WO2013157283A1 - 標的粒子の検出方法 - Google Patents
標的粒子の検出方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013157283A1 WO2013157283A1 PCT/JP2013/052110 JP2013052110W WO2013157283A1 WO 2013157283 A1 WO2013157283 A1 WO 2013157283A1 JP 2013052110 W JP2013052110 W JP 2013052110W WO 2013157283 A1 WO2013157283 A1 WO 2013157283A1
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- 0 CC(CCC1)*1=C Chemical compound CC(CCC1)*1=C 0.000 description 1
- IINLLAMKQOOGQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[N]1(C)CCCCC1 Chemical compound C[N]1(C)CCCCC1 IINLLAMKQOOGQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/5308—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for analytes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. nucleic acids, uric acid, worms, mites
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
- G01N15/14—Electro-optical investigation, e.g. flow cytometers
- G01N15/1434—Electro-optical investigation, e.g. flow cytometers using an analyser being characterised by its optical arrangement
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6486—Measuring fluorescence of biological material, e.g. DNA, RNA, cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/76—Chemiluminescence; Bioluminescence
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/52—Use of compounds or compositions for colorimetric, spectrophotometric or fluorometric investigation, e.g. use of reagent paper and including single- and multilayer analytical elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54313—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being characterised by its particulate form
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
- G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
- G02B21/0024—Confocal scanning microscopes (CSOMs) or confocal "macroscopes"; Accessories which are not restricted to use with CSOMs, e.g. sample holders
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
- G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
- G02B21/0024—Confocal scanning microscopes (CSOMs) or confocal "macroscopes"; Accessories which are not restricted to use with CSOMs, e.g. sample holders
- G02B21/0052—Optical details of the image generation
- G02B21/0076—Optical details of the image generation arrangements using fluorescence or luminescence
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
- G01N2201/12—Circuits of general importance; Signal processing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/14—Heterocyclic carbon compound [i.e., O, S, N, Se, Te, as only ring hetero atom]
- Y10T436/142222—Hetero-O [e.g., ascorbic acid, etc.]
- Y10T436/143333—Saccharide [e.g., DNA, etc.]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for detecting a target particle using an optical system capable of detecting light from a minute region in a solution, such as an optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope.
- the sample required for the measurement may be in a very low concentration and in a very small amount as compared with the prior art, and the amount used in one measurement is about several tens of ⁇ L.
- the measurement time is greatly shortened, and measurement of time on the order of seconds is repeated several times in one measurement.
- the micro area is a focal area where laser light from a microscope is collected, and is called a confocal volume.
- FCS in a system in which the light intensity detected when non-luminescent particles dispersed in a solution in which a large amount of luminescent material is dissolved enters the confocal volume, the fluorescence is reduced.
- the scanning molecule counting method uses the optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope to move the position of the light detection region of the optical system in a sample solution, and emit light in the light detection region. Detects the light emitted from the particles, thereby detecting each individual luminescent particle in the sample solution and obtaining information on the counting of the luminescent particles and the concentration or number density of the luminescent particles in the sample solution It is a technology that makes possible.
- the scanning molecule counting method is configured to detect light from a light detection region of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope, as in the case of optical analysis techniques such as FIDA, for the light detection mechanism itself. Similar to FIDA and the like, the amount of the sample solution may be very small (for example, about several tens of ⁇ L), and the measurement time is short. On the other hand, in the scanning molecule counting method, unlike FIDA and the like that require statistical processing such as calculating fluctuations in fluorescence intensity, such statistical processing is not executed. For this reason, the optical analysis technique of the scanning molecule counting method can be applied to a sample solution in which the number density or concentration of particles is significantly lower than the level required for an optical analysis technique such as FIDA.
- the concentration or number density of the target particles in the sample solution is very low. Even so, the state or characteristics of the target particles can be detected and analyzed (for example, see Patent Document 5).
- the light from the single particle is weak, and is easily affected by stray light or Raman scattering of water. That is, in the case of an analysis method for identifying an increase in light intensity value representing light emitted from a luminescent particle as a signal of the luminescent particle, light due to stray light or water Raman scattering may be erroneously identified as a signal of the luminescent particle. is there.
- a scanning molecule counting method that detects light of a single particle, particles to be observed (observed particles) are limited to luminescent particles. Therefore, when observing particles that do not emit light, it is necessary to attach luminescent labels (fluorescent labels, phosphorescent labels, etc.) to the particles to be observed. Not always.
- the observation target particle may be denatured by applying the luminescent label.
- the aspect of the present invention uses a scanning molecule counting method to suppress target particles that do not emit light (particles to be detected) in a sample solution, while suppressing the influence of stray light or water Raman scattering, and without labeling light emission. It aims to provide a method of detection.
- the labeling particles bound to the target particles can be detected separately from the free labeling particles.
- the method for detecting target particles in one embodiment of the present invention is the following (1) to (12).
- the target particle detection method according to one embodiment of the present invention is a method for detecting non-luminescent particles dispersed in a sample solution and moving randomly using an optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope.
- the target particle and the labeling particle may be specifically bound.
- the target particle may be a nucleic acid.
- the background light is fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, or scattered light caused by a substance dispersed in the sample solution. It may be.
- the background light may be illumination light.
- the position of the light detection region in the target particle detection method of any one of (1) to (6) is faster than the diffusion movement speed of the complex It may be moved at speed.
- the light in the sample solution is changed by changing an optical path of the optical system.
- the position of the detection area may be moved.
- the signal is lower than a predetermined threshold as measured from the intensity of the background light When a signal having light intensity is detected, it may be determined that one complex has entered the light detection region.
- the time-series light intensity data is smoothed, and the smoothing In the converted time-series light intensity data, a downwardly convex bell-shaped pulse signal having an intensity below a predetermined threshold measured from the intensity of the background light may be detected as a signal representing the presence of the complex.
- the method for detecting a target particle according to any one of (1) to (10) further includes, based on the number of the counted complexes detected in the step (b), in the sample solution. You may have the process of determining the number density or density
- the light is output until the number of signals indicating the presence of the complex reaches a predetermined number.
- the concentration of the target particles in the sample solution may be determined based on the time taken for the number representing the presence of the complex signal to reach a predetermined number.
- the target particle detection method in the embodiment of the present invention uses the principle of the scanning molecule counting method, even when the number density or concentration of the target particles in the sample solution is very low, the target particles are detected. can do.
- the target particle detection method according to the embodiment of the present invention does not require the target particle to be luminescently labeled. Therefore, even a particle that denatures when a photolabel is applied can be detected as the target particle.
- the aspect of detecting background light reduction as a signal indicating the presence of target particles in the presence of a certain amount of background light it is possible to prevent false detection of stray light or Raman scattered light as a signal of target particles. can do.
- the figure explaining the example of the signal processing process of the detection signal in the process sequence for detecting presence of a single particle from the time-sequential light intensity data (time change of photon count) measured according to the inverted scanning molecule counting method. is there. It is the figure which represented another one aspect
- numerator count method in the format of the flowchart In the reference example 1, it is the figure which showed the result of having calculated the peak detection rate (%) of each sample solution. In Example 1, it is the figure which showed the peak number obtained from each sample solution, and the density
- the target particle detection method of the present embodiment (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “detection method of the present embodiment”) is dispersed in a sample solution using an optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope. This is a method for detecting particles that do not emit light that randomly move, and uses an inverted scanning molecule counting method.
- the inverted scanning molecule counting method is a method for detecting light including a substantially constant background light from a light detection region of the optical system, and using the decrease in light intensity detected from the light detection region as an index.
- a scanning molecule counting method that detects the presence of particles passing through a region.
- the particles to be observed are luminescent particles, and particles that do not emit light cannot be detected. Therefore, when particles that do not emit light originally are to be observed, it is necessary to attach luminescent labels such as fluorescent labels to the particles. However, depending on the particle, it is difficult to apply a luminescent label, and the particle may be modified due to the application of the luminescent label.
- the “light detection region” of the optical system of the confocal microscope or the multiphoton microscope is a minute region in which light is detected in those microscopes, and when illumination light is given from the objective lens, This corresponds to a region where the illumination light is collected.
- a region is determined particularly by the positional relationship between the objective lens and the pinhole.
- particles dispersed in a sample solution and moving randomly are particles such as atoms, molecules, or aggregates thereof dispersed or dissolved in the sample solution (one that emits light or one that does not emit light). It means a particle that is not fixed to a substrate or the like and is free to Brownianly move in the solution.
- the position of the light detection region is moved in the sample solution, that is, while the sample solution is scanned by the light detection region, the light is sequentially detected. Detection is performed.
- “non-light emitting particles having a certain size with respect to the light detection region” enter the light detection region.
- the light detection area that moves in the sample solution includes the non-light emitting particles, the presence of the particles reduces the light intensity or light quantity of the background light that reaches the light detection section from the light detection area. Will be.
- the inverted scanning molecule counting method in the sequentially detected light, a decrease in the light intensity or light amount of the background light is individually detected as a signal of the particles that do not emit light. As a result, the presence of the particles is detected individually and sequentially, and various information relating to the state of the particles in the solution is acquired.
- the term “particle signal” refers to a signal indicating the presence of the particle unless otherwise specified.
- the inverted scanning molecule counting method a light beam obtained by combining an optical system of a confocal microscope capable of executing FCS, FIDA, and the like with a photodetector as schematically illustrated in FIG. 1A in a basic configuration. It can be realized by an analyzer.
- the optical analysis apparatus 1 includes optical systems 2 to 17 and a computer 18 for controlling the operation of each part of the optical system and acquiring and analyzing data.
- the optical system of the optical analyzer 1 may be the same as the optical system of a normal confocal microscope.
- the laser light (Ex) emitted from the light source 2 and propagated through the single mode fiber 3 diverges at an angle determined by a specific NA (Numerical Aperture) at the output end of the fiber. It is emitted as light, becomes parallel light by the collimator 4, is reflected by the dichroic mirror 5, and the reflection mirrors 6 and 7, and enters the objective lens 8. Above the objective lens 8, typically, a microplate 9 in which sample containers or wells 10 into which a sample solution of 1 ⁇ L to several tens ⁇ L is dispensed is arranged. The laser light emitted from the objective lens 8 is focused in the sample solution in the sample container or well 10, and a region (excitation region) having a high light intensity is formed.
- NA Numerical Aperture
- any light-emitting substance that generates background light may be dispersed or dissolved.
- the luminescent material is excited and substantially constant light is emitted to become background light.
- background light is emitted. Will be reduced.
