WO2013051165A1 - X線検出器用増感紙、x線検出器、およびx線検査装置 - Google Patents
X線検出器用増感紙、x線検出器、およびx線検査装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013051165A1 WO2013051165A1 PCT/JP2012/000307 JP2012000307W WO2013051165A1 WO 2013051165 A1 WO2013051165 A1 WO 2013051165A1 JP 2012000307 W JP2012000307 W JP 2012000307W WO 2013051165 A1 WO2013051165 A1 WO 2013051165A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/77—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
- C09K11/7728—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals containing europium
- C09K11/7732—Halogenides
- C09K11/7733—Halogenides with alkali or alkaline earth metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/77—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
- C09K11/7701—Chalogenides
- C09K11/7703—Chalogenides with alkaline earth metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/77—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
- C09K11/7766—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals containing two or more rare earth metals
- C09K11/7767—Chalcogenides
- C09K11/7769—Oxides
- C09K11/7771—Oxysulfides
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K4/00—Conversion screens for the conversion of the spatial distribution of X-rays or particle radiation into visible images, e.g. fluoroscopic screens
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K4/00—Conversion screens for the conversion of the spatial distribution of X-rays or particle radiation into visible images, e.g. fluoroscopic screens
- G21K2004/06—Conversion screens for the conversion of the spatial distribution of X-rays or particle radiation into visible images, e.g. fluoroscopic screens with a phosphor layer
Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to an intensifying screen for an X-ray detector, an X-ray detector, and an X-ray inspection apparatus.
- a transmission X-ray inspection apparatus using X-ray transmission and a Compton scattering X-ray inspection apparatus using X-ray Compton scattering are generally used.
- transmitted X-rays or Compton scattered X-rays are guided to an X-ray detector. These detected X-rays are converted into visible light by a phosphor. The intensity of visible light is detected by a photomultiplier tube (photomultiplier). By inspecting the interior of the luggage according to the intensity of visible light, the luggage is inspected.
- a 2 O 2 S: D (A is at least one element selected from Gd, La and Y, D is at least one element selected from Tb and Pr) Or a rare earth oxysulfide phosphor having a composition represented by this element and a mixture of at least one element selected from Ce and Yb) and BaFX: E (where X is at least one selected from Cl and Br).
- a barium halide phosphor having a composition represented by the following formula: E is Eu or a mixture of Eu and at least one element selected from Ce and Yb. Since these phosphors are excellent in the efficiency of converting transmitted X-rays and Compton scattered X-rays into visible light, they are effective as phosphors for X-ray inspection apparatuses.
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an intensifying screen for X-ray detectors and an X-ray detector using the intensifying screen which can obtain sufficient detection sensitivity with relatively low intensity X-rays. Furthermore, another object of the present invention is to provide an X-ray inspection apparatus which can obtain a clear inspection image with a small size and less danger by using such an X-ray detector.
- the intensifying screen for an X-ray detector includes a support, and a phosphor layer that is formed on the support and includes phosphor particles made of praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor and a binder.
- the phosphor particles have a particle size distribution in which the ratio of particles having a particle diameter falling within the range of [D1 ⁇ 0.3D1] with respect to the central particle diameter D1 is 45% by volume or more.
- the filling rate of the phosphor particles in the phosphor layer is set to 60% by volume or more.
- An intensifying screen for an X-ray detector comprises a support, and a phosphor layer formed on the support and containing phosphor particles made of europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor and a binder. It has.
- the phosphor particles have a particle size distribution in which the ratio of particles having a particle diameter falling within the range of [D2 ⁇ 0.3D2] with respect to the central particle diameter D2 is 45% by volume or more. Furthermore, the filling rate of the phosphor particles in the phosphor layer is 45% by volume or more.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of an X-ray inspection apparatus according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a configuration of an X-ray detector used in the X-ray inspection apparatus shown in FIG. 3 to 5 are diagrams showing examples of the configuration of the intensifying screen used in the X-ray detector shown in FIG.
- the X-ray inspection apparatus shown in FIG. 1 is applied to, for example, an airport luggage inspection apparatus.
- the X-ray inspection apparatus shown in FIG. 1 includes an X-ray tube 1 as an X-ray irradiation unit.
- the X-ray A emitted from the X-ray tube 1 is collimated by a linear collimator 2 into a slit shape having a predetermined width.
- the collimated X-ray B is shaped into a pencil beam by repeating linear motion by a rotating collimator 3 provided with a plurality of slits in the radial direction.
- the pencil beam-shaped X-ray C is scanned and applied to an object to be inspected, for example, a load 5 moving on the conveyor 4, for example.
- the load 5 as the inspection object moves at a speed corresponding to the detection sensitivity of the X-rays.
- X-rays reflected by the load 5, that is, Compton scattered X-rays D are detected by the scattered X-ray detector 6.
- the transmitted X-ray E transmitted through the load 5 is detected by the transmitted X-ray detector 7.
- the Compton scattered X-ray D detected by the scattered X-ray detector 6 and the transmitted X-ray E detected by the transmitted X-ray detector 7 are measured as continuous intensity values.
