Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C255/49—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
  • C07C255/58—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing cyano groups and singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being further bound to other hetero atoms, bound to the carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C237/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups
  • C07C237/28—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring of the carbon skeleton
  • C07C237/30—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring of the carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D231/16—Halogen atoms or nitro radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D231/18—One oxygen or sulfur atom
  • C07D231/20—One oxygen atom attached in position 3 or 5
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond

Definitions

• This invention relates to a method for preparing iV-phenylpyrazole-1-carboxamides by coupling carboxylic acids with anthranilamides and to anthranilamide compounds suitable for the method.
• PCT Patent Publication WO 03/015518 discloses the utility of N-acyl anthranilic acid derivatives of Formula i as arthropodicides
• a and B are independently O or S;
• R 1 is H;
• R 2 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl or C2 ⁇ C 6 alkylcarbonyl;
• R 3 is, inter alia, H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
• R 4 is, inter alia, H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
• R 5 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl or halogen;
• R 6 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, CN, C1-C4 alkoxy or C1-C4 haloalkoxy;
• R 7 is, inter alia, a phenyl ring, a benzyl ring, a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, a napththyl ring system, each ring or ring system optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents; and
• This invention is directed to a method for preparing a compound of Formula 1,
• R 1 is CH 3 or Cl
• R 2 is Br, Cl, I or CN
• R 3 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
• R 4 is Cl, Br, CF 3 , OCF 2 H or OCH 2 CF 3 ;
• R 5 is F, Cl or Br
• R 6 is H, F or Cl
• Z is CR 7 or N
• R 7 is H, F, Cl or Br.
• the method comprises combining (1) a carboxylic acid compound of Formula 2,
• R 1 is CH 3 or Cl
• R 2 is Br, Cl, I or CN
• R 3 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl; provided that (a) when R 1 and R 2 are Cl, then R 3 is other than H, CH 2 CH 3 , or CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ;
• R 1 is CH 3 and R 2 is Cl, Br or CN, then R 3 is other than CH 3 or CH(CH 3 ) 2 ;
• compositions, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, process, method, article, or apparatus.
• Combining chemicals refers to contacting the chemicals with each other.
• the indefinite articles "a” and “an” preceding an element or component of the invention are intended to be nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e. occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.
• Carbon-based radical refers to a monovalent molecular component comprising a carbon atom that connects the radical to the remainder of the chemical structure through a single bond.
• Carbon-based radicals can optionally comprise saturated, unsaturated and aromatic groups, chains, rings and ring systems, and heteroatoms.
• carbon-based radicals are not subject to any particular limit in size, in the context of the present invention they typically comprise 1 to 16 carbon atoms and 0 to 3 heteroatoms.
• carbon-based radicals selected from Ci-Cg alkyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl and phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from Cj-C 3 alkyl, halogen and nitro.
• Ph phenyl.
• Alkyl can be straight chain or branched.
• halogen either alone or in compound words such as “haloalkyl”, includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Further, when used in compound words such as “haloalkyl”, said alkyl may be partially or fully substituted with halogen atoms which may be the same or different. Examples of “haloalkyl” include F3C, ClCH 2 , CF 3 CH 2 and CF 3 CCl 2 .
• Embodiments of the present invention include: Embodiment Ml.
• the method wherein the molar ratio of the compound of Formula 2 to the compound of Formula 3 is from about 1.2:1 to about 1:1.2.
• Embodiment M2 The method of Embodiment Ml wherein the molar ratio of the compound of Formula 2 to the compound of Formula 3 is from about 1 : 1 to about 1:1.2.
• Embodiment M3. The method of Embodiment M2 wherein the molar ratio of the compound of Formula 2 to the compound of Formula 3 is about 1:1.1.
• the method wherein the molar ratio of the sulfonyl chloride to the compound of Formula 2 is at least about 1:1.
• Embodiment M4 wherein the molar ratio of the sulfonyl chloride to the compound of Formula 2 is from about 1 : 1 to about 2.5: 1.