- the light (Em) emitted from the excitation region passes through the objective lens 8 and the dichroic mirror 5, is reflected by the mirror 11, collected by the condenser lens 12, passes through the pinhole 13, and passes through the barrier filter. 14 (here, only a light component in a specific wavelength band is selected), introduced into the multimode fiber 15, reaches the photodetector 16, and is converted into a time-series electrical signal. Thereafter, it is input to the computer 18 and in a manner described later, a single particle (a particle exhibiting behavior as a single particle.
- the target particle in the free state and the label in the free state are used.
- a complex of target particles and labeling particles is also included. Processing for detection is performed.
- the pinhole 13 is disposed at a position conjugate with the focal position of the objective lens 8.
- the focal region of the laser light illustrated in FIG. 1B is usually a light detection region in the present optical analyzer having an effective volume of about 1 fL to 10 fL (typically, the light intensity is set at the center of the region as a vertex).
- the effective volume is the volume of a substantially elliptical sphere bounded by the plane where the light intensity is 1 / e 2 ), and is called the confocal volume.
- the photon counting is preferably used as the photodetector 16.
- An ultra-sensitive photodetector that can be used for the above is used.
- the light intensity is measured in a manner in which the number of photons arriving at the photodetector is sequentially measured for a predetermined unit time (BIN TIME) over a predetermined time. Executed.
- the time-series light intensity data is time-series photon count data.
- a stage position changing device 17a for moving the horizontal position of the microplate 9 may be provided on a microscope stage (not shown) in order to change the well 10 to be observed.
- the operation of the stage position changing device 17a may be controlled by the computer 18. With this configuration, it is possible to achieve quick measurement even when there are a plurality of specimens.
- a mechanism for scanning the sample solution with the light detection region that is, for moving the focal region, that is, the position of the light detection region in the sample solution.
- a mechanism for moving the position of the light detection region for example, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 1C, a mirror deflector 17 that changes the direction of the reflection mirror 7 may be employed (light detection region). To move the absolute position).
- a mirror deflector 17 may be the same as a galvanometer mirror device provided in a normal laser scanning microscope.
- the stage position changing device 17a may be operated to move the position (method of moving the absolute position of the sample solution).
- the mirror deflector 17 or the stage position changing device 17a cooperates with the light detection by the light detector 16 under the control of the computer 18 in order to achieve a desired movement pattern of the position of the light detection region.
- the movement locus of the position of the light detection region may be arbitrarily selected from a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, a straight line, a curve, or a combination thereof (in the program in the computer 18, various movement patterns can be selected.
- the absolute position of the light detection region can be moved while moving the position of the sample solution. May be executed. In this case, it is avoided that the same single particle is repeatedly detected when the light detection region in the short time passes through the same region. Or, by moving the absolute position of the light detection region, the same region is intentionally repeatedly passed through the light detection region, the same single particle is periodically detected multiple times, and the signal An improvement in accuracy may be achieved. In this case, after the absolute position of the light detection region is moved for a predetermined time, the position of the sample solution moves intermittently, and the same single particle is moved to another place in the sample solution. May be performed to increase the number of single particles detected. Although not shown, the position of the light detection region is moved in the vertical direction by moving the objective lens 8 or the stage up and down, and the locus of the position of the light detection region is three-dimensionally within the sample solution. It may be designed to be deployed.
- the above optical system is used as a multiphoton microscope. In that case, since there is light emission only in the focal region (light detection region) of the excitation light, the pinhole 13 may be removed. In addition, when the luminescent material that generates background light emits light regardless of excitation light due to chemiluminescence or bioluminescence, the optical systems 2 to 5 for generating excitation light may be omitted. When the luminescent material that generates background light emits light by phosphorescence or scattering, the optical system of the confocal microscope is used as it is. Furthermore, in the apparatus 1, as shown in FIG.
- a plurality of excitation light sources 2 may be provided, and the wavelength of the excitation light may be appropriately selected according to the excitation wavelength of the luminescent substance.
- a plurality of photodetectors 16 may be provided, and may be separately detected according to the wavelength of the background light.
- the background light may be provided by illumination light. In that case, the sample solution is illuminated from above the objective lens by transmitted illumination (may be Koehler illumination).
- the inverted scanning molecule counting method is a scanning molecule counting method in the form of detecting the shadow of a single particle, that is, in the presence of background light, the position of the light detection region in the sample solution.
- the presence of single particles is individually detected and counted in a manner in which a decrease in background light when single particles that move and do not emit light are included in the light detection region is detected as a single particle signal.
- Information on the concentration in the sample solution is acquired.
- the optical path is changed by driving a mechanism (mirror deflector 17) for moving the position of the light detection region, or a sample solution is injected.
- a mechanism mirror deflector 17
- the horizontal position of the container 10 (microplate 9) is moved to move the position of the light detection region CV in the sample solution, that is, light detection.
- Light detection is performed while scanning the sample solution by the region CV.
- the light detection region CV is moving (time t0 in FIG. 2A).
- ⁇ T2 Basically, light from these luminescent materials is detected substantially uniformly.
- the degree of decrease in the light intensity can be estimated from the relationship between the diameter of a single particle that does not emit light and the diameter of the light detection region.
- the light intensity distribution in the light detection region has a maximum intensity Imax at the center as shown by a solid line in FIG.
- the bell-shaped profile f (r) is reduced. Therefore, using the radius a of the photodetection region where f (r) is substantially 0, the total amount ⁇ of light emitted from the photodetection region when there is no non-emitting particle in the photodetection region is It is given by equation (1).
- FIG. 2D is a diagram in which the ratio ⁇ / ⁇ of the decrease in light intensity with respect to the radius ratio b / a is plotted using Equation (3).
- the ratio b / a of the single particle radius to the radius of the light detection region should be 0.15 or more.
- the ratio b / a of the detectable single particle radius to the radius of the photodetection region is 0.35.
- the single particle to be observed is a quencher or a fluorescence energy transfer acceptor
- the single particle absorbs ambient light (for example, 10 nm). It can be reduced from the illustrated radius.
- FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a processing procedure in the inverted scanning molecule counting method in the form of a flowchart.
- Measurement of the light intensity in the optical analysis by the inverted scanning molecule counting method is performed by driving the mirror deflector 17 or the stage position changing device 17a during the measurement to move the position of the light detection region in the sample solution (within the sample solution).
- the scanning may be performed in the same manner as the light intensity measurement process in FCS or FIDA.
- the operation process typically, after the sample solution is injected into the well 10 of the microplate 9 and placed on the stage of the microscope, the user inputs an instruction to start measurement to the computer 18.
- the computer 18 detects a light stored in a storage device (not shown) (a procedure for moving the position of the light detection region in the sample solution, and light from the light detection region during movement of the position of the light detection region). Then, according to the procedure for generating time-series light intensity data, irradiation of excitation light and measurement of light intensity in the light detection region in the sample solution are started. During the measurement, under the control of the processing operation according to the program of the computer 18, the mirror deflector 17 or the stage position changing device 17a drives the mirror 7 (galvanomirror) or the microplate 9 on the stage of the microscope, and the wells. The movement of the position of the light detection area is executed within the area 10.
- the photodetector 16 converts the sequentially detected light into an electrical signal and transmits it to the computer 18, and the computer 18 uses the transmitted signal in time-sequential light intensity data in an arbitrary manner. Generate and save.
- the photodetector 16 is an ultra-sensitive photodetector that can detect the presence or absence of the arrival of one photon. Therefore, when the light is detected by photon counting, the time-series light intensity data is It may be a series of photon count data.
- the moving speed of the position of the light detection region during the measurement of the light intensity may be a predetermined speed that is arbitrarily set, for example, experimentally or so as to suit the purpose of analysis.
- the size or volume of the region through which the light detection region has passed is required, so that the moving distance is grasped.
- the movement of the position of the light detection region is executed in the manner.
- the movement speed is basically a constant speed.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the moving speed of the position of the light detection region in order to carry out quantitatively accurate detection of single particles or counting of the number of single particles from the measured time-series light intensity data. For this reason, it is preferable that the moving speed is set to a value faster than the moving speed by the random movement of the single particle, that is, the Brownian movement. Since the observation target particle of the inverted scanning molecule counting method is a particle that is dispersed or dissolved in a solution and moves freely at random, the position moves with time by Brownian motion. Therefore, when the moving speed of the position of the light detection region is slower than the movement due to the Brownian motion of the particle, the particle randomly moves in the region as schematically illustrated in FIG. 4A.
- the light intensity change profile corresponding to one particle becomes substantially uniform (if a single particle passes through the light detection region substantially linearly, the light intensity change profile is an inverse of the excitation light intensity distribution. It is almost the same as the profile.), So that the correspondence between individual particles and light intensity can be easily identified, the moving speed of the position of the light detection region is the average moving speed (diffusion moving speed) due to the Brownian motion of the particles Set faster than.
- the moving speed of the light detection region is set to be higher than the diffusion moving speed of the single particle, thereby making one single particle correspond to one signal (representing the presence of a single particle). It becomes possible.
- the time ⁇ t required for the particle having the diffusion coefficient D to pass through the light detection region (confocal volume) having the radius Wo by Brownian motion is expressed by the equation (5) from the relational expression (4) of the mean square displacement. ).
- the moving speed of the position of the light detection region may be set to 15 mm / s, which is approximately 10 times or more.
- the profile of the change in the light intensity by setting the moving speed of the position of the light detection region in various ways is expected (typically, the excitation light intensity distribution).
- a preliminary experiment for finding a condition that is substantially the same as that described above may be repeatedly performed to determine a suitable moving speed of the position of the light detection region.
- the computer 18 performs various processes such as single particle signal detection, single particle counting, and concentration calculation by processing according to a program stored in the storage device. Analysis is performed.
- the determination as to whether one particle has entered the light detection region may be made based on the shape of the time-series light intensity data by the above processing.
- the background light intensity is first measured and it may be determined that one single particle has entered the light detection region when a signal having a light intensity below a predetermined threshold is detected.
- a signal indicating the presence of a single particle is usually a time-series detection value of the light detection unit, that is, a downwardly convex bell-shaped pulse in the light intensity data, which is below a certain intensity. The noise appears as a high intensity signal or is not a bell-shaped pulse.
- the intensity of the background light is measured, and a bell-shaped pulse signal that is convex below the predetermined threshold value is detected as a signal representing the presence of a single particle. It's okay.
- the “predetermined threshold value” can be set to an appropriate value experimentally.