- the state inside the luggage 5 is imaged and displayed on the display unit 8 such as a liquid crystal display.
- the inside of the luggage 5 is inspected by the image displayed on the display unit 8.
- the scattered X-ray detector 6 and the transmitted X-ray detector 7 have the following configurations.
- the scattered X-ray detector 6 will be described as an example.
- the basic structure of the transmission X-ray detector 7 is the same as that of the scattered X-ray detector 6.
- two scattered X-ray detectors 6 are arranged so that a pencil beam-shaped X-ray C passing gap is formed.
- the arrangement shape and the number of arrangements of the scattered X-ray detector 6 are not limited to this, and any configuration that allows the X-ray C to pass therethrough and allows the scattered X-ray from the luggage 5 to be incident thereon. That's fine.
- the scattered X-ray detector 6 has a housing-like detector body 9 with one side surface inclined.
- a surface of the detector main body 9 facing the luggage 5 is an X-ray incident portion 9a.
- the X-ray incident part 9a is made of a material that transmits X-rays, for example, a resin.
- the other part 9b of the detector body 9 excluding the X-ray incident part 9a is made of, for example, aluminum.
- the outer surface of the portion 9b excluding the X-ray incident portion 9a of the detector body 9 is covered with an X-ray shielding member 10 such as lead. This is to eliminate the influence of external X-rays.
- a transmission type fluorescence generation section 11 is provided inside the X-ray incidence section 9a of the detector body 9.
- the transmission-type fluorescence generation unit 11 has a transmission-type intensifying screen 12 whose light emission direction is directed to the inside of the detector body 9.
- a reflective fluorescence generator 13 is provided inside a portion 9b of the detector body 9 excluding the X-ray incident portion 9a.
- the reflection type fluorescence generator 13 is provided along the inner wall surface of the portion 9b of the detector body 9 excluding the X-ray incident portion 9a.
- the reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13 includes a reflection type or transmission type intensifying screen 14.
- the reflective intensifying screen 14 is arranged so that the light emission direction by reflection faces the inside of the detector main body 9. When the transmission type intensifying screen 14 is used, the light emitted from the intensifying screen 14 is reflected by the detector main body 9 or the like, thereby guiding the light emission to the inside of the detector main body 9.
- a photomultiplier 15 is provided as a photoelectric conversion unit on the side surface S of the detector main body 9 which is perpendicular to the X-ray incident surface 9a.
- the photomultiplier 15 is installed so as to receive visible light emitted from the transmission type fluorescence generation unit 11 and the reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13.
- the photomultiplier 15 preferably has a peak of light receiving sensitivity in the vicinity of 400 nm.
- a specific example of such a photomultiplier 15 is R-1307 (trade name) manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics. However, the present invention is not limited to this.
- Compton scattered X-rays D1 incident on the X-ray incident part 9a of the X-ray detector 6 are applied to the intensifying screen 12 of the transmission type fluorescence generating part 11. Based on the irradiation with Compton scattered X-ray D1, the intensifying screen 12 emits visible light a corresponding to the selected phosphor. Visible light a is emitted toward the inside of the detector body 9.
- Compton scattered X-rays D2 transmitted through the X-ray incident part 9a are applied to the intensifying screen 14 of the reflection type fluorescence generating part 13. Based on the irradiation of Compton scattered X-rays D2, the intensifying screen 14 emits visible light b corresponding to the selected phosphor.
- Visible light b is emitted toward the inside of the detector body 9.
- the visible lights a and b are detected by the photomultiplier 15 and the total intensity of the visible lights a and b is measured. In this way, the intensity of Compton scattered X-rays incident on the X-ray detector 6, that is, the intensity of Compton scattered X-rays D from the load 5 is obtained.
- the inspection principle using Compton scattered X-rays is as follows.
- the intensity I after the X-ray having the energy E 0 and the intensity I 0 has passed through the absorber having the thickness t is obtained by the following formula (1).
- I I 0 e ⁇ t
- ⁇ is a coefficient (unit: cm ⁇ 1 ) inherent to a substance, which is called a linear attenuation coefficient, and indicates a ratio of attenuation while the X-ray of energy E 0 travels 1 cm.
- ⁇ has a property that a substance having a larger atomic number has a larger property, and can be decomposed as shown in Expression (2).
- Equation (2) ⁇ + ⁇ T + ⁇ C + ⁇ (2)
- ⁇ is an absorption coefficient due to photoelectric effect
- ⁇ T is a scattering coefficient due to Thomson scattering
- ⁇ C is a scattering coefficient due to Compton scattering
- ⁇ is an absorption coefficient due to electron pair creation.
- I 3 I 2 e ⁇ ′bx (5)
- ⁇ ′ is a linear attenuation coefficient of scattered X-rays. Therefore, the intensity I 3 of Compton scattered X-rays is obtained by the following equation (6) based on the equations (3), (4), and (5).
- I 3 a ⁇ C I 0 e ⁇ ( ⁇ + b ⁇ ′) x (6) Therefore, the total amount of Compton scattered X-rays when passing through the absorber having the thickness t can be obtained from the following equation (7).
