WO2014088070A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014088070A1 WO2014088070A1 PCT/JP2013/082712 JP2013082712W WO2014088070A1 WO 2014088070 A1 WO2014088070 A1 WO 2014088070A1 JP 2013082712 W JP2013082712 W JP 2013082712W WO 2014088070 A1 WO2014088070 A1 WO 2014088070A1
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- positive electrode
- active material
- secondary battery
- lithium ion
- ion secondary
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
- H01M4/623—Binders being polymers fluorinated polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0587—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only wound construction elements, i.e. wound positive electrodes, wound negative electrodes and wound separators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium ion secondary battery, and more particularly to a lithium ion secondary battery capable of increasing the capacity.
- portable terminals such as notebook personal computers, mobile phones, and PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) have been widely used.
- a secondary battery used for the power source of these portable terminals a nickel hydrogen secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, and the like are frequently used.
- Mobile terminals are required to have more comfortable portability, and are rapidly becoming smaller, thinner, lighter, and higher in performance. As a result, mobile terminals are used in various places.
- batteries are required to be smaller, thinner, lighter, and higher performance, as with mobile terminals.
- the binder for fixing the active material on the current collector and the conductive material for ensuring conductivity It is required to reduce materials such as.
- Patent Document 1 For the purpose of increasing the capacity of lithium ion secondary batteries, a negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries using an alloy-based active material containing Si or the like has been developed (for example, Patent Document 1). Along with the increase in capacity, the voltage during charging and discharging is also increasing, and electrolytes composed of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, etc. cannot withstand high voltages and may decompose, so combined with fluorine electrolyte additives It has also been done.
- a fluorine-containing polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) has been used as a binder for forming the active material layer. Since the fluorine-containing polymer is not dissolved in the electrolytic solution, stable binding properties are expected, but fluorine-containing polymers such as PVdF are hard and difficult to bend. For this reason, depending on the shape and size of the battery, when only the fluorine-containing polymer is used when the electrode is wound and then crushed and formed into a predetermined shape, a crack may occur in the active material layer. .
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- a fluorine-containing polymer when used as a binder in the positive electrode in order to achieve high capacity, there is a problem that cracks occur in the active material layer.
- a binder used for the positive electrode it has been studied to use a fluorine-containing polymer and a nitrile rubber in combination, or to use a fluorine-containing polymer and a crosslinked acrylate polymer in combination.
- Patent Document 2 a fluorine-containing polymer and nitrile rubber are used in combination as a binder for forming an active material layer of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the active material density relatively decreases, so that a sufficient battery capacity may not be obtained.
- the degree of swelling of the active material layer with respect to the electrolytic solution also increases, and the peel strength particularly at the time of a high potential cycle decreases, and the cycle characteristics may decrease.
- Patent Document 3 a fluorine-containing polymer and a crosslinked acrylate polymer are used in combination as a binder.
- the cross-linked acrylate polymer since the cross-linked acrylate polymer is used, swelling of the active material layer with respect to the electrolytic solution is suppressed.
- the cross-linked acrylate polymer since the cross-linked acrylate polymer is present in the form of particles, the dispersibility becomes insufficient. Potential cycle characteristics may deteriorate.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a high-capacity lithium ion secondary battery that is flexible and does not generate cracks in the active material layer when bent, and has excellent high potential cycle characteristics.
- the present inventors have coated the positive electrode active material with a nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer having specific physical properties, so that the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is a slurry composition for positive electrode. It was found that it can be swollen in an appropriate range without being dissolved in an electrolyte solution having a solubility parameter (SP value) close to that of the dispersion medium. Furthermore, by using a conductive material powder for the positive electrode, while increasing the capacity, using a fluorine-containing polymer as a binder for the positive electrode is flexible, and cracking of the active material layer occurs when bent. In addition, it was found that an electrode having a high active material density was obtained, and that a high-capacity lithium ion secondary battery excellent in high potential cycle characteristics was obtained. The present invention has been completed based on these findings.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte,
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode binder and a conductive material,
- the positive electrode active material is coated with a nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer having an SP value of 9 to 11 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 ;
- a conductive material powder is used for the positive electrode, the positive electrode active material is coated with a nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer having specific physical properties, and a fluorine-containing polymer is used as a binder.
- a nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer having specific physical properties
- a fluorine-containing polymer is used as a binder.
- a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “secondary battery”) includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode binder, and a conductive material.
- the positive electrode active material is coated with a nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer having an SP value of 9 to 11 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 .
- the binder for positive electrode is a fluorine-containing polymer.
- the positive electrode includes a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer laminated on the current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material (A), a positive electrode binder (B), and a conductive material (C), and includes other components as necessary.
- the positive electrode active material (A) is a positive electrode active material coated with a nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer having an SP value of 9 to 11 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 .
- Positive electrode active material As the positive electrode active material, an active material capable of inserting and removing lithium ions is used. Such a positive electrode active material is roughly classified into an inorganic compound and an organic compound.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material made of an inorganic compound include transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, lithium-containing composite metal oxides of lithium and transition metals, and the like.
- Examples of the transition metal include Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Mo.
- Transition metal oxides include MnO, MnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , TiO 2 , Cu 2 V 2 O 3 , amorphous V 2 O—P 2 O 5 , MoO 3 , V 2 O. 5 , V 6 O 13 and the like. Among them, MnO, V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 and TiO 2 are preferable from the viewpoint of cycle characteristics and capacity.
- lithium-containing composite metal oxide examples include a lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a layered structure, a lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a spinel structure, and a lithium-containing composite metal oxide having an olivine structure.
- lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a layered structure examples include lithium-containing cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ), lithium-containing nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 ), and Co—Ni—Mn lithium composite oxide (Li (CoMnNi)). O 2 ), lithium-rich layered compound containing Li, Mn, Co and Ni (Li [Ni 0.17 Li 0.2 Co 0.07 Mn 0.56 ] O 2 ), Ni—Mn—Al lithium composite oxidation And Ni—Co—Al lithium composite oxide.
- LiCoO 2 lithium-containing cobalt oxide
- LiNiO 2 lithium-containing nickel oxide
- Co—Ni—Mn lithium composite oxide Li (CoMnNi)
- lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a spinel structure examples include Li [Mn 3/2 M 1/2 ] O 4 in which lithium manganate (LiMn 2 O 4 ) or a part of Mn is substituted with another transition metal. (Where M is Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc.).
- lithium-containing composite metal oxide having an olivine structure examples include Li X MPO 4 (wherein M is Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mg, Zn, V, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti).
- lithium-containing cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ), lithium-containing nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 ), and Co—Ni—Mn lithium composite oxide (Li (CoMnNi) O) 2 lithium-excess layered compound containing Li, Mn, Co and Ni (Li [Ni 0.17 Li 0.2 Co 0.07 Mn 0.56 ] O 2 ), a lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a spinel structure (LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 ) is preferred, a lithium-containing layered compound containing Li-containing cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ), Li, Mn, Co and Ni (Li [Ni 0.17 Li 0.2 Co 0.07 Mn 0.56 ] O 2 ) is more preferred.
- the positive electrode active material made of an organic compound for example, a conductive polymer such as polyacetylene or poly-p-phenylene can be used. Further, an iron-based oxide having poor electrical conductivity may be used as an electrode active material covered with a carbon material by allowing a carbon source material to be present during reduction firing. Further, those compounds obtained by partial element substitution of these compounds may be used.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery may be a mixture of the above inorganic compound and organic compound.
- the volume average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is usually 1 to 50 ⁇ m, preferably 2 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the volume average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is in the above range, the amount of the positive electrode binder in the positive electrode active material layer can be reduced, and a decrease in battery capacity can be suppressed.
- a slurry containing a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode binder (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “positive electrode slurry composition”) is usually prepared.
- This positive electrode slurry composition can be easily prepared to have a viscosity suitable for application, and a uniform positive electrode active material layer can be obtained.
- the content ratio of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 90 to 99.9% by mass, more preferably 95 to 99% by mass.
- the positive electrode active material (A) in the present invention is coated with a nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer.
- a nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer By using the positive electrode active material (A) coated with the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer, the cycle characteristics at a high potential of the lithium ion secondary battery are improved.
- the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer will be described.
- Nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is a polymer containing a nitrile group-containing monomer unit and a (meth) acrylate monomer unit.
- a nitrile group-containing monomer unit refers to a structural unit formed by polymerizing a monomer having a nitrile group, and a (meth) acrylate monomer unit is a single (meth) acrylate ester A structural unit formed by polymerizing a body.
- the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer includes a nitrile group-containing monomer unit and a (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit, and if necessary, an ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer unit and a crosslinkable monomer And other monomer units derived from other monomers. These monomer units are structural units formed by polymerizing the monomers.
- the content ratio of each monomer usually coincides with the content ratio of each monomer unit in the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer.
- nitrile group-containing monomer examples include acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and the like. Among them, acrylonitrile is preferable because it can improve the adhesion to the current collector and improve the electrode strength.
- the content ratio of the nitrile group-containing monomer unit in the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is preferably in the range of 5 to 35% by mass, more preferably 10 to 30% by mass, and particularly preferably 15 to 25% by mass.
- the content ratio of the nitrile group-containing monomer unit is within this range, the adhesiveness to the current collector is excellent, and the strength of the obtained electrode is improved.
- the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit has the general formula (1): CH 2 ⁇ CR 1 —COOR 2 (wherein R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R 2 represents an alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group). It is a structural unit formed by polymerizing a monomer derived from the compound represented by
- Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (1) include ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, n-amyl acrylate, Acrylates such as isoamyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate; ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, methacryl Examples include methacrylates such as t-butyl acid, n-amyl methacrylate, isoamyl methacrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, and
- (Meth) acrylic acid ester monomer may be used alone or in combination of two or more at any ratio. Therefore, the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer may contain only one type of (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer, or may contain two or more types in combination at any ratio.
- the content ratio of the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit in the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is preferably 35 to 85% by mass, more preferably 45 to 80% by mass, still more preferably 45 to 75% by mass, particularly Preferably, it is 50 to 70% by mass.
- the electrode has high flexibility and suppresses swelling with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, heat resistance is high and the internal resistance of the electrode obtained can be made small.
- the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer may contain an ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer unit in addition to the nitrile group-containing monomer unit and the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit.
- the ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer unit is a structural unit formed by polymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer.
- the ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer is an ethylenically unsaturated monomer having an acid group such as a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, or a phosphinyl group, and is not limited to a specific monomer.
- ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer examples include an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, an ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomer, and an ethylenically unsaturated phosphoric acid monomer.
- ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer examples include ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and derivatives thereof, ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and acid anhydrides thereof, and derivatives thereof.
- ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids examples include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and crotonic acid.
- Examples of derivatives of ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids include 2-ethylacrylic acid, isocrotonic acid, ⁇ -acetoxyacrylic acid, ⁇ -trans-aryloxyacrylic acid, ⁇ -chloro- ⁇ -E-methoxyacrylic acid, And ⁇ -diaminoacrylic acid.
- ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids examples include maleic acid, fumaric acid, and itaconic acid.
- acid anhydrides of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids include maleic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, methyl maleic anhydride, and dimethyl maleic anhydride.
- Examples of derivatives of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids include methyl maleate such as methylmaleic acid, dimethylmaleic acid, phenylmaleic acid, chloromaleic acid, dichloromaleic acid, fluoromaleic acid; and diphenyl maleate, nonyl maleate And maleate esters such as decyl maleate, dodecyl maleate, octadecyl maleate and fluoroalkyl maleate.
- ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomer examples include vinyl sulfonic acid, methyl vinyl sulfonic acid, styrene sulfonic acid, (meth) acryl sulfonic acid, (meth) acrylic acid-2-ethyl sulfonate, 2-acrylamide- 2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and the like.
- ethylenically unsaturated phosphoric acid monomer examples include (meth) acrylic acid-3-chloro-2-propyl phosphate, (meth) acrylic acid-2-ethyl phosphate, 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropane Such as phosphoric acid.
- alkali metal salts or ammonium salts of the above ethylenically unsaturated acid monomers can be used.
- the above ethylenically unsaturated acid monomers may be used alone or in combination of two or more at any ratio. Therefore, the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer may contain only one type of ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer, or may contain two or more types in combination at any ratio.