• Embodiment M6 The method of Embodiment M5 wherein the molar ratio of the sulfonyl chloride to the compound of Formula 2 is from about 1.1:1 to about
• Embodiment M7 The method of Embodiment M6 wherein when R 2 is Br, Cl or I, then the molar ratio of the sulfonyl chloride to the compound of Formula 2 is about
• Embodiment M8 The method of Embodiment M6 wherein when R 2 is CN, then the molar ratio of the sulfonyl chloride to the compound of Formula 2 is about 1.4: 1.
• Embodiment M9. The method wherein the sulfonyl chloride is of Formula 4
• Embodiment MlO The method of Embodiment M9 wherein R 8 is C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C2 haloalkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C3 alkyl and nitro.
• Embodiment Mi l The method of Embodiment MlO wherein R 8 is C1-C2 alkyl, CF3, phenyl or 4-methylphenyl.
• Embodiment M12 The method of Embodiment Ml 1 wherein R 8 is C1-C2 alkyl, phenyl or 4-methylphenyl.
• Embodiment Ml 3. The method of Embodiment Ml 2 wherein R 8 is CH3.
• Embodiment M 14 The method wherein the carboxylic acid of Formula 2, aniline of Formula 3 and sulfonyl chloride are combined at a temperature is between about -70 and 100 0 C.
• Embodiment M 15 The method of Embodiment M14 wherein the temperature is between about -20 and 40 0 C.
• Embodiment M 16 The method of Embodiment Ml 5 wherein the temperature is between about -10 and 20 °C.
• Embodiment Ml 7. The method wherein the carboxylic acid of Formula 2 is combined with the aniline of Formula 3 to form a mixture, and then the mixture is combined with the sulfonyl chloride.
• Embodiment Ml 8. The method of Embodiment M17 wherein a base is combined with the mixture either before or after combining with the sulfonyl chloride.
• Embodiment M 19 The method of Embodiment Ml 7 wherein a base is combined with the compounds of Formulae 2 and 3 to form the mixture before combining with the sulfonyl chloride.
• Embodiment M20 The method wherein a base is combined with the compounds of
• Embodiment M21 The method of any one of Embodiments Ml 8 to M20 wherein the amount of the base is at least about 2 equivalents relative to the sulfonyl chloride.
• Embodiment M22 The method of Embodiment M21 wherein the amount of base is at least about 2.1 equivalents relative to the sulfonyl chloride.
• Embodiment M23 The method of Embodiment M22 wherein the amount of the base is from about 2.1 to 2.2 equivalents relative to the sulfonyl chloride.
• Embodiment M24 The method of any one of Embodiments Ml 8 to M20 wherein the base is selected from tertiary amines (including optionally substituted pyridines).
• Embodiment M25 The method of Embodiment M24 wherein the base is selected from optionally substituted pyridines and mixtures thereof.
• Embodiment M26 The method of Embodiment M25 wherein the base is selected from 2-picoline, 3-picoline, 2,6-lutidine, pyridine and mixtures of the foregoing.
• Embodiment M27 The method of Embodiment M26 wherein the base is 3-picoline.
• Embodiment M28 The method wherein a solvent is combined with the compounds of
• Embodiment M29 The method of Embodiment Ml 7 wherein a solvent is combined with the compounds of Formulae 2 and 3 to form the mixture before combining with the sulfonyl chloride.
• Embodiment M30 The method of Embodiments M28 or M29 wherein the solvent is selected from nitriles (e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile), esters (e.g., methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone, haloalkanes (e.g., dichloromethane, trichloromethane), ethers (e.g., ethyl ether, methyl tert-buty ⁇ ether, tetrahydrofuran, /?-dioxane), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene,
• Embodiment M31 The method of Embodiment M30 wherein the solvent is selected from tertiary amines (e.g., trialkylamines, dialkylanilines, optionally substituted pyridines) and mixtures of the foregoing.
