倍)を、S=W1/W0にて計算した。
コア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物の代わりにシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物を用いたこと以外は実施例及び比較例において第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を製造した方法と同様にして、シェル部を形成する重合体からなる粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を製造した。試験片を製造するための水分散液として、このシェル部を形成する重合体からなる粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を用いたこと以外はコア部の重合体の膨潤度の測定方法と同様にして、シェル部の重合体の膨潤度Sを測定した。
第一粒子状重合体を、可視光硬化性樹脂(日本電子株式会社製「D-800」)に十分分散させた後、包埋し、第一粒子状重合体を含有するブロック片を作製した。次に、ブロック片を、ダイヤモンド刃を備えたミクロトームで厚さ100nmの薄片状に切り出して、測定用試料を作製した。その後、四酸化ルテニウムを用いて測定用試料に染色処理を施した。
被覆割合Rc(%)=D2/D1×100 (1)
前記の被覆割合Rcを、任意に選択した20個の第一粒子状重合体について測定し、その平均値を計算して、コア部の外表面がシェル部によって覆われる平均割合とした。
第一粒子状重合体の体積平均粒子径は、レーザ回折式粒子径分布測定装置(島津製作所社製「SALD-3100」)により測定された粒子径分布において、小径側から計算した累積体積が50%となる粒子径とした。
第一粒子状重合体のシェル部の平均厚みを、以下の手順で測定した。
シェル部が重合体の粒子により構成されている場合、コア部の外表面がシェル部によって覆われる平均割合の測定方法の項で説明したのと同様にして、透過型電子顕微鏡によって、第一粒子状重合体の断面構造を観察した。観察された第一粒子状重合体の断面構造から、シェル部を構成する重合体の粒子の最長径を測定した。任意に選択した20個の第一粒子状重合体について、前記の方法でシェル部を構成する重合体の粒子の最長径を測定し、その最長径の平均値をシェル部の平均厚みとした。
実施例及び比較例で製造した800mAh捲回型セルのリチウムイオン二次電池を、25℃の環境下で24時間静置した。その後、25℃の環境下で、0.1Cで4.35Vまで充電し0.1Cで2.75Vまで放電する充放電の操作を行った。さらに、60℃環境下で、前記と同様の条件で充放電の操作を1000サイクル繰り返した。その後、電池を分解して負極を取り出し、その負極における金属の析出を評価した。
負極における金属の析出は、ICP発光分光分析装置「SPS3000」(エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー社製)を用い、負極中のコバルトの割合を重量基準で評価した。
負極中のコバルト重量が大きいほど、負極に金属析出が起こっていることを示す。
多孔膜を備えるセパレータを5cm×5cmに切り出して、セパレータの試験片を得た。この試験片の重量を測定した。試験片の重量から、当該試験片に含まれるセパレータ基材の重量を差し引いて、多孔膜の重量M0を算出した。
A:振動脱落率ΔMが、20%未満。
B:振動脱落率ΔMが、20%以上40%未満。
C:振動脱落率ΔMが、40%以上60%未満。
D:振動脱落率ΔMが、60%以上。
示差熱分析測定装置(エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー社製「EXSTAR DSC6220」)を用い、測定試料10mgをアルミパンに計量し、リファレンスとして空のアルミパンを用い、測定温度範囲-100℃~500℃の間で、昇温速度10℃/minで、常温常湿下で、DSC曲線を測定した。この昇温過程で、微分信号(DDSC)が0.05mW/min/mg以上となるDSC曲線の吸熱ピークが出る直前のベースラインと、吸熱ピーク後に最初に現れる変曲点でのDSC曲線の接線との交点を、ガラス転移温度として求めた。
(I-1-1.第一粒子状重合体の製造)
攪拌機付き5MPa耐圧容器に、コア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物として、メタクリル酸メチル75部、メタクリル酸4部及びエチレンジメタクリレート1部;乳化剤としてドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム1部;イオン交換水150部;並びに、重合開始剤として過硫酸カリウム0.5部を入れ、十分に攪拌した。その後、60℃に加温して、重合を開始した。重合転化率が96%になるまで重合を継続させることにより、コア部を構成する粒子状の重合体を含む水分散液を得た。
撹拌機を備えた反応器に、イオン交換水70部、乳化剤としてラウリル硫酸ナトリウム(花王ケミカル社製、製品名「エマール2F」)0.15部、並びに過流酸アンモニウム0.5部を、それぞれ供給し、気相部を窒素ガスで置換し、60℃に昇温した。
得られた第二粒子状重合体の体積平均粒子径D50は0.3μm、ガラス転移温度は-40℃であった。
水溶性重合体として、エーテル化度0.8~1.0のカルボキシメチルセルロース(ダイセルファインケム社製、製品名「D1200」)を用意した。この水溶性重合体の1%水溶液の粘度は、10mPa・s~20mPa・sであった。
ポリエチレン製の有機多孔基材(厚み16μm、ガーレー値210s/100cc)をセパレータ基材として用意した。用意したセパレータ基材の両面に、前記の多孔膜組成物を塗布し50℃で1分間乾燥させた。これにより、1層当たりの厚みが2μmの多孔膜を両面に備えるセパレータを得た。
このセパレータについて、上述した方法で、ピール強度の測定及び耐ブロッキング性の評価を行った。