- the ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer may be an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer or an ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomer.
- the ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer may be an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer or an ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomer.
- ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers from the viewpoint of expressing good dispersibility in the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer, ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid is preferable, and acrylic acid or methacrylic acid is more preferable. Particularly preferred is methacrylic acid.
- 2-acrylamido-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 2-acrylamido-2 are preferably used from the viewpoint of expressing good dispersibility in the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer.
- -Methylpropanesulfonic acid more preferably 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid.
- the content of the ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer unit in the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is preferably 3 to 30% by mass, more preferably 10 to 30% by mass, still more preferably 12 to 28% by mass, and particularly preferably. It is in the range of 14 to 26% by mass.
- ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer and ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomer together as ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer
- ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer in nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer The content of the body is preferably 3 to 30% by mass, more preferably 10 to 30% by mass, and particularly preferably 12 to 28% by mass.
- the content of the ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomer is preferably 0.1 to 10% by mass.
- the content ratio of the ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer unit in the above range By making the content ratio of the ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer unit in the above range, the dispersibility of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer when slurried is improved, and the positive electrode active material can be satisfactorily coated. A positive electrode active material layer with high uniformity can be formed, and the resistance of the positive electrode can be reduced.
- the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer may further contain a crosslinkable monomer unit as long as it does not affect the THF-insoluble content of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer in addition to the above monomer units.
- the crosslinkable monomer unit is a structural unit capable of forming a crosslinked structure during or after polymerization by heating or energy irradiation of the crosslinkable monomer.
- a monomer having thermal crosslinkability can be usually mentioned. More specifically, a monofunctional monomer having a heat-crosslinkable crosslinkable group and one olefinic double bond per molecule, and a polyfunctional having two or more olefinic double bonds per molecule. Ionic monomers.
- thermally crosslinkable groups contained in the monofunctional monomer include epoxy groups, N-methylolamide groups, oxetanyl groups, oxazoline groups, and combinations thereof.
- an epoxy group is more preferable in terms of easy adjustment of crosslinking and crosslinking density.
- crosslinkable monomer having an epoxy group as a thermally crosslinkable group and having an olefinic double bond examples include vinyl glycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether, butenyl glycidyl ether, o-allylphenyl glycidyl.
- Unsaturated glycidyl ethers such as ether; butadiene monoepoxide, chloroprene monoepoxide, 4,5-epoxy-2-pentene, 3,4-epoxy-1-vinylcyclohexene, 1,2-epoxy-5,9-cyclododecadiene Monoepoxides of dienes or polyenes such as; alkenyl epoxides such as 3,4-epoxy-1-butene, 1,2-epoxy-5-hexene, 1,2-epoxy-9-decene; and glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, Glycidyl crotonate, Unsaturated carboxylic acids such as glycidyl-4-heptenoate, glycidyl sorbate, glycidyl linoleate, glycidyl-4-methyl-3-pentenoate, glycidyl este
- crosslinkable monomer having an N-methylolamide group as a thermally crosslinkable group and having an olefinic double bond have a methylol group such as N-methylol (meth) acrylamide (meta ) Acrylamides.
- crosslinkable monomer having an oxetanyl group as a thermally crosslinkable group and having an olefinic double bond examples include 3-((meth) acryloyloxymethyl) oxetane, 3-((meth) Acryloyloxymethyl) -2-trifluoromethyloxetane, 3-((meth) acryloyloxymethyl) -2-phenyloxetane, 2-((meth) acryloyloxymethyl) oxetane, and 2-((meth) acryloyloxymethyl) ) -4-Trifluoromethyloxetane.
- crosslinkable monomer having an oxazoline group as a heat crosslinkable group and having an olefinic double bond examples include 2-vinyl-2-oxazoline, 2-vinyl-4-methyl-2- Oxazoline, 2-vinyl-5-methyl-2-oxazoline, 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline, 2-isopropenyl-4-methyl-2-oxazoline, 2-isopropenyl-5-methyl-2-oxazoline, and 2-isopropenyl-5-ethyl-2-oxazoline.
- multifunctional monomers having two or more olefinic double bonds include allyl (meth) acrylate, ethylene di (meth) acrylate, diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, triethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, Tetraethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, trimethylolpropane-tri (meth) acrylate, dipropylene glycol diallyl ether, polyglycol diallyl ether, triethylene glycol divinyl ether, hydroquinone diallyl ether, tetraallyloxyethane, trimethylolpropane-diallyl Ethers, allyl or vinyl ethers of polyfunctional alcohols other than those mentioned above, triallylamine, methylene bisacrylamide, and divinylbenzene.
- crosslinkable monomer in particular, allyl (meth) acrylate, ethylene di (meth) acrylate, allyl glycidyl ether, and glycidyl methacrylate can be preferably used.
- the above crosslinkable monomers may be used alone or in combination of two or more at any ratio. Therefore, the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer may contain only one type of crosslinkable monomer, or may contain two or more types in combination at any ratio.
- the content is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.2% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 0.5% by mass. Or more, preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 4% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the content rate of a crosslinkable monomer unit more than the lower limit of the said range, the crosslinking degree of a nitrile group containing acrylic polymer can be raised, and it can prevent that a swelling degree rises too much.
- the dispersibility of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer can be improved by setting the ratio of the crosslinkable monomer unit to the upper limit of the above range. Therefore, by setting the content ratio of the crosslinkable monomer unit within the above range, both the degree of swelling and the dispersibility can be improved.
- the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer may contain an aromatic vinyl monomer unit, an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid amide monomer unit, and the like.
- aromatic vinyl monomers examples include styrene, ⁇ -methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, chlorostyrene, hydroxymethyl styrene and the like.
- Examples of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid amide monomer include (meth) acrylamide, N-methoxymethyl (meth) acrylamide and the like.
- these monomer units By including these monomer units, the dispersibility of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer when slurried is improved, and the positive electrode active material can be satisfactorily coated.
- These monomer units may be contained in a proportion of 10% by mass or less.
- the content ratio of each monomer is usually the monomer unit in the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer (for example, (meth) acrylate monomer unit, ethylenic). This corresponds to the content ratio of unsaturated acid monomer units and crosslinkable monomer units).
- the SP value of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is 9 to 11 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 , preferably 9 to 10.5 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 , more preferably 9. 5 to 10 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 .
- SP value means solubility parameter. This SP value is calculated according to J.J. Brandrup and E.I. H. It can be determined according to the method described in “Immediat” “Polymer Handbook” “VII” Solubility “Paramets Values”, pp 519-559 (John Wiley & Sons, 3rd edition, published in 1989).
- the SP value of a polymer not described in the above-mentioned document “Polymer Handbook” can be determined according to the “molecular attraction constant method” proposed by Small.
- This method is a method for obtaining the SP value ( ⁇ ) according to the following equation from the characteristic value of the functional group (atomic group) constituting the compound molecule, that is, the statistics of the molecular attractive constant (G) and the molecular weight.
- G molecular attractive constant
- M M
- d the specific gravity.
- the SP value of the entire nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is the SP value of each nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer.
- the mixing molar ratio is calculated as a weighted average weighted by the molar ratio with respect to the SP value of each nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer.
- the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer having the SP value as described above means that the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is dissolved in the slurry dispersion medium but swells in the non-aqueous electrolyte. Therefore, in the lithium ion secondary battery, the portion of the positive electrode active material covered with the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer does not come into contact with the non-aqueous electrolyte, so that the deterioration of the positive electrode active material is suppressed and the charge / discharge cycle is repeated. Can also prevent deterioration of cycle characteristics.
- the fact that the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer has the SP value as described above means that the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer can swell in the non-aqueous electrolyte of the lithium ion secondary battery. Therefore, since the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer does not hinder the movement of ions in the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention, the internal resistance in the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery can be kept small. In addition, since the lithium ion secondary battery usually does not contain water or a small amount if it is contained, even if the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer swells, corrosion of the current collector due to elution of the positive electrode active material Is difficult to progress.
- the degree of swelling of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 1.0 to 3 times, in order to avoid a significant change in the volume of the polymer in the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- they are 1.0 times or more and 2.8 times or less, More preferably, they are 1.0 times or more and 2.6 times or less.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is an electrolytic solution constituting the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention.
- the degree of swelling with respect to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution can be controlled by, for example, the content ratio of each monomer unit described above. Specifically, it increases when the content ratio of the nitrile group-containing monomer unit is increased. Moreover, it decreases when the content ratio of the ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer unit is increased.
- the tetrahydrofuran (THF) insoluble content of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 25% by mass or less in order to appropriately dissolve the polymer in the slurry dispersion medium. More preferably, it is in the range of 20% by mass or less.
- the THF-insoluble matter is an indicator of the amount of gel, and if the amount of THF-insoluble matter is large, it exists in the form of particles in a slurry using an organic solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone (hereinafter sometimes referred to as NMP). The dispersibility in a slurry may be impaired.
- the THF-insoluble content can be controlled by the polymerization reaction temperature, the monomer addition time, the polymerization initiator amount, and the like. Specifically, the amount of THF-insoluble matter is reduced by increasing the polymerization reaction temperature, increasing the polymerization initiator, and the chain transfer agent.
- the lower limit of the THF insoluble content is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0% by mass or more, more preferably greater than 0% by mass, and particularly preferably 5% by mass or more.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution and the organic solvent that is the slurry dispersion medium have close solubility parameters (SP values)
- SP values solubility parameters
- the swelling degree of the polymer with respect to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is within an appropriate range
- the organic solvent that is the slurry dispersion medium In some cases, such a polymer does not dissolve (excess amount of THF insoluble).
- the degree of swelling of the polymer with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte is appropriate.
- both the degree of swelling and the amount insoluble in THF are within the appropriate ranges.
- the method for producing the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is not particularly limited, but as described above, a monomer mixture containing the monomers constituting the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer can be obtained by emulsion polymerization.
- the method for emulsion polymerization is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known emulsion polymerization method may be employed.
- the mixing method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method using a mixing apparatus such as a stirring type, a shaking type, and a rotary type.
- a method using a dispersion kneader such as a homogenizer, a ball mill, a sand mill, a roll mill, a planetary mixer, and a planetary kneader can be used.
- Examples of the polymerization initiator used for emulsion polymerization include inorganic peroxides such as sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, potassium perphosphate, and hydrogen peroxide; t-butyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, p-menthane hydroperoxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, t-butylcumyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, isobutyryl peroxide, octanoyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl peroxide Organic peroxides such as oxide and t-butylperoxyisobutyrate; azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile, azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile, azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile, methyl azobisisobutyrate, etc. Et That.
- inorganic peroxides can be preferably used.
- These polymerization initiators can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the peroxide initiator can also be used as a redox polymerization initiator in combination with a reducing agent such as sodium bisulfite.
- the amount of the polymerization initiator used is preferably 0.05 to 5 parts by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 2 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the monomer mixture used for the polymerization.
- a chain transfer agent may be used during emulsion polymerization in order to adjust the amount of THF-insoluble matter in the resulting nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer.
- the chain transfer agent include alkyl mercaptans such as n-hexyl mercaptan, n-octyl mercaptan, t-octyl mercaptan, n-dodecyl mercaptan, t-dodecyl mercaptan, n-stearyl mercaptan; dimethylxanthogen disulfide, diisopropylxanthogendi Xanthogen compounds such as sulfide; thiuram compounds such as terpinolene, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, tetraethylthiuram disulfide, tetramethylthiuram monosulfide; phenols such as 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methyl
- alkyl mercaptans are preferable, and t-dodecyl mercaptan can be more preferably used.
- chain transfer agents can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the chain transfer agent used is preferably 0.05 to 2 parts by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 1 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monomer mixture.
- a surfactant may be used during emulsion polymerization.
- the surfactant may be any of an anionic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, and an amphoteric surfactant.
- Specific examples of the anionic surfactant include sodium lauryl sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, ammonium dodecyl sulfate, sodium octyl sulfate, sodium decyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium hexadecyl sulfate, sodium octadecyl sulfate and the like.
- alkylbenzene sulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium lauryl benzene sulfonate, sodium hexadecyl benzene sulfonate
- fats such as sodium lauryl sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, sodium tetradecyl sulfonate Group sulfonates; and the like.