- aI 0 is a constant value that does not depend on the atomic number
- the intensity of the Compton scattered X-ray changes depending on the value of ⁇ C / ( ⁇ + b ⁇ ′) that varies depending on the substance.
- the value of ⁇ C / ( ⁇ + b ⁇ ′) increases as the substance has a smaller atomic number. Therefore, by detecting Compton scattered X-rays, a substance mainly composed of an element having a small atomic number such as a plastic product can be distinguished. That is, it is possible to inspect plastic products and the like.
- the intensifying screens 12 and 14 used in the transmission type fluorescence generation unit 11 and the reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13 include a support 16 made of a plastic film or a nonwoven fabric, and a phosphor layer 17 formed on the support 16.
- the phosphor layer 17 is formed, for example, by applying a slurry-like mixture of phosphor particles and a binder on the support 16.
- the binder constituting the phosphor layer 17 is generally a resin binder, and various organic resins are used.
- the slurry-like mixture (coating layer) applied on the support 16 is preferably passed through a press together with the support 16.
- the phosphor layer 17 contains phosphor particles and a binder (for example, a resin binder).
- the phosphor particles constituting the phosphor layer 17 are composed of praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor or europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor.
- a is an activation amount of praseodymium (Pr) with respect to 1 mol of gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd 2 O 2 S), and a range of 0.0001 to 0.005 mol is preferable.
- Pr When the activation amount of Pr is less than 0.0001 mol, there is little existence as a light emission center, and it tends to be in a state where light emission does not occur efficiently. If the Pr activation amount exceeds 0.005 mol, the luminous efficiency tends to decrease due to a phenomenon called concentration quenching.
- a part of Pr may be substituted with Tb, Yb, Ce or the like.
- a part of Gd may be substituted with La, Y or the like.
- Europium activated barium fluorochloride phosphor BaFCl Eu b (9) It is preferable to have the composition represented by these.
- b is an activation amount of europium (Eu) per 1 mol of barium fluoride chloride (BaFCl), and is preferably in the range of 0.003 to 0.015 mol.
- Eu europium
- BaFCl barium fluoride chloride
- concentration quenching A part of Eu may be substituted with Ce, Yb or the like.
- a part of F and Cl may be substituted with Br, I or the like.
- the praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor and the europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor are both excellent in the efficiency of converting transmitted X-rays and Compton scattered X-rays into visible light. Therefore, the transmission type of the X-ray detector 6 is used. It is effective as a phosphor used in the fluorescence generation unit 11 and the reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13. However, due to diversification of inspection packages, X-ray inspection apparatuses are required to more accurately discriminate complicated shapes.
- the praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor is within the range of [D1 ⁇ 0.3D1] (the range of ⁇ 30% of the center particle diameter D1) with respect to the center particle diameter D1 ( ⁇ m) of the phosphor particles.
- Phosphor particles having a particle size distribution in which the ratio of particles having a particle diameter to enter is 45% by volume or more are used.
- the filling rate of the praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor particles in the phosphor layer 17 is set to 60% by volume or more.
- the ratio of particles having a particle diameter falling within the range of [D1 ⁇ 0.3D1] (range of ⁇ 30% of the central particle diameter D1) with respect to the central particle diameter D1 of the praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor particles is 50 More preferably, it is at least volume%.
- the center particle diameter D1 of the phosphor particles is preferably in the range of 1 to 20 ⁇ m. If the center particle diameter D1 of the phosphor particles is less than 1 ⁇ m, the light transmittance of the phosphor layer 17 is lowered, and the light output may be reduced. On the other hand, when the center particle diameter D1 exceeds 20 ⁇ m, the yield at the time of manufacturing the phosphor is lowered, and the manufacturing cost may be increased.
- the center particle diameter D1 is more preferably in the range of 2 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the particle size is such that the ratio of particles having a particle size falling within the range of [D2 ⁇ 0.3D2] to the center particle size D2 of the phosphor particles is 45% by volume or more. Phosphor particles having a distribution are used. Further, the filling rate of the europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor particles in the phosphor layer 17 is set to 45% by volume or more.
- the ratio of particles having a particle diameter falling within the range of [D2 ⁇ 0.3D2] (the range of ⁇ 30% of the central particle diameter D2) with respect to the central particle diameter D2 of the europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor particles is More preferably, it is 50 volume% or more.
- the center particle diameter D2 of the phosphor particles is preferably in the range of 1 to 20 ⁇ m. If the center particle diameter D2 of the phosphor particles is less than 1 ⁇ m, the light transmittance of the phosphor layer 17 is lowered, and the light output may be lowered. On the other hand, when the center particle diameter D2 exceeds 20 ⁇ m, the yield at the time of manufacturing the phosphor is lowered, and the manufacturing cost may be increased.
- the center particle diameter D2 is more preferably in the range of 2 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the above-mentioned particle size distribution of the phosphor particles controls the growth of the phosphor particles when, for example, small particles or large particles of the phosphor having an arbitrary particle size distribution are removed by sieving or the phosphor is synthesized (fired). This can be realized by selecting the amount and type of flux to be synthesized, or by synthesizing a phosphor using a phosphor material having a sharp particle size distribution.