攪拌機付き5MPa耐圧容器に、1,3-ブタジエン33.5部、イタコン酸3.5部、スチレン62部、2-ヒドロキシエチルアクリレート1部、乳化剤としてドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.4部、イオン交換水150部及び重合開始剤として過硫酸カリウム0.5部を入れ、十分に攪拌した後、50℃に加温して重合を開始した。重合転化率が96%になった時点で冷却し反応を停止して、粒子状バインダー(SBR)を含む混合物を得た。上記粒子状バインダーを含む混合物に、5%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を添加して、pH8に調整した。その後、加熱減圧蒸留によって前記の混合物から未反応単量体の除去を行い、30℃以下まで冷却して、所望の粒子状バインダーを含む水分散液を得た。
人造黒鉛(体積平均粒子径:15.6μm)100部、及び、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム塩(日本製紙社製「MAC350HC」)の2%水溶液を固形分相当で1部混合し、さらにイオン交換水を加えて固形分濃度を68%に調製し、25℃で60分間混合した。こうして得られた混合液に、イオン交換水を加えて固形分濃度を62%に調製した後、さらに25℃で15分間混合した。この混合液に、上記の粒子状バインダーを含む水分散液を固形分相当で1.5部入れ、さらにイオン交換水を加えて最終固形分濃度が52%となるように調整し、さらに10分間混合した。これを減圧下で脱泡処理して、流動性の良い負極用スラリーを得た。
前記負極用スラリーを、コンマコーターで、集電体である厚さ20μmの銅箔上に、乾燥後の膜厚が150μm程度になるように塗布し、乾燥させた。この乾燥は、銅箔を0.5m/分の速度で60℃のオーブン内を2分間かけて搬送することにより行った。その後、120℃にて2分間加熱処理して、プレス前の負極原反を得た。このプレス前の負極原反をロールプレスで圧延して、負極活物質層の厚みが80μmのプレス後の負極を得た。
正極活物質として体積平均粒子径12μmのLiCoO2を100部、導電材としてアセチレンブラック(電気化学工業社製、製品名「HS-100」)を2部、及び、正極用バインダーとしてポリフッ化ビニリデン(クレハ社製、製品名「#7208」)を固形分相当で2部混合し、これにN-メチルピロリドンを加えて全固形分濃度を70%にした。これをプラネタリーミキサーにより混合し、正極用スラリーを得た。
前記正極用スラリーを、コンマコーターで、集電体である厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔上に、乾燥後の膜厚が150μm程度になるように塗布し、乾燥させた。この乾燥は、アルミニウム箔を0.5m/分の速度で60℃のオーブン内を2分間かけて搬送することにより行った。その後、120℃にて2分間加熱処理して、プレス前の正極原反を得た。このプレス前の正極原反をロールプレスで圧延して、正極を得た。
プレス後の正極を49×5cm2に切り出した。切り出された正極の正極活物質層上に、55×5.5cm2に切り出したセパレータを配置した。さらに、プレス後の負極を50×5.2cm2の長方形に切り出し、この切り出された負極を前記セパレータの正極とは反対側に、負極活物質層側の表面がセパレータに向かい合うよう配置した。これを捲回機によって捲回し、捲回体を得た。この捲回体を60℃0.5MPaでプレスし、扁平体とした。この扁平体を、電池の外装としてのアルミニウム包材外装で包み、電解液(溶媒:EC/DEC/VC=68.5/30/1.5体積比、電解質:濃度1MのLiPF6)を空気が残らないように注入した。さらに、アルミニウム包材の開口を密封するために、150℃のヒートシールをしてアルミニウム外装を閉口した。これにより、800mAhの捲回型リチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。
こうして得られたリチウムイオン二次電池について、上述した方法で、高温サイクル試験の前後でのセル体積変化、高温サイクル特性、低温出力特性、及び、負極における金属の析出を評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を75.85部に変更し、エチレンジメタクリレートの量を0.15部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を71.5部に変更し、エチレンジメタクリレートの量を4.5部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を75.95部に変更し、エチレンジメタクリレートの量を0.05部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチル75部の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル55部と2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート20部とを組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチル75部の代わりにアクリロニトリル75部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチル75部の代わりに、アクリロニトリル65部と2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート10部とを組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチル75部の代わりにアクリロニトリル72部を用い、エチレンジメタクリレートの量を4.0部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレン20部の代わりに、スチレン10部とアクリロニトリル10部とを組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレン20部の代わりに、スチレン5部とアクリロニトリル15部とを組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレン20部の代わりにスチレンスルホン酸のナトリウム塩20部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレン20部の代わりに、スチレンスルホン酸のナトリウム塩15部とアクリロニトリル5部とを組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を72.5部に変更し、エチレンジメタクリレートの量を3.5部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を90部に変更した。