- the amount of the surfactant used is preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monomer mixture.
- seed latex refers to a dispersion of fine particles that becomes the nucleus of the reaction during emulsion polymerization.
- the fine particles often have a particle size of 100 nm or less.
- the fine particles are not particularly limited, and general-purpose polymers such as diene polymers and acrylic polymers are used. According to the emulsion polymerization method using seed latex, polymer particles having a relatively uniform particle size can be obtained.
- the polymerization temperature for carrying out the polymerization reaction is not particularly limited, but is usually 0 to 100 ° C., preferably 40 to 80 ° C. Emulsion polymerization is performed in such a temperature range, and the polymerization reaction is stopped at a predetermined polymerization conversion rate by adding a polymerization terminator or cooling the polymerization system.
- the polymerization conversion rate for stopping the polymerization reaction is preferably 93% by mass or more, more preferably 95% by mass or more.
- the amount of THF insolubles in the resulting nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer can be appropriately adjusted by setting the polymerization temperature within the above range.
- the unreacted monomer is removed, the pH and solid content concentration are adjusted, and the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is in a form (latex) in which the polymer is dispersed in the dispersion medium. can get. Thereafter, if necessary, the dispersion medium may be replaced, or the dispersion medium may be evaporated to obtain a particulate nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer in powder form.
- the method for coating the positive electrode active material with the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is not particularly limited.
- the positive electrode active material and the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer are mixed. It can be obtained by stirring.
- the method for mixing and stirring is not particularly limited.
- the amount of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is preferably 0.05 to 1.95 parts by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 1.0 parts by mass, particularly preferably 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material. 0.2 to 0.6 parts by mass.
- the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer can have not only a function of coating the positive electrode active material but also a function as a binder.
- the positive electrode binder (B) contains a fluorine-containing polymer.
- a fluorine-containing polymer is used as the binder for the fluorine-containing polymer positive electrode.
- the positive electrode binder contains a fluorine-containing polymer, the stability of the slurry is improved, the swelling of the binder with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte is suppressed, and the cycle characteristics are improved.
- the fluorine-containing polymer is a polymer containing fluorine-containing monomer units.
- the fluorine-containing monomer unit is a structural unit formed by polymerizing a fluorine-containing monomer.
- the fluorine-containing polymer is a homopolymer of a fluorine-containing monomer, a copolymer of a fluorine-containing monomer and another fluorine-containing monomer copolymerizable therewith, a fluorine-containing monomer Copolymer of copolymer and monomer copolymerizable therewith, copolymerization of fluorine-containing monomer and other fluorine-containing monomer copolymerizable therewith and monomer copolymerizable therewith Coalescence is mentioned.
- fluorine-containing monomer examples include vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinyl trifluoride chloride, vinyl fluoride, and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, and vinylidene fluoride is preferable.
- the proportion of the fluorine-containing monomer unit in the fluorine-containing polymer is usually 70% by mass or more, preferably 80% by mass or more.
- the upper limit of the ratio of the fluorine-containing monomer unit in the fluorine-containing polymer is 100% by mass.
- Monomers copolymerizable with fluorine-containing monomers include 1-olefins such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene; styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, pt-butylstyrene, vinyltoluene, chlorostyrene, etc.
- Aromatic vinyl compounds such as (meth) acrylonitrile (abbreviations for acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; hereinafter the same); methyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, 2- (meth) acrylic acid 2- (Meth) acrylic acid ester compounds such as ethylhexyl; (meth) acrylamide compounds such as (meth) acrylamide, N-methylol (meth) acrylamide, N-butoxymethyl (meth) acrylamide; (meth) acrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumar Acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, etc.
- unsaturated nitrile compounds such as (meth) acrylonitrile (abbreviations for acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; hereinafter the same); methyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, 2- (meth) acrylic acid 2- (Meth) acrylic acid ester compounds such as ethyl
- Xyl group-containing vinyl compounds epoxy group-containing unsaturated compounds such as allyl glycidyl ether and glycidyl (meth) acrylate; amino group-containing unsaturated compounds such as dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate and diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate; Sulphonic acid group-containing unsaturated compounds such as styrene sulfonic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid and (meth) allyl sulfonic acid; Sulfuric acid group-containing unsaturated compounds such as 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropanesulfuric acid; (meth) acrylic acid-3- And phosphate group-containing unsaturated compounds such as propyl-2-propyl phosphate and 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropane phosphate.
- epoxy group-containing unsaturated compounds such as allyl glycidyl ether and glycidyl (meth) acrylate
- the ratio of the monomer unit copolymerizable with the fluorine-containing monomer in the fluorine-containing polymer is usually 30% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less.
- fluorine-containing polymers polymers containing vinylidene fluoride as a fluorine-containing monomer, specifically, vinylidene fluoride homopolymer, vinylidene fluoride and other fluorine-containing monomers copolymerizable therewith Copolymer, vinylidene fluoride and other fluorine-containing monomers copolymerizable therewith, and monomers copolymerizable therewith, vinylidene fluoride and copolymerizable monomers
- a copolymer with a monomer is preferred.
- a homopolymer of vinylidene fluoride (polyvinylidene fluoride), a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and polyvinyl fluoride are preferable, and polyvinylidene fluoride is more preferable.
- the fluorine-containing polymer may be one kind alone, or two or more kinds may be used in combination. When using 2 or more types together, it is preferable to use a low molecular weight body and a high molecular weight body together. Specifically, a fluorine-containing polymer having a melt viscosity of less than 35 kpoise measured at ASTM D3835 / 232 ° C. 100 sec ⁇ 1 has a low molecular weight and a polymer having a melt viscosity of 35 kpoise or higher has a high molecular weight. preferable.
- Examples of the high molecular weight polyvinylidene fluoride include KYNAR HSV900 manufactured by Arkema, Solef 6020, Solef 6010, Solef 1015, Solef 5130 manufactured by Kureha, and KF7208 manufactured by Kureha.
- Examples of the low molecular weight polyvinylidene fluoride include KYNAR 710 720 740 760 760A manufactured by Arkema, Solef 6008 manufactured by Solvay, and KF 1120 manufactured by Kureha.
- the weight ratio (low molecular weight substance / high molecular weight substance) of the low molecular weight substance and the high molecular weight substance of the fluorine-containing polymer is preferably 30/70 to 70/30.
- the weight average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene by gel permeation chromatography of the fluorine-containing polymer is preferably 100,000 to 2,000,000, more preferably 200,000 to 1,500,000, particularly preferably 400. , 1,000 to 1,000,000.
- the weight-average molecular weight of the fluorine-containing polymer within the above range, detachment (powder off) of the positive electrode active material (A), the conductive material (C), etc. in the positive electrode active material layer is suppressed, and the positive electrode slurry composition The viscosity of the product can be easily adjusted.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the fluorine-containing polymer is preferably 0 ° C. or lower, more preferably ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower, and particularly preferably ⁇ 30 ° C. or lower.
- the lower limit of the Tg of the fluorine-containing polymer is not particularly limited, but is preferably ⁇ 50 ° C. or higher, more preferably ⁇ 40 ° C. or higher.
- the Tg of the fluorine-containing polymer can be adjusted by combining various monomers. Tg can be measured based on JIS K 7121; 1987 using a differential scanning calorimeter.
- the melting point (Tm) of the fluorine-containing polymer is preferably 190 ° C. or less, more preferably 150 to 180 ° C., and further preferably 160 to 170 ° C.
- Tm melting point
- the Tm of the fluorine-containing polymer can be adjusted by combining various monomers or controlling the polymerization temperature. Tm can be measured based on JIS K 7121; 1987 using a differential scanning calorimeter.
- the production method of the fluorine-containing polymer is not particularly limited, and any method such as a solution polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, a bulk polymerization method, and an emulsion polymerization method can be used. Among these, the suspension polymerization method and the emulsion polymerization method are preferable.
- productivity of the fluorine-containing polymer can be improved and a fluorine-containing polymer having a desired average particle diameter can be obtained.
- the polymerization reaction any reaction such as ionic polymerization, radical polymerization, and living radical polymerization can be used.
- polymerization initiators used for polymerization include lauroyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, di-2-ethylhexyl peroxydicarbonate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, 3,3,5-trimethylhexanoyl peroxide, and the like.
- the fluorine-containing polymer is used in the state of a dispersion liquid or a dissolved solution dispersed in a dispersion medium.
- the dispersion medium is not particularly limited as long as it can uniformly disperse or dissolve the fluorine-containing polymer, and water or an organic solvent can be used.
- organic solvents include cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene; acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, diisopropyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methylcyclohexanone, and ethylcyclohexanosan.
- Ketones methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and other chlor aliphatic hydrocarbons; ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -caprolactone and other esters; acetonitrile, propionitrile and other alkyl nitriles; tetrahydrofuran, Ethers such as ethylene glycol diethyl ether: alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; Amides such as tilpyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide may be mentioned.
- These dispersion media may be used alone or in combination of two or more as a mixed solvent.
- it is used industrially at the time of preparing the positive electrode slurry composition, is difficult to volatilize in production, and as a result, the volatilization of the positive electrode slurry composition can be suppressed, and the smoothness of the resulting positive electrode is improved. Therefore, water, N-methylpyrrolidone, cyclohexanone, toluene and the like are preferable.
- the solid content concentration of the dispersion containing the fluorine-containing polymer is usually 1 to 25% by mass from the viewpoint of handleability, and 3 to 20 % By mass is preferable, and 5 to 15% by mass is more preferable.
- the viscosity when the fluorine-containing polymer is dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “NMP”) so as to form an 8% solution is preferably 10 to 5000 mPa ⁇ s, more preferably. Is 100 to 2000 mPa ⁇ s.
- the viscosity of the 8% NMP solution of the fluorine-containing polymer is obtained by dissolving the fluorine-containing polymer in NMP so that it becomes an 8% solution, and against this, a B-type viscometer (RB-80L manufactured by Toki Sangyo Co., Ltd. ) And can be measured based on JIS K 7117-1; 1999.
- the positive electrode binder includes the above-described fluorine-containing polymer.
- the positive electrode binder contains a fluorine-containing polymer. A lithium ion secondary battery having excellent capacity, output characteristics, and high potential cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the ratio of the fluorine-containing polymer is preferably 50 to 100% by mass, more preferably 60 to 90% by mass, and still more preferably 70 to 85% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the total amount of the binder for positive electrode.
- the positive electrode binder may contain other polymers that can be used as a binder, if necessary.
- other polymers that may be used in combination include resins such as polyacrylic acid derivatives and polyacrylonitrile derivatives, and soft heavy polymers such as acrylate soft polymers, diene soft polymers, olefin soft polymers, and vinyl soft polymers. Coalescence is mentioned. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the other polymer is contained in an amount of 30% by mass or less, further 0.1 to 20% by mass, particularly 0.2 to 10% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the total amount of the binder for the positive electrode. May be.
- the amount of the positive electrode binder does not include the amount of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer having an SP value of 9 to 11 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 .
- the amount of the binder for the positive electrode is preferably in the range of 0.4 to 2 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 2 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 1.5 to 2 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material. It is. When the amount of the binder for the positive electrode is within such a range, sufficient adhesion between the obtained positive electrode active material layer and the current collector can be secured, the capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery is increased, and the internal resistance is decreased. Can do.
- the conductive material positive electrode contains a conductive material.
- the particle diameter of the conductive material contained in the positive electrode is preferably a number average particle diameter of 5 to 40 nm, more preferably 10 to 38 nm, and still more preferably 15 to 36 nm. If the particle diameter of the conductive material in the positive electrode is too small, aggregation tends to occur and uniform dispersion becomes difficult. As a result, the internal resistance of the electrode increases and the capacity tends to be difficult to improve. However, by using the positive electrode binder described above, the atomized conductive material can be uniformly dispersed, and the capacity can be improved.
- the number average particle size of the conductive material is obtained by ultrasonically dispersing the conductive material in water at 0.01% by mass, and then measuring a dynamic light scattering particle size / particle size distribution measuring device (for example, Nikkiso Co., Ltd., particle size distribution measurement). It can be determined by measuring using a device Nanotrac Wave-EX150).