- the particle size distribution of the phosphor particles can be measured by an electrical resistance method.
- the center particle diameter of the phosphor particles is the particle diameter at a point where the horizontal axis of 50% intersects the cumulative particle size distribution (percentage) measured by the electric resistance method.
- the particle size distribution of the phosphor particles in the phosphor layer can be measured after firing the intensifying screen to obtain only the phosphor particles. Specifically, the phosphor plate is chopped into small pieces and then fired at about 400 to 600 ° C. to remove the binder, support, protective film, and the like, which are organic compounds, thereby obtaining only phosphor particles. Alternatively, the phosphor layer is scraped off from the phosphor plate and then fired under the above conditions to obtain phosphor particles. In some cases, ultrasonic vibration is used to improve the dispersibility of the phosphor particles. Thereafter, the particle size distribution of the obtained phosphor particles is measured.
- the particle size distribution of the phosphor particles can also be measured by SEM observation of the cross section of the phosphor layer. Specifically, when a praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor is used, an SEM photograph of 400 to 1000 times the cross section of the phosphor layer is taken, and about 200 or more phosphor particles from an area of about 18000 ⁇ m 2. And the particle size distribution is evaluated based on the measurement result. When using europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor, take a SEM photograph 600 to 1500 times the cross section of the phosphor layer, measure about 200 or more phosphor particles from an area of about 2800 ⁇ m 2 , The particle size distribution is evaluated based on the measurement result.
- the filling rate P of the phosphor particles in the phosphor layer 17 is a value obtained by the equation (10).
- V P is the volume of the phosphor
- V is the volume of the phosphor layer
- W is the mass of the phosphor
- ⁇ P is the density of the phosphor.
- the volume V of the phosphor layer is obtained from the size (dimension) of the phosphor layer and the thickness of the phosphor layer, and the thickness of the phosphor layer is measured from an SEM photograph or the like.
- the mass W of the phosphor is measured by applying only the above-described intensifying screen firing method to obtain only phosphor particles.
- FIG. 6 shows an example (Example) of a particle size distribution of praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor particles in comparison with a conventional particle size distribution (Comparative Example).
- the praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor particles of the example have a center particle diameter D1 of 11.9 ⁇ m, and the ratio of particles having a particle diameter falling within the range of [D1 ⁇ 0.3D1] is 62. % By volume.
- the praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor particles of the comparative example have a center particle diameter D1 of 11.9 ⁇ m, the ratio of particles having a particle diameter falling within the range of [D1 ⁇ 0.3D1] is 42% by volume. is there.
- FIG. 7 shows an example (Example) of the particle size distribution of the europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor particles in comparison with the conventional particle size distribution (Comparative Example).
- the europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor particles of the example have a center particle diameter D2 of 6.4 ⁇ m, and the ratio of particles having a particle diameter falling within the range of [D2 ⁇ 0.3D2] is 52% by volume.
- the europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor particle of the comparative example has a center particle diameter D2 of 6.4 ⁇ m, but the ratio of particles having a particle diameter falling within the range of [D2 ⁇ 0.3D2] is 43% by volume. It is.
- the characteristics of the praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor particles and the europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor particles used in this embodiment are characterized in that many particles are in the vicinity of the center particle size. It exists in a particle size range.
- the filling rate of the phosphor particles in the phosphor layer 17 can be increased.
- the filling rate of the phosphor particles can be 60% by volume or more.
- the filling rate of the phosphor particles can be 45% by volume or more.
- FIG. 8 shows the particle size distribution of phosphor particles (ratio of particles having a particle diameter falling within the range of [D1 ⁇ 0.3D1) and the filling rate in an intensifying screen using praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor. The light-emitting output of the intensifying screen when changing is shown.
- FIG. 9 shows the particle size distribution of phosphor particles (ratio of particles having a particle diameter falling within the range of [D2 ⁇ 0.3D2) and packing ratio in an intensifying screen using europium activated barium fluorochloride phosphor.
- the light emission output of the intensifying screen when and are changed is shown.
- the light emission output is a relative value of luminance when the intensifying screen is irradiated with X-rays having an X-ray tube voltage of 120 kVp.
- the particle size distribution of the phosphor particles is 45% or more and the filling rate of the phosphor particles is 60% by volume or more. In some cases, a high light output is obtained.
- the particle size distribution of the phosphor particles is 45% or more and the filling rate of the phosphor particles is 45% by volume or more. In this case, a high light emission output can be obtained.
- the brightness of visible light input to the photomultiplier 15 can be increased. That is, the light output of the transmission type fluorescence generation unit 11 and the reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13 can be improved. Therefore, the detection sensitivity of Compton scattered X-rays and transmitted X-rays by the X-ray detectors 6 and 7 is improved, and thereby the inside of the package 5 as the inspection object can be imaged more clearly.
- the filling rate of the phosphor particles in the phosphor layer 17 is preferably in the range of 60 to 75% by volume. If the filling rate of the phosphor particles is less than 60% by volume, the light emission output of the intensifying screens 12 and 14 cannot be sufficiently increased. On the other hand, if the filling rate of the phosphor particles exceeds 75% by volume, the phosphor particles may be destroyed and the light output may be reduced.