また、前記工程(I-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレンの量を5部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を52.5部に変更し、エチレンジメタクリレートの量を3.5部に変更した。
また、前記工程(I-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレンの量を40部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)において、乳化剤として用いたドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウムの量を2部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)において、乳化剤として用いたドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウムの量を0.5部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-2)において、アクリルアミド2部の代わりにN-メチロールアクリルアミドを2部用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-2)において、アクリルアミド2部の代わりにメタクリルアミドを2部用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-2)において、アクリルアミド2部の代わりにN,N-ジメチルアミノエチルアクリルアミドを2部用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-2)において、アクリルアミド2部の代わりにN,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルアクリルアミドを2部用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-2)において、ブチルアクリレートの量を94.5部に変更し、アクリルアミドの量を0.5部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-2)において、ブチルアクリレートの量を86.5部に変更し、アクリルアミドの量を8.5部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
実施例I-1の工程(I-1-7)で製造したプレス後の負極と同様の構成を有する極板を用意した。この極板の負極活物質層上に、実施例I-1の工程(I-1-3)で得た多孔膜組成物を、グラビアコーターで、乾燥後の塗布量が6mg/cm2となるように塗布し、乾燥させた。この乾燥は、極板を20m/分の速度で100℃のオーブン内を1分間かけて搬送することにより行った。これにより、極板と多孔膜とを備える負極を得た。
この負極について、上述した方法で、ピール強度の測定を行った。
こうして得られたリチウムイオン二次電池について、上述した方法で、高温サイクル試験の前後でのセル体積変化、高温サイクル特性、低温出力特性、及び、負極における金属の析出を評価した。
前記工程(I-1-3)において、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を固形分相当で100部用いる代わりに、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を固形分相当で50部とアルミナ粒子(体積平均粒子径0.8μm)50部とを組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-3)において、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を固形分相当で100部用いる代わりに、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を固形分相当で90部とポリスチレン粒子(体積平均粒子径0.5μm)50部とを組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレン20部の代わりに、スチレン19部とメタクリル酸1部とを組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-3)において、レベリング剤として用いたポリエチレングリコール型界面活性剤(サンノプコ社製「SNウェット366」)の量を0.05部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-3)において、レベリング剤として用いたポリエチレングリコール型界面活性剤(サンノプコ社製「SNウェット366」)の量を1.0部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-6)において、人造黒鉛100部の代わりに、人造黒鉛90部と珪素酸化物(信越化学社製「KSC-1064」)10部を組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-6)において、人造黒鉛100部の代わりに、人造黒鉛70部と珪素酸化物(信越化学社製「KSC-1064」)30部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチル75部及びメタクリル酸4部の代わりに、アクリロニトリル79部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-3)において、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を固形分相当で100部用いる代わりに、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を固形分相当で1部とアルミナ粒子(体積平均粒子径0.8μm)99部とを組み合わせて用いた。