- the specific surface area (BET type) of the conductive material in the positive electrode is preferably 1500 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 1000 m 2 / g or less, and particularly preferably 400 m 2 / g or less. If the specific surface area of the conductive material is too large, aggregation tends to occur and uniform dispersion becomes difficult. As a result, the internal resistance of the positive electrode active material layer increases and it is difficult to improve the capacity.
- a conductive material one type of conductive material having the above-described specific surface area may be used alone, or two or more types of conductive materials having different specific surface areas may be used together with the BET specific surface area of the conductive material after mixing. May be used in combination so as to have a size within the above-described range.
- conductive carbon such as acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon black, graphite, vapor-grown carbon fiber, and carbon nanotube can be used as in the negative electrode.
- a conductive material By containing a conductive material, the stability at the time of manufacturing the positive electrode slurry composition can be improved, and the electrical contact between the positive electrode active materials in the positive electrode active material layer can be improved, thereby increasing the capacity.
- the content of the conductive material is preferably 1 to 3 parts by mass, more preferably 1.2 to 2.8 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 1.5 to 2.5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the positive electrode active material. Part by mass.
- the content of the conductive material is too small, the internal resistance in the positive electrode active material layer increases, and it may be difficult to increase the capacity. Moreover, when there is too much content of a electrically conductive material, it will become difficult to increase the density of a positive electrode, and initial capacity may fall.
- the positive electrode may further contain, as an optional component, a reinforcing material, a leveling agent, an electrolytic solution additive having a function of inhibiting decomposition of the electrolytic solution, etc., as described later. Furthermore, the thickener etc. which are contained in the slurry prepared at the time of positive electrode manufacture may remain
- the reinforcing material various inorganic and organic spherical, plate-like, rod-like or fibrous fillers can be used.
- a reinforcing material By using a reinforcing material, a tough and flexible positive electrode can be obtained, and excellent long-term cycle characteristics can be exhibited.
- the content of the reinforcing material is usually 0.01 to 20 parts by mass, preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the positive electrode active material. By including the reinforcing material in the above range, high capacity and high load characteristics can be exhibited.
- leveling agent examples include surfactants such as alkyl surfactants, silicone surfactants, fluorine surfactants, and metal surfactants.
- surfactants such as alkyl surfactants, silicone surfactants, fluorine surfactants, and metal surfactants.
- the electrolytic solution additive vinylene carbonate used in the electrolytic solution can be used.
- the content of the electrolytic solution additive is preferably 0.01 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the positive electrode active material.
- the obtained lithium ion secondary battery is excellent in cycle characteristics and high temperature characteristics.
- Other examples include nanoparticles such as fumed silica and fumed alumina. By mixing the nanoparticles, the thixotropy of the slurry composition adjusted when producing the positive electrode can be controlled, and the leveling property of the positive electrode obtained thereby can be improved.
- the content of the nanoparticles is preferably 0.01 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the positive electrode active material.
- the slurry composition is excellent in slurry stability and productivity and exhibits high battery characteristics.
- the slurry composition for a lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode includes the above-described positive electrode active material, nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer, positive electrode binder (B), conductive material ( It is obtained by mixing C) and other additives in a dispersion medium.
- a positive electrode active material and a nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer in a dispersion medium to contain a cyano group contained in the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer or a nitrile group containing an ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer unit
- Acid groups and the like contained in the acrylic polymer interact with functional groups such as hydroxyl groups on the surface of the positive electrode active material, and the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer is preferentially adsorbed on the positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material (A) can be formed. Further, in the slurry composition obtained as described above, the cyano group, acid group, etc. interact with and adsorb functional groups such as hydroxyl groups on the surface of the current collector described later, so that the positive electrode active material layer And the current collector can be improved.
- organic solvent can be used as the dispersion medium.
- organic solvents include cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene; ketones such as acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, diisopropyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methylcyclohexane, and ethylcyclohexane.
- Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride; Esters such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -caprolactone; Alkyl nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; Tetrahydrofuran and Ethylene Ethers such as glycol diethyl ether: Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; N-methyl Amides such as lupyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide may be mentioned.
- dispersion media may be used alone or in combination of two or more as a mixed solvent.
- a dispersion medium having excellent positive electrode active material dispersibility and low boiling point and high volatility is preferable because it can be removed at a low temperature in a short time.
- acetone, toluene, cyclohexanone, cyclopentane, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, xylene, or N-methylpyrrolidone, or a mixed solvent thereof is preferable.
- the mixing method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method using a mixing apparatus such as a stirring type, a shaking type, and a rotary type. Further, a method using a dispersion kneader such as a homogenizer, a ball mill, a sand mill, a roll mill, and a planetary kneader can be used.
- a mixing apparatus such as a stirring type, a shaking type, and a rotary type.
- a dispersion kneader such as a homogenizer, a ball mill, a sand mill, a roll mill, and a planetary kneader can be used.
- Lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode A lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode is obtained by applying the slurry composition for a lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode described above to a current collector and drying it.
- the method for producing a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery includes a step of forming the positive electrode active material layer by applying and drying the slurry composition for positive electrode on one or both sides of the current collector.
- the method for applying the positive electrode slurry composition onto the current collector is not particularly limited. Examples of the method include a doctor blade method, a dip method, a reverse roll method, a direct roll method, a gravure method, an extrusion method, and a brush coating method.
- drying method examples include drying with warm air, hot air, low-humidity air, vacuum drying, and drying by irradiation with (far) infrared rays or electron beams.
- the drying time is usually 5 to 30 minutes, and the drying temperature is usually 40 to 180 ° C.
- the positive electrode slurry composition is applied onto a current collector, dried, and then subjected to pressure treatment using a die press or a roll press to increase the porosity of the positive electrode active material layer. It is preferable to have a lowering step.
- the porosity of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 5 to 30%, more preferably 7 to 20%. If the porosity of the positive electrode active material layer is too high, charging efficiency and discharging efficiency may be deteriorated.
- the positive electrode binder (B) when a curable polymer is used as the positive electrode binder (B), it is preferably cured.
- the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer in the lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode is usually 5 to 300 ⁇ m, preferably 30 to 250 ⁇ m. When the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer is in the above range, a secondary battery having high load characteristics and cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the content ratio of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 85 to 99% by mass, more preferably 88 to 97% by mass.
- the content ratio of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is within the above range, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery that exhibits flexibility and binding properties while exhibiting high capacity.
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 3.0 to 4.0 g / cm 3 , and more preferably 3.4 to 4.0 g / cm 3 . When the density of the positive electrode active material layer is in the above range, a high-capacity secondary battery can be obtained.
- the current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is an electrically conductive and electrochemically durable material, but is preferably a metal material because of its heat resistance, for example, iron, copper, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel. Examples include steel, titanium, tantalum, gold, and platinum. Among these, aluminum is particularly preferable as the current collector used for the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- the shape of the current collector is not particularly limited, but a sheet shape having a thickness of about 0.001 to 0.5 mm is preferable.
- the current collector may be used after being roughened. Examples of the roughening method include a mechanical polishing method, an electrolytic polishing method, and a chemical polishing method.
- an abrasive cloth paper with a fixed abrasive particle, a grindstone, an emery buff, a wire brush provided with a steel wire or the like is used.
- a primer layer or the like may be formed on the current collector surface in order to increase the adhesive strength or conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode includes a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer laminated on the current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer preferably contains an alloy-based active material (a1) as the negative electrode active material (a), and optionally contains another carbon-based active material (a2). Contains agent (b), conductive material (c) and the like.
- the negative electrode active material is a substance that delivers electrons (lithium ions) in the negative electrode.
- an alloy-based active material (a1) is used, and a carbon-based active material (a2) can be used as necessary.
- the negative electrode active material preferably includes an alloy-based active material and a carbon-based active material.
- An alloy-based active material includes an element into which lithium can be inserted, and has a theoretical electric capacity of 500 mAh / g or more when lithium is inserted (the upper limit of the theoretical electric capacity) Is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, 5000 mAh / g or less.), Specifically, a single metal forming a lithium alloy and an alloy thereof, and oxides and sulfides thereof Nitride, silicide, carbide, phosphide and the like are used.
- Examples of simple metals and alloys that form lithium alloys include Ag, Al, Ba, Bi, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, and Zn.
- the compound to contain is mentioned.
- silicon (Si), tin (Sn) or lead (Pb) simple metals, alloys containing these atoms, or compounds of these metals are preferable.
- a Si simple metal capable of inserting and extracting lithium at a low potential is more preferable.
- the alloy-based active material may further contain one or more nonmetallic elements.
- SiOC, SiO x , and SiC that can insert and desorb lithium at a low potential are preferable, and SiOC SiO x is more preferred.
- SiOC can be obtained by firing a polymer material containing silicon.
- the range of 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 3 and 2 ⁇ y ⁇ 4 is preferably used in view of the balance between capacity and cycle characteristics.
- Lithium alloy-forming elemental metal and its oxides, sulfides, nitrides, silicides, carbides and phosphides include lithium-insertable element oxides, sulfides, nitrides, silicides and carbides And phosphides, and oxides are particularly preferable.
- an oxide such as tin oxide, manganese oxide, titanium oxide, niobium oxide, vanadium oxide, or a lithium-containing metal composite oxide containing a metal element selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Pb, and Ti atoms is preferable.
- a lithium titanium composite oxide represented by Li x Ti y M z O 4 (0.7 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5, 1.5 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.3, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.6, M includes Na, K, Co, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg, Cr, Ga, Cu, Zn, and Nb), among which Li 4/3 Ti 5/3 O 4 , Li 1 Ti 2 O 4 and Li 4/5 Ti 11/5 O 4 are preferred.
- active materials containing silicon are preferable. By using an active material containing silicon, the electric capacity of the secondary battery can be increased. Furthermore, among the active materials containing silicon, SiO x C y , SiO x , and SiC are more preferable. In an active material containing a combination of silicon and carbon, it is assumed that Si (silicon) is inserted at a high potential, and Li is inserted into and desorbed from C (carbon) at a low potential. Since the shrinkage is suppressed, the effect of the present invention is more easily obtained.
- the alloy-based active material is preferably a particle-sized one.
- the shape of the particles is spherical, a higher density electrode can be formed during electrode molding.
- the volume average particle diameter is preferably 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.5 to 20 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the volume average particle diameter of the alloy-based active material is within this range, the slurry composition used for producing the negative electrode can be easily produced.
- the volume average particle diameter in this invention can be calculated
- the tap density of the alloy-based active material is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.6 g / cm 3 or more.
- the specific surface area of alloy-formable active material is preferably 3.0 ⁇ 20.0m 2 / g, more preferably 3.5 ⁇ 15.0m 2 / g, particularly preferably 4.0 ⁇ 10.0 m 2 / g.
- the “BET specific surface area” means a BET specific surface area determined by a nitrogen adsorption method, and is a value measured according to ASTM D3037-81.
- the carbon-based active material refers to an active material having carbon as a main skeleton into which lithium can be inserted, and specifically includes a carbonaceous material and a graphite material.
- the carbonaceous material is generally a carbon material having a low graphitization degree (that is, low crystallinity) obtained by carbonizing a carbon precursor by heat treatment at 2000 ° C. or less.
- the minimum of the temperature of the said heat processing is not specifically limited, For example, it can be 500 degreeC or more.
- the graphite material is a graphite material having high crystallinity close to that of graphite obtained by heat-treating graphitizable carbon at 2000 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the said processing temperature is not specifically limited, For example, it can be 5000 degrees C or less.
- Examples of the carbonaceous material include graphitizable carbon that easily changes the carbon structure depending on the heat treatment temperature, and non-graphitizable carbon having a structure close to an amorphous structure typified by glassy carbon.
- graphitizable carbon examples include carbon materials made from tar pitch obtained from petroleum or coal. Specific examples include coke, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), mesophase pitch carbon fibers, pyrolytic vapor grown carbon fibers, and the like.
- MCMB is carbon fine particles obtained by separating and extracting mesophase spherules produced in the process of heating pitches at around 400 ° C.
- the mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber is a carbon fiber using as a raw material mesophase pitch obtained by growing and coalescing the mesophase microspheres.