- the volume ratio (filling rate) of the phosphor particles in the phosphor layer 17 is in the range of 60 to 75%
- the volume ratio of the binder is in the range of 5 to 15%
- the volume ratio of the voids is in the range of 10 to 35%. It is preferable to do.
- the volume ratio of the binder in order to increase the volume ratio (filling ratio) of the phosphor particles, it is preferable that the volume ratio of the binder is small, specifically 15% or less. However, if the volume ratio of the binder is too small, the strength of the phosphor layer 17 may be lost. For this reason, it is preferable that the volume ratio of a binder shall be 5% or more. In order to increase the contact between the phosphor particles and the binder and maintain the strength of the phosphor layer 17, it is preferable that the volume ratio of the voids is small, specifically 35% or less. However, setting the void volume ratio to zero increases the manufacturing process load more than necessary, which may increase the manufacturing cost. When the phosphor particles described above are used, stable characteristics can be obtained if the volume ratio of the voids is in the range of 10 to 35%.
- the filling rate of the phosphor particles in the phosphor layer 17 is preferably in the range of 45 to 60% by volume.
- the filling rate of the phosphor particles is less than 45% by volume, the light emission output of the intensifying screens 12 and 14 cannot be sufficiently increased.
- the filling rate of the phosphor particles exceeds 60% by volume, the phosphor particles may be destroyed, and the light output may be reduced.
- the volume ratio (filling rate) of the phosphor particles in the phosphor layer 17 is in the range of 45 to 60%
- the binder volume ratio is in the range of 10 to 20%
- the void volume ratio is in the range of 20 to 45%. It is preferable to do.
- the volume ratio of the binder is preferably small in order to increase the volume ratio (filling ratio) of the phosphor particles, and specifically 20% or less is preferable. .
- the volume ratio of a binder shall be 10% or more.
- the volume ratio of the voids is small, specifically 45% or less.
- setting the void volume ratio to zero increases the manufacturing process load more than necessary, which may increase the manufacturing cost.
- pressing is performed under appropriate conditions when forming the phosphor layer 17. It is also effective to do.
- a slurry-like mixture of phosphor particles and a binder on the support 16 and then pressing at a pressure of 30-50 MPa for 20-40 minutes while applying a temperature of 60-80 ° C. to the coating layer of the mixture.
- the filling rate of the phosphor particles can be improved.
- the filling rate of the phosphor particles can be improved also by continuous pressing through rollers heated to 90 to 110 ° C.
- the pressure during continuous pressing is preferably 5 to 25 MPa, and the line speed is preferably 0.4 to 0.6 m / min.
- the difference in filling rate between the praseodymium activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor and the europium activated barium fluorochloride phosphor mainly depends on the shape of the phosphor particles.
- the praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor particles have a nearly spherical shape, whereas the europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor particles contain a relatively large number of irregularly shaped particles. For this reason, the praseodymium activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor particles are easier to increase the filling rate, and the light emission output of the intensifying screens 12 and 14 is further improved.
- the europium activated barium fluorochloride phosphor is less expensive than the praseodymium activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor, it contributes to cost reduction of the intensifying screens 12 and 14.
- the praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor and the europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor can be appropriately selected and used according to their characteristics.
- the coating mass of the phosphor in the phosphor layer 17 is preferably set according to the transmission type fluorescence generation unit 11 or the reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13 to which the intensifying screens 12 and 14 are applied.
- the coating mass of the phosphor on the intensifying screen 12 of the transmission type fluorescence generating portion 11 is excessively increased, light absorption occurs inside the phosphor layer 17, thereby reducing the fluorescence emission output.
- the amount of Compton scattered X-rays incident on the reflection-type fluorescence generator 13 decreases, and the total amount of visible light decreases.
- the reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13 the light emission output increases as the coating mass of the phosphor of the intensifying screen 14 is increased. However, if the coating mass is increased too much, no further effect can be obtained and the production cost is reduced. It will only increase.
- FIG. 10 shows the light output when europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphors are used for the intensifying screen 12 of the transmission type fluorescence generating unit 11 and the intensifying screen 14 of the reflection type fluorescence generating unit 13, respectively.
- the light output was measured at an X-ray tube voltage of 120 kVp using a photomultiplier R-980 (trade name, manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics) having a bialkali photocathode.
- the vertical axis in FIG. 10 represents the relative light output when the light output of the LaOBr: Tb phosphor is 100.
- the visible light amount as a whole of the transmission type fluorescence generation unit 11 and the reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13 varies depending on the balance of the application mass of the phosphor on the intensifying screen 12 and the intensifying screen 14.
- the total coating mass of the phosphors can be set in consideration of the coating mass of the phosphors on the intensifying screen 12 of the transmission type fluorescence generating unit 11 and the intensifying screen 14 of the reflection type fluorescence generating unit 13. preferable.
- FIG. 11 shows the relationship between the total application mass of the phosphors of the intensifying screens 12 and 14 and the relative light output by the combination of the phosphors.