- the light intensity obtained by the photoanalyzer used in the inverted scanning molecule counting method is relatively weak, and a fine increase / decrease occurs, and this fine increase / decrease in the light intensity detects a signal indicating the presence of a single particle. Deteriorating accuracy. Therefore, after smoothing the time-series light intensity data and processing the data so that minor increases and decreases in the light intensity can be ignored, the intensity measured from the intensity of the background light in the smoothed time-series light intensity data is below a predetermined threshold. A downwardly convex bell-shaped pulse-like signal having a signal may be detected as a signal representing the presence of a single particle.
- the number of signals may be counted to count the number of single particles included in the light detection region (particle counting).
- information on the number density or concentration of the identified single particles in the sample solution can be obtained by combining the number of detected single particles and the amount of movement of the position of the light detection region.
- the number density or concentration ratio of a plurality of sample solutions, or the relative number density or concentration ratio with respect to the standard sample solution serving as a reference for the concentration or number density is calculated, or An absolute number density value or concentration value may be determined using a relative number density or concentration ratio relative to a standard sample solution that is a reference for concentration or number density.
- the total volume of the movement locus of the position of the light detection region is specified by any method, for example, by moving the position of the light detection region at a predetermined speed, the number density or concentration of single particles Can be calculated specifically. This will be described in more detail below.
- a signal in which the time width in which the decrease in light intensity below the threshold continues is not within the predetermined range is determined as a noise or foreign matter signal.
- the intensity profile may be determined to correspond to the passage of one particle through the light detection region, and one particle may be detected.
- a signal having the intensity A and the width a outside the predetermined range is determined as a noise or foreign matter signal and may be ignored in the subsequent analysis or the like.
- time-series light intensity data shown in the uppermost “detection result (unprocessed)” in FIG. 4C is shown.
- Data is subjected to smoothing (smoothing) processing (indicated by “smoothing” in the upper middle part of FIG. 3 -step S110 and FIG. 4C).
- smoothing smoothing
- the light emitted by the luminescent material is probabilistically emitted, and the light intensity is relatively weak. Therefore, the fine increase / decrease occurs.
- the detection accuracy of a signal indicating the presence of the signal is deteriorated.
- the smoothing process makes it possible to ignore the fine increase and decrease on the data.
- the smoothing process may be performed by, for example, a moving average method. It should be noted that parameters for executing the smoothing process, such as the number of data points averaged at a time in the moving average method and the number of moving averages, are the moving speed (scanning speed) of the position of the light detection region at the time of light intensity data acquisition It may be set appropriately according to BIN TIME.
- a primary differential value with respect to time of the time-series light intensity data is calculated (step S120).
- the time differential value of the time-series light intensity data has a large change in the value at the time of change of the signal value, as illustrated in the lower “time differential” in FIG. 4C.
- Significant signal start and end points can be advantageously determined.
- a significant pulse signal is sequentially detected on the time-series light intensity data, and it is determined whether or not the detected signal is a signal corresponding to a single particle.
- the start point and the end point of one pulse signal are searched and determined, A pulse existence region is specified (step S130).
- a downward convex bell-shaped function fitting is performed on the smoothed time-series light intensity data in the pulse existence area ("bell-shaped function fitting" in the lower part of FIG. 4C).
- Parameters such as the peak intensity (maximum decrease from background light) Ipeak, the pulse width (full width at half maximum) Wpeak, and the correlation coefficient (of the least squares method) in the fitting are calculated (step) S140).
- the bell-shaped function to be fitted is typically a Gaussian function, but may be a Lorentz-type function. Whether or not the calculated bell-shaped function parameter is within a range assumed for the bell-shaped profile parameter drawn by the pulse signal detected when one luminescent particle passes through the light detection region, That is, it is determined whether or not the peak intensity, pulse width, and correlation coefficient of the pulse are within predetermined ranges (step S150). For example, it is determined whether or not the following condition is satisfied.
- the search and determination of the pulse signal in the processing of the above steps S130 to S150 may be repeatedly executed over the entire area of the time series light intensity data (step S160).
- the process which detects the signal of a luminescent particle separately from time series light intensity data is not restricted to said procedure, You may perform by arbitrary methods.
- the number of particles detected may be counted to determine the number of particles (particle counting). If the total volume of the region through which the light detection region has passed is calculated by an arbitrary method, the number density or concentration of particles in the sample solution is determined from the volume value and the number of particles (step S170). ).
- the total volume of the region through which the light detection region has passed may be theoretically calculated based on the wavelength of the excitation light or detection light, the numerical aperture of the lens, and the adjustment state of the optical system. Also, experimentally, for example, for a solution with known particle concentration (control solution), measurement of light intensity, particle detection and counting as described above under the same conditions as the measurement of the sample solution to be examined. May be determined from the number of particles detected by performing and the concentration of particles in the control solution. Specifically, for example, for a control solution with a particle concentration C, if the number of single particles detected in the control solution is N, the total volume Vt of the region through which the light detection region has passed is given by equation (8). It is done.
- Vt N / C (8)
- a control solution a plurality of solutions having different concentrations of single particles are prepared, and measurement is performed on each of them.
- the calculated average value of Vt is adopted as the total volume Vt of the region through which the light detection region passes. You may be supposed to.
- the particle concentration c of the sample solution with a single particle counting result of n is given by equation (9).
- c n / Vt (9)
- the volume of the light detection region and the total volume of the region through which the light detection region has passed are given by any method, for example, using FCS or FIDA, without depending on the above method. It's okay.
- information on the relationship between the concentration C and the number N of various standard particles (formula (6)) for the assumed movement pattern of the light detection region is stored in the computer 18. This information may be stored in advance in the storage device, and the information on the relationship stored as appropriate when the user of the device performs detection of a single particle may be used.
- the counting, concentration, etc. of the particles in the sample solution can be determined by the above processing procedure.
- Single particle detection process for detecting a certain number of signals
- a single particle detection process is performed on the obtained light intensity data.
- a signal is detected. That is, the number of single particle signals obtained during an arbitrarily set measurement time is counted.
- the measurement time is sufficient to prepare for the case where the particle concentration is low. Will be set longer.
- the concentration of the particles in the sample solution is high, the measurement of the light intensity is continued for more than the time necessary to determine the characteristics such as the concentration with an acceptable or satisfactory accuracy.
- the particle concentration in the sample solution is lower than the concentration assumed by the experimenter and the set measurement time is insufficient, the error of the result becomes large.
- the number of single particle signals detected varies depending on the length of the set measurement time, and particularly when the single particle concentration is low, the single particle concentration calculated from the number of detection signals. The variation in value may increase and the accuracy may decrease.
- measurement is performed until the number of single particle signals reaches an arbitrarily set number, and the single particle concentration value is calculated based on the measurement time. It may be. That is, as another aspect of the single particle detection process, the measurement of the light intensity while moving the light detection region and the detection of the signal of the single particle are repeated until the number of signals reaches a predetermined number, The time required for the number of particles to reach a predetermined number is measured, and based on the time required for the number of such single particle signals to reach a predetermined number, the particle concentration is determined. Good.
- the time required for measuring the light intensity is shortened, and when the particle concentration in the sample solution is low, the result (ie, particle concentration) is required.
- the light intensity measurement can be continued until the number of particles that achieve the desired accuracy is obtained. That is, the measurement time is optimized according to the concentration of single particles.
- the number of single particle signals is a predetermined number. The time taken to reach the value reflects the number of particles that achieve the required accuracy in the results, so the particle concentration value determined based on that time is acceptable or satisfactory. It is expected to have accuracy.
- a predetermined number is set to a number that achieves the accuracy required for the result, the time required to detect the predetermined number of single particles or any result derived therefrom The variation is suppressed to be small, and the accuracy of the result can be satisfied.
- the single particle detection processing for detecting a certain number of signals may be executed, for example, by the processing procedure shown in the flowchart of FIG. In the example of FIG. 5, briefly described, a series of processes of moving the position of the light detection region, detecting light from the light detection region, detecting a single particle signal, and counting the detected particle signal, It is repeatedly executed until the detected particle number X reaches the end particle number XE (a predetermined number that the luminescent particle number should reach) at every analysis time interval t (predetermined time interval). It should be understood that the series of processes and configurations described below are realized by the processing operation of the computer 18.
- (A) Initial Setting The operation process will be specifically described with reference to FIG. First, the sample solution is injected into the well 10 of the microplate 9 and placed on the stage of the microscope. Thereafter, when the user inputs an instruction to start light intensity measurement, particle detection and counting processing to the computer 18, the computer 18 sets the end particle number XE (step 10) and An analysis time interval t is set (step 20).
- the number of end particles XE and the analysis time interval t may be arbitrarily set by the user.
- the number XE of end particles can be appropriately determined with reference to the result of a preliminary experiment using a solution having a known particle concentration so that the accuracy required for the result value of the particle concentration can be achieved.
- the analysis time interval t is an arbitrary time interval that is sufficiently shorter than the time from the start of processing until the number of particles (X) reaches the number of end particles (XE), taking into account the processing speed in the apparatus 1 and the like. May be set as appropriate.
- the end particle number XE and the analysis time interval t values determined in advance with reference to the result of a preliminary experiment using a solution having a known particle concentration are stored in the apparatus 1 and stored. The value may be used automatically or by user selection.
- the light detection and particle number detection processing in step S30 may be the same as the processing shown in FIG.
- the light intensity is measured over the analysis time interval t while moving the position of the light detection region in the sample solution (scanning in the sample solution).
- the computer 18 detects a signal indicating the presence of a single particle and counts the number of detections by processing according to a program stored in the storage device. Is executed.
- the total number of detected luminescent particles X (t n ) is calculated by the equation (14) (step S40 in FIG. 5).
- X (t n ) X (t n ⁇ 1 ) + x (14)
- X (t n-1 ) is the total number of particles detected up to the previous analysis time interval t, and its initial value is zero.
- Steps S30 to S40 are repeated at every analysis time interval t until the total number of detected luminescent particles X (t n ) reaches the end particle number XE, that is, until Expression (15) is satisfied (step 50). It is.
- each process indicated by the dotted line in the drawing is executed. Specifically, first, the latest detected particle count X (t n ) calculated in step S40 is displayed on the display (step S52). If the repeated execution of steps S30 to S50 has already been performed, the value of the total number of detected particles X (t n ) so far is updated. Next, in order to calculate the measurement end time TE or the measurement remaining time Tr, the particle detection speed v after the start of the processing of steps S30 to S50 is calculated (step S54). The particle detection speed v up to now may be given by equation (16).
- Tr (XE ⁇ X (t n )) / v (17)
- the measurement end time TE (the time at which the processes of steps S30 to S50 are completed) is estimated by the equation (18) (step S56).