- Pyrolytic vapor-grown carbon fibers are (1) a method for pyrolyzing acrylic polymer fibers, (2) a method for spinning by spinning a pitch, and (3) using nanoparticles such as iron as a catalyst. It is a carbon fiber obtained by a catalytic vapor deposition (catalytic CVD) method in which hydrocarbon is vapor-phase pyrolyzed.
- catalytic CVD catalytic vapor deposition
- non-graphitizable carbon examples include phenol resin fired bodies, polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers, pseudo-isotropic carbon, furfuryl alcohol resin fired bodies (PFA), and hard carbon.
- Examples of the graphite material include natural graphite and artificial graphite.
- Examples of artificial graphite include artificial graphite heat-treated at 2800 ° C or higher, graphitized MCMB heat-treated at 2000 ° C or higher, graphitized mesophase pitch carbon fiber heat-treated at 2000 ° C or higher. It is done.
- a graphite material is preferable.
- the density of the negative electrode active material layer is 1.6 g / cm 3 or more (the upper limit of the density is not particularly limited, but 2.2 g / cm 3) or less.) Can be easily produced. If the negative electrode has a negative electrode active material layer in which the density of the negative electrode active material layer is in the above range, the effect of the present invention is remarkably exhibited.
- the carbon-based active material is preferably a particle-sized one.
- the shape of the particles is spherical, a higher density electrode can be formed during electrode molding.
- the carbon-based active material is a particle
- the volume-average particle size of the carbon-based active material is preferably 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.5 to 50 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 1 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the volume average particle diameter of the carbon-based active material is within this range, it becomes easy to prepare a slurry composition used for manufacturing the negative electrode.
- the tap density of the carbon-based active material is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.6 g / cm 3 or more.
- the specific surface area of the carbon-based active material preferably 3.0 ⁇ 20.0m 2 / g, more preferably 3.5 ⁇ 15.0m 2 / g, particularly preferably 4.0 ⁇ 10.0m 2 / g is there.
- the specific surface area can be measured by, for example, the BET method.
- the negative electrode active material one type of alloy-based active material may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination at any ratio. Moreover, the active material which combined the alloy type active material and the carbon type active material can be mentioned as a preferable aspect of a negative electrode active material.
- the mixing method is not particularly limited, and conventionally known dry mixing and wet mixing may be mentioned. .
- the alloy-based active material (a1) and the carbon-based active material (a2) are used in combination, the alloy-based active material (a1) with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon-based active material (a2). Is preferably contained in an amount of 1 to 50 parts by mass.
- a battery having a larger capacity than the negative electrode obtained using only the conventional carbon-based active material can be obtained, and the adhesion strength of the negative electrode can be increased. It is possible to prevent deterioration and cycle characteristics. If it is a negative electrode which has a negative electrode active material layer which uses an alloy type active material (a1) and a carbon type active material (a2) together in the said range, the effect of this invention will show up notably.
- the negative electrode binder is a component that binds the negative electrode active material to the surface of the current collector in the negative electrode, has excellent performance of holding the negative electrode active material, and adheres to the current collector. It is preferable to use one having a high value.
- a polymer is used as the binder material.
- the polymer as the binder material may be a homopolymer or a copolymer.
- the polymer for the binder for the negative electrode is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include polymer compounds such as fluoropolymers, diene polymers, acrylate polymers, polyimides, polyamides, polyurethanes, among others, fluoropolymers.
- a diene polymer or an acrylate polymer is preferable, and a diene polymer or an acrylate polymer is more preferable in that the withstand voltage can be increased and the energy density of the secondary battery can be increased, and the strength of the electrode is improved. Diene polymers are particularly preferred.
- the diene polymer is a polymer including a structural unit formed by polymerizing a conjugated diene monomer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “conjugated diene monomer unit”). Examples include diene homopolymers; copolymers of different types of conjugated dienes; copolymers obtained by polymerizing monomer mixtures containing conjugated dienes, or hydrogenated products thereof.
- Examples of the conjugated diene include 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene, and 2-chloro- Examples include 1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, and 2,4-hexadiene. Among these, 1,3-butadiene and 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene are preferable.
- a conjugated diene may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the ratio of the conjugated diene monomer unit in the diene polymer is preferably 20% by mass to 60% by mass, and preferably 30% by mass to 55% by mass.
- the diene polymer may contain a nitrile group-containing monomer unit in addition to the conjugated diene monomer unit.
- nitrile group-containing monomer constituting the nitrile group-containing monomer unit include ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile compounds such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, ⁇ -chloroacrylonitrile, ⁇ -ethylacrylonitrile, and the like. Of these, acrylonitrile is preferred.
- the proportion of the nitrile group-containing monomer unit in the diene polymer is preferably in the range of 5 to 40% by mass, more preferably 5 to 30% by mass.
- a nitrile group containing monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the diene polymer may contain a structural unit formed by polymerizing another monomer in addition to the monomer unit.
- Other monomers constituting other monomer units include unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid; styrene, chlorostyrene, vinyl toluene, t-butyl styrene, vinyl benzoate Styrene monomers such as acid, methyl vinyl benzoate, vinyl naphthalene, chloromethyl styrene, hydroxymethyl styrene, ⁇ -methyl styrene, divinylbenzene; olefins such as ethylene, propylene; vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate Vinyl esters such as vinyl benzoate; amide monomers such as acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, and acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid; vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether,
- the acrylate polymer is represented by the general formula (1): CH 2 ⁇ CR 1 —COOR 2 (wherein R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R 2 represents an alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group). It is a polymer containing a monomer unit ((meth) acrylate monomer unit) formed by polymerizing a monomer derived from a compound.
- the monomer constituting the (meth) acrylate ester monomer unit include ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, Acrylic acid esters such as n-amyl acrylate, isoamyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate; ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n methacrylate Methacryl such as butyl, isobutyl methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, n-amyl methacrylate, isoamyl methacrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, lauryl me
- acrylate esters are preferable, and n-butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate are particularly preferable in that the strength of the obtained electrode can be improved.
- the ratio of the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit in the acrylate polymer is usually 50% by mass or more, preferably 70% by mass or more.
- the acrylate polymer preferably contains a nitrile group-containing monomer unit in addition to the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit.
- the nitrile group-containing monomer include acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and the like. Among them, acrylonitrile is preferable in that the binding strength between the current collector and the negative electrode active material layer is increased and the electrode strength can be improved.
- the ratio of the nitrile group-containing monomer unit in the acrylate polymer is preferably in the range of 5 to 35% by mass, more preferably 10 to 30% by mass.
- the acrylate polymer includes a structural unit formed by polymerizing a copolymerizable carboxylic acid group-containing monomer (hereinafter referred to as “carboxylic acid group-containing monomer unit”). May be used).
- carboxylic acid group-containing monomer include monobasic acid-containing monomers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid; dibasic acid-containing monomers such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, and itaconic acid.
- a dibasic acid-containing monomer is preferable, and itaconic acid is particularly preferable in terms of enhancing the binding property with the current collector and improving the electrode strength.
- the proportion of the carboxylic acid group-containing monomer unit in the acrylate polymer is preferably in the range of 1 to 50% by mass, more preferably 1 to 20% by mass, and particularly preferably 1 to 10% by mass.
- the acrylate polymer may contain a structural unit obtained by polymerizing a copolymerizable monomer, in addition to the monomer unit, as a specific example of the other monomer.
- a carboxylic acid ester having two or more carbon-carbon double bonds such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate; side chain such as perfluorooctylethyl acrylate and perfluorooctylethyl methacrylate
- Amide monomers such as acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid; olefins such as ethylene and propylene; diene monomers such as butadiene and isoprene; vinyl chloride and chloride Monomers containing halogen atoms such as vinylidene; vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate and vinyl benzoate; vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether and butyl biether; methyl vinyl ketone and ethyl vinyl ketone , Vinyl ketones such as butyl vinyl ketone, hexyl vinyl ketone and isopropenyl vinyl ketone; heterocycle-containing vinyl compounds such as N-vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl pyridine and vinyl imidazole; glycidyl such as allyl glycidyl ether Ethers; glycidyl acryl
- binders for negative electrodes include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl isobutyl ether, poly Vinyl polymers such as acrylonitrile, polymethacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polymethyl acrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polyallyl acetate, and polystyrene; polyoxymethylene, polyoxyethylene, polycyclic thioether, polydimethylsiloxane, etc.
- Ether polymers containing heteroatoms in the chain condensed ester polymers such as polylactone, polycyclic anhydride, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate; nylon 6, nylon 66, poly-m Phenylene isophthalamide, poly -p- phenylene terephthalamide, condensation amide polymers such as poly pyromellitic imide, and the like thickeners which will be described later.
- the shape of the binder for the negative electrode is not particularly limited, but it has good adhesion to the current collector, and since it can suppress deterioration of the capacity of the created electrode and repeated charge / discharge, it is particulate. It is preferable that The particulate binder is not particularly limited as long as it retains and exists in the state of being dispersed in a dispersion medium. However, it is preferable that the particulate binder can be present in a state of retaining the particle shape even in the negative electrode active material layer. In the present invention, the “state in which the particle state is maintained” does not have to be a state in which the particle shape is completely maintained, and may be in a state in which the particle shape is maintained to some extent. Examples of the particulate binder include those in which the binder particles such as latex are dispersed in water, and powders obtained by drying such a dispersion.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the binder for negative electrode is preferably 50 ° C. or lower, more preferably ⁇ 40 to 0 ° C.
- Tg glass transition temperature
- the number average particle diameter is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m, preferably 0.03 to 0.8 ⁇ m, more preferably. 0.05 to 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the number average particle diameter of the binder is within this range, excellent adhesion can be imparted to the negative electrode active material layer even with a small amount of use.
- the number average particle diameter is a number average particle diameter calculated as an arithmetic average value obtained by measuring the diameter of 100 binder particles randomly selected in a transmission electron micrograph. The shape of the particles can be either spherical or irregular. These binders can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the binder for the negative electrode is usually in the range of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight, preferably 0.5 to 20 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. is there. When the amount of the binder is within this range, sufficient adhesion between the obtained negative electrode active material layer and the current collector can be ensured, the capacity of the secondary battery can be increased, and the internal resistance can be decreased.
- the conductive material negative electrode active material layer may contain a conductive material.
- the particle diameter of the conductive material contained in the negative electrode is 5 to 40 nm, preferably 10 to 38 nm, and more preferably 15 to 36 nm in terms of number average particle diameter.
- conductive carbon such as acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon black, graphite, vapor-grown carbon fiber, and carbon nanotube can be used.
- the content of the conductive material is preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode may further contain, as an optional component, a reinforcing material, a leveling agent, an electrolytic solution additive having a function of inhibiting electrolytic solution decomposition, etc.
- a reinforcing material such as aluminum, copper, etc.
- a leveling agent such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium
- the slurry composition for a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode includes the negative electrode active material (a), the binder for negative electrode (b), the conductive material (c), and the like. Obtained by mixing these additives in a dispersion medium.
- a dispersion medium either water or an organic solvent can be used.
- organic solvents examples include cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene; ketones such as acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, diisopropyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methylcyclohexanone and ethylcyclohexanone.
- Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride; Esters such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -caprolactone; Acylonitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; Tetrahydrofuran and Ethylene Ethers such as glycol diethyl ether: alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; Amides such as tilpyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide may be mentioned.
- dispersion media may be used alone or in combination of two or more as a mixed solvent.
- a dispersion medium having excellent dispersibility of each component and having a low boiling point and high volatility is preferable because it can be removed in a short time and at a low temperature.
- acetone, toluene, cyclohexanone, cyclopentane, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, xylene, water, N-methylpyrrolidone, or a mixed solvent thereof is preferable.
- the mixing method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method using a mixing apparatus such as a stirring type, a shaking type, and a rotary type. Further, a method using a dispersion kneader such as a homogenizer, a ball mill, a sand mill, a roll mill, and a planetary kneader can be used.
- a mixing apparatus such as a stirring type, a shaking type, and a rotary type.
- a dispersion kneader such as a homogenizer, a ball mill, a sand mill, a roll mill, and a planetary kneader can be used.
- Lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode A lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode is obtained by applying and drying the above-described slurry composition for a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode on a current collector.