- the total coating mass of the phosphors is preferably in the range of 80 to 300 mg / cm 2 . By applying the total coating mass of the phosphor in such a range, a good light output can be obtained.
- FIG. 12 shows the relationship between the X-ray tube voltage of X-rays irradiated on the intensifying screens 12 and 14 and the relative light output by a combination of typical phosphors.
- the intensifying screen 12 of the transmission type fluorescence generation unit 11 and the increase of the reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13 of the embodiment are used. It can be seen that the sensitive paper 14 is compatible with a wide range of X-ray tube voltages. Therefore, it can be applied to various X-ray inspection apparatuses.
- the combination of the intensifying screens 12 and 14 of the transmission type fluorescence generation unit 11 and the reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13 and the phosphor is not particularly limited.
- the intensifying screens 12 and 14 may be made of a praseodymium activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor or a europium activated barium fluorochloride phosphor.
- the scattered X-ray detector 6 of this embodiment includes a combination of a transmission type fluorescence generation unit 11 and a reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13 in which a praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor is applied to each of the intensifying screens 12 and 14, praseodymium.
- the intensifying screens 12 and 14 include the support 16 and the phosphor layer 17 formed thereon. As shown in FIG. 4, the intensifying screens 12 and 14 may include a protective film 18 formed on the phosphor layer 17. By covering the phosphor layer 17 with the protective film 18, dropping off of the phosphor particles from the phosphor layer 17 and peeling of the phosphor layer 17 can be suppressed.
- the support 16 and the protective film 18 are preferably made of a transparent or opaque resin film.
- a transparent resin film is applied to one or both of the support 16 and the protective film 18.
- a transparent resin film is applied to one of the support 16 and the protective film 18, and an opaque resin film is applied to the other.
- the transmission type fluorescence generation unit 11 includes a transmission type intensifying screen 12.
- the transmission type intensifying screen 12 in which a transparent resin film is applied to one of the support 16 and the protective film 18 is arranged so that the transparent resin film faces the inside of the detector body 9.
- the reflection type intensifying screen 14 is basically applied to the reflection type fluorescence generator 13.
- the X-ray detectors 6 and 7 can reflect the light emitted from the intensifying screen 14 by the detector main body 9 or a reflecting member disposed between the detector main body 9 and the intensifying screen 14.
- a transmission type intensifying screen 14 can be applied to the reflection type fluorescence generating section 13.
- the transmission type intensifying screen 14 in which a transparent resin film is applied to both the support 16 and the protective film 18 can emit light from both the support 16 side and the protective film 18 side. This can be further improved.
- the praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor and the europium-activated barium fluorochloride phosphor are easily deteriorated by moisture. It is preferable to use a resin film that hardly permeates moisture. Support 16 and protective film 18, in order to suppress the deterioration of the phosphor due to moisture in air or the like, a resin film water vapor transmission rate has the following water vapor transmission rate 20g / m 2 /24hr/0.1mm It is preferable to use a polyethylene terephthalate film having such a water vapor transmission rate.
- the phosphor layer 17 is covered with a support 16 and a protective film 18 made of a resin film, and the end portions 16a and 18a are sealed by thermocompression bonding so that the phosphor layer 17 is in the air. It can be shielded from moisture and the like.
- Table 1 shows various combinations of the intensifying screen 12 of the transmission type fluorescence generating unit 11 and the intensifying screen 14 of the reflection type fluorescence generating unit 13 as specific examples of the X-ray detector of this embodiment.
- Table 1 shows the relative light output when the intensifying screen 12 and the intensifying screen 14 are combined under various conditions. The relative light output is measured according to the method described above.
- the particle size distribution is the ratio (volume%) of particles having a particle size falling within the range of [D ⁇ 0.3D] with respect to the center particle size D of the phosphor particles.
- PET1 is a transparent polyethylene terephthalate film
- PET2 is a white (opaque) polyethylene terephthalate film.
- condition 1 is a condition using a press machine at a temperature of 60 ° C., a pressure of 5 MPa, and a time of 10 minutes, or a roll press machine at a temperature of 80 ° C., a pressure of 1 MPa, and a line speed of 1 m / min. Is a continuous press.
- Condition 2 is a press at a temperature of 70 ° C., a pressure of 40 MPa, and a time of 30 minutes using a press machine, or a roll press machine at a temperature of 100 ° C., a pressure of 10 MPa, and a line speed of 0.5 m / min. It is a thing.
- the particle size distribution of the praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor particles in each of the transmission type fluorescence generation unit 11 and the reflection type fluorescence generation unit 13 is 45% by volume or more, and the filling rate is 60% by volume or more.
- the detection sensitivity of Compton scattered X-rays is improved. The same applies to the detection sensitivity of transmitted X-rays.
- the inside of the luggage 5 can be imaged more clearly with the X-ray inspection apparatus, and a more accurate inspection can be performed.
- the capacity of the X-ray tube 1 can be reduced by increasing the light output of the fluorescence generators 11 and 13. This contributes to miniaturization of the X-ray inspection apparatus.