さらに、実施例I-33では、セル体積変化率ΔXを測定せず、多孔膜の耐久性の評価を行った。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-3)において、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を固形分相当で100部用いる代わりに、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を固形分相当で10部とアルミナ粒子(体積平均粒子径0.8μm)90部とを組み合わせて用いた。
さらに、実施例I-34では、セル体積変化率ΔXを測定せず、多孔膜の耐久性の評価を行った。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-2)において、ブチルアクリレートの量を95部に変更し、アクリルアミドを用いなかった。
また、前記工程(I-1-3)において、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を使用しないで、代わりに実施例I-25と同様のアルミナ粒子100部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-2)において、ブチルアクリレートの量を80部に変更し、アクリルアミドの量を15部に変更した。
また、前記工程(I-1-3)において、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を使用しないで、代わりに実施例I-25と同様のアルミナ粒子100部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-2)において、ブチルアクリレートの量を95部に変更し、アクリルアミドを用いなかった。
また、前記工程(I-1-3)において、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を使用しないで、代わりにポリメチルメタクリレート粒子(体積平均粒子径0.5μm;膨潤度25倍)100部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物として、メタクリル酸メチル75部、メタクリル酸4部及びエチレンジメタクリレート1部の代わりに、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート60部、スチレン15部及びメタクリル酸5部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物として、メタクリル酸メチル75部、メタクリル酸4部及びエチレンジメタクリレート1部の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル50部、アクリロニトリル25部及びメタクリル酸5部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記工程(I-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物として、メタクリル酸メチル75部、メタクリル酸4部及びエチレンジメタクリレート1部の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル50部、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート25部及びメタクリル酸5部を用いた。
また、前記工程(I-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレン20部の代わりにアクリロニトリル20部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
攪拌機付き5MPa耐圧容器に、単量体組成物として、メタクリル酸メチル75部、メタクリル酸4部及びエチレンジメタクリレート1部;乳化剤としてドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム1部;イオン交換水150部;並びに、重合開始剤として過硫酸カリウム0.5部を入れ、十分に攪拌した。その後、60℃に加温して、重合を開始した。重合転化率が96%になるまで重合を継続させることにより、粒子状の重合体を含む水分散液を得た。得られた粒子状の重合体は、実施例I-1に係るコア部を構成する粒子状の重合体と同様のものである。以下、この粒子状の重合体を、適宜、コア重合体と呼ぶ。この粒子状のコア重合体の体積平均粒子径は、0.405μmであった。
この混合分散液を、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液の代わりに用いたこと以外は実施例I-1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造し、評価した。
前記の第一群の実施例及び比較例の結果を、下記の表に示す。下記の表において、略称の意味は、以下の通りである。また、下記の表において、単量体の項において単量体の略称の隣に記載の数値は、その単量体の重量部を表す。
「EDMA」:エチレンジメタクリレート
「MMA」:メタクリル酸メチル
「MAA」:メタクリル酸
「2-EHA」:2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート
「AN」:アクリロニトリル
「PMMA」:ポリメチルメタクリレート
「Tg」:ガラス転移温度
「ST」:スチレン
「NaSS」:スチレンスルホン酸のナトリウム塩
「コアシェル比率」:第一粒子状重合体の体積平均粒子径に対するシェル部の平均厚みの比率