- TE Tp + Tr (18)
- step S100 in FIG. 3 may be continuously performed from the start to the end of the measurement even during the execution of signal processing steps other than step S100. That is, in light detection and particle number detection processing, when measurement of light intensity over the analysis time interval t of one cycle is completed, measurement of light intensity over the analysis time interval t of the next cycle is continued as it is.
- the computer 18 executes detection and counting processing of the particle signal from the light intensity data acquired over the analysis time interval t of the completed cycle. This achieves particle detection and counting in real time.
- step S70 Analysis of concentration calculation etc.
- the particle concentration is calculated from the time T until reaching the end particle number and the end particle number XE using the equation (12), and the particle detection speed V is calculated. , Determined using the relationship of equation (13).
- the cross-sectional area S of the passage region of the light detection region in the equations (10) to (13) is theoretically calculated based on the wavelength of the excitation light or detection light, the numerical aperture of the lens, and the adjustment state of the optical system.
- control solution for a solution having a known particle concentration (control solution), measurement of light intensity and particle detection described above under the same conditions as the measurement of the sample solution to be examined.
- the number of particles detected by counting and the concentration of the luminescent particles in the control solution may be determined.
- the light detection region The cross-sectional area S of the passing region is given by equation (19).
- S N / (C ⁇ NA ⁇ uo ⁇ ⁇ o) (19)
- a plurality of solutions having different concentrations of particles are prepared as a control solution, and measurement is performed on each of them.
- the calculated average value of S is adopted as the cross-sectional area S of the light detection region. Good.
- FIG. 6A is a flowchart showing the light intensity measurement, particle detection and counting processes of a sample solution configured to include a process (step S20 ′) for correcting the analysis time interval t according to the particle detection status. It is a representation.
- FIG. 6B shows the calculation processing of the analysis time interval t in step S20 ′ in the form of a flowchart.
- the same step number is assigned to the same process as in FIG.
- the analysis time interval t is corrected every time the measurement of the light intensity over the analysis time interval t is completed (step S20 ′).
- the process of the example shown in the drawing is a predetermined number of times N (hereinafter referred to as “scheduled number of updates”) in one measurement from the start until the number of particles reaches the end particle number XE.
- the light intensity measurement and particle detection / counting processing cycles are configured to be executed. Specifically, as the initial setting, first, after setting the number XE of the end particles (step S10) and storing the start time Ts (step S25), first the light intensity measurement and particle detection / counting processes are executed.
- Step S50 the total number of detected particles X (t n ) and / or the measurement end time TE or the remaining measurement time Tr are displayed on a display such as the monitor of the computer 18.
- Step S52 and S58 If the number of particles has reached the end particle number XE in the first processing cycle, the light intensity measurement, particle detection, and counting processes are terminated as it is (step S50).
- step S20 ′ After the first processing cycle, the analysis time interval t is corrected, and the light intensity measurement, particle detection and counting processing cycle (steps S20 ′, S30 to S58) is the same as in FIG. Repeat until particle number XE is reached.
- ⁇ Target particle detection method> particles that do not emit light that are dispersed in the sample solution and move randomly are detected using the inverted scanning molecule counting method.
- the inverted scanning molecule counting method can measure even relatively low concentration particles of the order of pM or less in a situation where the molecules are discrete. For this reason, by the detection method of this embodiment, even when the concentration of target particles to be analyzed in the sample solution is very low, target particles bound to the labeling particles can be counted with high sensitivity.
- the size per molecule is sufficiently small with respect to the volume of the light detection region of the optical system (that is, the light detection is performed when the particles pass through the light detection region).
- the light detection is performed when the particles pass through the light detection region.
- the labeling particles that are bound to the target particles to form a complex are distinguished from the free labeling particles that are not bound to the target particles. Therefore, it is not necessary to remove the free labeling particles from the sample solution before the measurement by the inverted scanning molecule counting method.
- the method of this embodiment includes the following steps (a) and (b).
- the target particles to be detected by the detection method of the present embodiment may be any particles as long as they are dispersed in the sample solution and move randomly, and are not particularly limited.
- biological molecules such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, nucleic acid analogs, lipids, sugar chains, amino acids or aggregates thereof, particulate biological objects such as viruses and cells, or non-biological particles (For example, atoms, molecules, micelles, metal colloids, etc.).
- the nucleic acid may be DNA, RNA, or an artificially amplified nucleic acid such as cDNA.
- Nucleic acid analogues include those in which side chains of natural nucleotides (naturally occurring nucleotides) such as DNA and RNA are modified with functional groups such as amino groups, and labeled with proteins, low molecular compounds, etc. And the like. More specifically, for example, Bridged Nucleic Acid (BNA), nucleotides in which the 4′-position oxygen atom of natural nucleotides is substituted with sulfur atoms, and hydroxyl groups in the 2′-position of natural ribonucleotides are substituted with methoxy groups. Nucleotides, Hexitol Nucleic Acid (HNA), peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and the like.
- BNA Bridged Nucleic Acid
- HNA Hexitol Nucleic Acid
- PNA peptide nucleic acid
- the target particle in the detection method of the present embodiment is preferably a nucleic acid molecule or a nucleic acid-like substance.
- the nucleic acid molecule or nucleic acid analog may be a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule or a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule.
- Specific examples include nucleic acid molecules having base sequences present in animal and plant chromosomes, bacterial and viral genes, and nucleic acid molecules having artificially designed base sequences.
- target particles for example, microRNA, siRNA, mRNA, hnRNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA by PCR amplification, cDNA synthesized from RNA using reverse transcriptase, and the like are preferable.
- the labeling particles used in the detection method of the present embodiment are sufficiently large in size per molecule so that the light intensity detected from the light detection region hardly decreases when the particles pass through the light detection region.
- the light intensity of the background light detected from the photodetection region is smaller than that of a single molecule when passing through the photodetection region by binding two or more molecules per target particle.
- a complex that does not emit light is formed in such a size that the degree of is significantly increased. For this reason, it is possible to distinguish and count free labeling particles that are not bound to the target particles and labeling particles that are bound to the target particles to form a complex by the inverted scanning molecule counting method. it can.
- the size of the labeling particle is not limited so long as the light intensity detected from the light detection region hardly decreases when the particle passes through the light detection region, and is used for the measurement of the inverted scanning molecule counting method. It can be appropriately determined in consideration of the light detection region of the photoanalyzing device, the wavelength and light intensity of the detected background light, and the like. In the present embodiment, since the decrease in the light intensity of the background light is hardly observed in the single molecule state, the average outer diameter of the labeling particles is less than 15% of the diameter of the light detection region of the optical system. Preferably, it is less than 10%.
- the size of the complex in which the target particles and two or more labeling particles are combined is determined by the degree of decrease in light intensity detected from the light detection region when the particles pass through the light detection region. It is only necessary to be significantly larger than that of a single molecule, and it is determined appropriately in consideration of the light detection area of the photoanalyzer used for the measurement of the inverted scanning molecule counting method, the wavelength and intensity of the detected background light, etc. can do.
- the outer diameter of the composite is preferably 15% or more, more preferably 35% or more, of the diameter of the light detection region of the optical system.
- the number of labeling particles that bind to the target particles per molecule may be two or more. Considering the size per molecule of the target particles or labeling particles, the size of the complex, etc. Can be determined. In this embodiment, since the difference between the size of one molecule of the labeling particle and the size of the complex bound to the target particle can be sufficiently large, the number of labeling particles that bind to the target particle per molecule is: More is preferable.
- both the target particle and the labeling particle may be particles that do not emit light
- the target particle may be a fluorescent particle
- the labeling particle may be a quenching substance that absorbs fluorescence emitted from the fluorescent substance. Good.
- the labeling particle is a substance having a site that specifically or nonspecifically binds or adsorbs to the target particle.
- the labeling particle may be an oligonucleotide that hybridizes with the target particle, a nucleic acid-binding protein (for example, a nucleic acid-binding antibody), or a nucleic acid. Examples thereof include dye molecules that do not emit light.
- the oligonucleotide may be DNA, RNA, artificially amplified, such as cDNA, and a nucleotide chain or base pair in the same manner as a natural nucleobase.
- the nucleic acid-like substance capable of forming a part may be included in part or all.
- the labeling particles used in this embodiment may be non-specifically bound to the target particles, but are specifically bound from the viewpoint of the accuracy of detection and quantification of the target particles.
- the labeling particle that specifically binds to the target particle may be any particle that binds preferentially to the target particle over binding to another substance having physical or chemical properties similar to the target particle. It does not have to be at all bound to substances other than the target particles.
- the target particle is a nucleic acid molecule
- the oligonucleotide used as the labeling particle may have a base sequence that is completely complementary to the partial base sequence of the target particle. It may have a base sequence having a mismatch of 1 to several bases with the base sequence.
- the labeling particles for example, particles having a surface with a substance that specifically or non-specifically binds or adsorbs to the target particle (hereinafter, also referred to as “substance that binds to the target particle”) are used. It can.
- the particles include magnetic particles, silica particles, agarose gel particles, polyacrylamide resin particles, latex particles, polystyrene particles and other plastic particles, ceramic particles, zirconia particles, and the like.
- a method of binding a substance that specifically or non-specifically binds or adsorbs to a target particle and the surface of these particles is not particularly limited, and may be physically adsorbed, and a functional group on the particle surface. It may be chemically bonded to. When chemically bonding, it can be bonded by a method suitable for each functional group.
- an EDAC reaction a reaction in which EDC and NHS are mixed in advance to bond a carboxylic acid and an amino group
- a reaction in which amino groups are cross-linked using a bipolar linker an activated aldehyde group or a tosyl group
- a reaction that binds a functional group in a substance that specifically or non-specifically binds or adsorbs to a target particle In the case of magnetic particles having no functional group on the particle surface, the particle surface may be coated with a functional group.
- a plurality of labeling particles can be simultaneously bonded to one molecule of target particle, and one type of labeling particle may be used, or two or more types of labeling particles may be used.
- one kind of substance that binds or adsorbs specifically or non-specifically to the site may be used as the labeling particle.
- a plurality of substances that can be independently bonded to different sites with respect to the target particles may be used together as the labeling particles.
- the target particle is a nucleic acid molecule or a nucleic acid-like substance
- a plurality of oligonucleotides that hybridize with different partial regions of the target particle can be used as the labeling particle.
- target particles and labeling particles are added to an appropriate solvent to prepare a solution containing both.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it does not damage the target particles and the labeling particles. It is typically an aqueous solution, but may be an organic solvent such as formamide or any other liquid.
- the solvent can be appropriately selected and used from buffers generally used in the technical field. Examples of the buffer include a phosphate buffer such as PBS (phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4), a Tris buffer, and the like.