- the scattered X-ray detector 6 has been mainly described, but the same applies to the transmission X-ray detector 7.
- the particle size distribution of the praseodymium activated gadolinium oxysulfide phosphor particles is 45% by volume or more, and the particle size distribution of the europium activated barium fluorochloride phosphor particles having a phosphor layer with a filling rate of 60% by volume or more.
- an intensifying screen having a phosphor layer of 45% or more and a filling rate of 45% by volume or more to the transmission X-ray detector 7, the detection sensitivity of transmission X-rays can be improved.
- the X-ray inspection apparatus including the scattered X-ray detector 6 and the transmitted X-ray detector 7 is not limited to the airport luggage inspection apparatus, and can be used for various security systems.
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Abstract
Description
I=I0e-μt …(1)
式(1)において、μは物質に固有の係数(単位:cm-1)で、線減弱係数と呼ばれるものであり、エネルギーE0のX線が1cm進む間に減弱する比率を示す。μは原子番号の大きい物質ほど大きいという性質を有し、式(2)のように分解することができる。
μ=τ+σT+σC+κ …(2)
式(2)において、τは光電効果による吸収係数、σTはトムソン散乱による散乱係数、σCはコンプトン散乱による散乱係数、κは電子対創生による吸収係数である。
I1=I0e-μx …(3)
式(3)において、μはエネルギーE1を有するX線の線減弱係数である。
xの位置で発生し、かつX線の入射方向に対して角度θの方向に散乱するコンプトン散乱X線の強度I2は、式(4)により求められる。
I2=aσCI1 …(4)
式(4)において、aは比例定数である。
I3=I2e-μ′bx …(5)
式(5)において、μ′は散乱X線の線減弱係数である。
従って、コンプトン散乱X線の強度I3は、式(3)、式(4)および式(5)式に基づいて、以下の式(6)により求められる。
I3=aσCI0e-(μ+bμ′)x …(6)
従って、厚さtを有する吸収体を通過した場合のコンプトン散乱X線の総量は、以下の式(7)から求められる。
Gd2O2S:Pra …(8)
で表される組成を有することが好ましい。式(8)において、aは酸硫化ガドリニウム(Gd2O2S)1モルに対するプラセオジム(Pr)の付活量であり、0.0001~0.005モルの範囲が好ましい。Prの付活量が0.0001モル未満であると発光中心となる存在が少なく、効率よく発光しない状態になりやすい。Prの付活量が0.005モルを超えると、濃度消光と呼ばれる現象により発光効率が低下しやすい。Prの一部はTb、Yb、Ce等で置換してもよい。Gdの一部はLa、Y等で置換してもよい。
BaFCl:Eub …(9)
で表される組成を有することが好ましい。式(9)において、bはフッ化塩化バリウム(BaFCl)1モルに対するユーロピウム(Eu)の付活量であり、0.003~0.015モルの範囲が好ましい。Eu付活量が0.003モル未満であると発光中心となる存在が少なく、効率よく発光しない状態になりやすい。Eu付活量が0.015モルを超えると、濃度消光と呼ばれる現象により発光効率が低下しやすい。Euの一部はCe、Yb等で置換してもよい。FおよびClの一部は、Br、I等で置換してもよい。
P=VP/V=W/V/ρP …(10)
式(10)において、VPは蛍光体の体積、Vは蛍光体層の体積、Wは蛍光体の質量、ρPは蛍光体の密度である。蛍光体層の体積Vは、蛍光体層の大きさ(寸法)と蛍光体層の厚さから求められ、蛍光体層の厚さはSEM写真等から測定される。蛍光体の質量Wは、上述した増感紙の焼成方法を適用して蛍光体粒子のみを得て測定する。
Claims (20)
- 支持体と、
前記支持体上に形成され、プラセオジム付活酸硫化ガドリニウム蛍光体からなる蛍光体粒子とバインダとを含有する蛍光体層とを具備するX線検出器用増感紙であって、
前記蛍光体粒子は、前記蛍光体粒子の中心粒径D1に対して[D1±0.3D1]の範囲内に入る粒径を有する粒子の比率が45体積%以上である粒度分布を有し、かつ前記蛍光体層における前記蛍光体粒子の充填率が60体積%以上であることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項1記載のX線検出器用増感紙において、
前記蛍光体粒子の中心粒径D1は1μm以上20μm以下の範囲であることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項1記載のX線検出器用増感紙において、
前記蛍光体層における前記蛍光体粒子の充填率は60体積%以上75体積%以下の範囲であることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項1記載のX線検出器において、
前記蛍光体層は、60体積%以上75体積%以下の範囲の前記蛍光体粒子と、5体積%以上15体積%以下の範囲の前記バインダと、10体積%以上35体積%以下の範囲の空隙とを含有することを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項1記載のX線検出器用増感紙において、
さらに、前記蛍光体層上に設けられた保護膜を具備し、
前記支持体および前記保護膜は、透明または不透明な樹脂フィルムからなることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項5記載のX線検出器において、
