WO2010090029A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池およびリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池およびリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010090029A1 WO2010090029A1 PCT/JP2010/000688 JP2010000688W WO2010090029A1 WO 2010090029 A1 WO2010090029 A1 WO 2010090029A1 JP 2010000688 W JP2010000688 W JP 2010000688W WO 2010090029 A1 WO2010090029 A1 WO 2010090029A1
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- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
- H01M2300/004—Three solvents
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
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- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
- Y10T29/49115—Electric battery cell making including coating or impregnating
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium ion secondary battery containing a lithium-containing composite oxide as a positive electrode active material and a method for producing the same.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode using a lithium-containing composite oxide as an active material, a negative electrode using a carbon material as an active material, a separator made of a microporous film of polyethylene or polypropylene, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte a solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent is used.
- Known lithium salts include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), and the like.
- a cyclic carbonate ester, a chain carbonate ester, a cyclic carboxylic acid ester and the like are known.
- organic fluorinated ether compounds are also known as non-aqueous solvents.
- the electrolyte solution for lithium ion secondary batteries described in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 contains an organic fluorinated ether compound as a non-aqueous solvent.
- An organic fluorinated ether compound is a stable component that is difficult to oxidatively decompose even under a voltage exceeding 4 V because of its high oxidation potential and low viscosity. In addition, it exhibits high ionic conductivity even under low temperature conditions. Therefore, it can be said that a lithium ion secondary battery using a non-aqueous solvent containing an organic fluorinated ether compound has relatively low battery capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery in which a decrease in rate characteristics over time, particularly a remarkable decrease in rate characteristics when stored at high temperatures, is suppressed.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a non-aqueous solvent including a fluoroether.
- the lithium ion secondary battery has a fluorine resin coverage of 20 to 65% with respect to the surface area of the particles.
- Another aspect of the present invention is to form a positive electrode active material layer by coating, drying and rolling a mixture mixture containing lithium-containing composite oxide particles and a fluororesin on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- a non-aqueous solvent containing fluoroether, and the blending ratio of the fluororesin in the mixture mixture is 0.7 to 8 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles.
- Fluororesin coverage that is a method for producing a lithium ion secondary battery to be processed under the condition becomes
- the present invention it is possible to provide a lithium ion secondary battery in which a decrease in rate characteristics over time, particularly a remarkable decrease in rate characteristics when stored at high temperatures, is suppressed.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery 10 of the present embodiment.
- the lithium ion secondary battery 10 includes a positive electrode 11, a negative electrode 12, a separator 13 that separates the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode 12, and a nonaqueous electrolyte (not shown).
- the positive electrode 11, the negative electrode 12, and the separator 13 are laminated to form an electrode group 14.
- the electrode group 14 is wound in a spiral shape.
- the positive electrode 11 is electrically connected to one end of the positive electrode lead 15.
- the negative electrode 12 is electrically connected to one end of the negative electrode lead 16.
- a positive-side insulating plate 17 is attached to one end of the electrode group 14 in the winding axis direction, and a negative-side insulating plate 18 is attached to the other end.
- the electrode group 14 is accommodated in the battery case 19 together with the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the battery case 19 is sealed with a sealing plate 20.
- the battery case 19 also serves as a negative electrode terminal and is electrically connected to the negative electrode lead 16.
- the positive terminal 21 attached to the sealing plate 20 is electrically connected to the positive lead 15.
- the positive electrode 11 of this embodiment will be described in detail. As shown in FIG. 2, the positive electrode 11 includes a positive electrode current collector 22 and a positive electrode active material layer 23 formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector 22.
- a positive electrode current collector of a lithium ion secondary battery Various current collectors that can be used as a positive electrode current collector of a lithium ion secondary battery are used as the positive electrode current collector. Specific examples thereof include aluminum or an alloy thereof, stainless steel, titanium, and the like. Of these, aluminum and aluminum-iron alloys are particularly preferable.
- the shape of the positive electrode current collector may be any of a foil, a film, a film, and a sheet.
- the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is appropriately set according to the capacity and size of the battery. Specifically, for example, it is preferably selected in the range of 1 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material layer 23 includes a positive electrode active material 24, a fluororesin 25 as a binder, and a conductive material 26.
- the positive electrode active material 24 lithium-containing composite oxide particles are used.
- a lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the following general formula (1) is preferably used from the viewpoint of excellent crystal structure stability.
- Li x M y Me 1-y O 2 + ⁇ (1) M represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn).
- Me represents magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, copper, chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, Represents at least one element selected from scandium, yttrium, lead, boron, antimony, and phosphorus, x is in the range of 0.98 to 1.1, y is in the range of 0.1 to 1, and ⁇ is in the range of -0.1 to 0.1 range.
- x represents the atomic ratio of lithium (Li).
- Y represents the atomic ratio of M containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, and Mn.
- Me contains elements other than Li, Ni, Co, Mn, and oxygen.
- Specific examples thereof include, for example, magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), zirconium (Zr), scandium ( Sc), metal elements such as yttrium (Y), lead (Pb); metalloid elements such as boron (B) and antimony (Sb); nonmetal elements such as phosphorus (P).
- metal elements are particularly preferable, and Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Zr are more preferable. These elements may be contained independently and 2 or more types may be contained.
- ⁇ represents an oxygen defect or oxygen excess.
- the oxygen deficiency or oxygen excess is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of ⁇ 5 to 0.1% which is ⁇ 5% of the stoichiometric composition, and preferably ⁇ 0.02 which is ⁇ 1%. It is in the range of ⁇ 0.02.
- lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the general formula (1) examples include the following compounds. LiNi 0.1 Co 0.9 O 2 , LiNi 0.3 Co 0.7 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Co 0.5 O 2 , LiNi 0.7 Co 0.3 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 , LiNi 0.9 Co 0.1 O 2 , etc.
- lithium-containing composite oxide other than the lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the general formula (1) examples include LiMn 2 O 4 , LiMn 2 -z Me z O 4 (Me is magnesium, aluminum, zinc, And at least one element selected from iron, copper, chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, scandium, yttrium, lead, boron, antimony, and phosphorus, and z is in the range of 0.1 to 0.5. It is done.