- the concentration of the labeling particles added to the solution is not particularly limited, but since the detection sensitivity of the target particles can be increased, the concentration of the labeling particles should be equal to the expected target particle concentration. It is preferable to prepare a solution containing both of them so that the concentration is higher than the concentration multiplied by the number of labeling particles that can be bound per hit.
- both target particles and labeling particles can coexist in the same solution, both can be bound, after preparing a solution containing both, just incubate the solution for a predetermined time if necessary, A complex containing target particles and labeling particles can be formed in the solution.
- the target particle or labeling particle is a nucleic acid molecule having a double-stranded structure or a nucleic acid-like substance
- “denaturing a nucleic acid molecule or nucleic acid-like substance” means dissociating a base pair.
- the labeling particle is an oligonucleotide containing a nucleic acid-like substance such as PNA, even if the target particle is a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule, the labeling particle and the target particle can be used without any special denaturation treatment. In some cases.
- Examples of the denaturation treatment include denaturation by high temperature treatment (thermal denaturation) and denaturation by low salt concentration treatment.
- thermal denaturation high temperature treatment
- low salt concentration treatment it is preferable to perform heat denaturation because the operation is simple.
- heat denaturation can denature nucleic acid molecules and the like in the solution by treating the solution at a high temperature. Generally, it can be denatured by keeping it at 90 ° C. for DNA and 70 ° C. for RNA for several seconds to 2 minutes, but the temperature for denaturation varies depending on the base length of the target particle. If it can be modified, it is not limited to this temperature.
- denaturation by the low salt concentration treatment can be performed by adjusting the salt concentration of the solution to be sufficiently low, for example, by diluting with purified water or the like.
- target particles and labeling particles in the solution are associated to form a complex containing both.
- the temperature of the solution is lowered to a temperature at which the target particles and the labeling particles can be specifically hybridized (specific association conditions). Both of them can be properly associated.
- the temperature of the solution containing both is lowered to a temperature of Tm value ⁇ 3 ° C. of a region having a base sequence complementary to the target particle in the labeling particle.
- the salt concentration of the solution is increased to a concentration at which target particles and labeling particles can specifically hybridize by adding a salt solution or the like.
- the two in the solution can be appropriately associated.
- the temperature at which two single-stranded nucleic acid molecules can specifically hybridize can be determined from the melting curve of the aggregate composed of both.
- the melting curve can be obtained, for example, by changing the temperature of a solution containing only both from a high temperature to a low temperature and measuring the absorbance and fluorescence intensity of the solution. From the obtained melting curve, the temperature ranges from the temperature at which the two denatured single-stranded nucleic acid molecules started to form an aggregate to the temperature at which almost all became an aggregate. It can be set as the temperature which can be soybean.
- the salt concentration in the solution from a low concentration to a high concentration instead of the temperature, the melting curve is determined in the same manner, and the concentration at which two single-stranded nucleic acid molecules can specifically hybridize is determined. Can be sought.
- the specific association condition differs depending on the type of target particle or labeling particle and is determined experimentally, but in general, the Tm value (melting temperature) can be substituted.
- the Tm value melting temperature
- Dissociation temperature can be calculated.
- a condition in which the temperature is a value in the vicinity of the Tm value for example, a condition in which the Tm value is about ⁇ 3 ° C. can be set as the specific association condition.
- the specific association conditions can be determined in more detail by experimentally obtaining a melting curve in the vicinity of the calculated Tm value.
- the temperature of the solution in order to suppress non-specific hybridization, it is preferable to lower the temperature of the solution relatively slowly when forming a complex. For example, after denaturing nucleic acid molecules by setting the temperature of the solution to 70 ° C. or higher, the temperature of the solution can be lowered at a rate of temperature decrease of 0.05 ° C./second or higher.
- a surfactant In order to suppress nonspecific hybridization, it is also preferable to add a surfactant, formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, urea or the like to the solution in advance. These compounds may be added alone or in combination of two or more. By adding these compounds, nonspecific hybridization can be made difficult to occur in a relatively low temperature environment.
- step (b) the number of molecules of the complex in the sample solution prepared in step (a) is calculated by an inverted scanning molecule counting method. Specifically, first, the sample solution is placed in the optical analyzer for the inversion scanning molecule counting method. By using the above technique, the position of the light detection region of the optical system in the sample solution is moved, and light including a substantially constant background light is detected from the light detection region to obtain time-series light intensity data. Generate. In the obtained time-series light intensity data, a decrease in light intensity that occurs when the complex enters the light detection region is individually detected as a signal representing the presence of each complex. The number of signals indicating the presence of the individually detected complex is counted, and the number of the complex detected during the movement of the position of the light detection region is counted.
- the substantially constant background light to be included in the light from the light detection region may be illumination light by transmitted illumination or the like, and is dispersed in the sample solution. It may be fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, or scattered light by the substance. In this case, when the substance that emits or scatters light is not dispersed in the solution used as the sample solution, the substance that actively emits or scatters light may be dissolved or dispersed in the solution. Further, when the solution used as the sample solution emits autofluorescence, the autofluorescence may be used as the background light.
- the substance When dissolving or dispersing a substance that emits or scatters light in the sample solution for background light, the substance may be added to the sample solution before measurement by the inverted scanning molecule counting method. ), It may be added together with the labeling particles or the like before the formation of the complex, or may be added after the step (a).
- the substance is typically a fluorescent substance, but may be a substance that emits light by phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, light scattering, or the like.
- the fluorescent substance is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance that emits fluorescence by emitting light of a specific wavelength, and is appropriately selected from fluorescent dyes used in FCS, FIDA, and the like. be able to.
- the number density or concentration of the target particles in the sample solution can be determined based on the number of the counted complexes detected in the step (b).
- information on the number density or concentration of the identified complexes in the sample solution can be obtained.
- the number density or concentration ratio of a plurality of sample solutions, or the relative number density or concentration ratio with respect to the standard sample solution serving as a reference for the concentration or number density is calculated, or An absolute number density value or concentration value may be determined using a relative number density or concentration ratio relative to a standard sample solution that is a reference for concentration or number density.
- the total volume of the movement locus of the position of the light detection region is specified by any method, for example, by moving the position of the light detection region at a predetermined speed, the number density or concentration of the complex is reduced. It can be calculated specifically.
- a fluorescent substance ATTO (registered trademark) 488 manufactured by ATTO was prepared to 6 nM using 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 8) to prepare a fluorescent substance solution. Thereafter, the polystyrene particle solution and the fluorescent substance solution were mixed in equal amounts to prepare a sample solution for measurement. These sample solutions were measured by the inverted scanning molecule counting method.
- a single-molecule fluorescence measuring device MF20 (Olympus Corporation) equipped with an optical system of a confocal fluorescence microscope and a photon counting system is used as an optical analysis device.
- Series photon count data was obtained.
- excitation light laser light of 488 nm of 50 ⁇ W was used, and light in a wavelength band of 510 nm to 560 nm was measured using a bandpass filter to generate time series light intensity data.
- the light detection region in the sample solution was rotated at a moving speed of 6000 rpm, the BIN TIME was 10 ⁇ sec, and the measurement time was 30 seconds. Each sample solution was measured three times.
- the time series data obtained by the measurement was smoothed by the Savinzky-Golay algorithm, and then the peak was detected by differentiation. Of the regions regarded as peaks, a region that can be approximated to a Gaussian function was extracted as a signal.
- the peak detection rate (%) was calculated by dividing the actual number of peaks obtained as a result of the measurement by the number of peaks calculated from the scanning volume. The calculation results are shown in FIG. In polystyrene particles having an average particle diameter of 0.32 ⁇ m and 0.41 ⁇ m, no peak was detected, and peak detection rates were 5.6% and 4.7%, respectively, whereas both were less than 10% For polystyrene particles having an average particle diameter of 0.92 ⁇ m, the peak detection rate was as high as 85.7%. From these results, it was confirmed that particles having an outer diameter smaller than the diameter of the light detection region were not detected by the inverted scanning molecule counting method.
- Example 1 Using an optical system of a confocal microscope with a photodetection area diameter of about 2.8 ⁇ m, dextran (dextran biotin) having multiple biotinylation sites per molecule is used as target particles, and streptavidin particles are used as labeling particles.
- the target particles in the sample solution were detected by the inverted scanning molecule counting method.
- streptavidin particles average particle size: 0.32 ⁇ m, manufactured by Spherotech
- streptavidin coated on the particle surface were prepared to 4 pM each using a 20 vol% PEG solution (streptavidin particle solution).
- dextran biotin (manufactured by Invitrogen) was prepared to 0 pM, 20 pM, 200 pM, and 2 nM using a 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 8) (dextran biotin solution).
- a fluorescent substance ATTO (registered trademark) 488 (manufactured by ATTO) was prepared to 6 nM using a 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 8) (fluorescent substance solution).
- the streptavidin particle solution and the dextran biotin solution were mixed in equal amounts, and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes. Thereafter, an equal amount of a fluorescent substance solution was added to the mixed solution to prepare a sample solution for measurement.
- FIG. 8 shows the number of peaks obtained and the concentration of dextran biotin. As a result, the number of detected peaks increased depending on the dextran biotin concentration. That is, a peak was detected by an aggregate of dextran biotin and streptavidin particles.
- Example 2 Using a confocal microscope optical system with a photodetection area of about 2.8 ⁇ m in diameter, nucleic acids having 0, 1 or 2 biotinylation sites per molecule are used as target particles, and streptavidin particles are used as labeling particles. Used, target particles in the sample solution were detected by the inverted scanning molecular counting method. First, aqueous solutions (nucleic acid samples 1 to 4) each containing the following nucleic acids were prepared. Each base sequence is shown in Table 1. Nucleic acid sample 1 is a genomic sample provided by HSRRB (Human Science Research Resource Bank) of 10 ng / ⁇ L: No. 1 194 (hereinafter referred to as “genome No. 194”).
- HSRRB Human Science Research Resource Bank
- Nucleic acid sample 2 has a genome No. of 10 ng / ⁇ L. 194 and a PCR product (hereinafter referred to as “PCR product”) having one nucleic acid strand consisting of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1.
- Nucleic acid sample 3 has a genome No. of 10 ng / ⁇ L. 194 and a single-stranded nucleic acid (hereinafter referred to as “biotin-ssDNA”) having a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 and labeled with biotin at the 5 ′ end.
- Nucleic acid sample 4 10 ng / ⁇ L of genome No.