• Embodiment M32 The method of Embodiment M30 wherein the solvent is selected from tertiary amines (e.g., trialkylamines, dialkylanilines, optionally substituted pyridines) and mixtures of the foregoing.
• tertiary amines e.g., trialkylamines, dialkylanilines, optionally substituted pyridines
• Embodiment M30 wherein the solvent is selected from nitriles (e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile), esters (e.g., methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone, haloalkanes (e.g., dichloromethane, trichloromethane), ethers (e.g., ethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran,/?-dioxane), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene), and mixtures of the foregoing.
• nitriles e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile
• esters e.g., methyl a
• Embodiment M33 The method of Embodiment M32 wherein the solvent is acetonitrile.
• Embodiment Cl. A compound of Formula 3 wherein Rl is CH3.
• Embodiment C2. A compound of Formula 3 wherein R 2 is Br or Cl.
• Embodiment C3 A compound of Formula 3 wherein R 2 is I.
• Embodiment C4. A compound of Formula 3 wherein R 2 is CN.
• Embodiment C5. A compound of Formula 3 wherein R 3 is H or CH 3 .
• Embodiment C6. A compound of Formula 3 wherein R 3 is CH3.
• R 1 is CH3, R 2 is Cl and R 3 is H,
• R 1 is CH 3
• R 2 is I and R 3 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 or C(CH 3 ) 3 .
• R 1 is CH 3
• R 2 is CN and R 3 is CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 or C(CH 3 ) 3 .
• R 1 is Cl
• R 2 is Cl and R 3 is CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 or C(CH 3 ) 3 .
• R 1 is Cl
• R 2 is Br and R 3 is H, CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ,
• R 1 is Cl
• R 2 is CN
• R 3 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 or C(CH 3 ) 3 .
• a pyrazolecarboxylic acid of Formula 2 an aniline of Formula 3 and a sulfonyl chloride are combined (i.e. contacted) to provide the corresponding iV-phenyl- pyrazole- 1 -carboxamide of Formula 1.
• the nominal mole ratio of the Formula 3 compound to the Formula 2 compound is typically from about 0.9 to 1.1, and is preferably about 1.0 so that both compounds can be fully consumed.
• the present method can be conducted over a wide range of temperatures, but commonly it is conducted at temperatures ranging from -70 °C to +100 °C. Of note are temperatures are from -20 °C to +40 0 C. Of particular note for reasons of convenient operation, favorable reaction rate and selectivity, and high process yield are temperatures from -10 °C to +20 0 C.
• the sulfonyl chloride compound is used as a reactant to facilitate coupling of the carboxylic acid with the anthranilamide to form the N-phenylpyrazole-1 -carboxamide.
• the nominal mole ratio of the sulfonyl chloride to the Formula 2 compound is typically from about 1.0 to 2.5, and preferably is from about 1.1 to 1.4 when the cyclization side reaction described below occurs to no more than a small extent (i.e. 0-10%).
• Sulfonyl chlorides are generally of the formula R 8 S(O ⁇ Cl (Formula 4) wherein R 8 is a carbon-based radical.
• R 8 is C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C2 haloalkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C ] -C 3 alkyl and nitro.
• Sulfonyl chloride compounds preferred for the present method because of their commercial availability include methanesulfonyl chloride (R 8 is CH3), propanesulfonyl chloride (R 8 is (CH2) 2 CH3), benzenesulfonyl chloride (R 8 is Ph), and /7-toluenesulfonyl chloride (R 8 is 4-CH3-PI1). Methanesulfonyl chloride is more preferred for reasons of lower cost, ease of addition and/or less waste.
• the sulfonyl chloride is combined with the pyrazolecarboxylic acid of Formula 2 and the aniline of Formula 3.
• the reactants can be combined in a variety of orders, such as combining the sulfonyl chloride with the carboxylic acid of Formula 2 to form a mixture and then combining the mixture with the aniline of Formula 3.