- These lithium-containing composite oxides may be a mixture of two or more.
- this mixture for example, a mixture of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (80 wt%) and LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 (20 wt%), LiNi A mixture of 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (80 wt%) and LiCoO 2 (20 wt%), LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 (30 wt%) and LiCoO 2 (70 wt%) ) And the like.
- the average particle size of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles is preferably 0.2 to 40 ⁇ m, more preferably 2 to 30 ⁇ m, from the viewpoint of particularly excellent discharge characteristics and cycle characteristics.
- the average particle diameter is a value measured by a particle size distribution meter.
- the fluororesin is used as a binder in the positive electrode active material layer.
- the fluororesin include, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), and vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer ( PVDF-HFP).
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- PVDF-HFP vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- PVDF-HFP vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- PVDF-HFP vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- binders other than a fluororesin in the range which does not impair the effect of this invention.
- binders include polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), carboxymethyl cellulose, and the like.
- the positive electrode active material layer may further contain an additive such as the conductive agent 26 as necessary.
- the conductive agent include graphite, carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black, carbon fiber, and various metal fibers.
- the positive electrode active material layer comprises a positive electrode mixture mixture obtained by mixing a lithium-containing composite oxide, a binder containing a fluororesin, an additive such as a conductive agent used as necessary, and a solvent. It is formed by applying to the surface of the electric body, drying and rolling.
- the solvent include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetramethylurea, and trimethyl phosphate.
- the content ratio of the lithium-containing composite oxide in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably in the range of 70 to 98% by weight, more specifically 80 to 98% by weight.
- the content ratio of the fluororesin in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.7 to 8% by weight. Further, the content of the additive such as a conductive agent is preferably in the range of 0 to 20% by weight, more preferably 1 to 15% by weight.
- the content ratio of the fluororesin to the lithium-containing composite oxide is preferably 0.7 to 8 parts by weight, and more preferably 1 to 5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the lithium-containing composite oxide.
- the content ratio of the fluororesin with respect to the lithium-containing composite oxide is too low, there is a tendency that the coverage of the fluororesin with respect to the surface area of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles described later cannot be sufficiently increased.
- the content ratio of the fluororesin with respect to lithium containing complex oxide is too high, there exists a tendency for the coverage of the fluororesin with respect to the surface area of lithium containing complex oxide particle to become high too much.
- the positive electrode mixture mixture is applied to the surface of the positive electrode current collector, dried and rolled to form a positive electrode active material layer to obtain a positive electrode, and the obtained positive electrode is heat-treated under predetermined conditions.
- This heat treatment is intended to melt or soften the fluororesin.
- Such a heat treatment softens or melts the fluororesin in which the lithium-containing composite oxide has been bound at points.
- the fluororesin covers the surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles over a wide range.
- the heat treatment conditions are appropriately selected from the type and amount of the fluororesin used or the productivity.
- Specific examples of the heat treatment conditions include the following conditions. Specifically, for example, when the heat treatment temperature is in the range of 250 to 350 ° C., it is set in the range of 10 to 120 seconds, further in the range of 20 to 90 seconds, particularly in the range of 30 to 75 seconds. Is preferred.
- the heat treatment temperature when in the range of 220 to 250 ° C., it should be set in the range of 1.5 to 90 minutes, further in the range of 2 to 60 minutes, particularly in the range of 10 to 50 minutes. Is preferred.
- the heat treatment time is in the range of 160 to 220 ° C.
- it is preferably in the range of 1 to 10 hours, more preferably in the range of 2 to 8 hours, and particularly preferably in the range of 2 to 7 hours.
- it is particularly preferable to set the heat treatment temperature in the range of 220 to 245 ° C. for 2 to 90 minutes, more preferably 10 to 60 minutes, and particularly preferably 20 to 40 minutes.
- the heat treatment temperature is in the range of 245 to 250 ° C., it may be set in the range of 1.5 to 60 minutes, more preferably in the range of 2 to 50 minutes, particularly in the range of 10 to 40 minutes. More preferred.
- the covering ratio of the fluororesin to the surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles is 20 to 65%, preferably 28 to 65%, more preferably 30 to 55%.
- the coverage of the fluororesin on the surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles is obtained by element mapping the surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles in the positive electrode active material layer with an electron beam microanalyzer (EPMA). It is done.
- EPMA electron beam microanalyzer
- the covering ratio of the fluororesin to the surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles is 20% or less, the effect of keeping the metal cation eluted from the positive electrode on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer becomes insufficient.
- the coverage of the fluororesin exceeds 65%, the charge transfer resistance of the positive electrode increases, so that the polarization gradually increases, and as a result, the capacity decreases.
- the present inventors have obtained the knowledge that the coverage of the fluororesin on the surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles correlates with the contact angle with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the coating is performed from the contact angle
- the rate can also be obtained indirectly. An example of this method will be described in detail below.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide particles in the positive electrode active material layer before the heat treatment described above when the surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles in the positive electrode active material layer before the heat treatment described above is element-mapped, the lithium-containing composite oxide particles Suppose that the coverage of the fluororesin on the surface was 10%. On the other hand, when the surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles in the positive electrode active material layer after elemental heat treatment was performed on the same positive electrode under predetermined conditions, the fluorine resin coverage was 90%. Suppose.
- the contact angles of the surface of the positive electrode active material layer with respect to a predetermined non-aqueous electrolyte before and after the heat treatment are measured. At this time, it is assumed that the contact angle before the heat treatment is 10 degrees and the contact angle after the heat treatment is 40 degrees.
- the composition of the non-aqueous electrolyte used for measuring the contact angle is not particularly limited.
- a composition in which LiPF 6 is dissolved in a solvent by 1.4 mol / L can be mentioned.
- the contact angle on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer is in the range of 14 to 30 degrees, preferably 17 to 30 degrees, and more preferably 18 to 26 degrees. Is preferred.
- the negative electrode 12 includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- Examples of the negative electrode current collector include various current collectors used for the negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery. Specific examples include stainless steel, nickel, and copper. Among these, copper is particularly preferable.