- biotin-dsDNA a double-stranded nucleic acid associated with single-stranded nucleic acid
- streptavidin particles (average particle size: 0.32 ⁇ m, manufactured by Spherotech) having a particle surface coated with streptavidin were prepared to a concentration of 100 pM using a 20% by volume PEG solution (streptavidin particle solution).
- a fluorescent substance ATTO (registered trademark) 488 (manufactured by ATTO) was prepared to 6 nM using a 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 8) (fluorescent substance solution).
- Nucleic acid sample 1 and streptavidin particle solution were mixed in equal amounts, and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes. Thereafter, an equal amount of a fluorescent substance solution was added to the mixed solution to prepare a sample solution 1 for measurement.
- a fluorescent substance solution was added to the mixed solution to prepare a sample solution 1 for measurement.
- nucleic acid samples 2 to 4 were used, respectively, and sample solutions 2 to 4 for measurement were prepared in the same manner. These sample solutions were measured by the inverted scanning molecule counting method in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the rotation speed was 6000 rpm and the measurement time was 30 seconds.
- Table 2 shows the number of peaks (average value) and standard deviation (SD) obtained with each sample solution.
- the sample solution 3 containing only one biotin per molecule of nucleic acid and binding only one molecule per molecule of streptavidin particles has the same peak as that of samples 1 and 2 not containing the nucleic acid labeled with biotin. Only numbers (less than 40) were obtained. In contrast, as many as 148 peaks were detected in sample solution 4 containing only two biotins per molecule of nucleic acid and binding two molecules of streptavidin particles per molecule.
- the detection method in the aspect of the present invention includes: It can be used in fields such as analysis and inspection of samples whose analysis target substances such as clinical specimens have a very small concentration.
Abstract
Description
本願は、2012年4月18日に、日本に出願された特願2012-095101号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
(1)本発明の一態様における標的粒子の検出方法は、共焦点顕微鏡又は多光子顕微鏡の光学系を用いて、試料溶液中にて分散しランダムに運動する発光しない粒子を検出する方法であって、
(a)標的粒子と、平均外径が前記光学系の光検出領域の直径の15%未満である標識用粒子とを含む試料溶液を調製し、前記試料溶液中で、前記標的粒子1分子当たり、2分子以上の前記標識用粒子を結合させ、外径が前記光検出領域の直径の15%以上である発光しない複合体を形成する工程と、
(b)前記工程(a)において調製された試料溶液中の前記複合体の分子数を、
前記試料溶液内において前記光学系の光検出領域の位置を移動する工程と、
前記試料溶液内において前記光学系の光検出領域の位置を移動させながら、前記光検出領域から実質的に一定の背景光を含む光を検出して時系列の光強度データを生成する工程と、
前記時系列光強度データにおいて、前記複合体が前記光検出領域内へ進入した際に生ずる光強度の低下を前記複合体の各々の存在を表す信号として個別に検出する工程と、
前記個別に検出された複合体の存在を表す信号の数を計数して、前記光検出領域の位置の移動中に検出された前記複合体の数を計数する工程と、
により算出する工程と、
を有する。
(2) 前記(1)の標的粒子の検出方法において、前記複合体の外径が、前記光検出領域の直径の35%以上であってもよい。
(3) 前記(1)又は(2)の標的粒子の検出方法において、前記標的粒子と前記標識用粒子が特異的に結合してもよい。
(4) 前記(1)~(3)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法において、前記標的粒子が核酸であってもよい。
(5) 前記(1)~(4)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法において、前記背景光が、前記試料溶液内に分散された物質による蛍光、りん光、化学発光、生物発光又は散乱光であってもよい。
(6) 前記(1)~(4)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法において、前記背景光が照明光であってもよい。
(7) 前記(1)~(6)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法における前記光検出領域の位置を移動する工程において、前記光検出領域の位置が前記複合体の拡散移動速度よりも速い速度にて移動されてもよい。
(8) 前記(1)~(7)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法における前記光検出領域の位置を移動する工程において、前記光学系の光路を変更することにより前記試料溶液内における前記光検出領域の位置を移動してもよい。
(9) 前記(1)~(8)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法における前記複合体の存在を表す信号を個別に検出する工程において、前記背景光の強度から計って所定の閾値より低い光強度を有する信号が検出されたときに1つの複合体が前記光検出領域に入ったと判定してもよい。
(10) 前記(1)~(9)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法における前記複合体の存在を表す信号を個別に検出する工程において、前記時系列光強度データが平滑化され、前記平滑化された時系列光強度データにおいて前記背景光の強度から計って所定閾値を下回る強度を有する下に凸の釣鐘型のパルス状信号を前記複合体の存在を表す信号として検出してもよい。
(11) 前記(1)~(10)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法は、さらに、前記工程(b)において検出された計数された前記複合体の数に基づいて、前記試料溶液中の前記標的粒子の数密度又は濃度を決定する工程を有してもよい。
(12) 前記(1)~(10)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法の前記工程(b)において、前記複合体の存在を表す信号の数が予め定められた数に達するまで、前記光検出領域の位置の移動と、前記光検出領域からの光の検出と、前記複合体の存在を表す信号の検出とを繰り返し、
前記複合体の信号の存在を表す数が予め定められた数に達するのに要した時間に基づいて、前記試料溶液中の前記標的粒子の濃度を決定してもよい。
<反転型走査分子計数法のための光分析装置の構成>
反転型走査分子計数法は、基本的な構成において、図1Aに模式的に例示されている如き、FCS、FIDA等が実行可能な共焦点顕微鏡の光学系と光検出器とを組み合わせてなる光分析装置により実現可能である。図1Aを参照して、光分析装置1は、光学系2~17と、光学系の各部の作動を制御すると共にデータを取得し解析するためのコンピュータ18とから構成される。光分析装置1の光学系は、通常の共焦点顕微鏡の光学系と同様であってよい。光分析装置1の光学系において、光源2から放射されシングルモードファイバー3内を伝播したレーザ光(Ex)が、ファイバーの出射端において固有のNA(Numerical Aperture)にて決まった角度にて発散する光となって放射され、コリメーター4によって平行光となり、ダイクロイックミラー5、反射ミラー6、7にて反射され、対物レンズ8へ入射される。対物レンズ8の上方には、典型的には、1μL~数十μLの試料溶液が分注される試料容器又はウェル10が配列されたマイクロプレート9が配置されている。対物レンズ8から出射したレーザ光は、試料容器又はウェル10内の試料溶液中で焦点を結び、光強度の強い領域(励起領域)が形成される。試料溶液中に、観測対象である発光しない粒子(本実施形態の方法においては、標的粒子)等の発光しない粒子のほかに、背景光を生ずる任意の発光物質が分散又は溶解されていてもよい。この場合、発光しない粒子が励起領域に進入していないときには、発光物質が励起されて実質的に一定の光が放出されて、背景光となり、発光しない粒子が励起領域に進入すると、背景光が低減することとなる。
反転型走査分子計数法は、端的に述べれば、単一粒子の影を検出する形式の走査分子計数法にて、即ち、背景光の存在下で、試料溶液内にて光検出領域の位置を移動し、発光しない単一粒子が光検出領域に包含された際の背景光の低下を単一粒子の信号として検出する態様にて、単一粒子の存在が個別に検出され、その計数、或いは、試料溶液中の濃度に関する情報が取得される。
α=4π∫r2 f(r)dr [積分区間は、0~a] …(1)
一方、光検出領域内に、半径bの発光しない単一粒子が進入し、図2Cの下段の如く光検出領域の中心に位置するとき、その領域の発光物質が排除されることとなる。よって、図2Cの上段の斜線領域に相当する光量が低減することとなる。その排除される発光物質に相当する光量、つまり低下量βは、式(2)で与えられる。
β=4π∫r2 f(r)dr [積分区間は、0~b] …(2)
かくして、光強度の低下の割合は、β/αにより概算することが可能となる。
f(r)=0.684exp(-2r2 ) …(3)
