WO2013146605A1 - プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体及びその用途 - Google Patents
プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体及びその用途 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013146605A1 WO2013146605A1 PCT/JP2013/058348 JP2013058348W WO2013146605A1 WO 2013146605 A1 WO2013146605 A1 WO 2013146605A1 JP 2013058348 W JP2013058348 W JP 2013058348W WO 2013146605 A1 WO2013146605 A1 WO 2013146605A1
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- propylene
- olefin copolymer
- toner
- measured
- copolymer
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/09—Colouring agents for toner particles
- G03G9/0902—Inorganic compounds
- G03G9/0904—Carbon black
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F10/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
- C08F10/08—Butenes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F210/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
- C08F210/06—Propene
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08702—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- G03G9/08704—Polyalkenes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08784—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
- G03G9/08795—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775 characterised by their chemical properties, e.g. acidity, molecular weight, sensitivity to reactants
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08784—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
- G03G9/08797—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775 characterised by their physical properties, e.g. viscosity, solubility, melting temperature, softening temperature, glass transition temperature
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer excellent in offset resistance, long-term storage property, low-temperature fixability and the like and toner containing the copolymer when used in an electrophotographic toner.
- An electrophotographic toner a so-called electrostatic toner (hereinafter, sometimes simply referred to as “toner”) is used to develop a latent image formed by charging exposure and form a visible image in electrostatic electrophotography.
- the electrostatic toner is a charged fine powder obtained by dispersing a colorant such as carbon black or pigment in a resin.
- Electrostatic toners are dry two-component toners used with carriers such as iron powder and glass particles, wet toners dispersed using organic solvents such as isoparaffin, and dry one-component systems in which magnetic fine powder is dispersed. Broadly divided into toner.
- an image obtained by developing on a photoreceptor with electrostatic toner is transferred to paper, and an image directly developed on paper on which a photosensitive layer is formed is fixed as it is by heat or solvent vapor.
- fixing with a heating roller is a contact-type fixing method, so that it has high thermal efficiency, can be fixed with a relatively low-temperature heat source, and is suitable for high-speed copying. is doing.
- Patent Document 1 As a method for improving the offset resistance, for example, it has been proposed to use propylene / 1-butene random copolymer wax as a wax (Patent Document 1). According to this document, it is described that it is excellent in releasability, has a low heat fixing temperature, and does not easily cause an offset phenomenon even in high-speed copying.
- the developer can be fixed by a relatively low temperature heating body (low temperature fixability), and stickiness occurs when the toner is stored. It has been found that there is room for further improvement in the absence of toner (toner storage stability). With regard to the latter, it has been found that the wax itself may be blocked when heat-cured, and handling properties may be lowered, and when used as an additive such as a toner release agent, blocking may occur in the final product. It was.
- the present invention provides a propylene-based polymer that is excellent in offset resistance, can be fixed by a low-temperature heating body, and is useful for providing a toner with little stickiness even when the toner is stored for a long period of time. It is to be.
- the object is to provide a toner that has excellent offset resistance, can be fixed by a low-temperature heating body, and has less stickiness even when the toner is stored for a long period of time.
- the propylene-derived structural unit (a) is 60 to 90 mol%
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) measured by GPC is in the range of 3,000 to 40,000.
- the melting point (Tm) measured by DSC is in the range of 60 to 90 ° C.
- the half-value width of the melting point peak measured by DSC is in the range of 1 to 20 ° C.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention is excellent in offset resistance when used in toner, can be fixed by a low-temperature heating body, and the toner is stored for a long period of time. However, since a toner with less stickiness can be obtained, it is also useful as a toner additive and toner.
- Weight average molecular weight (Mw) measured by GPC is 3,000 to 40,000, preferably 5,000 to 35,000, more preferably 7,000 to 20,000, particularly preferably 8,000 to In the range of 16,000,
- the melting point (Tm) measured by DSC is in the range of 60 to 90 ° C, preferably 65 to 85 ° C, more preferably 70 to 80 ° C,
- a toner having excellent offset resistance and storage stability can be obtained. If the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is less than or equal to the above upper limit, it is considered that the toner is easily mixed with the binder resin for toner, and the toner composition is likely to be uniform, so that the above effects are likely to be exhibited. . For the same reason, the toner quality hardly varies.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is not less than the above lower limit, the stickiness of the toner and the detachment of the copolymer from the toner hardly occur, and the storage stability of the toner itself and the storage stability after printing are improved. It is considered sufficient.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) having a melting point (Tm) in the above range tends to be excellent in low-temperature fixability and storage stability. Further, the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) having a half-value width of the melting point peak in the above range tends to be excellent in storage stability.
- the half-value width of the melting point peak measured by DSC is in a narrow range of 1 to 20 ° C., indicating that the distribution of ⁇ -olefin in the copolymer Is also considered to be uniform.
- a copolymer having a large half-value width for example, higher than 20 ° C. has a portion where ⁇ -olefin is densely packed and a portion where sparsely filled ⁇ -olefin is present, so that ⁇ -olefin is particularly densely packed.
- the portion may cause stickiness, and may cause deterioration in storage stability of the toner.
- ⁇ -olefin having 4 or more carbon atoms constituting the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention include 1-butene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl / 1-pentene, 1 -Octene, 1-decene and the like can be exemplified, preferably an ⁇ -olefin having 4 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably an ⁇ -olefin having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, particularly preferably 1-butene. .
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention contains a small amount of structural units derived from ethylene or the like as an olefin other than propylene and an ⁇ -olefin having 4 or more carbon atoms, for example, an amount of 10 mol% or less. May be included.
- a structural unit derived from ethylene is not included is also one of preferred embodiments from the viewpoint of storage stability of the toner when blended with the toner.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention includes olefin polymerizable monomers other than ⁇ -olefins such as vinyl acetate; unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid; methyl acrylate and acrylic acid.
- Unsaturated carboxylic acid esters such as ethyl, isobutyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, dimethyl maleate; structural units derived from olefin polymerizable monomers such as styrene (although it may be contained in an amount of 10 mol% or less per 100 mol% in total of a) + (b), it is preferably not included from the viewpoint of the hardness of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention preferably has (iv) a melting peak ⁇ H measured by DSC of 40 to 100 J / g, more preferably 45 to 80 J / g, still more preferably 45 to It is in the range of 70 J / g, most preferably 45-60 J / g.
- a propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer having ⁇ H in the above range is excellent in the balance between low-temperature fixability and storage stability of the toner.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention has a high hardness and excellent balance despite a relatively low melting point (Tm) measured by DSC. It is particularly excellent in terms of the balance between low-temperature fixability and storage stability. The reason for this is not clear, but the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) has an unexpectedly large melting peak ⁇ H despite its relatively low melting point (Tm) measured by DSC. It is estimated that it is for the purpose of showing.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention preferably has (v) a penetration of 10 dmm or less, particularly satisfying 3 dmm or less from the viewpoint of storage stability of the obtained toner. preferable.