- the method for producing a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery includes a step of forming a negative electrode active material layer by applying and drying the slurry composition for a negative electrode on one or both sides of a current collector.
- the method for applying the negative electrode slurry composition onto the current collector is not particularly limited.
- Examples of the method include a doctor blade method, a dip method, a reverse roll method, a direct roll method, a gravure method, an extrusion method, and a brush coating method.
- drying method examples include drying with warm air, hot air, low-humidity air, vacuum drying, and drying by irradiation with (far) infrared rays or electron beams.
- the drying time is usually 5 to 30 minutes, and the drying temperature is usually 40 to 180 ° C.
- the porosity of the negative electrode active material layer is increased by pressure treatment using a die press or a roll press. It is preferable to have a lowering step.
- the porosity of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 5 to 30%, more preferably 7 to 20%. If the porosity of the negative electrode active material layer is too high, charging efficiency and discharging efficiency may be deteriorated. If the porosity is too low, it is difficult to obtain a high volume capacity, and the negative electrode active material layer is likely to be peeled off from the current collector, which may cause defects. Further, when a curable polymer is used as the binder for the negative electrode, it is preferably cured.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer in the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery is usually 5 to 300 ⁇ m, preferably 30 to 250 ⁇ m. When the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is in the above range, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery that exhibits high load characteristics and cycle characteristics.
- the content ratio of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 85 to 99% by mass, more preferably 88 to 97% by mass.
- the content ratio of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode active material layer is in the above range, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery that exhibits flexibility and binding properties while exhibiting high capacity.
- the density of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 1.6 ⁇ 1.9g / cm 3, more preferably 1.65 ⁇ 1.85g / cm 3. When the density of the negative electrode active material layer is within the above range, a high-capacity secondary battery can be obtained.
- the current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is an electrically conductive and electrochemically durable material, but is preferably a metal material because of its heat resistance, for example, iron, copper, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel. Examples include steel, titanium, tantalum, gold, and platinum. Among these, copper is particularly preferable as the current collector used for the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- the shape of the current collector is not particularly limited, but a sheet shape having a thickness of about 0.001 to 0.5 mm is preferable.
- the current collector may be used after roughening in advance in order to increase the adhesive strength with the negative electrode active material layer.
- Examples of the roughening method include a mechanical polishing method, an electrolytic polishing method, and a chemical polishing method.
- a mechanical polishing method an abrasive cloth paper with a fixed abrasive particle, a grindstone, an emery buff, a wire brush provided with a steel wire or the like is used.
- a primer layer or the like may be formed on the current collector surface in order to increase the adhesive strength or conductivity of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention includes the above-described positive electrode and negative electrode, has a non-aqueous electrolyte, and usually includes a separator.
- Nonaqueous Electrolytic Solution is not particularly limited, and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as a supporting electrolyte in a nonaqueous solvent can be used.
- the lithium salt include LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiClO 4 , CF 3 SO 3 Li, C 4 F 9 SO 3 Li, CF 3 COOLi, (CF 3 CO) 2 NLi , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) NLi, and other lithium salts.
- LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , and CF 3 SO 3 Li that are easily soluble in a solvent and exhibit a high degree of dissociation are preferably used. These can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- the amount of the supporting electrolyte is usually 1% by mass or more, preferably 5% by mass or more, and usually 30% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less with respect to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution. If the amount of the supporting electrolyte is too small or too large, the ionic conductivity is lowered, and the charging characteristics and discharging characteristics of the battery are degraded.
- the solvent used for the non-aqueous electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the supporting electrolyte, but is usually dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC).
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- Alkyl carbonates such as butylene carbonate (BC) and methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC); esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and methyl formate; ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran; sulfolane and dimethyl sulfoxide Sulfur-containing compounds such as
- dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and methyl ethyl carbonate are preferable because high ion conductivity is easily obtained and the use temperature range is wide. These can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- non-aqueous electrolytes other than the above examples include gel polymer electrolytes in which a polymer electrolyte such as polyethylene oxide and polyacrylonitrile is impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte, and inorganic solid electrolytes such as lithium sulfide, LiI, and Li 3 N. it can.
- an additive in the non-aqueous electrolyte in addition to carbonate compounds such as vinylene carbonate (VC), fluorine-containing carbonates such as fluoroethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl sulfone are preferable.
- a fluorinated electrolyte additive such as fluorinated carbonate has a high withstand voltage. As the capacity increases, the voltage during charging and discharging is also increasing, and electrolytes made of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, etc. cannot withstand high voltages and may decompose, so the above-mentioned fluorine-based electrolyte additive Is preferably blended into the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the separator separator is a porous substrate having pores
- usable separators include (a) a porous separator having pores, and (b) a porous material having a polymer coating layer formed on one or both sides.
- the separator include (c) a porous separator on which a porous resin coat layer containing non-conductive particles such as inorganic ceramic powder and a binder is formed.
- Non-limiting examples of these include solids such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyolefin, or aramid porous separators, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, or polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene copolymers.
- polymer films for polymer electrolytes or gel polymer electrolytes separators coated with a gelled polymer coating layer, or separators coated with a porous membrane layer made of a dispersant for inorganic fillers or inorganic fillers.
- the manufacturing method of the lithium ion secondary battery of this invention is not specifically limited.
- the above-described positive electrode and negative electrode are overlapped via a separator, and this is wound or folded according to the shape of the battery and placed in the battery container, and the electrolytic solution is injected into the battery container and sealed.
- an expanded metal, an overcurrent prevention element such as a fuse or a PTC element, a lead plate and the like can be inserted to prevent an increase in pressure inside the battery and overcharge / discharge.
- the shape of the battery may be any of a laminated cell type, a coin type, a button type, a sheet type, a cylindrical type, a square shape, a flat type, a wound type pouch cell, and the like.
- the active material layer is flexible, and the active material layer does not crack when bent, and therefore can be preferably applied to the production of a wound pouch cell.
- the SP value means the solubility parameter.
- the SP value was determined by the “molecular attractive constant method” proposed by Small. This method is a method for obtaining from the statistics of the molecular attraction constant (G), which is the characteristic value of the functional group (atomic group) constituting the compound molecule, and the molecular weight according to the following formula.
- G molecular attraction constant
- ⁇ represents the SP value
- ⁇ G represents the total molecular attractive constant G
- V represents the specific volume
- M represents the molecular weight
- d represents the specific gravity.
- the SP value of the whole polymer was calculated from the SP value of each polymer and the mixing molar ratio, and was determined using the above-described calculation formula.
- a slurry was prepared with a mixing ratio of the positive electrode active material, the positive electrode binder, and the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer of 100: 1.6: 0.4, and applied to a current collector (aluminum foil) and dried to obtain an electrode. .
- the electrode surface was observed with a scanning electron microscope (S-3400N manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.). The observation condition was that a 100 ⁇ m ⁇ 100 ⁇ m square image was observed at a magnification of 2000 times and an acceleration voltage of 15 kV.
- the elemental mapping of nickel atoms, nitrogen atoms, and carbon atoms was performed using an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (manufactured by Bruker, Quantax) attached to the scanning electron microscope, and respective mapping images were prepared. This operation was performed 5 times randomly selecting five locations on the electrode. On the image, 10 positive electrode active material particles whose long side and short side are 10 ⁇ m or more and whose surface of the positive electrode active material particles can be observed 90% or more without overlapping with other particles were randomly selected. In the selected element mapping positive electrode active material particle image, the area of the portion where the presence of nitrogen element was confirmed was determined to be the active material surface coated with the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer. Furthermore, when the coating ratio was 60% or more, the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer was evaluated as “possible”, assuming that the surface of the positive electrode active material particles was coated.
- the sheet-like positive electrode and the sheet-like negative electrode were wound using a core having a diameter of 20 mm with a separator interposed therebetween to obtain a wound body.
- a separator a polypropylene microporous film having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was used.
- the wound body was compressed from one direction at a speed of 10 mm / second until a thickness of 4.5 mm was reached.
- the wound body was disassembled after compression, the positive electrode was observed, and evaluation was performed according to the following evaluation criteria.
- aqueous dispersion of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer (1) The polymerization conversion rate determined from the solid content concentration was 96%. Further, 500 parts of N-methylpyrrolidone was added to 100 parts of this aqueous dispersion, water and residual monomers were evaporated under reduced pressure, 81 parts of N-methylpyrrolidone was evaporated, and a nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer (1 8 mass% NMP solution was obtained. At this time, the swelling degree of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution was doubled, and the THF-insoluble content was 10% or less. The SP value of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer was 9.9 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 .
- Example 1 [Production of slurry composition for positive electrode and positive electrode] 100 parts of Li-excess layered compound (Li [Ni 0.17 Li 0.2 Co 0.07 Mn 0.56 ] O 2 ) as the positive electrode active material, and acetylene black (AB35, Denka Black powder manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.): number particle diameter 2.0 parts of 35 nm, specific surface area 68 m 2 / g), 1.6 parts of a mixed polyvinylidene fluoride (1: 1 mixture of KYNAR HSV900 and KYNAR720 manufactured by Arkema) as a fluorine-containing polymer for a positive electrode binder, and As a nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer, 0.4 part of the above-mentioned nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer (1) in a solid equivalent amount and an appropriate amount of NMP are stirred with a planetary mixer to prepare a positive electrode slurry composition.
- Li-excess layered compound Li
- the melt viscosity of KYNAR HSV900 measured by ASTM D3835 / 232 ° C. 100 sec ⁇ 1 is 50 kpoise, and the melt viscosity of KYNAR720 is 9 kpoise.
- An aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m was prepared as a current collector.
- the positive electrode slurry composition was applied to both sides of an aluminum foil so that the coating amount after drying was 25 mg / cm 2 , dried at 60 ° C. for 20 minutes, 120 ° C. for 20 minutes, and then heated at 150 ° C. for 2 hours. Thus, a positive electrode raw material was obtained.
- the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer (1) covered the positive electrode active material and the current collector surface not covered with the positive electrode active material.
- This positive electrode original fabric was rolled by a roll press to produce a sheet-like positive electrode comprising a positive electrode active material layer having a density of 3.9 g / cm 3 and an aluminum foil. This was cut into a width of 4.8 mm and a length of 50 cm, and an aluminum lead was connected. Moreover, the bending characteristic of the wound body was evaluated about the obtained positive electrode. The results are shown in Table 2.
- slurry composition for negative electrode and negative electrode 90 parts of spherical artificial graphite (particle diameter: 12 ⁇ m) and 10 parts of SiOx (particle diameter: 10 ⁇ m) as the negative electrode active material, 1 part of styrene butadiene rubber (particle diameter: 180 nm, glass transition temperature: ⁇ 40 ° C.) as the binder, As a thickener, 1 part of carboxymethylcellulose and an appropriate amount of water were stirred with a planetary mixer to prepare a slurry composition for a negative electrode.
- a copper foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m was prepared as a current collector.
- the negative electrode slurry composition was applied to both sides of the copper foil so that the coating amount after drying was 10 mg / cm 2 , dried at 60 ° C. for 20 minutes, 120 ° C. for 20 minutes, and then heat-treated at 150 ° C. for 2 hours.
- a negative electrode raw material was obtained.
- This negative electrode original fabric was rolled with a roll press to prepare a sheet-like negative electrode comprising a negative electrode active material layer having a density of 1.8 g / cm 3 and a copper foil. This width 5.0 mm, was cut to a length 5 2 cm, was connected to a nickel lead.
- the obtained sheet-like positive electrode and sheet-like negative electrode were wound using a core having a diameter of 20 mm with a separator interposed therebetween to obtain a wound body.
- a separator a polypropylene microporous film having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was used.
- the wound body was compressed from one direction at a speed of 10 mm / second until a thickness of 4.5 mm was reached.
- the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the substantially ellipse is 7.7.
- the wound body was housed in a predetermined aluminum laminate case together with 3.2 g of non-aqueous electrolyte. And after connecting a negative electrode lead and a positive electrode lead to a predetermined location, the opening part of the case was sealed with heat, and the lithium ion secondary battery which is a wound type pouch cell was completed.
- This battery is a pouch having a width of 35 mm, a height of 48 mm, and a thickness of 5 mm, and the nominal capacity of the battery is 700 mAh.