「平均被覆割合」:コア部の外表面がシェル部によって覆われる平均割合
「BA」:ブチルアクリレート
「AMA」:アリルメタクリレート
「AAm」:アクリルアミド
「NMA」:N-メチロールアクリルアミド
「MAAm」:メタクリルアミド
「DMAEAA」:N,N-ジメチルアミノエチルアクリルアミド
「DMAPAA」:N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルアクリルアミド
「CMC」:カルボキシメチルセルロース
「セパ」:セパレータ基材
「PST」:ポリスチレン
第一群の実施例においては、電解液により膨潤した多孔膜とセパレータ基材又は極板とが強力に結着していることが確認された。これにより、本発明に係る多孔膜組成物により製造される多孔膜が、電解液中において、セパレータ基材及び極板に対して高い結着性を有することが確認された。
また、第一群の実施例においては、第一群の比較例よりも低い電圧変化ΔVが得られた。これにより、本発明に係るリチウムイオン二次電池が、低温出力特性に優れることが確認された。
また、特に実施例I-33及び実施例I-34の結果から、本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池では電解液中において多孔膜の脱落を抑制でき、そのため安全性に優れることが確認された。
以下、第二群の実施例及び比較例について説明する。第二群の実施例及び比較例は、非導電性繊維を含む多孔膜組成物についての実施例及び比較例である。
〔II-1.セパレータ基材と多孔膜とのピール強度の測定方法〕
実施例II-1~II-18及び比較例II-1~II-5で製造した800mAh捲回型のリチウムイオン二次電池を、25℃の環境下で24時間静置した。その後、25℃の環境下で、0.1Cで4.35Vまで充電し0.1Cで2.75Vまで放電する充放電の操作を行った。その後、さらに、60℃環境下で、前記と同様の条件で充放電の操作を1000サイクル繰り返した。1000サイクル後の電池を分解し、多孔膜を備えるセパレータを取り出した。取り出したセパレータの表面に付着した電解液を拭き取った。その後、そのセパレータを、長さ100mm、幅10mmの長方形に切り出して、試験片を得た。この試験片を、多孔膜の表面を下にして、多孔膜の表面にセロハンテープを貼り付けた。この際、セロハンテープとしてはJIS Z1522に規定されるものを用いた。また、セロハンテープは水平な試験台に固定しておいた。その後、セパレータ基材の一端を鉛直上方に引張り速度50mm/分で引っ張って剥がしたときの応力を測定した。この測定を3回行い、応力の平均値を求めて、当該平均値をピール強度Pとした。測定されたピール強度Pが大きいほど、セパレータ基材と多孔膜との結着力が大きいことを示す。すなわち、測定されたピール強度Pが大きいほど、結着強度が大きいことを示す。
実施例II-19で製造した800mAh捲回型のリチウムイオン二次電池を、25℃の環境下で24時間静置した。その後、25℃の環境下で、0.1Cで4.35Vまで充電し0.1Cで2.75Vまで放電する充放電の操作を行った。その後、さらに、60℃環境下で、前記と同様の条件で充放電の操作を1000サイクル繰り返した。1000サイクル後の電池を分解し、多孔膜を備える負極を取り出した。取り出した負極の表面に付着した電解液を拭き取った。その後、その負極を、長さ100mm、幅10mmの長方形に切り出して、試験片を得た。この試験片を、多孔膜の表面を下にして、多孔膜の表面にセロハンテープを貼り付けた。この際、セロハンテープとしてはJIS Z1522に規定されるものを用いた。また、セロハンテープは水平な試験台に固定しておいた。その後、集電体の一端を鉛直上方に引張り速度50mm/分で引っ張って剥がしたときの応力を測定した。この測定を3回行い、応力の平均値を求めて、当該平均値をピール強度Pとした。測定されたピール強度Pが大きいほど、極板と多孔膜との結着力が大きいことを示す。すなわち、測定されたピール強度が大きいほど、結着強度が大きいことを示す。
第一群の実施例及び比較例に係る〔I-4.高温サイクル特性の評価方法〕の項で説明したのと同様の方法により、容量維持率ΔCを測定した。この容量維持率ΔCの値が高いほど、リチウムイオン二次電池の高温サイクル特性が優れ、電池が長寿命であることを示す。
第一群の実施例及び比較例に係る〔I-1.高温サイクル試験の前後でのセル体積変化の測定方法〕の項で説明したのと同様の方法により、セル体積変化率ΔXを測定した。この体積変化率ΔXの値が小さいほど、その電池内の多孔膜が膨れ難く、かつ、電極とセパレータ間に空隙が発生し難いことを示す。
実施例及び比較例で製造した捲回型のリチウムイオン二次電池を、25℃の環境下で24時間静置した。その後、-10℃の環境下で、1Cの充電レートで4.35Vまで1時間かけて充電する操作を行った。その後、室温アルゴン環境下で、負極を取り出した。取り出した負極を観察して、リチウム金属が析出している面積S(cm2)を測定した。測定された面積を、下記の評価基準にて評価した。リチウム金属が析出している面積が小さいほど、充放電によるリチウム金属の析出が少なく、負極が電解液中のリチウムイオンを円滑に受け入れることが可能であることを示す。すなわち、リチウム金属が析出している面積が小さいほど、低温受け入れ特性に優れることを示す。
A:0≦S<1(cm2)
B:1(cm2)≦S<5(cm2)
C:5(cm2)≦S<10(cm2)
D:10(cm2)≦S<15(cm2)
E:15(cm2)≦S<20(cm2)
F:20(cm2)≦S≦25(cm2)
第一群の実施例及び比較例に係る〔I-6.低温出力特性の評価方法〕の項で説明したのと同様の方法により、電圧変化ΔVを測定した。この電圧変化ΔVの値が小さいほど、低温特性に優れることを示す。
実施例II-1~II-18及び比較例II-1~II-5で製造したセパレータを、幅5cm×長さ5cm、及び、幅4cm×長さ4cmの正方形にそれぞれ切って試験片とする。これらを二枚重ね合わせたサンプル(未プレスの状態のサンプル)と、重ね合わせた後に40℃、10g/cm2の加圧下に置いたサンプル(プレスしたサンプル)とを作製した。これらのサンプルを、それぞれ24時間放置した。24時間放置後のサンプルにおいて、各サンプルのセパレータ同士の結着状態(ブロッキング状態)を目視で確認し、下記の基準で評価した。