- the amount of vinylidene which is an unsaturated terminal of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention is not particularly limited, but for example, the number of terminal vinylidene groups per 1000 carbon atoms measured by 1 H-NMR. However, it is preferably 0.5 to 5/1000 carbon, more preferably 1 to 4/1000 carbon, and particularly preferably 2 to 3.5 / 1000 carbon.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) has undergone a thermal decomposition step as described later, it tends to satisfy the above range.
- the number of the vinylidene groups is increased by increasing the degree of pyrolysis, that is, by increasing the pyrolysis ratio (Mw before pyrolysis / Mw after pyrolysis). be able to.
- the number of the vinylidene groups is in the above range because, for example, the affinity with fillers and additives tends to be more excellent.
- the ratio of the quarter value width to the 3/4 value width of the crystal melting point peak measured by DSC is preferably 2 to 5.5. More preferably, it is more preferably 3.2 to 4.0.
- the ratio of the quarter-value width and the quarter-value width of the crystalline melting point peak measured by DSC of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer is in the above range, the toner has excellent balance between storage stability and low-temperature fixability.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) has an appropriate composition distribution. It is considered that the compatibility with the toner is improved and the low-temperature fixability of the toner is improved. In addition, when it is smaller than the above upper limit, the component causing the blocking is reduced, so that it is considered that when added to the toner, good storage stability is exhibited.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention preferably has a crystallinity measured by X-ray diffraction of 40 to 70%, more preferably 45 to 65%, more preferably 50 to A range of 58% is particularly preferred.
- the crystallinity of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer measured by X-ray diffraction is in the above range, the storage stability of the toner and the color development of the toner are excellent.
- the degree of crystallinity of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) is higher than the above lower limit, the number of components that cause blocking is reduced, so that the storage stability of the toner is improved. Since the white turbidity due to the crystals derived from the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A), which is thought to inhibit color development, is suppressed, it is considered that the color developability of the toner is improved.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention preferably has a peak specific intensity of small-angle X-ray diffraction of 0.5 to 10, more preferably 1 to 5, and preferably 1.3. It is particularly preferred that the number is.
- the peak specific intensity of small-angle X-ray diffraction of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer is in the above range, the toner is excellent in low-temperature fixability, storage stability, and toner color development.
- the peak specific intensity of small angle X-ray diffraction of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer is considered to represent the domain size depending on the copolymer component ( ⁇ -olefin) other than the propylene skeleton. If the small-angle X-ray diffraction peak specific intensity of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer is larger than the lower limit, it is considered that the effect of ⁇ -olefin copolymer is exhibited and excellent low-temperature fixability of the toner can be obtained. .
- the small-angle X-ray diffraction peak specific intensity of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer is smaller than the above upper limit, excessive excess derived from a copolymer component ( ⁇ -olefin) other than the propylene skeleton may cause blocking or cloudiness. Therefore, it is considered that the storage stability of the toner improves the color development.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention preferably has a peak specific intensity of wide-angle X-ray diffraction of 1.5 to 4, more preferably 2 to 3.1. 3 to 3 is particularly preferable.
- the peak specific intensity of wide angle X-ray diffraction of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer is in the above range, the storage stability of the toner and the color development of the toner are excellent. The reason is not clear, but the peak specific intensity of the wide-angle X-ray diffraction of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer is considered to indicate the homogeneity of the crystal component.
- the storage stability of the toner is improved because the non-uniformity of the crystal component that causes blocking is reduced.
- the peak specific intensity of the wide-angle X-ray diffraction of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer is lower than the above upper limit, the homogeneity of the crystal becomes appropriate, so that white turbidity caused by the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer may occur. It is considered that the color developability of the toner is improved because of being suppressed.
- Mw / Mn measured by GPC of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention is not particularly limited, and for example, about 1 to 5, preferably about 2 to 4 can be used. .
- Mw / Mn is in the above range, when used for toner, the balance of low-temperature fixability, storage stability, and offset resistance is excellent.
- Mw / Mn is 1.1 to 3.0, preferably 2.0 to 3.0, when used for toner, there is a tendency to be excellent in low-temperature fixability and storage stability.
- it exceeds 3.0 it is preferably about 3.1 to 5.0, more preferably about 3.1 to 4.0, and the offset resistance tends to be particularly excellent.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention can be produced by a metallocene catalyst, and can also be produced by pyrolyzing a propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer having a relatively high molecular weight.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) may be purified by a method such as solvent fractionation in which fractionation is performed based on a difference in solubility in a solvent.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention is directly produced by a polymerization reaction, for example, the amount of ⁇ -olefin charged, the type of polymerization catalyst, the polymerization temperature, the amount of hydrogenation during polymerization are adjusted. By doing so, the melting point, molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity [ ⁇ ] and the like can be controlled.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention is preferably a copolymer obtained by thermally decomposing a propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) having 4 or more carbon atoms. .
- the copolymer obtained by thermally decomposing the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) according to the present invention is more excellent in offset resistance when used in toner, and has low temperature fixability and stickiness resistance.
- the toner has an excellent balance.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) is an extruder under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen. And propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) is supplied to the extruder, and a tubular reactor is connected to the subsequent stage, and the tubular reactor is heated. And a method in which the pyrolysis is continuously carried out, or a method in which the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) is charged into a thermal decomposition reactor and thermally decomposed while stirring in a batch system.
- the temperature at which the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) is thermally decomposed is preferably 300 to 450 ° C., more preferably 350 to 430 ° C., and particularly preferably 370 to 410 ° C. Increasing the pyrolysis time and / or increasing the temperature can lower the molecular weight and increase the amount of vinylidene groups.
- the structural unit (a ′) derived from propylene is 60 to 90 mol%, preferably 65 to 88 mol%, more preferably 70 to 85 mol%.
- ⁇ -olefin having 4 or more carbon atoms constituting the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) according to the present invention include 1-butene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl / 1- Pentene, 1-octene, 1-decene and the like can be exemplified, but ⁇ -olefins having 4 to 10 carbon atoms are preferable, ⁇ -olefins having 4 to 8 carbon atoms are more preferable, and 1-octene is particularly preferable. Butene.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) of the present invention has a small amount of structural units derived from ethylene or the like as an olefin other than propylene and an ⁇ -olefin having 4 or more carbon atoms, for example, 10 mol% or less. May be included. On the other hand, it is also a preferred embodiment that a structural unit derived from ethylene is not included.
- the melting point Tm measured by DSC of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) according to the present invention is usually 60 to 120 ° C., preferably 65 to 100 ° C., more preferably 70 to 90 ° C.