- the negative electrode current collector may be in any form such as a foil, a film, a film, and a sheet. The thickness of the negative electrode current collector is appropriately set according to the capacity and size of the battery. Generally, it is 1 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material, a binder, and, if necessary, additives such as a conductive agent.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material include various compounds used for the negative electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery. Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite (eg, scaly graphite) and artificial graphite, various alloys, lithium metal, nitride of silicon or tin, and the like.
- graphite such as natural graphite (eg, scaly graphite) and artificial graphite, various alloys, lithium metal, nitride of silicon or tin, and the like.
- binder used for the negative electrode active material layer examples include various binders. Specific examples include polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, SBR, PTFE, PVDF, FEP, PVDF-HFP, and the like.
- Examples of the conductive agent include those exemplified as the conductive agent contained in the positive electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode active material layer is formed by applying a negative electrode mixture mixture obtained by mixing a negative electrode active material, a binder, and optionally an additive such as a conductive agent, and a solvent to the surface of the negative electrode current collector. It is formed by drying and rolling.
- Examples of the solvent used for preparing the negative electrode mixture include the same solvents as those used for preparing the positive electrode mixture.
- Examples of the separator 13 include a microporous thin film having high ion permeability, sufficient mechanical strength, and insulating properties.
- Examples of such a microporous thin film include a thin film made of an olefin polymer such as polypropylene and polyethylene, a sheet made of glass fiber, a nonwoven fabric, and a woven fabric.
- the thickness of the separator is not particularly limited because it is appropriately set according to the capacity, size, etc. of the battery, but is generally 10 to 300 ⁇ m.
- non-aqueous electrolyte solution used for the lithium ion secondary battery 10 a solution in which an electrolyte such as a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent containing fluoroether is used.
- Fluoroether is an ether having a fluorine atom.
- fluoroalkyl ethers such as bisfluoroalkyl ether and fluoroalkylalkyl ether.
- alkyl group contained in the fluoroalkyl ether include alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl and the like.
- examples of fluoroalkyl include hydro ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ fluoro alkyl, perfluoro alkyl, etc. Among them, hydrofluoroalkyl (hydro fluoro alkyl) is particularly effective because it has a high effect of capturing metal cations. preferable.
- fluoroether examples include, for example, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyldifluoromethyl ether (CF 3 CHF 2 CH 2 OCHF 2 ), 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl -1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether (CF 3 CHF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CHF 2 ), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ethyl ether (CHF 2 CF 2 OCH 2 CH 3 ), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether (CHF 2 CF 2 OCH 2 CF 3 ), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3 , 3-tetrafluoro propyl ether (CHF 2 CF 2 OCH 2 CF 2 CHF 2), 2,2,3,3- tetrafluoropropyl difluoromethyl ether (CHF 2 F 2 CHF 2)
- fluoroethers are particularly 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether and 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro Propyl difluoromethyl ether is preferable because it has a high effect of capturing metal cations, has low viscosity, has high oxidation resistance, and is excellent in compatibility with other solvents.
- non-aqueous solvent contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte other than the fluoroether examples include various aprotic organic solvents.
- cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and butylene carbonate (BC); chain structures such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) Carbonate esters; cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and 1,3-dioxolane; chain ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane and 1,2-diethoxyethane; cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone; And chain esters such as methyl acetate. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a mixed solvent of fluoroether, cyclic carbonate and chain carbonate is particularly preferable.
- Specific examples thereof include, for example, a combination of EC, PC, DEC, and fluoroether, a combination of EC, PC, DMC, and fluoroether, a combination of EC, PC, EMC, and fluoroether, and an EC, DMC, and fluoroether.
- the content of fluoroether in the non-aqueous solvent is preferably 5% by volume or more, more preferably 5 to 30% by volume, and even more preferably 10 to 20% by volume.
- the fluoroether is contained in such a range in the non-aqueous solvent, the metal cation is easily retained in the vicinity of the surface of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the content ratio of the fluoroether in the nonaqueous solvent is less than 5% by volume, the effect of retaining the metal cation in the vicinity of the surface of the positive electrode active material layer tends to be insufficient.
- the content ratio of the fluoroether in the non-aqueous solvent exceeds 30% by volume, the surface of the positive electrode active material layer tends to be difficult to wet with the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a lithium salt is usually used as the electrolyte contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte.
- the lithium salt include, for example, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium borofluoride (LiBF 4 ), lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium hexafluoroantimonate (LiSbF 6 ), hexafluorohy Lithium oxide (LiAsF 6 ), lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl 4 ), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3 ), lithium trifluoroacetate (LiCF 3 CO 2 ), lithium thiocyanate (LiSCN), lower aliphatic Examples thereof include lithium carboxylate, lithium chloroborane (LiBCl), LiB 10 Cl 10 , lithium halide, lithium borate compound, and lithium-containing imide compound.
- lithium borate compound examples include, for example, lithium bis (1,2-benzenediolate (2-)-O, O ′) lithium borate, bis (2,3-naphthalenedioleate (2- ) -O, O ') lithium borate, bis (2,2'-biphenyldiolate (2-)-O, O') lithium borate, bis (5-fluoro-2-olate-1-benzenesulfonic acid) -O, O ') lithium borate and the like.
- lithium-containing imide compound examples include lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide [LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ], lithium (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl) imide [LiN ( CF 3 SO 2 ) (C 4 F 9 SO 2 )], lithium bis (pentafluoroethanesulfonyl) imide [LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 ] and the like.
- Lithium salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, LiPF 6 and LiBF 4 are preferable, and LiPF 6 is particularly preferable.
- the dissolution rate of the lithium salt in the non-aqueous solvent is preferably about 0.5 to 2 mol / L.
- non-aqueous electrolyte may contain additives for various electrolytes.
- additives include the following additives. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- additives that improve the charge / discharge efficiency of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery by decomposing on the negative electrode surface to form a film having high lithium ion conductivity include the following. Specifically, for example, vinylene carbonate, 4-methyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethyl vinylene carbonate, 4-ethyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-diethyl vinylene carbonate, 4-propyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-dipropyl Examples include vinylene carbonate, 4-phenyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-diphenyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, and divinyl ethylene carbonate.
- Benzene derivatives and the like include a phenyl group, a cyclic ether group, a cyclic ester group, a cycloalkyl group, and a phenoxy group.