前記樹脂フィルムは、20g/m2/24hr/0.1mm以下の水蒸気透過率を有するポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルムからなることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項5記載のX線検出器において、
前記蛍光体層は、前記樹脂フィルムからなる前記支持体および前記保護膜で密閉されていることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 支持体と、
前記支持体上に形成され、ユーロピウム付活フッ化塩化バリウム蛍光体からなる蛍光体粒子とバインダとを含有する蛍光体層とを具備するX線検出器用増感紙であって、
前記蛍光体粒子は、前記蛍光体粒子の中心粒径D2に対して[D2±0.3D2]の範囲内に入る粒径を有する粒子の比率が45体積%以上である粒度分布を有し、かつ前記蛍光体層における前記蛍光体粒子の充填率が45体積%以上であることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項8記載のX線検出器用増感紙において、
前記蛍光体粒子の中心粒径D2は1μm以上20μm以下の範囲であることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項8記載のX線検出器用増感紙において、
前記蛍光体層における前記蛍光体粒子の充填率は45体積%以上60体積%以下の範囲であることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項8記載のX線検出器用増感紙において、
前記蛍光体層は、45体積%以上60体積%以下の範囲の前記蛍光体粒子と、10体積%以上20体積%以下の範囲の前記バインダと、20体積%以上45体積%以下の範囲の空隙とを含有することを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項8記載のX線検出器用増感紙において、
さらに、前記蛍光体層上に設けられた保護膜を具備し、
前記支持体および前記保護膜は、透明または不透明な樹脂フィルムからなることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項12記載のX線検出器において、
前記樹脂フィルムは、20g/m2/24hr/0.1mm以下の水蒸気透過率を有するポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルムからなることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - 請求項12記載のX線検出器において、
前記蛍光体層は、前記樹脂フィルムからなる前記支持体および前記保護膜で密閉されていることを特徴とするX線検出器用増感紙。 - X線の入射部を有する筐体状の検出器本体と、
前記入射部に設けられた透過型蛍光発生部と、
前記検出器本体の前記入射部を除く部分に設けられた反射型蛍光発生部と、
前記検出器本体内に設置された光電変換部とを具備するX線検出器であって、
前記透過型蛍光発生部および前記反射型蛍光発生部は、それぞれ請求項1記載のX線検出器用増感紙を備えることを特徴とするX線検出器。 - X線の入射部を有する筐体状の検出器本体と、
前記入射部に設けられた透過型蛍光発生部と、
前記検出器本体の前記入射部を除く部分に設けられた反射型蛍光発生部と、
前記検出器本体内に設置された光電変換部とを具備するX線検出器であって、
前記透過型蛍光発生部および前記反射型蛍光発生部は、それぞれ請求項8記載のX線検出器用増感紙を備えることを特徴とするX線検出器。 - X線の入射部を有する筐体状の検出器本体と、
前記入射部に設けられた透過型蛍光発生部と、
前記検出器本体の前記入射部を除く部分に設けられた反射型蛍光発生部と、
前記検出器本体内に設置された光電変換部とを具備するX線検出器であって、
前記透過型蛍光発生部および前記反射型蛍光発生部の一方は、請求項1記載のX線検出器用増感紙を備え、
前記透過型蛍光発生部および前記反射型蛍光発生部の他方は、請求項8記載のX線検出器用増感紙を備えることを特徴とするX線検出器。 - 被検査物にX線を照射するX線照射部と、
前記被検査物からのコンプトン散乱X線、または前記被検査物を透過した透過X線を検出するX線検出部と、
前記X線検出部により測定したX線強度に基づいて、前記被検査物内部を画像化して表示する表示部とを具備するX線検査装置であって、
前記X線検出部は、請求項15記載のX線検出器を備えることを特徴とするX線検査装置。 - 被検査物にX線を照射するX線照射部と、
前記被検査物からのコンプトン散乱X線、または前記被検査物を透過した透過X線を検出するX線検出部と、
前記X線検出部により測定したX線強度に基づいて、前記被検査物内部を画像化して表示する表示部とを具備するX線検査装置であって、
前記X線検出部は、請求項16記載のX線検出器を備えることを特徴とするX線検査装置。 - 被検査物にX線を照射するX線照射部と、
前記被検査物からのコンプトン散乱X線、または前記被検査物を透過した透過X線を検出するX線検出部と、
前記X線検出部により測定したX線強度に基づいて、前記被検査物内部を画像化した表示する表示部とを具備するX線検査装置であって、
前記X線検出部は、請求項17記載のX線検出器を備えることを特徴とするX線検査装置。
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KR102533843B1 (ko) * | 2019-01-24 | 2023-05-18 | 도레이 카부시키가이샤 | 신틸레이터 패널, 그것을 사용한 x선 검출기 및 x선 투시 장치 |
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CN103140898B (zh) | 2015-09-30 |
EP2767982B1 (en) | 2019-11-13 |
JPWO2013051165A1 (ja) | 2015-03-30 |
JP6486980B2 (ja) | 2019-03-20 |
JP2017120268A (ja) | 2017-07-06 |
CN103140898A (zh) | 2013-06-05 |
EP2767982A4 (en) | 2015-09-09 |
JP6430097B2 (ja) | 2018-11-28 |
EP2767982A1 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
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