- the half-value width of the melting point peak measured by DSC of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) according to the present invention is usually 1 to 20 ° C., preferably 2 to 18 ° C., more preferably 3 to 15 ° C. Preferably, it is in the range of 4 to 12 ° C.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) according to the present invention has a melting peak ⁇ H measured by DSC of preferably 30 to 100 J / g, more preferably 35 to 75 J / g, still more preferably 35. It is in the range of -65 J / g, particularly preferably in the range of 40-55 J / g.
- the density of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) according to the present invention measured in accordance with the density gradient tube method of JIS K 7112 is in the range of 850 to 910 (kg / m 3 ).
- the molecular weight Mw determined by GPC of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) according to the present invention is 50,000 to 1,000,000, preferably 70,000 to 800,000, more preferably. 100,000 to 600,000.
- the molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn) determined by gel permeation chromatography GPC of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) according to the present invention is usually 3 or less, preferably 1.8-3. More preferably, it is 1.9 to 2.5.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer obtained by pyrolyzing the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer that does not satisfy the requirements of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) according to the present invention is measured by DSC.
- the full width at half maximum of the melting point peak tends to widen and may exceed 20 ° C.
- ⁇ H of the melting peak measured by DSC may be small, for example, less than 40 J / g.
- the copolymer obtained by pyrolyzing the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) according to the present invention does not have a large half-value width measured by DSC, for example, in the range of 1 to 20 ° C. It is in. Further, the ⁇ H of the melting peak measured by DSC increases and tends to be in the range of 40 to 100 J / g, for example.
- a copolymer having a small width at half maximum has a small difference in the amount of ⁇ -olefin between molecules, for example. Therefore, a polymer obtained by thermally decomposing the copolymer is ⁇ -olefin. It is thought that the amount of olefin is small between each molecule. For this reason, it is thought that the copolymer obtained by thermally decomposing the copolymer does not deteriorate in crystallinity. Rather, crystallinity may increase due to thermal decomposition. This can be seen from the increase in ⁇ H. Such a low melting point and higher crystalline copolymer is considered to be an unexpected result.
- a copolymer having a large half-value width, for example, exceeding 20 ° C. has a large difference in the amount of ⁇ -olefin between molecules, for example.
- the copolymer obtained by thermally decomposing the copolymer is considered to partially produce a component having an extremely low molecular weight and a relatively large amount of ⁇ -olefin. And it is estimated that such a component may have a function of reducing the crystallinity of the produced polymer.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) according to the present invention can be obtained by using various known production methods such as a high pressure method, a Ziegler catalyst or a metallocene catalyst, and among them, a metallocene catalyst is preferred.
- a metallocene catalyst is preferred.
- conventionally known catalysts such as JP-A-57-63310, JP-A-58-83006, JP-A-3-706, JP-A-3476793, JP-A-4-218508, Magnesium-supported titanium catalysts described in JP-A No.
- JP-A No. 3-19396 WO 01/53369 pamphlet, WO 01/27124 pamphlet, WO 2004/087775 pamphlet, JP-A No. 3-19396.
- the metallocene catalyst described in JP-A No. 02-41303 can be suitably used.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention or the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A-1) of the present invention is not limited to other thermoplastic resins as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired.
- Additives such as inhibitors and copper damage inhibitors may be blended as necessary.
- the toner of the present invention comprises the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A).
- the toner of the present invention contains a binder resin for toner and a known colorant in addition to the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A), and further includes a charge control agent, a release agent, and a pigment as necessary. And dispersants.
- binder resin for toner various known binder resins can be used. Specifically, for example, styrene polymer, ketone resin, maleic resin, aliphatic polyester resin, aromatic polyester resin, polyester resin such as aliphatic / aromatic polyester resin, coumarone resin, phenol resin, epoxy resin, Examples thereof include amorphous resins such as terpene resin, polyvinyl butyral, polybutyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, and ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer.
- binder resins for toner can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a polyester resin or a styrene polymer is preferable, and a styrene polymer is particularly preferable in that it has an appropriate softening point around 100 ° C. and exhibits good fixability.
- styrenic polymer examples include a homopolymer or a copolymer composed of only a styrenic monomer, or a copolymer of a styrenic monomer and another vinyl monomer.
- styrene monomer examples include styrene, p-chlorostyrene, vinyl naphthalene and the like.
- Examples of the other vinyl monomers include ethylenically unsaturated monoolefins such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene and isobutene; vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide and vinyl fluoride; acetic acid Vinyl esters such as vinyl, vinyl propionate, vinyl benzoate and vinyl butyrate; ⁇ -methylene aliphatic monocarboxylic acids such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid; methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, acrylic acid ⁇ -methylene aliphatic monocarboxylic acids such as isobutyl, n-octyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, 2-chloroethyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, methyl ⁇ -chloroacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate Esters of acrylonitrile, methacryl
- esters of ⁇ -methylene aliphatic monocarboxylic acid are preferred.
- a method for synthesizing a styrene polymer it can be produced by a known polymerization method such as a bulk polymerization method, a solution polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method and an emulsion polymerization method.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) is contained, for example, in the range of 0.1 to 40 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin for toner.
- the lower limit of the preferred propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) is 0.5 parts by mass, more preferably 1.0 part by mass, still more preferably 1.5 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 2.0 parts by mass.
- a preferable upper limit is 35 parts by mass, more preferably 20 parts by mass, still more preferably 10 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 6 parts by mass.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) is not less than the above lower limit value because the offset resistance and storage stability of the toner are sufficient. On the other hand, if it is less than the upper limit, it is preferable in that the fixing property and particularly the fixing stability with time after printing are sufficient.
- the colorant examples include black pigments such as carbon black, acetylene black, lamp black, magnetite, yellow lead, yellow iron oxide, Hansa Yellow G, quinoline yellow lake, permanent yellow NCG, molybdenum orange, Vulcan orange, indanthrene, Known as Brilliant Orange GK, Bengala, Brilliant Carmine 6B, Fritherin Lake, Methyl Violet Lake, Fast Violet B, Cobalt Blue, Alkaline Blue Lake, Phthalocyanine Blue, First Sky Blue, Pigment Green B, Malachite Green Lake, Titanium Oxide, Zinc Hana, etc. And organic pigments.
- the content of the colorant is usually 5 to 250 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin for toner.
- polyvinyl chloride polyvinyl acetate, polyolefin, polyester, polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, polyamide, rosin, modified rosin, terpene resin, phenol resin, Aliphatic hydrocarbon resin, aromatic petroleum resin, paraffin wax, polyolefin wax (excluding the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention), ceramic wax, rice wax, sugar wax, urushi wax, bean paste, carnauba
- release agents such as natural waxes such as wax, candelilla wax and montan wax, fatty acid amide wax, vinyl chloride resin, styrene-butadiene resin, chroman-indene resin and melamine resin may be used. .
- charge control agent known charge control agents such as nigrosine, quaternary ammonium salts and metal-containing azo dyes can be appropriately selected and used.
- the amount used is usually based on 100 parts by mass of the binder resin for toner.