- benzene derivatives include, for example, cyclohexylbenzene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether and the like.
- the content rate of the said benzene derivative is 10 volume% or less of the whole non-aqueous electrolyte.
- metal cations are eluted from the lithium-containing composite oxide into the non-aqueous electrolyte during storage, particularly during storage at high temperatures.
- This metal cation has a low electron density.
- fluoroether has an electron-withdrawing fluorine atom in the molecule, and the electron density is increased in this portion.
- the fluororesin film formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material also has electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms in the molecule, and the electron density is high in this portion. For this reason, the fluoroether in the non-aqueous electrolyte and the fluororesin coating on the surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles surround and trap the metal cations eluted from the lithium-containing composite oxide.
- lithium ion secondary battery it is possible to suppress the metal cation eluted from the lithium-containing composite oxide from being deposited on the negative electrode surface. As a result, even when stored at a high temperature, it is possible to suppress a decrease in rate characteristics.
- a positive electrode active material layer is formed by coating a mixture mixture containing lithium-containing composite oxide particles and a fluororesin on the surface of a positive electrode current collector, drying and rolling to form a positive electrode active material layer. obtain.
- the positive electrode 11 is obtained by heat-processing the positive electrode obtained in this way on the conditions mentioned above.
- the electrode group 14 is obtained by laminating
- FIG. The electrode group 14 is wound in a spiral shape.
- the positive electrode 11 is electrically connected to one end of the positive electrode lead 15 in advance.
- the negative electrode 12 is electrically connected to one end of the negative electrode lead 16.
- One end of the negative electrode lead 16 is electrically connected to the battery case 19, and one end of the positive electrode lead 15 is electrically connected to the positive electrode terminal 21.
- the positive-side insulating plate 17 is attached to one end portion in the winding axis direction, and the negative-side insulating plate 18 is attached to the other end portion.
- the electrode group 14, the positive electrode side insulating plate 17, and the negative electrode side insulating plate 18 are accommodated in the battery case 19 which serves as a negative electrode terminal.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte containing fluoroether is supplied to the battery case 19.
- the sealing case 20 is arrange
- the lithium ion secondary battery As a specific embodiment of the lithium ion secondary battery, a cylindrical battery has been exemplified, but the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery is not limited to this. Various shapes such as a coin shape, a sheet shape, a button shape, a flat shape, and a stacked shape can be appropriately selected. Moreover, the lithium ion secondary battery using a polymer electrolyte may be sufficient. Furthermore, the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is preferably used as a power source for small devices, a power source for electric vehicles, and a power source for power storage.
- a slurry-like positive electrode mixture mixture was prepared by mixing with dehydrated N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the obtained positive electrode mixture mixture was applied to both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector to form a positive electrode active material layer.
- As the positive electrode current collector an aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m (A8021H-H18-15RK, manufactured by Nippon Foil Co., Ltd.) was used.
- the obtained laminate of the positive electrode active material layer and the positive electrode current collector was dried with hot air at 110 ° C. And the total thickness of the laminated body was adjusted to 130 micrometers by rolling
- the rolled laminate was cut to a predetermined width and length.
- Each of the cut laminates was heat-treated in a constant temperature bath under the conditions described in Table 1 (processing conditions No. 1 to 18). In this way, a positive electrode was obtained.
- Table 1 processing conditions No. 1 to 18
- a positive electrode was obtained.
- the PVDF coverage was measured by elemental mapping.
- the contact angle of the positive electrode surface was obtained by dissolving 1.4 mol / L of LiPF 6 in a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1: 8. It measured using electrolyte solution. Specifically, about 2 ⁇ L of a non-aqueous electrolyte droplet is dropped on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer of the positive electrode, and the contact angle (degree) 10 seconds after dropping is measured by the ⁇ / 2 method. did. The results are shown in Table 1.
- a slurry-like negative electrode mixture mixture was prepared by mixing 75 parts by weight of artificial graphite powder, 5 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride, 20 parts by weight of acetylene black and an appropriate amount of dehydrated NMP.
- the negative electrode active material layer was formed by apply
- the laminated body of a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode collector was dried with 110 degreeC warm air.
- Example> [Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6]
- a cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery was produced by the following method.
- the positive electrodes heat-treated under the conditions shown in Table 1 were used in Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6, respectively, as shown in Table 2.
- As the separator a polyethylene microporous thin film was used.
- a cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery as shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured using a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a separator. Note that an aluminum lead was used as the positive electrode lead, and a nickel lead was used as the negative electrode lead. As the battery case, an iron case with nickel plating was used.
- Nonaqueous solvents for the nonaqueous electrolyte include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- TFETFPE propyl ether
- LiPF 6 LiPF 6 was dissolved in the mixed solvent to a concentration of 1.0 mol / L. In this way, a non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared. Then, the amount of metal deposited on the negative electrode and the capacity recovery rate after each obtained lithium ion secondary battery was stored at high temperature were measured by the following method.
- the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was fully charged by constant current and constant voltage charging at a voltage of 4.2V.
- the charged lithium ion secondary battery was stored at 85 ° C. for 72 hours.
- the stored lithium ion secondary battery was disassembled and the negative electrode was taken out.
- a cut piece having a size of 2 cm in length and 2 cm in width was cut out from the central portion of the negative electrode.
- the cut piece was washed three times with ethyl methyl carbonate.
- the negative electrode current collector plate and the negative electrode active material layer were separated by heating to 100 ° C.
- the measurement sample was prepared by diluting the filtrate to a certain volume.
- the elemental composition of the obtained measurement sample was measured with an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopic analyzer (VISTA-RL, manufactured by Varian). Based on the contents of nickel and cobalt in the measurement sample, the amount of metal eluted from the positive electrode and deposited on the negative electrode was calculated. The amount of deposited metal was converted to the amount per unit weight of the negative electrode. The measurement was omitted because the aluminum content was very small.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was charged at a constant current and a constant voltage at 20 ° C. Specifically, the battery was charged at a constant current of 1050 mA until the battery voltage reached 4.2V. Next, the battery was charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V for 2 hours and 30 minutes. Further, the charged battery was discharged at a discharge current value of 1500 mA (1C) until the battery voltage dropped to 2.5V. The discharge capacity at this time was defined as the discharge capacity [Ah] before storage.