A:プレスしたサンプルにおいて、セパレータ同士又は負極同士がブロッキングしない。
B:プレスしたサンプルにおいて、セパレータ同士又は負極同士がブロッキングするが剥がれる。
C:プレスしたサンプルにおいて、セパレータ同士又は負極同士がブロッキングし剥がれない。
D:未プレスの状態のサンプルにおいて、セパレータ同士又は負極同士がブロッキングする。
第一群の実施例及び比較例に係る〔I-7.コア部の重合体の膨潤度の測定方法〕の項で説明したのと同様の方法により、コア部の重合体の膨潤度S(倍)を測定した。
第一群の実施例及び比較例に係る〔I-8.シェル部の重合体の膨潤度の測定方法〕の項で説明したのと同様の方法により、シェル部の重合体の膨潤度Sを測定した。
第一群の実施例及び比較例に係る〔I-9.第一粒子重合体のコア部の外表面がシェル部によって覆われる平均割合の測定方法〕の項で説明したのと同様の方法により、コア部の外表面がシェル部によって覆われる平均割合を測定した。
レーザ回折式粒子径分布測定装置(島津製作所社製「SALD-3100」)により試料となる粒子の粒子径分布を測定した。測定された粒子径分布において、小径側から計算した累積体積が50%となる粒子径を、体積平均粒子径として求めた。
第一群の実施例及び比較例に係る〔I-11.コアシェル比率の測定方法〕の項で説明したのと同様の方法により、コアシェル比率を測定した。
(II-1-1.第一粒子状重合体の製造)
攪拌機付き5MPa耐圧容器に、コア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物として、メタクリル酸メチル75部、メタクリル酸4部及びエチレンジメタクリレート1部;乳化剤としてドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム1部;イオン交換水150部;並びに、重合開始剤として過硫酸カリウム0.5部を入れ、十分に攪拌した。その後、60℃に加温して、重合を開始した。重合転化率が96%になるまで重合を継続させることにより、コア部を構成する粒子状の重合体を含む水分散液を得た。
撹拌機を備えた反応器に、イオン交換水70部、乳化剤としてラウリル硫酸ナトリウム(花王ケミカル社製、製品名「エマール2F」)0.15部、並びに過流酸アンモニウム0.5部を、それぞれ供給し、気相部を窒素ガスで置換し、60℃に昇温した。
得られた第二粒子状重合体の体積平均粒子径D50は0.36μm、ガラス転移温度は-45℃であった。
水溶性重合体として、エーテル化度0.8~1.0のカルボキシメチルセルロース(ダイセルファインケム社製、製品名「D1200」)を用意した。この水溶性重合体の1%水溶液の粘度は、10mPa・s~20mPa・sであった。
ポリエチレン製の多孔基材(厚み16μm、ガーレー値210s/100cc)をセパレータ基材として用意した。用意したセパレータ基材の両面に、前記の多孔膜組成物を塗布し50℃で3分間乾燥させた。これにより、1層当たりの厚みが3μmの多孔膜を備え両面に備えるセパレータを得た。
このセパレータについて、上述した方法で耐ブロッキング性の評価を行った。
実施例I-1の工程(I-1-5)と同様にして、所望の粒子状バインダーを含む水分散液を製造した。
実施例I-1の工程(I-1-6)と同様にして、流動性の良い負極用スラリーを製造した。
実施例I-1の工程(I-1-7)と同様にして、負極を製造した。
実施例I-1の工程(I-1-8)と同様にして、正極用スラリーを製造した。
実施例I-1の工程(I-1-9)と同様にして、正極を製造した。
実施例I-1の工程(I-1-10)と同様にして、捲回型のリチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。
こうして得られたリチウムイオン二次電池について、上述した方法で、ピール強度、高温サイクル特性、セル膨れ率、リチウム金属の析出量及び低温出力特性の評価を行った。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を75.85部に変更し、エチレンジメタクリレートの量を0.15部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を71.5部に変更し、エチレンジメタクリレートの量を4.5部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を75.95部に変更し、エチレンジメタクリレートの量を0.05部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチル75部の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル55部及び2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート20部を組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの代わりにアクリロニトリルを用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチル75部の代わりに、アクリロニトリル65部及び2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート10部を組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチル75部の代わりにアクリロニトリル72部を用い、さらに、エチレンジメタクリレートの量を4.0部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレン20部の代わりに、スチレン10部及びアクリロニトリル10部を組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレン20部の代わりに、スチレン5部及びアクリロニトリル15部を組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレンの代わりにスチレンスルホン酸のナトリウム塩を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレン20部の代わりに、スチレンスルホン酸のナトリウム塩15部及びアクリロニトリル5部を組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を72.5部に変更し、エチレンジメタクリレートを用いなかった。