- the amount used is 0.1 to 10 parts by mass.
- the toner of the present invention can be produced by employing any conventionally known method such as contact dispersion, melt dispersion, solution dispersion, etc.
- a binder resin for toner, a propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A), a colorant, a charge control agent, a release agent and the like are premixed in advance, and then kneaded in a heated and melted state using a biaxial kneader. After cooling, the mixture is finely pulverized using a fine pulverizer, and further classified by an air classifier. Usually, particles in the range of 8 to 20 ⁇ m are collected to obtain a toner.
- Resin particle dispersion in which resin particles are dispersed in a dispersant in which resin particles are dispersed in a dispersant, colorant dispersion in which colorant particles are dispersed in a dispersant, and propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) particles in the dispersant
- a method for producing toner using the suspension polymerization method described in JP-A-62-273276 and JP-A-5-27476, and JP-A-6-250439 are described.
- There are a method for producing a toner using an emulsion polymerization method a method for producing a toner using a coagulation method in which primary polar polymer particles are prepared in advance and then polar particles having opposite charges are added and associated.
- the heating and melting conditions in the above biaxial kneader differ depending on the physical properties such as the melting point of the binder resin for toner.
- the resin temperature of the biaxial kneader discharge part is preferably less than 190 ° C. and the residence time is less than 180 seconds.
- the cooling method is preferably a rapid cooling using a steel belt cooler or the like.
- the above is prepared and further kneaded with other components such as a binder resin for toner and a colorant. This method is effective when the binder resin for toner and both components of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) are relatively difficult to mix.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) is 5 to 900 parts by weight, preferably 5 to 300 parts by weight, more preferably 100 parts by weight of the toner binder resin. 5 to 100 parts by mass, particularly preferably 5 to 50 parts by mass is contained.
- the use of the toner of the present invention is not particularly limited, but a two-component developer composed of a mixture of a non-magnetic toner and a magnetic carrier, a one-component developer composed of a magnetic toner, or 1.5 mixed with a magnetic carrier and a magnetic toner. It can be used as a component developer. That is, it can be used as a two-component or 1.5-component developer by mixing with a carrier, or a magnetic one-component developer containing no magnetic carrier in the toner, or a carrier or magnetic powder. It can also be used as a one-component developer that is not used or a microtoning developer.
- any conventionally known carrier can be used as the carrier.
- the carrier that can be used include magnetic powder such as iron powder, ferrite powder, and nickel powder, glass beads, and the like, or those whose surfaces are treated with a resin or the like.
- the resin for coating the carrier surface include styrene-acrylic acid ester copolymer, styrene-methacrylic acid ester copolymer, acrylic acid ester copolymer, methacrylic acid ester copolymer, fluorine-containing resin, silicon-containing resin, and polyamide. Examples thereof include a resin, an ionomer resin, a polyphenylene sulfide resin, and a mixture thereof.
- the toner of the present invention contains the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A), it has excellent offset resistance and excellent balance between toner fixing property and toner storage stability. Further, even when a part is thermally decomposed when stored and used at a high temperature, there is little possibility that the stickiness is lowered.
- the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer (A) of the present invention can be used as a coating additive, a primer modifier, a packaging material surface coating agent, a nonwoven fabric modifier, Lubricants for sintered materials, mold release agents for artificial leather, polish agents, various thermoplastic resins such as polyolefins and engineering plastics, fluidity improvers for thermosetting resins, resin surface property improvers, resin strength Improving agent, resin compatibilizer, resin lubricant, resin hardness / melting point modifier, mold release agent for resin molding, processing aid for rubber, antioxidant for rubber, paper quality improver, abrasion resistance for printing ink
- additives typified by additives and leveling agents, additives for thermal transfer inks, fiber processing aids, additives for hot melt adhesives, electrical insulation agents, natural wax compounding agents, polyolefin film antifogging agents, pigment dispersion Agent Dispersing agent for pigment masterbatch), molding processing aid, paper coating
- composition of propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer The structural unit derived from propylene of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer and the structural unit derived from ⁇ -olefin having 4 or more carbon atoms were determined by analysis of 13 C-NMR spectrum.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer was determined from GPC measurement. GPC measurement was performed under the following conditions. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) and the number average molecular weight (Mn) were determined based on the following conversion method by creating a calibration curve using commercially available monodisperse standard polystyrene.
- Apparatus Gel permeation chromatograph Alliance GPC2000 (manufactured by Waters) Solvent: o-dichlorobenzene column: TSKgel column (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) x 4 Flow rate: 1.0 ml / min Sample: 0.15 mg / mL o-dichlorobenzene solution temperature: 140 ° C.
- Molecular weight conversion PP conversion / general-purpose calibration method The coefficient of the Mark-Houwink viscosity equation was used for calculation of general-purpose calibration. The values described in the literature (J. Polym. Sci., Part A-2, 8, 1803 (1970), Makromol. Chem., 177, 213 (1976)) are used for the Mark-Houwink coefficients of PS and PP, respectively. It was.
- Tm melting point
- DSC-20 manufactured by Seiko Denshi Kogyo
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- About 10 mg of the sample was heated from ⁇ 20 ° C. to 200 ° C. at 10 ° C./min, and the endothermic peak of the obtained curve was obtained as the melting point.
- the sample (copolymer) was once heated to about 200 ° C., held for 5 minutes, and then cooled to room temperature ( ⁇ 20 ° C.) at 10 ° C./min. Unified the thermal history of (copolymer).
- DSC shape The ratio of the 1/4 value width and 3/4 value width of the crystal melting point peak measured by DSC was defined as DSC shape.
- the DSC shape is 3/4 from the baseline with respect to the peak width A (° C.) at a position 1 ⁇ 4 from the baseline with respect to the height from the baseline to the endothermic peak top of the entire endothermic peak obtained by the DSC.
- the ratio (A / B) of the peak width B (° C.) at the position was taken as the DSC shape.
- Heat of fusion ( ⁇ H) J / g was calculated from the area delimited by the endothermic peak obtained by DSC and the baseline of the entire endothermic peak.
- the amount of terminal vinylidene contained in the propylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer is measured by 1 H-NMR.
- 1 H-NMR a 20 nm sample was completely dissolved in about 0.5 ml of deuterated o-dichlorobenzene in an NMR sample tube (5 mm ⁇ ) using a JNM-ECX400P nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus manufactured by JEOL. , Measured at 120 ° C.
- the crystal-derived portion and the non-crystal-derived portion were separated, and the crystallinity was determined from each diffraction intensity ratio.
- the peak intensity ratio of small angle X-ray scattering was determined as follows. Based on the baseline of the entire scattering profile, the ratio of each scattering intensity at a position where 2 ⁇ is 0.25 ° and 0.75 ° was used.