- the discharged battery was further charged with a constant current and a constant voltage under the same conditions as described above.
- the battery after the second charge was stored at 85 ° C. for 72 hours.
- the stored battery was discharged at 20 ° C. under a discharge current value of 1 C, and further discharged under a discharge current value of 0.2 C.
- the discharged battery was charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V for 2 hours and 30 minutes.
- the battery after charging was discharged until the battery voltage decreased to 2.5 V under the condition of a discharge current value of 1C.
- the discharge capacity at this time was taken as the recovery capacity [Ah] after storage.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- TFETFPE 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether
- the positive electrodes of Examples 1 to 7 have a PVDF coverage of 20 to 65% with respect to the surface of the LiNi 0.82 Co 0.15 Al 0.03 O 2 particles, or a contact angle of 14 to It is in the range of 30 degrees.
- the amount of metal deposited on the negative electrode after high temperature storage is 19 ⁇ g / g or less.
- the capacity recovery rate after high temperature storage was 80% or more. From this result, it can be seen that the deterioration of the rate characteristics is suppressed even after high temperature storage.
- the lithium ion secondary batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 using the positive electrode with a PVDF coverage of over 65% or a contact angle of over 30 degrees the amount of metal deposited on the negative electrode after high-temperature storage There were few. However, the capacity recovery rate was less than 80%.
- the lithium ion secondary batteries using the positive electrodes of Comparative Examples 4 to 6 having a PVDF coverage of less than 20% or a contact angle of less than 14 degrees the amount of metal deposited on the negative electrode after high-temperature storage was low. It was 23 ⁇ g / g or more. The capacity recovery rate was also less than 80%.
- Example 8 to 15 and Comparative Examples 7 to 9 As shown in Table 3, a lithium ion battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition of the nonaqueous solvent of the nonaqueous electrolyte was changed.
- a non-aqueous solvent containing a fluoroether different from TFETFPE was used.
- Comparative Example 7 a non-aqueous solvent containing no fluoroether in which EC, EMC, and DMC were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1: 8 was used.
- Comparative Example 8 a non-aqueous solvent containing no fluoroether in which EC, PC, and DEC were mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 3: 4 was used.
- Comparative Example 9 a non-aqueous solvent containing TFETFPE was used, but a positive electrode with a PVDF coverage of 10% that was not heat-treated was used. The results are shown in Table 3 together with the results of Example 1 and Comparative Example 6.
- PFPDFME 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl difluoromethyl ether
- PFPTFEE 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether
- TFEEE 1, 1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ethyl ether
- TFETFEE 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether
- TFPDFME 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl difluoromethyl ether
- PFTFMPME 1,1,3,3 3-Pentafluoro- (2-trifluoromethyl) propyl methyl ether
- HFPEE 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl ethyl ether
- HFBDFME 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro Butyl difluor
- Example 1 and Examples 8 to 15 had a small amount of metal deposited on the negative electrode after high temperature storage and a high capacity recovery rate.
- Example 1 using TFETFPE and Example 12 using TFPDFME had a particularly small amount of metal deposition and a high capacity recovery rate.
- Comparative Example 7 and Comparative Example 8 using a non-aqueous solvent containing no fluoroether had a very high metal cation deposition amount and a low capacity recovery rate.
- Examples 16 to 25 As shown in Table 4, a lithium ion secondary battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition of the nonaqueous solvent of the nonaqueous electrolyte was changed. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Examples 26 to 33 As shown in Table 5, a lithium ion secondary battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a positive electrode heat-treated under predetermined conditions was used and a nonaqueous solvent having a predetermined composition was used.
- Examples 34 to 40 and Comparative Examples 10 to 15 instead of using LiNi 0.82 Co 0.15 Al 0.03 O 2 particles having an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m as lithium-containing composite oxide particles in the above-described “preparation of positive electrode”, LiNi 1/3 Mn having an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m is used.
- a positive electrode was prepared in the same manner except that 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 particles were used.
- Each heat treatment condition of the positive electrode is No. 1 described in Table 1. The conditions are the same as the conditions 1 to 18.
- the amount of metal eluted from the positive electrode and deposited on the negative electrode based on the contents of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the measurement sample was determined. Calculated. As shown in Table 6, lithium ion secondary batteries were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 shown in Table 2 except that the type of the positive electrode was changed. . The correlation between the contact angle of the positive electrode surface and the PVDF coverage was substantially the same as that of the positive electrode using LiNi 0.82 Co 0.15 Al 0.03 O 2 .
- the positive electrodes of Examples 34 to 40 have a PVDF coverage of 20 to 65% with respect to the surface of the particles of LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 , or the surface of the positive electrode
- the contact angle is in the range of 14 to 30 degrees.
- the amount of metal deposited on the negative electrode after high temperature storage is 17 ⁇ g / g or less.
- the capacity recovery rate after high temperature storage was 80% or more. From this result, it can be seen that the deterioration of the rate characteristics is suppressed even after high temperature storage.
- the lithium ion secondary batteries of Comparative Examples 10 to 12 using a positive electrode with a PVDF coverage of more than 65% or a contact angle of more than 30 degrees the amount of metal deposited on the negative electrode after storage was There were few. However, the capacity recovery rate was less than 80%.
- the lithium ion secondary batteries of Comparative Examples 13 to 15 having a PVDF coverage of less than 20% or a contact angle of less than 14 degrees the amount of metal deposited on the negative electrode after high-temperature storage was 20 ⁇ g / g or more. Met. The capacity recovery rate was also less than 80%.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention described in detail above includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is a fluoroether.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector, the positive electrode active material layer includes lithium-containing composite oxide particles and a fluororesin The covering ratio of the fluororesin to the surface area of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles is 20 to 65%.
- the fluorine resin that coats the surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles that are the positive electrode active material and the fluoroether in the nonaqueous solvent are eluted from the lithium-containing composite oxide. Surrounds and captures metal cations except ions. For this reason, even if such a metal cation is eluted after storage at a high temperature, the metal is prevented from being deposited on the negative electrode or the separator. As a result, it is possible to suppress a decrease in rate characteristics over time.