• the most preferable order of combination has been found to comprise combining the carboxylic acid of Formula 2 with the aniline of Formula 3 to form a mixture and then combining the sulfonyl chloride with the mixture (e.g., adding the sulfonyl chloride to the mixture of the compounds of Formulae 2 and 3), because this order of the addition allows convenient control of the coupling process.
• the rate of reaction is readily controlled by simply controlling the rate of addition of the sulfonyl chloride compound.
• an embodiment of note of the present method comprises the sequential steps of (1) combining a carboxylic acid of Formula 2 and an aniline of Formula 3 to form a mixture, and (2) then combining the mixture with a sulfonyl chloride.
• addition of the sulfonyl chloride to the mixture containing the aniline of Formula 2 potentially could result in undesirable side reactions, it has been discovered that the particular stereoelectronic profiles of the compounds of Formulae 2 and 3 facilitate obtaining remarkably high yields of compounds of Formula 1 using the present method.
• the compound of Formula 1 is formed when the starting compounds of Formulae 2 and 3 and the sulfonyl chloride are contacted with each other in a combined liquid phase, in which each is at least partially soluble.
• the method is most satisfactorily conducted using a solvent in which the starting compounds have significant solubility.
• the method is conducted in a liquid phase comprising a solvent.
• the carboxylic acid of Formula 2 may have only slight solubility but its salt with added base may have more solubility in the solvent.
• Suitable solvents for this method include nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl butyl ketone; haloalkanes such as dichloromethane and trichloromethane; ethers such as ethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and /»-dioxane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, and dichlorobenzene; tertiary amines such as trialkylamines, dialkylanilines, and optionally substituted pyridines; and mixtures of the foregoing.
• nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile
• esters
• Solvents of note include acetonitrile, propionitrile, ethyl acetate, acetone, MEK, dichloromethane, methyl tert-butyl ether, THF, p-dioxane, toluene, and chlorobenzene.
• solvent is acetonitrile, as it often provides products in superior yield and/or purity.
• the reaction of the present method generates hydrogen chloride as a byproduct, which would otherwise bind to basic centers on the compounds of Formulae 1, 2 and 3, the method is most satisfactorily conducted in the presence of at least one added base.
• the base can also facilitate constructive interaction of the carboxylic acid with the sulfonyl chloride compound and the anthranilamide. Reaction of an added base with the carboxylic acid of Formula 2 forms a salt, which may have greater solubility than the carboxylic acid in the reaction medium.
• the base may be added at the same time, in alternation, or even after the addition of the sulfonyl chloride, the base is typically added before the addition of the sulfonyl chloride.
• Some solvents such as tertiary amines also serve as bases, and when these are used as solvents they will be in large stoichiometric excess as bases.
• the nominal mole ratio of the base charged to the sulfonyl chloride charged is typically from about 2.0 to 2.2, and is preferably from about 2.1 to 2.2.
• Preferred bases are tertiary amines, including substituted pyridines. More preferred bases include 2-picoline, 3-picoline, 2,6-lutidine, and pyridine. Of particular note as base is 3- picoline, as its salts with carboxylic acids of Formula 2 are often highly soluble in solvents such as acetonitrile.
• the features of the present method provide efficient production of the iV-phenylpyrazole-l «carboxamide of Formula 1 while limiting the amounts of the carboxylic acid, the sulfonyl chloride and the anthranilamide that are consumed during the formation of the N-phenylpyrazole-1-carboxamide and reducing waste.
• the present method allows convenient control of the coupling process and provides a method involving fewer and simpler operations as compared to previously known processes for the production of iV-phenylpyrazole-1-carboxamides such as Formula 1.
• a preferred embodiment of the present method combines the pyrazolecarboxylic acid of Formula 2, the anthranilic acid of Formula 3, and a suitable base in a suitable solvent, followed by the addition of the sulfonyl chloride compound (either alone or mixed with a suitable solvent).