- the peak intensity ratio of wide angle X-ray diffraction was determined as follows. Based on the baseline of the entire diffraction profile, the peak intensity derived from polypropylene (110 plane) and the ratio of each diffraction intensity at the lowest valley position between the polypropylene (110) plane and the polypropylene (040) plane peak. .
- the peak of the polypropylene (110) plane is usually a clear peak with 2 ⁇ of 11 to 15 ° and the first observed from the measurement low angle side.
- the peak of the polypropylene (040) plane is usually a clear peak observed at the beginning of the 2nd when 2 ⁇ is 15 to 18 ° and counted from the measurement low angle side.
- the toner evaluation method performed in the present invention is shown below.
- the average value of the rate of change at 130 ° C. was calculated as the fixing rate and judged according to the following evaluation criteria.
- the hot roller fixing device used here did not have a silicone oil supply mechanism.
- the environmental conditions were normal temperature and normal pressure (temperature 22 ° C., relative humidity 55%).
- (Evaluation criteria) ⁇ ; 42% ⁇ fixing rate ⁇ ; 39% ⁇ fixing rate ⁇ 42% ⁇ ; 35% ⁇ Fixing rate ⁇ 39% ⁇ : Fixing rate ⁇ 35% 2.
- Offset resistance It was performed in accordance with the measurement of the minimum fixing temperature. That is, after an unfixed image was created by the copying machine, the toner image was transferred and the fixing process was performed by the heat roller fixing device described above.
- the set temperature of the heat roller of the heat roller fixing device was repeatedly increased from 190 ° C., and the lowest set temperature at which contamination with toner occurred was defined as the offset generation temperature.
- the atmosphere of the copying machine was a temperature of 22 ° C. and a relative humidity of 55%. (Evaluation criteria) ⁇ ; 220 ° C ⁇ Offset generation temperature ⁇ ; 210 ° C ⁇ Offset generation temperature ⁇ 220 ° C ⁇ ; 200 ° C ⁇ Offset generation temperature ⁇ 210 ° C ⁇ : Offset generation temperature ⁇ 200 ° C 3.
- Storability 5g of toner left for 24 hours under environmental conditions of temperature 50 ° C and relative humidity 60% is placed on a 150 mesh sieve, and the scale of the resistance tester of the powder tester (Hosokawa Powder Engineering Laboratory) is set to 3. Vibration was applied for 1 minute. The mass remaining on the 150-mesh sieve after vibration was measured to determine the residual mass ratio.
- Acid value (mgKOH / g) (N / 10 KOH titration (ml) ⁇ F ⁇ 5.61) / (sample (g) ⁇ 0.01) ⁇ Peak molecular weight>
- the peak molecular weight in this example is determined by GPC measurement, and is a converted molecular weight obtained by creating a calibration curve with monodisperse standard polystyrene. Moreover, the peak in a present Example includes a shoulder peak.
- the measurement conditions are as follows. In the sample solution, components insoluble in THF were removed by a filter immediately before measurement.
- Example 2 The propylene / 1-butene was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the heating time for thermal decomposition of the metallocene propylene / 1-butene copolymer obtained in Production Example 1 was 4.5 hours. A copolymer was obtained. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the resulting propylene / 1-butene copolymer.
- Example 3 The propylene / 1-butene copolymer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the heating time for the thermal decomposition of the metallocene propylene / 1-butene copolymer obtained in Production Example 1 was 6 hours. Coalescence was obtained. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the resulting propylene / 1-butene copolymer.
- Comparative Example 3 In Comparative Example 2, the propylene / 1-butene copolymer was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, except that the heating time for thermal decomposition of the Ziegler-based propylene / 1-butene copolymer obtained in Production Example 2 was 6 hours. Coalescence was obtained. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the resulting propylene / 1-butene copolymer.
- Example 4 For 100 parts by weight of binder resin C-1, 6 parts by weight of carbon black (MA100; manufactured by Mitsubishi Kasei), 2.5 parts by weight of the propylene / 1-butene copolymer obtained in Example 1, a charge control agent (T -77; manufactured by Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd.) 0.5 parts by mass, mixed with a Henschel mixer, and then mixed with a biaxial kneader (PCM-30 type, manufactured by Ikegai Machinery). The mixture was kneaded at a temperature of 30 ° C. for 30 seconds. Subsequently, the toner T-1 was obtained by cooling, pulverizing and classifying. The obtained toner T-1 was used to evaluate low-temperature fixability, offset resistance, and storage stability. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 5 Toner T-2 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the propylene / 1-butene copolymer obtained in Example 2 was used instead of the propylene / 1-butene copolymer used in Example 4. Obtained.
- the obtained toner T-2 was used to evaluate low-temperature fixability, offset resistance, and storage stability. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Toner T-3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the propylene / 1-butene copolymer obtained in Example 3 was used instead of the propylene / 1-butene copolymer used in Example 4. Obtained.
- the obtained toner T-3 was used to evaluate low-temperature fixability, offset resistance, and storage stability. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Toner T-4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4, except that the propylene / 1-butene copolymer used in Example 4 was used and the propylene / ethylene copolymer obtained in Comparative Example 1 was used. .
- the obtained toner T-4 was used to evaluate low-temperature fixability, offset resistance, and storage stability. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Toner T-5 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the propylene / 1-butene copolymer obtained in Comparative Example 2 was used instead of the propylene / 1-butene copolymer used in Example 4. Obtained.
- the obtained toner T-5 was used to evaluate low-temperature fixability, offset resistance, and storage stability. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Toner T-6 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the propylene / 1-butene copolymer obtained in Comparative Example 3 was used instead of the propylene / 1-butene copolymer used in Example 4. Obtained.
- the obtained toner T-6 was used to evaluate low-temperature fixability, offset resistance, and storage stability. The results are shown in Table 3.