また、前記工程(II-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレン20部に加えてエチレンジメタクリレート3.5部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を90部に変更した。
また、前記工程(II-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレンの量を5部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチルの量を52.5部に変更し、エチレンジメタクリレートの量を3.5部に変更した。
また、前記工程(II-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレンの量を40部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-3)において、非導電性繊維としてダイセル社製「セリッシュKY-100G」の代わりに、セルロース繊維(スギノマシン社製「BiNFIs-セルロース」;繊維径0.02μm)を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-3)において、セルロース繊維の量を0.5部に変更し、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液の量を固形分相当で99.5重量部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-3)において、セルロース繊維の量を45部に変更し、第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液の量を固形分相当で55重量部に変更した。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
実施例II-1の工程(II-1-7)で得たプレス後の負極と同様の構成を有する極板を用意した。この極板の両面に、実施例II-1の工程(II-1-3)で得た多孔膜組成物を、グラビアコーターで、乾燥後の塗布量が6mg/cm2となるように塗布し、乾燥させた。この乾燥は、極板を20m/分の速度で100℃のオーブン内を1分間かけて搬送することにより行った。これにより、多孔膜、集電体、負極活物質層及び多孔膜をこの順に備える負極を得た。
この負極について、上述した方法で耐ブロッキング性の評価を行った。
また、前記工程(II-1-10)において、負極として、実施例II-19で製造した多孔膜を備える負極を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-3)において、前記の第一粒子状重合体を含む水分散液の代わりに、ポリスチレン粒子(体積平均粒子径0.5μm)95部を用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
攪拌機付き5MPa耐圧容器に、単量体組成物として、メタクリル酸メチル70部、アクリロニトリル25部及びメタクリル酸5部;乳化剤としてドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム1部;イオン交換水150部;並びに、重合開始剤として過硫酸カリウム0.5部を入れ、十分に攪拌した。その後、60℃に加温して、重合を開始した。重合転化率が96%になるまで重合を継続させることにより、コアシェル構造を有さない粒子状重合体を含む水分散液を得た。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチル75部、メタクリル酸4部及びエチレンジメタクリレート1部の代わりに、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート60部、スチレン15部及びメタクリル酸5部を組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチル75部、メタクリル酸4部及びエチレンジメタクリレート1部の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル50部、アクリロニトリル25部及びメタクリル酸5部を組み合わせて用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記工程(II-1-1)に係るコア部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、メタクリル酸メチル75部、メタクリル酸4部及びエチレンジメタクリレート1部の代わりに、メタクリル酸メチル50部、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート25部及びメタクリル酸5部を組み合わせて用いた。
また、前記工程(II-1-1)に係るシェル部の製造に用いる単量体組成物において、スチレンの代わりにアクリロニトリルを用いた。
以上の事項以外は実施例II-1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造し評価した。
前記の第二群の実施例及び比較例の結果を、下記の表に示す。下記の表において、略称の意味は、以下の通りである。また、下記の表において、単量体の項において単量体の略称の隣に記載の数値は、その単量体の重量部を表す。
「MMA」:メタクリル酸メチル
「MAA」:メタクリル酸
「2-EHA」:2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート
「AN」:アクリロニトリル
「ST」:スチレン
「PST」:ポリスチレン