- Table 2 shows the high potential cycle characteristics of the obtained secondary battery.
- Example 2 It replaced with the nitrile group containing acrylic polymer (1), and it was the same as that of Example 1 except having used said polymer (2). The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 3 It replaced with the nitrile group containing acrylic polymer (1), and it was the same as that of Example 1 except having used said polymer (3). The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 4 It replaced with the nitrile group containing acrylic polymer (1), and it was the same as that of Example 1 except having used said polymer (4). The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 5 It replaced with the nitrile group containing acrylic polymer (1), and it was the same as that of Example 1 except having used said polymer (5).
- the results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 1 Example 1 was repeated except that the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer (1) was not used. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 2 It replaced with the nitrile group containing acrylic polymer (1), and it was the same as that of Example 1 except having used the polypropylene (Polypropylene made from Wako Purechemical). The results are shown in Table 2.
- the SP value of polypropylene was 8.35 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 , and the positive electrode active material could not be coated with polypropylene.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte swelling degree of polypropylene was 1.1 times, and the THF insoluble content was 0% by mass.
- Example 3 Example 1 was repeated except that the polymer (6) was used instead of the nitrile group-containing acrylic polymer (1). The results are shown in Table 2.
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Abstract
Description
〔1〕正極、負極及び非水電解液を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記正極が、正極活物質、正極用結着剤および導電材を含み、
前記正極活物質が、SP値が9~11(cal/cm3)1/2のニトリル基含有アクリル重合体で被覆されており、
前記正極用結着剤がフッ素含有重合体を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池。
正極は、集電体と、前記集電体上に積層される正極活物質層とからなる。正極活物質層は、正極活物質(A)、正極用結着剤(B)および導電材(C)を含み、必要に応じその他の成分を含む。また、正極活物質(A)は、SP値が9~11(cal/cm3)1/2のニトリル基含有アクリル重合体で被覆された正極活物質である。
正極活物質は、リチウムイオンを挿入及び脱離可能な活物質が用いられ、このような正極活物質は、無機化合物からなるものと有機化合物からなるものとに大別される。
上記の遷移金属としては、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Mo等が使用される。
遷移金属硫化物としては、TiS2、TiS3、非晶質MoS2、FeS等が挙げられる。
スピネル構造を有するリチウム含有複合金属酸化物としては、例えば、マンガン酸リチウム(LiMn2O4)やMnの一部を他の遷移金属で置換したLi[Mn3/2M1/2]O4(ここでMは、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu等)等が挙げられる。
また、電気伝導性に乏しい、鉄系酸化物は、還元焼成時に炭素源物質を存在させることで、炭素材料で覆われた電極活物質として用いてもよい。
さらに、これら化合物を、部分的に元素置換したものを用いてもよい。
リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極活物質は、上記の無機化合物と有機化合物の混合物であってもよい。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体は、ニトリル基含有単量体単位及び(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位を含む重合体である。ニトリル基含有単量体単位は、ニトリル基を有する単量体を重合して形成される構造単位のことをいい、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位は、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体を重合して形成される構造単位のことをいう。ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体は、ニトリル基含有単量体単位及び(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位を含み、さらに必要に応じ、エチレン性不飽和酸単量体単位および、架橋性単量体などのその他の単量体から導かれる単量体単位を含む。これらの単量体単位は、当該単量体を重合して形成される構造単位である。ここで、各単量体の含有割合(単量体の仕込み比)は、通常、ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体における各単量体単位の含有割合と一致する。
エチレン性不飽和酸単量体単位は、エチレン性不飽和酸単量体を重合して形成される構造単位である。エチレン性不飽和酸単量体は、カルボキシル基、スルホン酸基、ホスフィニル基等の酸基を有するエチレン性不飽和単量体であり、特定の単量体に限定されない。エチレン性不飽和酸単量体の具体例は、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体、エチレン性不飽和スルホン酸単量体、エチレン性不飽和リン酸単量体等である。
δ=ΣG/V=dΣG/M
前記の式において、δはSP値を表し、ΣGは分子引力定数Gの総計を表し、Vは比容を表し、Mは分子量を表し、dは比重を表す。
正極用結着剤(B)は、フッ素含有重合体を含む。
正極用結着剤には、フッ素含有重合体を用いる。正極用結着剤が、フッ素含有重合体を含むことで、スラリーの安定性が向上し、また非水電解液に対する結着剤の膨潤を抑制し、サイクル特性が向上する。
例えば、高分子量のポリフッ化ビニリデンとして、アルケマ社製KYNAR HSV900、ソルベイ社製Solef6020、Solef6010、Solef1015、Solef5130 クレハ社製KF7208が挙げられる。また、低分子量のポリフッ化ビニリデンとして、例えば、アルケマ社製KYNAR710 720 740 760 760A、ソルベイ社製Solef6008、クレハ社製KF1120が挙げられる。
低分子量体と高分子量体とをかかる範囲の比率で併用することにより、正極活物質同士の結着性や集電体と正極活物質との結着性、スラリーの均一性をより有効に保つことができる。
正極は、導電材を含有する。正極に含まれる導電材の粒子径は、個数平均粒子径で、好ましくは5~40nm、より好ましくは10~38nm、さらに好ましくは15~36nmである。正極における導電材の粒子径が小さすぎると、凝集しやすくなり、均一分散が困難になる結果、電極の内部抵抗が増大し、容量の向上が困難になる傾向にある。しかし、上述した正極用結着剤を使用することで、微粒化された導電材を均一に分散することが可能になり、容量向上が図られる。また、導電材の粒子径が大きすぎると、正極活物質間に存在することが困難になり、正極活物質層の内部抵抗が増大し、容量の向上が困難になる。導電材の個数平均粒子径は、導電材を水中に0.01質量%で超音波分散させた後、動的光散乱式粒子径・粒度分布測定装置(例えば、日機装株式会社製、粒度分布測定装置 Nanotrac Wave-EX150)を使用して測定することにより求めることができる。
また、正極にはさらに、任意の成分として、後述する負極と同様に、補強材、レベリング剤、電解液分解抑制等の機能を有する電解液添加剤等が含まれていてもよく、さらに、正極製造時に調製するスラリーに含まれる増粘剤等が残留していてもよい。
リチウムイオン二次電池正極用スラリー組成物は、上述した正極活物質、ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体、正極用結着剤(B)、導電材(C)及びその他の添加剤を分散媒中で混合して得られる。正極活物質とニトリル基含有アクリル重合体とを分散媒中で混合することにより、ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体に含まれるシアノ基や、エチレン性不飽和酸単量体単位を含む場合にニトリル基含有アクリル重合体に含まれる酸基等が、正極活物質の表面における水酸基等の官能基と相互作用し、ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体が正極活物質に優先的に吸着する。そして、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池正極用スラリー組成物を、後述する集電体に塗布し乾燥することにより、ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体で被覆された正極活物質、つまり、本発明に用いる正極活物質(A)を形成できる。
また、上記のようにして得られたスラリー組成物では、上記シアノ基や酸基等が、後述する集電体の表面における水酸基等の官能基と相互作用して吸着するため、正極活物質層と集電体との密着性を向上させることができる。
リチウムイオン二次電池正極は、上述したリチウムイオン二次電池正極用スラリー組成物を集電体に塗布、乾燥してなる。
負極は、集電体と、前記集電体上に積層される負極活物質層とからなる。負極活物質層は、負極活物質(a)として、好ましくは合金系活物質(a1)を含有し、必要に応じその他の炭素系活物質(a2)を含有し、また通常は負極用結着剤(b)、導電材(c)等を含有する。
負極活物質は、負極内で電子(リチウムイオン)の受け渡しをする物質である。負極活物質としては、合金系活物質(a1)が用いられ、また必要に応じ炭素系活物質(a2)を用いることができる。負極活物質は、合金系活物質と炭素系活物質とを含むことが好ましく、合金系活物質と炭素系活物質とを併用することで、合金系活物質のみを用いて得られる負極よりも容量の大きい二次電池を得ることができ、かつ負極の密着強度の低下、サイクル特性の低下といった問題も解決することができる。
合金系活物質とは、リチウムの挿入可能な元素を構造に含み、リチウムが挿入された場合の重量あたりの理論電気容量が500mAh/g以上(当該理論電気容量の上限は、特に限定されないが、例えば5000mAh/g以下とすることができる。)である活物質をいい、具体的には、リチウム合金を形成する単体金属およびその合金、及びそれらの酸化物、硫化物、窒化物、珪化物、炭化物、燐化物等が用いられる。
例えば、SiOCは、ケイ素を含む高分子材料を焼成して得ることができる。SiOCの中でも、容量とサイクル特性の兼ね合いから、0.8≦x≦3、2≦y≦4の範囲が好ましく用いられる。
炭素系活物質とは、リチウムが挿入可能な炭素を主骨格とする活物質をいい、具体的には、炭素質材料と黒鉛質材料が挙げられる。炭素質材料とは、一般的に炭素前駆体を2000℃以下で熱処理して炭素化させた黒鉛化度の低い(すなわち、結晶性の低い)炭素材料である。前記熱処理の温度の下限は、特に限定されないが、例えば500℃以上とすることができる。黒鉛質材料とは、易黒鉛性炭素を2000℃以上で熱処理することによって得られた黒鉛に近い高い結晶性を有する黒鉛質材料である。前記処理温度の上限は、特に限定されないが、例えば5000℃以下とすることができる。
負極用結着剤は、負極において負極活物質を集電体の表面に結着させる成分であり、負極活物質を保持する性能に優れ、集電体に対する密着性が高いものを用いることが好ましい。通常、結着剤の材料としては重合体を用いる。結着剤の材料としての重合体は単独重合体でもよく、共重合体でもよい。負極用結着剤の重合体としては、特に限定はされないが、例えば、フッ素重合体、ジエン重合体、アクリレート重合体、ポリイミド、ポリアミド、ポリウレタン等の高分子化合物が挙げられ、中でも、フッ素重合体、ジエン重合体またはアクリレート重合体が好ましく、耐電圧を高くでき、かつ二次電池のエネルギー密度を高くすることができる点でジエン重合体またはアクリレート重合体がより好ましく、電極の強度を向上させる点でジエン重合体が特に好ましい。
これらの結着剤は単独でまたは二種類以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
負極活物質層は、導電材を含有してもよい。負極に含まれる導電材の粒子径は、個数平均粒子径で、5~40nm、好ましくは10~38nm、より好ましくは15~36nmである。導電材としては、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、カーボンブラック、グラファイト、気相成長カーボン繊維、およびカーボンナノチューブ等の導電性カーボンを使用することができる。導電材を含有することにより、負極活物質同士の電気的接触を向上させることができ、リチウムイオン二次電池に用いる場合に放電レート特性を改善することができる。導電材の含有量は、負極活物質の総量100質量部に対して、好ましくは1~20質量部、より好ましくは1~10質量部である。
また、負極にはさらに、任意の成分としては、上記した正極と同様に、補強材、レベリング剤、電解液分解抑制等の機能を有する電解液添加剤等が含まれていてもよく、さらに、負極製造時に調整するスラリーに含まれる増粘剤等が残留していてもよい。
リチウムイオン二次電池負極用スラリー組成物は、上述した負極活物質(a)、負極用結着剤(b)、導電材(c)、その他の添加剤を分散媒中で混合して得られる。分散媒としては、水および有機溶媒のいずれも使用できる。有機溶媒としては、シクロペンタン、シクロヘキサンなどの環状脂肪族炭化水素類;トルエン、キシレン、エチルベンゼンなどの芳香族炭化水素類;アセトン、エチルメチルケトン、ジイソプロピルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、メチルシクロヘキサノン、エチルシクロヘキサノンなどのケトン類;メチレンクロライド、クロロホルム、四塩化炭素など塩素系脂肪族炭化水素;酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル、γ-ブチロラクトン、ε-カプロラクトンなどのエステル類;アセトニトリル、プロピオニトリルなどのアシロニトリル類;テトラヒドロフラン、エチレングリコールジエチルエーテルなどのエーテル類:メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、エチレングリコール、エチレングリコールモノメチルエーテルなどのアルコール類;N-メチルピロリドン、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミドなどのアミド類が挙げられる。