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Abstract
Description
(i)GPCで測定した重量平均分子量(Mw)が3,000~40,000の範囲にある。
(ii)DSCで測定した融点(Tm)が60~90℃の範囲にある。
(iii)DSCで測定した融点ピークの半値幅が1~20℃の範囲にある。
本発明のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)は、プロピレン由来の構成単位(a)を60~90モル%、好ましくは65~88モル%、更に好ましくは70~85モル%、より好ましくは75~82モル%、炭素数4以上のα-オレフィン由来の構成単位(b)を10~40モル%、好ましくは12~35モル%、更に好ましくは15~30モル%、より好ましくは18~25モル%〔(a)+(b)=100モル%とする。〕含み、
(i)GPCで測定した重量平均分子量(Mw)が3,000~40,000、好ましくは5,000~35,000、更に好ましくは7,000~20,000、特に好ましくは8,000~16,000の範囲にあり、
(ii)DSCで測定した融点(Tm)が60~90℃の範囲、好ましくは65~85℃、更に好ましくは70~80℃の範囲にあり、
(iii)DSCで測定した融点ピークの半値幅が1~20℃、好ましくは5~20℃、より好ましくは7~20℃、更に好ましくは10~15℃の範囲にあるプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)である。
本発明のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)は、メタロセン触媒により製造することも可能であり、分子量が比較的高いプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体を熱分解することにより製造することも可能であり、特に制限はない。またプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)は、溶媒に対する溶解度の差で分別する溶媒分別、などの方法で精製されていてもよい。
本発明に係るプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A-1)は、プロピレン由来の構成単位(a′)を60~90モル%、好ましくは65~88モル%、より好ましくは70~85モル%、更に好ましくは75~82モル%の量で、炭素数4以上のα-オレフィン由来の構成単位(b′)を10~40モル%、好ましくは12~35モル%、より好ましくは15~30モル%、更に好ましくは18~25モル%の量〔(a′)+(b′)=100モル%とする。〕を含有している。
本発明に係るプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A-1)は種々公知の製造方法、例えば、高圧法、チーグラー触媒あるいはメタロセン触媒を用いて得られるが、中でも、メタロセン系触媒が好ましい。具体的には、従来公知の触媒、例えば特開昭57-63310号公報、特開昭58-83006号公報、特開平3-706号公報、特許3476793号公報、特開平4-218508号公報、特開2003-105022号公報等に記載されているマグネシウム担持型チタン触媒、国際公開第01/53369号パンフレット、国際公開第01/27124号パンフレット、WO2004/087775号パンフレット、特開平3-193796号公報あるいは特開平02-41303号公報中に記載のメタロセン触媒などを好適に用い得る。
本発明のトナーは、上記プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)を含んでなる。
プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体のプロピレン由来の構成単位、及び炭素数4以上のα-オレフィン由来の構成単位は、13C-NMRスペクトルの解析により求めた。
プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体の重量平均分子量(Mw)は、GPC測定から求めた。GPC測定は以下の条件で行った。また、重量平均分子量(Mw)と数平均分子量(Mn)は、市販の単分散標準ポリスチレンを用いて検量線を作成し、下記の換算法に基づいて求めた。
装置:ゲル浸透クロマトグラフAlliance GPC2000型(Waters社製)
溶剤:o-ジクロロベンゼン
カラム:TSKgelカラム(東ソー社製)×4
流速:1.0 ml/分
試料:0.15mg/mL o-ジクロロベンゼン溶液
温度:140℃
分子量換算 :PP換算/汎用較正法
なお、汎用較正の計算には、Mark-Houwink粘度式の係数を用いた。PS、PPのMark-Houwink係数はそれぞれ、文献(J.Polym.Sci.,Part A-2,8,1803(1970)、Makromol.Chem.,177,213(1976))に記載の値を用いた。
プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体の融点(Tm)は、DSC(示差走査型熱量測定法)に従い、DSC-20(セイコー電子工業社製)によって測定した。試料約10mgを-20℃から200℃まで10℃/分で昇温し、得られたカーブの吸熱ピークを融点として求めた。この昇温測定の前に、一旦、試料(共重合体)を200℃程度まで昇温し、5分間保持した後、10℃/分で常温(-20℃)まで降温する操作を行い、試料(共重合体)の熱履歴を統一した。
上記DSCにより得られた吸熱ピーク全体のベースラインから吸熱ピークトップまでの高さの半量の位置におけるピーク幅(℃)を半値幅とした。
DSCで測定した結晶融点ピークの1/4値幅と3/4値幅の比をDSC形状とした。DSC形状は、上記DSCにより得られた吸熱ピーク全体のベースラインから吸熱ピークトップまでの高さに対し、ベースラインから1/4の位置におけるピーク幅A(℃)に対する、ベースラインから3/4の位置におけるピーク幅B(℃)の比(A/B)をとり、DSC形状とした。
上記DSCにより得られた吸熱ピークと吸熱ピーク全体のベースラインとで区切られた面積より、融解熱量(ΔH)(J/g)を算出した。
プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体が有する末端ビニリデン量は1H-NMRにより測定される。1H-NMRについては、日本電子製JNM-ECX400P型核磁気共鳴装置を用い、試料20mgをNMRサンプル管(5mmφ)中で重水素化o-ジクロロベンゼン約0.5mlに完全に溶解させた後、120℃にて測定した。プロピレン系重合体由来シグナルの全積分強度を2000に規格化した場合における、4.7ppm付近に観測されるビニリデン基に由来する2プロトン分のピーク積分強度(C)を用い、下式により、末端ビニリデン量を定量した。
末端ビニリデン量L(個/1000炭素)=C/2
〔結晶化度〕
測定サンプルをホットプレスで180℃×5分加熱後、コールドプレスで水冷×5分冷却することにより、1mm厚のプレスシートを作製した。得られたプレスシートについて、回転試料台を有するX線回折装置(リガク製RINT2500)を用い、CuKα線、50kV-300mAの条件で、透過法にて、2θが5℃~35°の範囲で、広角X線回折プロファイルを測定した。
上記結晶化度評価用に作製したプレスシートを、X線回折装置(リガク製RINT2500)を用い、CuKα線、50kV-300mAの条件で、透過法にて、2θが-2~+2°の範囲で小角X線散乱プロファイルを測定した。
上記結晶化度評価用に作製したプレスシートを、回転試料台を有する広角X線回折装置(リガク製RINT2500)を用い、40kV-370mAの条件で、2θが5~35°の範囲で、反射法にて広角X線回折プロファイルを測定した。
JIS K 2207に従って、部分的な過熱を避け、泡が入らないように溶融させたプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体の試料を、15~30℃の室温に1~1.5時間放置し固化させた後、恒温槽で25℃に保ち、温度が安定した後に試料表面に規定の針が5秒間で進入する長さを針入度(dmm)とした。
市販の電子写真複写機を改造した複写機にて未定着画像を作成した。その後、この未定着画像を市販の複写機の定着部を改造した熱ローラー定着装置を用いて、熱ローラーの定着速度を190mm/秒とし、130℃の温度で定着させた。得られた定着画像を砂消しゴム(株式会社トンボ鉛筆製)により、1.0kgfの荷重をかけ、6回摩擦させ、この摩擦試験前後の画像濃度をマクベス式反射濃度計により測定した。摩擦後の画像濃度÷摩擦前の画像濃度×100をその温度での変化率とした。130℃での変化率の平均値を定着率として算出し、下記評価基準で判定した。なお、ここに用いた熱ローラー定着装置はシリコーンオイル供給機構を有しないものであった。また、環境条件は、常温常圧(温度22℃、相対湿度55%)とした。
(評価基準)
◎ ; 42% ≦ 定着率
○ ; 39% ≦ 定着率 < 42%
△ ; 35% ≦ 定着率 < 39%
× ; 定着率 < 35%
2.耐オフセット性