「Tg」:ガラス転移温度
「NaSS」:スチレンスルホン酸のナトリウム塩
「コアシェル比率」:第一粒子状重合体の体積平均粒子径に対するシェル部の平均厚みの比率
「被覆率」:コア部の外表面がシェル部によって覆われる平均割合
「D50」:体積平均粒子径
「KY-100G」:セルロース繊維(ダイセル社製「セリッシュKY-100G」)
「BiNFIs」:セルロース繊維(スギノマシン社製「BiNFIs-セルロース」)
「粒:繊」:第一粒子状重合体と非導電性繊維との重量比
「CMC-Na」:カルボキシメチルセルロースのナトリウム塩
「セパ」:セパレータ基材
上述した第二群の実施例及び比較例から分かるように、本発明の多孔膜組成物を用いて製造された多孔膜は、電解液中において、セパレータ基材及び極板との結着性に優れる。さらに、多孔膜組成物が非導電性繊維を含むことにより、その多孔膜組成物を用いて形成された多孔膜は、電解液中での膨れを抑制できる。そのため、本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、低温出力特性に優れる。
110 コア部
110S コア部の外表面
120 シェル部
Claims (7)
- 第一粒子状重合体を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物であって、
前記第一粒子状重合体が、コア部と、前記コア部の外表面を部分的に覆うシェル部とを備えるコアシェル構造を有し、
前記コア部が、電解液に対する膨潤度が5倍以上30倍以下の重合体からなり、
前記シェル部が、電解液に対する膨潤度が1倍より大きく4倍以下の重合体からなる、リチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物。 - 前記コア部の重合体のガラス転移温度が、0℃以上150℃以下であり、
前記シェル部の重合体のガラス転移温度が、50℃以上200℃以下である、請求項1記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物。 - 前記シェル部が、電解液に対する膨潤度が1倍より大きく4倍以下の重合体の粒子により構成されている、請求項1又は2記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物。
- セパレータ基材と、
前記セパレータ基材上に請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物を塗布して得られる多孔膜とを備える、リチウムイオン二次電池用セパレータ。 - 極板と、
前記極板上に請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用多孔膜組成物を塗布して得られる多孔膜とを備える、リチウムイオン二次電池用電極。 - 正極、負極、電解液及びセパレータを備えるリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記セパレータが、請求項4記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用セパレータである、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 正極、負極及び電解液を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記正極及び前記負極の少なくとも一方が、請求項5記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極である、リチウムイオン二次電池。
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JP2016024866A (ja) * | 2014-07-16 | 2016-02-08 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | 非水系二次電池多孔膜用複合粒子、非水系二次電池用多孔膜、非水系二次電池用電池部材、および非水系二次電池 |
JP2016031911A (ja) * | 2014-07-30 | 2016-03-07 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | 非水系二次電池機能層用組成物、非水系二次電池用機能層および非水系二次電池 |
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JPWO2015111663A1 (ja) * | 2014-01-27 | 2017-03-23 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用電極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
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JPWO2015005151A1 (ja) | 2017-03-02 |
EP3021380A4 (en) | 2017-01-11 |
JP6436079B2 (ja) | 2018-12-12 |
EP3021380A1 (en) | 2016-05-18 |
PL3021380T3 (pl) | 2018-09-28 |
KR102203792B1 (ko) | 2021-01-14 |
CN105283979B (zh) | 2017-08-29 |
KR20160030112A (ko) | 2016-03-16 |
EP3021380B1 (en) | 2018-04-18 |
US10283748B2 (en) | 2019-05-07 |
HUE039423T2 (hu) | 2018-12-28 |
CN105283979A (zh) | 2016-01-27 |
US20160141575A1 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
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