リチウムイオン二次電池負極は、上述したリチウムイオン二次電池負極用スラリー組成物を集電体に塗布、乾燥してなる。
集電体は、負極活物質層との接着強度を高めるため、予め粗面化処理して使用してもよい。粗面化方法としては、機械的研磨法、電解研磨法、化学研磨法などが挙げられる。機械的研磨法においては、研磨剤粒子を固着した研磨布紙、砥石、エメリバフ、鋼線などを備えたワイヤーブラシ等が使用される。また、負極活物質層の接着強度や導電性を高めるために、集電体表面にプライマー層などを形成してもよい。
本発明に係るリチウムイオン二次電池は、上記した正極および負極を備え、非水電解液を有し、通常はセパレータを含む。
非水電解液は、特に限定されず、非水系の溶媒に支持電解質としてリチウム塩を溶解したものが使用できる。リチウム塩としては、例えば、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、LiClO4、CF3SO3Li、C4F9SO3Li、CF3COOLi、(CF3CO)2NLi、(CF3SO2)2NLi、(C2F5SO2)NLiなどのリチウム塩が挙げられる。特に溶媒に溶けやすく高い解離度を示すLiPF6、LiClO4、CF3SO3Liは好適に用いられる。これらは、単独、または2種以上を混合して用いることができる。支持電解質の量は、非水電解液に対して、通常1質量%以上、好ましくは5質量%以上、また通常は30質量%以下、好ましくは20質量%以下である。支持電解質の量が少なすぎても多すぎてもイオン導電度は低下し電池の充電特性、放電特性が低下する。
セパレータは気孔部を有する多孔性基材であって、使用可能なセパレータとしては、(a)気孔部を有する多孔性セパレータ、(b)片面または両面に高分子コート層が形成された多孔性セパレータ、または(c)無機セラミック粉末などの非導電性粒子及び結着剤を含む多孔質の樹脂コート層が形成された多孔性セパレータが挙げられる。これらの非制限的な例としては、ポリプロピレン系、ポリエチレン系、ポリオレフィン系、またはアラミド系多孔性セパレータ、ポリビニリデンフルオリド、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリアクリロニトリルまたはポリビニリデンフルオリドヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体などの固体高分子電解質用またはゲル状高分子電解質用の高分子フィルム、ゲル化高分子コート層がコートされたセパレータ、または無機フィラー、無機フィラー用分散剤からなる多孔膜層がコートされたセパレータなどがある。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法は、特に限定されない。例えば、上述した正極と負極とをセパレータを介して重ね合わせ、これを電池形状に応じて巻く、折るなどして電池容器に入れ、電池容器に電解液を注入して封口する。さらに必要に応じてエキスパンドメタルや、ヒューズ、PTC素子などの過電流防止素子、リード板などを入れ、電池内部の圧力上昇、過充放電の防止をすることもできる。電池の形状は、ラミネートセル型、コイン型、ボタン型、シート型、円筒型、角形、扁平型、捲回型パウチセルなどいずれであってもよい。特に、本発明によれば、活物質層が柔軟であり、屈曲時に活物質層のクラック発生がないため、捲回型パウチセルの製造に好ましく適用できる。
SP値とは、溶解度パラメーターのことを意味する。このSP値はSmallが提案した「分子引力定数法」によって求めた。この方法は、化合物分子を構成する官能基(原子団)の特性値である分子引力定数(G)の統計と分子量から、次式にしたがって求める方法である。
δ=ΣG/V=dΣG/M
前記の式において、δはSP値を表し、ΣGは分子引力定数Gの総計を表し、Vは比容を表し、Mは分子量を表し、dは比重を表す。
さらに、2種類以上のポリマーを組み合わせた場合は、ポリマー全体のSP値として個々のポリマーのSP値と混合モル比とから計算、前述の計算式を用いて求めた。
正極活物質と正極用結着剤とニトリル基含有アクリル重合体の混合比を100:1.6:0.4としてスラリーを作製し、集電体(アルミ箔)上に塗布乾燥し電極とした。
電極表面を走査型電子顕微鏡(日立製作所製S-3400N)にて観察を行った。観察条件は、倍率を2000倍、加速電圧を15kVにて、100μm×100μm方形の画像観察を行った。さらに、同走査型電子顕微鏡に付属のエネルギー分散型X線分析装置(Bruker製 Quantax)で、ニッケル原子と窒素原子および炭素原子の元素マッピングを行いそれぞれのマッピング画像を作製した。この操作を電極上の5か所をランダムに選び5回行った。
その画像上で、長辺と短辺が10μm以上であり、正極活物質粒子の表面が他の粒子と重ならず90%以上観察できる、正極活物質粒子をランダムに10個選択した。
前記の選択した元素マッピング正極活物質粒子画像において、窒素元素の存在が確認された部分の面積を、ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体により被覆された活物質表面であると判断した。さらに、被覆割合が60%以上である場合を、ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体が正極活物質粒子表面を被覆しているとし、「可」と評価した。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体の8%のN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)溶液を乾燥後の厚みが100μmになるようにテフロン(登録商標)シャーレに流しこみ、重合体フィルムを作成した。得られたフィルムを16mmφに打ち抜き重量を測定した(重量を「A」とする)。エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートとの3対7重量比の混合物に5%のフルオロエチレンカーボネートを混合し、1mol/リットルの濃度になるように六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を溶解させたものを非水電解液として用意した。非水電解液20gに16mmφに打ち抜いたフィルムを浸漬させ、60℃で72時間、浸漬した。その後、浸漬させたフィルムを取り出し、表面の非水電解液を軽くふき取り重量を測定した(重量を「B」とする)。これらの値より非水電解液膨潤度(=B/A)を求めた。非水電解液膨潤度が大きい程、非水電解液中での変形が大きくなることを示す。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体の8%のNMP溶液を乾燥後の厚みが100μmになるようにテフロン(登録商標)シャーレに流しこみ、重合体フィルムを作成した。得られたフィルムを16mmφに打ち抜き重量を測定した(重量を「C」とする)。テトラヒドロフラン20gに16mmφに打ち抜いたフィルムを浸漬させ、25℃で24時間かけ、可溶分を完全に溶解させた。その後、不溶分である残留固形物を取り出し、赤外線乾燥機でテトラヒドロフランを完全に揮発させた後、重量を測定した(重量を「D」とする)。これらの値よりTHF不溶解分量(=D/C×100)を求めた。THF不溶解分量が小さい程、重合体分子間の架橋が少ないことを示す。
シート状正極およびシート状負極を、セパレータを介在させて直径20mmの芯を用いて捲回し、捲回体を得た。セパレータとしては、厚さ20μmのポリプロピレン製微多孔膜を用いた。捲回体は、10mm/秒のスピードで厚さ4.5mmになるまで一方向から圧縮した。圧縮後に捲回体を解体し、正極電極を観察し、下記評価基準に従って評価を行った。
A…割れなし
B…微小割れ
C…電極からの剥がれ
非水電解質電池について、25℃環境下で、600mAで電池電圧が4.8Vになるまで充電し、600mAで電池電圧が3Vになるまで放電する操作を100回繰り返した。
そして、一回目の放電容量に対する100回目の放電容量の比を算出した。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)~(6)を以下のように調整した。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)の製造
撹拌機付きのオートクレーブに、イオン交換水164部、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート(2EHA)67.5部、メタクリル酸(MAA)17部、アクリロニトリル(AN)15部、2-アクリルアミド-2-メチルプロパンスルホン酸(AMPS)0.5部、重合開始剤として過硫酸カリウム0.3部、及び界面活性剤としてラウリル硫酸ナトリウム1.6部を入れ、十分に撹拝した後、70℃で3時間、さらに80℃で2時間加温して重合を行い、ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)の水分散液を得た。なお、固形分濃度から求めた重合転化率は96%であった。また、この水分散液100部にN-メチルピロリドン500部を加え、減圧下に水及び残留モノマーを蒸発させたのち、N-メチルピロリドンを81部蒸発させて、ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)の8質量%のNMP溶液を得た。この時の非水電解液膨潤度は2倍、THF不溶解分量は10%以下であった。また、ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体のSP値は、9.9(cal/cm3)1/2であった。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(2)~(6)の製造
単量体の仕込み量、種類を表1のように変更した他は、調整例1と同様とした。なお、表1において、ANはアクリロニトリル、2EHAは2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート、EAはエチルアクリレート、BAはブチルアクリレート、MAAはメタクリル酸、AMPSは2-アクリルアミド-2-メチルプロパンスルホン酸、GMAはグリシジルメタクリレートを指す。非水電解液膨潤度、THF不溶解分量およびSP値を表1に示す。
〔正極用スラリー組成物および正極の製造〕
正極活物質としてLi過剰層状化合物(Li[Ni0.17Li0.2Co0.07Mn0.56]O2)100部と、正極導電材としてアセチレンブラック(AB35,電気化学工業社製デンカブラック粉状品:個数粒子径35nm、比表面積68m2/g)2.0部と、正極用結着剤のフッ素含有重合体として混合ポリフッ化ビニリデン(アルケマ社製KYNAR HSV900とKYNAR720との1:1混合物)1.6部およびニトリル基含有アクリル重合体として上記のニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)を固形分相当量で0.4部と、適量のNMPとをプラネタリーミキサーにて攪拌し、正極用スラリー組成物を調製した。なお、KYNAR HSV900のASTM D3835 /232℃100sec-1で測定される溶融粘度は50kpoiseであり、KYNAR720の溶融粘度は9kpoiseである。
負極活物質として球状人造黒鉛(粒子径:12μm)90部とSiOx(粒子径:10μm)10部、結着剤としてスチレンブタジエンゴム(粒子径:180nm、ガラス転移温度:-40℃)1部、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロース1部及び適量の水をプラネタリーミキサーにて攪拌し、負極用スラリー組成物を調製した。
得られたシート状正極およびシート状負極を、セパレータを介在させて直径20mmの芯を用いて捲回し、捲回体を得た。セパレータとしては、厚さ20μmのポリプロピレン製微多孔膜を用いた。捲回体は、10mm/秒のスピードで厚さ4.5mmになるまで一方向から圧縮した。前記略楕円の短径に対する長径の比は7.7である。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)に代えて、上記の重合体(2)を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様とした。結果を表2に示す。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)に代えて、上記の重合体(3)を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様とした。結果を表2に示す。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)に代えて、上記の重合体(4)を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様とした。結果を表2に示す。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)に代えて、上記の重合体(5)を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様とした。結果を表2に示す。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)を用いなかったこと以外は、実施例1同様とした。結果を表2に示す。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)に代えて、ポリプロピレン(和光純薬製 Polypropylene)を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様とした。結果を表2に示す。なお、ポリプロピレンのSP値は、8.35(cal/cm3)1/2であり、ポリプロピレンでは正極活物質を被覆することができなかった。また、ポリプロピレンの非水電解液膨潤度は1.1倍、THF不溶解分量は0質量%であった。
ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体(1)に代えて、上記の重合体(6)を用いたこと以外は、実施例1同様とした。結果を表2に示す。
Claims (10)
- 正極、負極及び非水電解液を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記正極が、正極活物質、正極用結着剤および導電材を含み、
前記正極活物質が、SP値が9~11(cal/cm3)1/2のニトリル基含有アクリル重合体で被覆されており、
前記正極用結着剤がフッ素含有重合体を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 前記正極活物質が、Li、Mn、Co及びNiを含むリチウム過剰層状化合物である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記負極が合金系活物質を含む請求項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体の非水電解液に対する膨潤度が3倍以下で、THF不溶解分量が30質量%以下である請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記導電材の粒子径が5~40nmである請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記正極活物質100質量部に対し、導電材が1~3質量部、正極用結着剤が0.4~2質量部含まれる、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記フッ素含有重合体が、ポリフッ化ビニリデンである請求項1~6のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体が、エチレン性不飽和酸単量体単位を含む、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記ニトリル基含有アクリル重合体におけるエチレン性不飽和酸単量体単位の含有割合が10~30質量%である、請求項8に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 捲回型パウチセルである、請求項1~9のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
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KR20150092115A (ko) | 2015-08-12 |
CN104823308A (zh) | 2015-08-05 |
JPWO2014088070A1 (ja) | 2017-01-05 |
KR102184050B1 (ko) | 2020-11-27 |
CN104823308B (zh) | 2017-03-08 |
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