上記最低定着温度の測定に準じて行った。すなわち、上記複写機にて未定着画像を作成した後、トナー像を転写して上述の熱ローラー定着装置により定着処理を行った。その後、非画像部分にトナー汚れが生ずるか否かを観察した。前記熱ローラー定着装置の熱ローラーの設定温度を190℃より順次上昇させた状態で繰り返し、トナーによる汚れの生じた最低の設定温度をもってオフセット発生温度とした。また、上記複写機の雰囲気は、温度22℃、相対湿度55%とした。
(評価基準)
◎ ; 220℃ ≦ オフセット発生温度
○ ; 210℃ ≦ オフセット発生温度 < 220℃
△ ; 200℃ ≦ オフセット発生温度 < 210℃
× ; オフセット発生温度 < 200℃
3.保存性
温度50℃、相対湿度60%の環境条件下に24時間放置したトナー5gを150メッシュのふるいにのせ、パウダーテスター(細川粉体工学研究所)の加減抵抗機の目盛りを3にして、1分間振動を加えた。振動後の150メッシュのふるいの上に残った質量を測定し、残存質量比を求めた。
(評価基準)
◎ ; 残存質量比 < 45%
○ ; 45% ≦ 残存質量比 < 60%
△ ; 60% ≦ 残存質量比 < 75%
× ; 75% ≦ 残存質量比
[低分子量ビニル樹脂(L-1)の製造例]
製造例L-1
混合キシレン100質量部を窒素置換したフラスコに仕込み昇温し、混合キシレン還流下において、スチレン93質量部、アクリル酸n-ブチル6質量部、メタクリル酸1質量部にt-ブチルパーオキシ-2-エチルヘキサノエート10質量部を混合溶解しておいた混合液を5時間かけて連続添加し、さらに1時間還流を継続する。その後内温 98℃に保ち、更にt-ブチルパーオキシ-2-エチルヘキサノエート0.5質量部を加えて1時間反応を継続し、更にt- ブチルパーオキシ-2-エチルヘキサノエート0.5質量部を加えて2時間反応を継続し、ピーク分子量4600、酸価6.5mgKOH/gを有する低分子量ビニル樹脂L-1の重合液を得た。
本実施例における酸価は、以下の通り算出した。混合キシレン:n―ブタノール=1:1質量比の混合溶媒に精秤した試料を溶解した。予め標定されたN/10水酸化カリウムのアルコール(特級水酸化カリウム7gにイオン交換水5gを添加し、1級エチルアルコールで1L(リットル)とし、N/10塩酸と1%フェノールフタレイン溶液にて力価=Fを標定したもので滴定し、その中和量から次式に従って算出した。
酸価(mgKOH/g)=(N/10 KOH滴定量(ml)×F×5.61)/(試料(g)×0.01)
<ピーク分子量>
本実施例におけるピーク分子量は、GPC測定により求めたもので、単分散標準ポリスチレンで検量線を作成した換算分子量である。また、本実施例におけるピークとは、ショルダーピークも含む。測定条件は下記の通りである。サンプル溶液は、測定直前にフィルターによってTHFに不溶な成分を除去した。
GPC装置; SHODEX GPC SYSTEM-21 (Showa Denko K.K.)
DETECTOR; SHODEX RI SE-31 (Showa Denko K.K.)
COLUMN; SHODEX GPC KF-807Lを3本とGPC KF-800Dを1本(Showa Denko K.K.)
溶 媒; THF
流 速; 1.2ml/min.
サンプル濃度;0.002g-resin/ml-THF
注入量;100μL
トナーの分子量を測定する際には、トナー10質量%をTHF90質量%に十分溶解させた後、シムゴンタルク50質量部、チタン(CR-95)50質量部を添加し、遠心分離を行い、得られた上澄み液を所定の濃度に調整し測定した。
[製造例H-1]
スチレン74質量部、アクリル酸n-ブチル23.5質量部、メタクリル酸2.5質量部を窒素置換したフラスコに仕込み、内温120℃に昇温後同温度に保ち、バルク重合を8時間行った。ついで、混合キシレン50質量部を加え、テトラエチレングリコールジアクリレート0.2質量部を加えた後、110℃に昇温した。予め混合溶解しておいた1、1-ビス(t-ブチルパーオキシ)シクロヘキサンの0.35質量部、混合キシレン60質量部を110℃に保ちながら9時間かけて連続添加した後、1時間反応を継続し、1、1-ビス(t-ブチルパーオキシ)シクロヘキサン0.21質量部を加え2時間反応を継続し、更に1、1-ビス(t-ブチルパーオキシ)シクロヘキサンを0.52質量部を加え2時間反応を継続して重合を完結し、ピーク分子量300000、酸価16.3mgKOH/gを有する高分子量ビニル樹脂H-1の重合液を得た。
[製造例C-1]
高分子量ビニル樹脂(H-1)50質量部と低分子量ビニル樹脂(L-1)50質量部となるように各重合液を混合した後、これを190℃、1.33kPaのベッセル(容器)中にフラッシュして溶剤等を留去して、第一ピークの分子量4600、第二ピークの分子量300000、酸価11.4mgKOH/gを有するバインダー樹脂C-1を得た。
[製造例1(メタロセン系プロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体の重合)]
充分に窒素置換した2000mlの重合装置に、900mlの乾燥ヘキサン、1-ブテン65gとトリイソブチルアルミニウム(1.0mmol)を常温で仕込んだ後、重合装置内温を70℃に昇温し、プロピレンで0.7MPaに加圧した。次いで、ジメチルメチレン(3-tert-ブチル-5-メチルシクロペンタジエニル)フルオレニルジルコニウムジクロリド0.002mmolとアルミニウム換算で0.6mmolのメチルアルミノキサン(東ソー・ファインケム社製)を接触させたトルエン溶液を重合器内に添加し、内温62℃、プロピレン圧0.7MPaを保ちながら30分間重合し、20mlのメタノールを添加し重合を停止した。脱圧後、2Lのメタノール中で重合溶液から重合体を析出し、真空下130℃、12時間乾燥し、プロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を得た。得られたプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体の物性を表1に示す。
充分に窒素置換した2リットルのオートクレーブに、ヘキサンを830ml、1-ブテンを100g仕込み、トリイソブチルアルミニウムを1mmol加え、70℃に昇温した後、プロピレンを供給して全圧0.7MPaにし、トリエチルアルミニウム1mmol、及び塩化マグネシウムに担持されたチタン触媒をTi原子に換算して0.005mmol加え、プロピレンを連続的に供給して全圧を0.7MPaに保ちながら30分間重合を行った以外は実施例1と同様の重合後処理を行い、チーグラー系プロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を得た。得られたプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体の物性を表1に示す。
[実施例1]
攪拌装置、窒素導入管、コンデンサーを備えた1.5Lステンレス製熱分解装置に製造例1で得たメタロセン系プロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を200g入れ、系内を充分に窒素置換した。次に、窒素を流入したまま熱分解装置を380℃まで昇温し樹脂を溶融した後、攪拌を開始した。系内の樹脂温度が所定温度に達してから2.5時間加熱し熱分解を実施した。その後、熱分解装置をその後、常温まで冷却することにより、表2に示すプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を得た。
実施例1で、製造例1で得たメタロセン系プロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体の熱分解の加熱時間を4.5時間とする以外は、実施例1と同様の方法でプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を得た。得られたプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体の物性を表2に示す。
実施例1で、製造例1で得たメタロセン系プロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体の熱分解の加熱時間を6時間とする以外は、実施例1と同様の方法でプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を得た。得られたプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体の物性を表2に示す。
特開平3-197516に記載の実施例11の製造方法に従い、表2に示すプロピレン・エチレン共重合体を得た。
攪拌装置、窒素導入管、コンデンサーを備えた1.5Lステンレス製熱分解装置に製造例2で得たチーグラー系プロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を200g入れ、系内を充分に窒素置換した。次に、窒素を流入したまま熱分解装置を380℃まで昇温し樹脂を溶融した後、攪拌を開始した。系内の樹脂温度が所定温度に達してから4.5時間加熱し熱分解を実施した。その後、熱分解装置をその後、常温まで冷却することにより、表2に示すプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を得た。