- a method for producing a lithium ion secondary battery includes: coating, drying, and rolling a mixture mixture containing lithium-containing composite oxide particles and a fluororesin on a surface of a positive electrode current collector.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent containing fluoroether, and the blending ratio of the fluororesin in the mixture mixture is 0.7 to 100 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles. 8 parts by weight
- the coverage of the fluororesin on the surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles can be adjusted to a predetermined range by adjusting the heat treatment conditions.
- a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent storage characteristics at high temperatures can be obtained.
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Abstract
Description
非水電解液としては、リチウム塩を非水溶媒に溶解した溶液が用いられる。リチウム塩としては、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)、四フッ化ホウ酸リチウム(LiBF4)などが知られている。また、非水溶媒としては、環状炭酸エステル、鎖状炭酸エステル、環状カルボン酸エステルなどが知られている。
図1は、本実施形態の円筒型のリチウムイオン二次電池10の模式縦断面図である。
リチウムイオン二次電池10は、正極11と、負極12と、正極11と負極12との間を隔離するセパレータ13と、図示しない非水電解質と、を備えている。正極11、負極12、およびセパレータ13は、積層されて電極群14を形成している。電極群14は渦巻状に捲回されている。正極11は、正極リード15の一端と電気的に接続されている。また、負極12は、負極リード16の一端と電気的に接続されている。電極群14の捲回軸方向における一方の端部には、正極側絶縁板17が装着されており、他方の端部には、負極側絶縁板18が装着されている。電極群14は、非水電解液とともに電池ケース19内に収容されている。そして、電池ケース19は、封口板20によって密封されている。電池ケース19は、負極端子を兼ねており、負極リード16と電気的に接続されている。封口板20に取り付けられている正極端子21は、正極リード15と電気的に接続されている。
図2に示すように、正極11は、正極集電体22と、正極集電体22の表面に形成された正極活物質層23とを含んでいる。
正極活物質24としては、リチウム含有複合酸化物の粒子が用いられる。
リチウム含有複合酸化物の具体例としては、例えば、下記一般式(1)で示されるリチウム含有複合酸化物が結晶構造の安定性に優れている点から好ましく用いられる。
LixMyMe1-yO2+δ (1)
(Mは、ニッケル(Ni)、コバルト(Co)、およびマンガン(Mn)の群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの元素を示す。Meは、マグネシウム、アルミニウム、亜鉛、鉄、銅、クロム、モリブデン、ジルコニウム、スカンジウム、イットリウム、鉛、ホウ素、アンチモン、リンから選ばれる少なくとも1つの元素を示す。xは0.98~1.1の範囲、yは0.1~1の範囲、δは-0.1~0.1の範囲である。)
δは、酸素欠陥分または酸素過剰分を示している。酸素欠陥分または酸素過剰分は、特に限定されないが、通常、化学量論的組成の±5%である-0.1~0.1の範囲、好ましくは、±1%である-0.02~0.02の範囲である。
LiNi0.1Co0.9O2、LiNi0.3Co0.7O2、LiNi0.5Co0.5O2、LiNi0.7Co0.3O2、LiNi0.8Co0.2O2、LiNi0.9Co0.1O2などのリチウムとニッケルとコバルトとの三元系複合酸化物;LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2、LiNi0.82Co0.15Al0.03O2、LiNi0.84Co0.15Al0.01O2、LiNi0.845Co0.15Al0.005O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Sr0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Y0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Zr0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Ta0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Mg0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Ti0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Zn0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15B0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Ca0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Cr0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Si0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Ga0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Sn0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15P0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15V0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Sb0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Nb0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Mo0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15W0.05O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Fe0.05O2などの、リチウムとニッケルとコバルトと元素Meとの四元系複合酸化物;LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.03Zr0.02O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.03Ta0.02O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.03Ti0.02O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.03Nb0.02O2などの、リチウムとニッケルとコバルトと元素Me(2種)との五元系複合酸化物;LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2、LiNi0.3Mn0.7O2などの、リチウムとニッケルとマンガンとの三元系複合酸化物;LiNi0.5Mn0.4Co0.1O2、LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2、LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2などの、リチウムとニッケルとマンガンとコバルトとの四元系複合酸化物;LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.29Al0.05O2、LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.31Al0.03O2、LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33Al0.01O2、LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33Y0.01O2などの、リチウムとニッケルとマンガンとコバルトと元素Meとの五元系複合酸化物;LiNiO2、LiCoO2、LiCo0.98Mg0.02O2、LiMnO2などが挙げられる。