図2Dは、式(3)を用いて、半径比b/aに対する光強度の低下の割合β/αをプロットした図である。図2Dを参照して、典型的には、背景光の変動率が1%程度であり、単一粒子による光強度の低下の割合が1%以下であると、信号の検出が不可能となるので、光検出領域の半径に対する単一粒子半径の比b/aは、0.15以上とすべきである。また、単一粒子による光強度の低下の割合を10%以上とする場合には、光検出領域の半径に対する検出可能な単一粒子半径の比b/aは、0.35となる。
反転型走査分子計数法では、観測対象となる粒子を含む試料溶液の光強度が測定された後、分析される。図3に、反転型走査分子計数法における処理手順の一態様を、フローチャートの形式で表す。
反転型走査分子計数法による光分析における光強度の測定は、測定中にミラー偏向器17又はステージ位置変更装置17aを駆動して、試料溶液内での光検出領域の位置の移動(試料溶液内の走査)を行う他は、FCS又はFIDAにおける光強度の測定過程と同様の態様にて実行されてよい。操作処理において、典型的には、マイクロプレート9のウェル10に試料溶液を注入して顕微鏡のステージ上に載置した後、使用者がコンピュータ18に対して、測定の開始の指示を入力すると、コンピュータ18は、記憶装置(図示せず)に記憶されたプログラム(試料溶液内において光検出領域の位置を移動する手順と、光検出領域の位置の移動中に光検出領域からの光を検出して時系列の光強度データを生成する手順)に従って、試料溶液内の光検出領域における励起光の照射及び光強度の計測が開始される。かかる計測中、コンピュータ18のプログラムに従った処理動作の制御下、ミラー偏向器17又はステージ位置変更装置17aは、ミラー7(ガルバノミラー)又は顕微鏡のステージ上のマイクロプレート9を駆動して、ウェル10内において光検出領域の位置の移動を実行する。これと同時に光検出器16は、逐次的に検出された光を電気信号に変換してコンピュータ18へ送信し、コンピュータ18では、任意の態様にて、送信された信号から時系列の光強度データを生成して保存する。なお、典型的には、光検出器16は、一光子の到来の有無を検出できる超高感度光検出器であるので、光の検出が、フォトンカウンティングによる場合、時系列光強度データは、時系列のフォトンカウントデータであってよい。
(2Wo)2 =6D・Δt …(4)
Δt=(2Wo)2 /6D …(5)
従って、粒子がブラウン運動により移動する速度(拡散移動速度)Vdifは、概ね、式(6)で表される。
Vdif=2Wo/Δt=3D/Wo …(6)
そこで、光検出領域の位置の移動速度は、かかるVdifを参照して、それよりも十分に速い値に設定されてよい。例えば、観測対象粒子の拡散係数が、D=2.0×10-10m2 /s程度であると予想される場合には、Woが、0.62μm程度だとすると、Vdifは、1.0×10-3 m/sとなる。よって、光検出領域の位置の移動速度は、その略10倍以上の15mm/sなどと設定されてよい。なお、観測対象粒子の拡散係数が未知の場合には、光検出領域の位置の移動速度を種々設定して光強度の変化のプロファイルが、予想されるプロファイル(典型的には、励起光強度分布と略同様)となる条件を見つけるための予備実験を繰り返し実行して、好適な光検出領域の位置の移動速度が決定されてよい。
上記の処理により時系列光強度データが得られると、コンピュータ18において、記憶装置に記憶されたプログラムに従った処理により、単一粒子の信号の検出、単一粒子のカウンティング、濃度算出等の各種分析が実行される。
以下、より詳細に説明する。
時系列の光強度データにおいて、一つの粒子の光検出領域を通過する際の軌跡が、図4Bに示されている如く略直線状である場合、その粒子に対応する信号における光強度の変化は、(光学系により決定される)光検出領域内の光強度分布を反映した下に凸の略釣鐘状のプロファイルを有する(図4C最上段参照)。従って、走査分子計数法では、基本的には、背景光から計った適宜設定される閾値を下回る光強度の低下が継続する時間幅が所定の範囲にあるとき、その光強度の低下のプロファイルを有する信号が一つの粒子が光検出領域を通過したことに対応すると判定され、一つの粒子の検出が為されるようになっていてよい。そして、閾値を下回る光強度の低下が継続する時間幅が所定の範囲にない信号は、ノイズ又は異物の信号として判定される。また、光検出領域の光強度分布が、背景光Ibgから下に凸のガウス分布である式(7)であると仮定できるとする。
I=Ibg-A・exp(-2t2 /a2 ) …(7)
有意な光強度の低下のプロファイル(背景光のゆらぎではないと明らかに判断できるプロファイル)に対して式(7)をフィッティングして算出された強度A及び幅aが所定の範囲内にあるとき、その光強度のプロファイルが一つの粒子が光検出領域を通過したことに対応すると判定され、一つの粒子の検出が為されてよい。
強度A及び幅aが所定の範囲外にある信号は、ノイズ又は異物の信号として判定され、その後の分析等において無視されてよい。
20μ秒<パルス幅<400μ秒
ピーク強度>4.0[pc/10μs] …(A)
相関係数>0.95かくして、算出された釣鐘型関数のパラメータが一つの粒子に対応する信号において想定される範囲内にあると判定された信号は、一つの粒子に対応する信号であると判定される。一方、算出された釣鐘型関数のパラメータが想定される範囲内になかったパルス信号は、ノイズとして無視される。
更に、検出された単一粒子の信号の数を計数して、粒子の数の決定が為されてもよい(粒子のカウンティング)。また、任意の手法にて、光検出領域の通過した領域の総体積が算定されれば、その体積値と粒子の数とから試料溶液中の粒子の数密度又は濃度が決定される(ステップS170)。
Vt=N/C …(8)
また、対照溶液として、単一粒子の複数の異なる濃度の溶液が準備され、それぞれについて測定が実行されて、算出されたVtの平均値が光検出領域の通過した領域の総体積Vtとして採用されるようになっていてよい。そして、Vtが与えられると、単一粒子のカウンティング結果がnの試料溶液の粒子濃度cは、式(9)により与えられる。
c=n/Vt …(9)
なお、光検出領域の体積、光検出領域の通過した領域の総体積は、上記の方法によらず、任意の方法にて、例えば、FCS、FIDAを利用するなどして与えられるようになっていてよい。また、本実施形態の装置においては、想定される光検出領域の移動パターンについて、種々の標準的な粒子についての濃度Cと粒子の数Nとの関係(式(6))の情報をコンピュータ18の記憶装置に予め記憶しておき、装置の使用者が単一粒子の検出を実施する際に適宜記憶された関係の情報を利用できるようになっていてよい。
上記の単一粒子検出処理においては、或る設定した時間に亘って光測定を実行した後、得られた光強度データ上にて単一粒子の信号が検出される。つまり、任意に設定された測定時間中に得られた単一粒子の信号の数が計数される。その場合、試料溶液中の粒子濃度が未知であるとき、或る固定された測定時間に亘って光強度の測定を行う場合には、粒子の濃度が低い場合に備えて、測定時間は、十分に長く設定されることとなる。一方、試料溶液中の粒子の濃度が高い場合には、濃度等の特性を許容可能な又は満足する精度にて決定するのに必要な時間以上に光強度の測定が継続されることとなる。また、試料溶液中の粒子濃度が実験者の想定した濃度よりも低く、設定された測定時間が足りない場合には、結果の誤差が大きくなってしまう。このように、設定された測定時間の長さによって、検出される単一粒子の信号数の変動することとなり、特に、単一粒子濃度が低いときには、検出信号数から算定される単一粒子濃度値のばらつきが大きくなって精度が低下し得る。
そして、単一粒子の信号の数が達するべき予め定められた数を結果に要求される精度を達成する粒子数に設定しておくことにより、単一粒子の信号の数が予め定められた数に達するのに要した時間には、結果に要求される精度を達成する粒子数が反映されることとなるので、その時間に基づいて決定される粒子の濃度値は、許容可能な又は満足する精度を有していることが期待される。つまり、予め定められた数を結果に要求される精度を達成する数に設定しておけば、その予め定められた数の単一粒子の検出に要した時間又はそれから導出される任意の結果におけるばらつきは、小さく抑制され、結果の精度を満足するものとすることが可能となる。
粒子の濃度値と、信号数が予め定められた数に達するのに要した時間とは、以下の如く、関係づけられる。即ち、或る粒子濃度Cの試料溶液中において、時間τに亘って、光検出領域を走査速度uにて移動させた場合、光検出領域の断面積をSとすると、検出される粒子信号の数Xは、式(10)で表される。
X=CSuτNA …(10)
ここで、NA は、アボガドロ数である。従って、信号数が予め定められた数XEに達するのに時間Tを要したとすると、粒子濃度Cは、式(11)により時間Tの関数として与えられる。
C=XE/(STuNA ) …(11)
なお、式(11)において、単位時間当たりの粒子の検出速度Vは、信号数が予め定められた数XEに達するのに要した時間Tと粒子検出数XEとに基づいて、式(12)により与えられる。
V=XE/T …(12)
よって粒子濃度Cは、式(13)で表される。
C=V/(SuNA ) …(13)
この式(13)においては、粒子濃度Cが、検出速度Vに一次に比例し、粒子濃度Cと検出速度Vとの対応関係がわかり易いので、実際の実験においては、粒子濃度Cは、検出速度Vを用いて決定されてもよい。
一定の信号数を検出する単一粒子検出処理は、例えば、図5のフローチャートに示した処理手順により実行されてよい。図5の例においては、端的に述べれば、光検出領域の位置の移動、光検出領域からの光の検出、単一粒子の信号の検出及び検出された粒子信号の計数の一連の処理が、解析時間間隔t(所定の時間間隔)毎に、検出された粒子数Xが終了粒子数XE(発光粒子数が到達すべき予め定められた数)に到達するまで反復して実行される。なお、以下に述べる一連の処理及び構成は、コンピュータ18の処理作動により実現されることは理解されるべきである。
図5を参照して、操作処理について、具体的に説明する。まず、マイクロプレート9のウェル10に試料溶液を注入して、顕微鏡のステージ上に載置する。その後、使用者がコンピュータ18に対して、光強度の測定と粒子の検出並びに計数の処理の開始の指示を入力すると、コンピュータ18は、初期設定として、終了粒子数XEの設定(ステップ10)及び解析時間間隔tの設定(ステップ20)を行う。終了粒子数XEと解析時間間隔tとは、使用者により任意に設定されてよい。終了粒子数XEは、粒子濃度の結果値に要求される精度を達成できるように粒子濃度が既知の溶液を用いた予備実験による結果を参考にして適宜決定可能である。解析時間間隔tとしては、処理の開始後から粒子数(X)が終了粒子数(XE)に到達するまでの時間よりも十分に短い任意の時間間隔が、装置1における処理速度等を考慮して適宜設定されてよい。また、終了粒子数XEと解析時間間隔tとは、それぞれ、粒子濃度が既知の溶液を用いた予備実験による結果を参考にして予め決定された値が、装置1において記憶され、かかる記憶された値が自動的に又は使用者の選択により使用されるようになっていてもよい。
上記の如く終了粒子数XEと解析時間間隔tの設定が為されると、以下の如く、解析時間間隔t毎に、解析時間間隔tに亘る走査分子計数法による光強度の測定処理及び測定された光強度データからの粒子信号の検出並びに粒子数xの検出(ステップS30)と、ステップS30にて検出された粒子数xを累積して粒子の総数X(tn)を算定する処理(ステップS40)とが粒子の総数X(tn)が終了粒子数XEに到達するまで(ステップS50)、反復して実行される。なお、ステップS30~S50の処理の反復実行に先だって、一連の処理の開始時間Tsが記憶されてよい(ステップS25)。
X(tn )=X(tn-1 )+x …(14)
なお、X(tn-1 )は、前回の解析時間間隔tまでに検出された粒子の検出総数であり、その初期値は0である。そして、ステップS30~S40は、発光粒子の検出総数X(tn)が終了粒子数XEに到達するまで、即ち、式(15)が成立するまで(ステップ50)、解析時間間隔t毎に繰り返される。
X(tn )≧XE …(15)
そして、ステップS30~S50を反復しているうちに、式(15)が成立すると、試料溶液の光強度の測定と粒子の検出・計数との処理が終了する。ステップS30~S50の反復処理が終了すると、終了時間TEが記憶されてよい(ステップS60)。