比較例2で、製造例2で得たチーグラー系プロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体の熱分解の加熱時間を6時間とする以外は、比較例2と同様の方法でプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を得た。得られたプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体の物性を表2に示す。
100質量部のバインダー樹脂C-1に対し、カーボンブラック(MA100;三菱化成製)6質量部、実施例1で得たプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体2.5質量部、荷電調整剤(T-77;保土ヶ谷化学工業社製)0.5質量部添加し、ヘンシェルミキサーにて混合後、2軸混練機(PCM-30型、池貝機械製)にて 2軸混錬機吐出部樹脂温度120℃、滞留時間30秒で混練させた。ついで冷却・粉砕・分級し、トナーT-1を得た。得られたトナーT-1を用い、低温定着性、耐オフセット性、保存性を評価した。結果を表3に示す。
実施例4で用いたプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体に替えて、実施例2で得たプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を用いる以外は、実施例4と同様の方法でトナーT-2を得た。
実施例4で用いたプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体に替えて、実施例3で得たプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を用いる以外は、実施例4と同様の方法でトナーT-3を得た。
実施例4で用いたプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体に替えて、比較例1で得たプロピレン・エチレン共重合体を用いる以外は、実施例4と同様の方法でトナーT-4を得た。
実施例4で用いたプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体に替えて、比較例2で得たプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を用いる以外は、実施例4と同様の方法でトナーT-5を得た。
実施例4で用いたプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体に替えて、比較例3で得たプロピレン・1-ブテン共重合体を用いる以外は、実施例4と同様の方法でトナーT-6を得た。
Claims (11)
- プロピレン由来の構成単位(a)を60~90モル%、炭素数4以上のα-オレフィン由来の構成単位(b)を10~40モル%〔(a)+(b)=100モル%とする。〕含み、下記(i)~(iii)を満たすことを特徴とするプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)。
(i)GPCで測定した重量平均分子量(Mw)が3,000~40,000の範囲にある。
(ii)DSCで測定した融点(Tm)が60~90℃の範囲にある。
(iii)DSCで測定した結晶融点ピークの半値幅が1~20℃の範囲にある。 - さらに、(iv)DSCで測定した融解ピークのΔHが40~100J/gの範囲にある請求項1記載のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)。
- 1HNMRにより測定した、1000個の炭素原子あたりのビニリデン基の個数が、0.5~5個である、請求項1または2に記載のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体。
- DSCで測定した結晶融点ピークの1/4値幅と3/4値幅の比が2~5.5の範囲にある請求項1~3の何れかに記載のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体。
- X線回折により測定した結晶化度が、40~70%の範囲にある請求項1~3の何れかに記載のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体。
- 小角X線回折のピーク比強度が、0・5~10の範囲にある請求項1~3の何れかに記載のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体。
- 広角X線回折のピーク比強度が、1.5~4の範囲にある請求項1~3の何れかに記載のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体。
- プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)が、プロピレン・炭素数4以上のα-オレフィン共重合体(A-1)を熱分解することにより得られた共重合体である請求項1~7のいずれかに記載のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)。
- プロピレン・炭素数4以上のα-オレフィン共重合体(A-1)が、プロピレン由来の構成単位(a′)を60~90モル%、炭素数4以上のα-オレフィン由来の構成単位(b′)を10~40モル%〔(a′)+(b′)=100モル%とする。〕含んでなり、
下記(i′)~(iii′)を満たす共重合体である請求項3記載のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)。
(i′)GPCで測定した重量平均分子量(Mw)が50,000~1,000,000の範囲である。
(ii′)DSCで測定した融点(Tm)が60~120℃度の範囲にある。
(iii′)DSCで測定した融点ピークの半値幅が1~20℃の範囲にある。 - 請求項1~9のいずれかに記載のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)からなるトナー用添加剤。
- 請求項1~9のいずれかに記載のプロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体(A)を含むトナー。
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JPWO2015068385A1 (ja) * | 2013-11-05 | 2017-03-09 | 三井化学株式会社 | 変性プロピレン・α−オレフィン共重合体とその製造方法、それを含むコーティング材、成形用樹脂組成物およびホットメルト組成物 |
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US10072116B2 (en) | 2013-11-05 | 2018-09-11 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Modified propylene-(α-olefin) copolymer, method for producing same, coating material comprising same, resin composition for molding use, and hot-melt composition |
TWI635100B (zh) * | 2013-11-05 | 2018-09-11 | 三井化學股份有限公司 | 改質丙烯.α-烯烴共聚合體與其製造方法、含有其之塗佈材、成形用樹脂組成物及熱熔性組成物 |
JP2017039892A (ja) * | 2015-08-21 | 2017-02-23 | 三井化学株式会社 | コーティング材および物品 |
CN113226210A (zh) * | 2018-12-28 | 2021-08-06 | 安德拉生命科学公司 | 射频施加器和采用射频施加器的热声成像系统 |
CN113226210B (zh) * | 2018-12-28 | 2022-03-04 | 安德拉生命科学公司 | 射频施加器和采用射频施加器的热声成像系统 |
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US20150056548A1 (en) | 2015-02-26 |
US9606465B2 (en) | 2017-03-28 |
CN104204002B (zh) | 2016-08-17 |
JP5826378B2 (ja) | 2015-12-02 |
TWI558729B (zh) | 2016-11-21 |
EP2832755B1 (en) | 2017-10-11 |
EP2832755A1 (en) | 2015-02-04 |
KR101609503B1 (ko) | 2016-04-05 |
TW201345932A (zh) | 2013-11-16 |
KR20140138948A (ko) | 2014-12-04 |
JPWO2013146605A1 (ja) | 2015-12-14 |
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EP2832755A4 (en) | 2015-11-18 |
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