フッ素樹脂の具体例としては、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、フッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(PVDF-HFP)などが挙げられる。これらの中では、PVDFが耐酸化性と極板密着性に優れている点から好ましい。これらのフッ素樹脂は、単独で用いても、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
導電剤としては、例えば、黒鉛類や、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、チャンネルブラック、ファーネスブラック、ランプブラック、サーマルブラックなどのカーボンブラックや、炭素繊維、各種金属繊維などが挙げられる。
溶媒の具体例としては、例えば、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、テトラヒドロフラン、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセタミド、テトラメチル尿素、リン酸トリメチルなどが挙げられる。
また、導電剤などの添加剤の含有割合は、0~20重量%、さらには、1~15重量%の範囲であることが好ましい。
具体的には、例えば、熱処理温度が250~350℃の範囲である場合には、10~120秒間の範囲、さらには20~90秒間の範囲、とくには30~75秒間の範囲で設定することが好ましい。
なお、上述した範囲の中でも、特に、熱処理温度が220~245℃の範囲で、2~90分間、さらには10~60分間、とくには20~40分間の範囲で設定することが好ましい。さらには、熱処理温度が245~250℃の範囲である場合には、1.5~60分間の範囲、さらには2~50分間の範囲、とくには、10~40分間の範囲で設定することがより好ましい。
なお、接触角の測定に用いられる非水電解液の組成はとくに限定されないが、例えば、一例として、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとを体積比1:1:8の割合で混合した混合溶媒にLiPF6を1.4mol/L溶解した組成が挙げられる。
このような組成の非水電解液を用いたとき、正極活物質層表面の接触角は、14~30度、好ましくは、17~30度、さらに好ましくは、18~26度の範囲であることが好ましい。接触角が低すぎる場合には、正極から溶出する金属カチオンを正極活物質層の表面に留めておく効果が不充分になる傾向がある。また、接触角が高すぎる場合には、正極の電荷移動抵抗が上昇することにより分極が徐々に増大し、その結果、容量が低下する傾向がある。
非水溶媒中でのフルオロエーテルの含有割合が5体積%未満の場合には、正極活物質層の表面の近傍に、金属カチオンを留めておく効果が不充分になる傾向がある。一方、非水溶媒中でのフルオロエーテルの含有割合が30体積%を超える場合には、正極活物質層の表面が非水電解液にぬれにくくなる傾向がある。
リチウム塩の具体例としては、例えば、ヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウム(LiPF6)、ホウフッ化リチウム(LiBF4)、過塩素酸リチウム(LiClO4)、ヘキサフルオロアンチモン酸リチウム(LiSbF6)、ヘキサフルオロヒ酸リチウム(LiAsF6)、テトラクロロアルミン酸リチウム(LiAlCl4)、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸リチウム(LiCF3SO3)、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウム(LiCF3CO2)、チオシアン酸リチウム(LiSCN)、低級脂肪族カルボン酸リチウム、クロロボランリチウム(LiBCl)、LiB10Cl10、ハロゲン化リチウム、ホウ酸リチウム化合物、リチウム含有イミド化合物などが挙げられる。
リチウム塩は、単独で用いても、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。これらの中では、LiPF6、LiBF4が好ましく、LiPF6がとくに好ましい。
非水溶媒に対するリチウム塩の溶解割合は、0.5~2モル/L程度であることが好ましい。
このような添加剤の具体例としては、次のような添加剤が挙げられる。なお、これらは単独で用いても、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
上述したように、始めに、正極集電体の表面にリチウム含有複合酸化物粒子とフッ素樹脂とを含む合剤混合物を塗工、乾燥及び圧延して正極活物質層を形成することにより正極を得る。そして、このようにして得られた正極を上述した条件で熱処理することにより、正極11が得られる。
そして、電極群14に対し、その捲回軸方向における一方側の端部に正極側絶縁板17を装着し、他方側の端部に負極側絶縁板18を装着する。そして、電極群14と、正極側絶縁板17と、負極側絶縁板18とを、負極端子と兼用される電池ケース19内に収容する。
次に、電池ケース19に、フルオロエーテルを含む非水電解質を供給する。
そして、電池ケース19の開口端部に封口板20を配置し、電池ケース19の径を狭めることによって、電池ケース19が密封される。こうして、円筒型のリチウムイオン二次電池10が得られる。
さらに、本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、小型機器用の電源、電気自動車用電源、電力貯蔵用電源に好ましく用いられる。
リチウム含有複合酸化物粒子である平均粒子径10μmを有するLiNi0.82Co0.15Al0.03O2の粒子85重量部と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)5重量部と、アセチレンブラック10重量部と、所定量の脱水されたN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)とを混合することにより、スラリー状の正極合剤混合物を調製した。次に、得られた正極合剤混合物を正極集電体の両面に塗布して、正極活物質層を形成した。正極集電体としては、厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔(A8021H-H18-15RK、日本製箔(株)製)を用いた。次に、得られた正極活物質層と正極集電体との積層体を110℃の温風で乾燥させた。そして、乾燥された積層体を一対のロールで圧延することにより、積層体の総厚みを130μmに調整した。
<正極の評価>
製造例で得られた熱処理された18種類の正極及び熱処理しなかった正極について、リチウム含有複合酸化物粒子の表面積に対するPVDFの被覆率及び正極表面の接触角を測定した。
結果を表1に示す。
人造黒鉛粉末75重量部とポリフッ化ビニリデン5重量部とアセチレンブラック20重量部と適量の脱水されたNMPを混合することにより、スラリー状の負極合剤混合物を調製した。次に得られた負極合剤混合物を銅箔(負極集電体)の両面に塗布することにより、負極活物質層を形成した。そして、負極活物質層と負極集電体との積層体を110℃の温風で乾燥させた。そして、乾燥された積層体を一対のロールで圧延することにより、総厚み150μmの負極を得た。そして、得られた負極は、所定の幅および長さに切断された。
[実施例1~7、及び比較例1~6]
上述した熱処理条件で処理された正極を用い、次のような方法により円筒型のリチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。
表1に示す条件で熱処理された正極を、表2に示すように実施例1~7、及び比較例1~6においてそれぞれ用いた。また、セパレータとしては、ポリエチレン製微多孔性薄膜を用いた。
正極と、負極と、非水電解液と、セパレータを用いて、図1に示すような円筒型のリチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。なお、正極リードとしては、アルミニウム製リードを用い、負極リードとしては、ニッケル製リードを用いた。また、電池ケースとしては、ニッケルメッキが施された鉄製のケースを用いた。
そして、得られた各リチウムイオン二次電池を高温保存した後の、負極上に析出した金属の量と容量回復率とを下記の方法により測定した。
得られたリチウムイオン二次電池は4.2Vの電圧で定電流定電圧充電により満充電された。そして、充電されたリチウムイオン二次電池は85℃で72時間保存された。
そして、保存後のリチウムイオン二次電池を分解して負極を取り出した。そして、負極の中央部分から縦2cm、横2cmのサイズの切断片を切り出した。そして、切断片をエチルメチルカーボネートで3回洗浄した。次に、洗浄後の切断片を酸性溶液(硝酸水溶液)中に投入した後、100℃に加熱することにより負極集電板と負極活物質層とを分離させた。そして、酸性溶液から不溶分を濾別した後、ろ液を一定の容積に希釈することにより測定試料を調製した。
得られたリチウムイオン二次電池を20℃で定電流および定電圧充電した。具体的には、はじめに、1050mAの定電流で電池電圧が4.2Vになるまで充電した。次に、4.2Vの定電圧で2時間30分充電した。さらに、充電後の電池を放電電流値1500mA(1C)で電池電圧が2.5Vに低下するまで放電した。このときの放電容量を保存前の放電容量[Ah]とした。
結果を表2に示す。
EC:エチレンカーボネート
PC:プロピレンカーボネート
DEC:ジエチルカーボネート
TFETFPE:1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピルエーテル
また、PVDFの被覆率が20%未満、または、接触角が14度未満の比較例4~6の正極を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池においては、高温保存後の負極上に析出した金属量が23μg/g以上であった。また、容量回復率も80%未満であった。