ところで、解析時間間隔t毎にステップS30~S50の反復実行期間において(式(15)が成立するまで)、コンピュータ18のモニター上などの表示器に、粒子の検出総数X(tn )及び/又は測定終了時間TE若しくは測定残り時間Trが表示されるようになっていてよい。かかる構成によれば、使用者は、それらの表示を見ることによって、実行中の測定がいつ頃終了するのかを予測することができる点で有利である。
v=X(tn )/(Tp-Ts) …(16)
ここで、Tpは、現在の時刻である。かくして、粒子の検出速度vを用いて、測定残り時間Tr(ステップS30~S50の処理終了までの時間)が、式(17)により推定される。
Tr=(XE-X(tn ))/v …(17)
また、測定終了時間TE(ステップS30~S50の処理が終了する時間)が、式(18)により推定される(ステップS56)。
TE=Tp+Tr …(18)
そして、推定された測定終了時間TE若しくは測定残り時間Trが表示器上に表示される(ステップS58)。なお、既にステップS30~S50の反復実行が為されている場合には、既に表示されている値が更新される。また、X(tn )=0のときは、式(17)又は(18)は、演算されずに、Tr及びTEは、不明であると表示されてよい。
かくして、粒子数が終了粒子数に到達すると、粒子数が終了粒子数に到達するまでの時間T(=TE-Ts)或いは検出された粒子の信号から得られるその他の情報を用いて、濃度算出等の分析が実行されてよい(ステップS70)。粒子濃度は、既に述べた如く、式(12)を用いて、終了粒子数に到達するまでの時間Tと終了粒子数XEとから、粒子の検出速度Vを算出し、粒子の検出速度Vから、式(13)の関係を用いて決定される。
S=N/(C・NA ・uo・τo) …(19)
また、対照溶液として、粒子の複数の異なる濃度の溶液が準備され、それぞれについて測定が実行されて、算出されたSの平均値が光検出領域の断面積Sとして採用されるようになっていてよい。
上記の試料溶液の光強度の測定と発光粒子の検出並びに計数の処理において、別の態様として、解析時間間隔tは、固定値ではなく、発光粒子の検出状況に応じて修正されるようになっていてもよい。図6Aは、解析時間間隔tを粒子の検出状況に応じて修正する処理(ステップS20’)を含むよう構成された試料溶液の光強度の測定と粒子の検出並びに計数の処理をフローチャートの形式で表したものである。図6Bは、ステップS20’における解析時間間隔tの演算処理をフローチャートの形式で表したものである。なお、図6Aにおいて、図5と同一の処理には、同一のステップ番号が付されている。
t=Tr/(N-k) …(20)
なお、算定される解析時間間隔tには、下限が設定されていてよく、解析時間間隔tが下限値tminを下回るときには、解析時間間隔tは、下限値tminに設定されてよい(ステップS250、S260)。上記の如く、解析時間間隔tが修正される態様によれば、測定残り時間Trには、観測対象となっている試料溶液中の粒子の検出状況が反映されているので、解析時間間隔tがかかる粒子の検出状況に応じて最適化されることとなる。
本実施形態の検出方法では、反転型走査分子計数法を利用して、試料溶液中にて分散しランダムに運動する発光しない粒子を検出する。前述のように、反転型走査分子計数法は、分子が離散的な状況において、pMオーダー以下の比較的低濃度の粒子に対しても測定が可能である。このため、本実施形態の検出方法により、試料溶液中の解析対象の標的粒子の濃度が非常に低い場合であっても、標識用粒子と結合した標的粒子を高感度に計数することができる。
(a)標的粒子と、外径が前記光学系の光検出領域の直径の15%未満である標識用粒子とを含む試料溶液を調製し、前記試料溶液中で、前記標的粒子1分子当たり、2分子以上の前記標識用粒子を結合させ、外径が前記光検出領域の直径の15%以上である発光しない複合体を形成する工程と、
(b)前記工程(a)において調製された試料溶液中の前記複合体の分子数を、
前記試料溶液内において前記光学系の光検出領域の位置を移動する工程と、
前記試料溶液内において前記光学系の光検出領域の位置を移動させながら、前記光検出領域から実質的に一定の背景光を含む光を検出して時系列の光強度データを生成する工程と、
前記時系列光強度データにおいて、前記複合体が前記光検出領域内へ進入した際に生ずる光強度の低下を前記複合体の各々の存在を表す信号として個別に検出する工程と、
前記個別に検出された複合体の存在を表す信号の数を計数して、前記光検出領域の位置の移動中に検出された前記複合体の数を計数する工程と、
により算出する工程である。
また、標的粒子がタンパク質である場合には、標識用粒子としては、標的粒子に対する抗原若しくは抗体、標的粒子に対するリガンド若しくはレセプターを用いることができる。
光検出領域の直径が約2.8μmの共焦点顕微鏡の光学系を用いて、直径の異なる発光しない粒子を、反転型走査分子計数法により計測した。
まず、平均粒子径(平均外径)が0.32μm、0.41μm、又は0.92μmであるポリスチレン粒子(Sphero Tech社製)を、20容量% PEG溶液を用いて、各20fMに調製し、ポリスチレン粒子溶液を調製した。これとは別に、蛍光物質ATTO(登録商標)488(ATTO社製)を、10mM トリスバッファー(pH8)を用いて6nMに調製し、蛍光物質溶液を調製した。その後、前記ポリスチレン粒子溶液と前記蛍光物質溶液を等量ずつ混合し、測定用の試料溶液を調製した。これらの試料溶液を、反転型走査分子計数法により測定した。
光検出領域の直径が約2.8μmの共焦点顕微鏡の光学系を用いて、1分子当たり多数のビオチン化部位を有するデキストラン(デキストランビオチン)を標的粒子とし、ストレプトアビジン粒子を標識用粒子として用い、試料溶液中の標的粒子を反転型走査分子計数法により検出した。
まず、粒子表面にストレプトアビジンがコートされたストレプトアビジン粒子(平均粒子径:0.32μm、Spherotech社製)を、20容量% PEG溶液を用いて、各4pMに調製した(ストレプトアビジン粒子溶液)。また、デキストランビオチン(Invitrogen社製)を、10mM トリスバッファー(pH8)を用いて、0pM、20pM、200pM、2nMに調製した(デキストランビオチン溶液)。さらにこれらとは別に、蛍光物質ATTO(登録商標)488(ATTO社製)を、10mM トリスバッファー(pH8)を用いて、6nMに調製した(蛍光物質溶液)。
ストレプトアビジン粒子溶液及びデキストランビオチン溶液を、等量で混合し、得られた混合液を30分間室温で静置した。その後、前記混合液に、等量の蛍光物質溶液を加え、測定用の試料溶液を調製した。
光検出領域の直径が約2.8μmの共焦点顕微鏡の光学系を用いて、1分子当たり0、1又は2箇所のビオチン化部位を有する核酸を標的粒子とし、ストレプトアビジン粒子を標識用粒子として用い、試料溶液中の標的粒子を反転型走査分子計数法により検出した。
まず、以下に示す核酸をそれぞれ含有する水溶液(核酸試料1~4)を調製した。なお、各塩基配列を表1に示す。
核酸試料1は、10ng/μLのHSRRB(ヒューマンサイエンス研究資源バンク)により提供されたゲノム試料:No.194(以下、「ゲノムNo.194」)である。
核酸試料2は、10ng/μLのゲノムNo.194と、一方の核酸鎖が配列番号1で表される塩基配列からなるPCR産物(以下、「PCR産物」)である。
核酸試料3は、10ng/μLのゲノムNo.194と、配列番号2で表される塩基配列からなり、5’末端がビオチンで標識された一本鎖核酸(以下、「ビオチン-ssDNA」)である。
核酸試料4:10ng/μLのゲノムNo.194と、配列番号3で表される塩基配列からなり、5’末端がビオチンで標識された一本鎖核酸及び配列番号4で表される塩基配列からなり、5’末端がビオチンで標識された一本鎖核酸が会合したニ本鎖核酸(以下、「ビオチン-dsDNA」)である。
2…光源
3…シングルモードオプティカルファイバー
4…コリメータレンズ
5…ダイクロイックミラー
6、7、11…反射ミラー
8…対物レンズ
9…マイクロプレート
10…ウェル(試料溶液容器)
12…コンデンサーレンズ
13…ピンホール
14…バリアフィルター
14a…ダイクロイックミラー又は偏光ビームスプリッタ
15…マルチモードオプティカルファイバー
16…光検出器
17…ミラー偏向器
17a…ステージ位置変更装置
18…コンピュータ
Claims (12)
- 共焦点顕微鏡又は多光子顕微鏡の光学系を用いて、試料溶液中にて分散しランダムに運動する発光しない粒子を検出する方法であって、
(a)標的粒子と、平均外径が前記光学系の光検出領域の直径の15%未満である標識用粒子とを含む試料溶液を調製し、前記試料溶液中で、前記標的粒子1分子当たり、2分子以上の前記標識用粒子を結合させ、外径が前記光検出領域の直径の15%以上である発光しない複合体を形成する工程と、
(b)前記工程(a)において調製された試料溶液中の前記複合体の分子数を、
前記試料溶液内において前記光学系の光検出領域の位置を移動する工程と、
前記試料溶液内において前記光学系の光検出領域の位置を移動させながら、前記光検出領域から実質的に一定の背景光を含む光を検出して時系列の光強度データを生成する工程と、
前記時系列光強度データにおいて、前記複合体が前記光検出領域内へ進入した際に生ずる光強度の低下を前記複合体の各々の存在を表す信号として個別に検出する工程と、
前記個別に検出された複合体の存在を表す信号の数を計数して、前記光検出領域の位置の移動中に検出された前記複合体の数を計数する工程と、
により算出する工程と、
を有する標的粒子の検出方法。 - 前記複合体の外径が、前記光検出領域の直径の35%以上である請求項1に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記標的粒子と前記標識用粒子が特異的に結合する請求項1又は2に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記標的粒子が核酸である請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記背景光が、前記試料溶液内に分散された物質による蛍光、りん光、化学発光、生物発光又は散乱光である請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記背景光が照明光である請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記光検出領域の位置を移動する工程において、前記光検出領域の位置が前記複合体の拡散移動速度よりも速い速度にて移動される請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記光検出領域の位置を移動する工程において、前記光学系の光路を変更することにより前記試料溶液内における前記光検出領域の位置を移動する請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記複合体の存在を表す信号を個別に検出する工程において、前記背景光の強度から計って所定の閾値より低い光強度を有する信号が検出されたときに1つの複合体が前記光検出領域に入ったと判定する請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記複合体の存在を表す信号を個別に検出する工程において、前記時系列光強度データが平滑化され、前記平滑化された時系列光強度データにおいて前記背景光の強度から計って所定閾値を下回る強度を有する下に凸の釣鐘型のパルス状信号を前記複合体の存在を表す信号として検出する請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- さらに、前記工程(b)において検出された計数された前記複合体の数に基づいて、前記試料溶液中の前記標的粒子の数密度又は濃度を決定する工程を有する請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記工程(b)において、前記複合体の存在を表す信号の数が予め定められた数に達するまで、前記光検出領域の位置の移動と、前記光検出領域からの光の検出と、前記複合体の存在を表す信号の検出とを繰り返し、
前記複合体の信号の存在を表す数が予め定められた数に達するのに要した時間に基づいて、前記試料溶液中の前記標的粒子の濃度を決定する請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
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