表3に示すように、非水電解液の非水溶媒の組成を変えたことなど以外は実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン電池を作成し、評価した。なお、実施例8~15は、TFETFPEとは異なるフルオロエーテルを含む非水溶媒を用いた。また、比較例7は、ECとEMCとDMCとを1:1:8の体積比で混合したフルオロエーテルを含有しない非水溶媒を用いた。また、比較例8は、ECとPCとDECとを3:3:4の体積比で混合したフルオロエーテルを含有しない非水溶媒を用いた。また、比較例9はTFETFPEを含む非水溶媒を用いたが、熱処理をしていないPVDFの被覆率が10%の正極を用いた。
結果を、実施例1および比較例6の結果とともに、表3に示す。
PFPDFME:2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロプロピルジフルオロメチルエーテル
PFPTFEE:2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロプロピル-1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチルエーテル
TFEEE:1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチルエチルエーテル()
TFETFEE:1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル-2,2,2-トリフルオロエチルエーテル
TFPDFME:2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピルジフルオロメチルエーテル
PFTFMPME:1,1,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロ-(2-トリフルオロメチル)プロピルメチルエーテル
HFPEE:1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘキサフルオロプロピルエチルエーテル
HFBDFME:2,2,3,4,4,4-ヘキサフルオロブチルジフルオロメチルエーテル
表4に示すように、非水電解液の非水溶媒の組成を変えた以外は実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作成し、評価した。
結果を表4に示す。
表5に示すように、所定の条件で熱処理された正極を用い、所定の組成の非水溶媒を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作成し、評価した。
上述した、「正極の作成」において、リチウム含有複合酸化物粒子として、平均粒子径10μmを有するLiNi0.82Co0.15Al0.03O2の粒子を用いる代わりに、平均粒子径10μmを有するLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2の粒子を用いた以外は同様にして、正極を作成した。なお、正極の各熱処理条件は、表1に記載されたNo.1~18の条件と同様の条件である。
但し、ICP発光分光分析装置を用いた析出した金属量の測定においては、測定試料中のニッケル、マンガン、およびコバルトの含有量に基づいて、正極から溶出して負極上に析出した金属の量を算出した。
そして、表6に示すように、正極の種類を変えた以外は、表2に示した実施例1~7、及び比較例1~6と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作成し、評価した。なお、正極表面の接触角とPVDFの被覆率との相関関係は、LiNi0.82Co0.15Al0.03O2を用いた正極とほぼ同様であった。
また、PVDFの被覆率が20%未満、または、接触角が14度未満の比較例13~15のリチウムイオン二次電池においては、高温保存後の負極上に析出した金属量が20μg/g以上であった。また、容量回復率も80%未満であった。
Claims (13)
- 正極、負極、前記正極と前記負極との間に配置されたセパレータ、及び非水電解液を備え、
前記非水電解液は、フルオロエーテルを含む非水溶媒を含み、
前記正極は、正極集電体と前記正極集電体の表面に形成されている正極活物質層とを含み、
前記正極活物質層は、リチウム含有複合酸化物粒子とフッ素樹脂とを含み、
前記リチウム含有複合酸化物粒子の表面積に対する前記フッ素樹脂の被覆率が20~65%である、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 前記非水溶媒は、5~30体積%のフルオロエーテルを含む請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記フッ素樹脂がポリフッ化ビニリデンである請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記リチウム含有複合酸化物粒子100重量部に対し、前記フッ素樹脂0.7~8重量部を含む請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記フルオロエーテルが、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル-2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピルエーテル、2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピルジフルオロメチルエーテルからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つである請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記リチウム含有複合酸化物粒子が、下記一般式(1):
LixMyMe1-yO2+δ (1)
(Mは、ニッケル、コバルト、およびマンガンの群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの元素を示す。Meは、マグネシウム、アルミニウム、亜鉛、鉄、銅、クロム、モリブデン、ジルコニウム、スカンジウム、イットリウム、鉛、ホウ素、アンチモン、リンから選ばれる少なくとも1の元素を示す。xは0.98~1.1の範囲、yは0.1~1の範囲、δは-0.1~0.1の範囲である。)
で示されるリチウム含有複合酸化物からなる請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。 - 前記正極が、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとを体積比1:1:8の割合で混合した混合溶媒にLiPF6を1.4mol/L溶解してなる非水電解液に対して14~30度の接触角を示す表面を有する請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 正極集電体の表面にリチウム含有複合酸化物粒子とフッ素樹脂とを含む合剤混合物を塗工、乾燥及び圧延して正極活物質層を形成することにより正極を得る工程(A)と、
前記正極を熱処理することにより、前記フッ素樹脂を溶融または軟化させる工程(B)と、
熱処理が施された前記正極と、負極と、前記正極と前記負極との間に配置したセパレータとを、積層することにより電極群を作成する工程(C)と、
電池ケースに前記電極群と非水電解液とを収容し、電池ケースを密封する工程(D)とを含み、
前記非水電解液は、フルオロエーテルを含む非水溶媒を含み、
前記合剤混合物中の前記フッ素樹脂の配合割合は、前記リチウム含有複合酸化物粒子100重量部に対し0.7~8重量部であり、
前記熱処理は、前記リチウム含有複合酸化物粒子の表面積に対する前記フッ素樹脂の被覆率が20~65%になるような条件で処理することを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法。 - 前記フッ素樹脂がポリフッ化ビニリデンである請求項9に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理条件が、250~350℃の温度において、10~120秒間熱処理する条件である請求項9に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理条件が、220~250℃の温度において、2~60分間熱処理する条件である請求項9に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理条件が、160~220℃の温度において、1~10時間熱処理する条件である請求項9に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法。
- 前記非水溶媒は、5~30体積%のフルオロエーテルを含む請求項9に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法。
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Also Published As
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US20110045360A1 (en) | 2011-02-24 |
KR20110016934A (ko) | 2011-02-18 |
JPWO2010090029A1 (ja) | 2012-08-09 |
CN102017247A (zh) | 2011-04-13 |
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