• the product JV-phenylpyrazole-l-carboxamides of Formula 1 can be isolated from the reaction mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including crystallization, filtration, and extraction. As shown in Scheme 2, in some cases, partial cyclization of amides 1 to iminobenzoxazines of Formula cyclo-1 occurs under the conditions of the coupling reaction.
• the cyclization side reaction converting the desired product of Formula 1 to the Formula cyclo-1 compound usually occurs to only a minor extent, if at all, in which cases the preferred ratios of sulfonyl chloride and base are sufficient to complete the coupling reaction.
• anthranilic acids of Formula 3 such as when R 2 is CN
• conditions of the reaction e.g., using sterically hindered substituted pyridines such as 2,6-lutidine as bases
• the conversion of the desired product of Formula 1 to the Formula cyclo-1 compound can occur to a more significant extent or can be the predominant reaction, hi these cases, the use of larger ratios of sulfonyl chloride and base can facilitate completion of the coupling reaction.
• the cyclization side reaction stoichiometrically consumes an equivalent of sulfonyl chloride in addition to the equivalent of sulfonyl chloride consumed in the coupling reaction.
• a 2:1 mole ratio of sulfonyl chloride to Formula 2 compound would stoichiometrically be needed to achieve complete consumption of starting materials, and typically up to about a 2.5:1 mole ratio of sulfonyl chloride to Formula 2 compound would be used, in contrast to an about 1.4:1 mole ratio of sulfonyl chloride to Formula 2 compound when the cyclization occurs only to the extent of 5-10% (as is typical with most bases when R 2 is CN)and an about 1.2:1 mole ratio of sulfonyl chloride to Formula 2 compound when the cyclization side reaction is negligible (as is typical with most bases when R 2 is Br, Cl or I).
• the additional quantities of sulfonyl chloride and base can be added while the reaction is in progress if the cyclization reaction is observed to be occurring.
• the above illustrates a valuable feature of this process, which is that additional quantities of any of the components of the process can be added at any time as required to complete the conversion.
• Another illustration of the value of this feature concerns the situation where either the component of Formula 2 or the component of Formula 3 is inadvertently undercharged to a reaction mixture.
• This undercharge can be detected by analysis of the reaction mixture using any of a variety of methods that are generally known and available, including HPLC and NMR. Once detected, the undercharge can be corrected by adding more of the appropriate component to the reaction mixture.
• Pyrazolecarboxylic acids of Formula 2 can be prepared using methods of heterocyclic synthesis known in the literature, including references found in the following compendia: Road's Chemistry of Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Vol. IVa to IVl, S. Coffey editor, Elsevier Scientific Publishing, New York, 1973; Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, Vol. 1-7, A. R. Katritzky and C. W. Rees editors, Pergamon Press, New York, 1984; Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II, Vol. 1-9, A. R. Katritzky, C. W. Rees, and E. F.
• Reaction of a pyrazole of Formula 6 with a 2-halopyridine of Formula 7 affords good yields of the 1-pyridinylpyrazole of Formula 8 with good specificity for the desired regiochemistry.
• Metallation of the compound of Formula 8 with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) followed by quenching of the lithium salt with carbon dioxide affords the l-(2-pyridinyl)pyrazolecarboxylic acid of Formula 2a.
• LDA lithium diisopropylamide
• pyrazolecarboxylic acids of Formula 2b can be prepared via 3+2 cycloaddition of an appropriately substituted iminohalide of Formula 9 with either substituted propiolates of Formula 10 or acrylates of Formula 11.
• Pyrazoles of Formula 13 can be condensed with aryl iodides using methods such as those reported by A. Klapars, J. C. Antilla, X. Huang and S. L. Buchwald, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7727-7729, or with aryl boronic acids using methods such as those reported by P. Y. S. Lam, C. G. Clark, S. Saubern, J. Adams, M. P. Winters, D. M. T. Chan and A. Combs, Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 2941-2944.
• the resulting adducts of Formula 15 can be oxidized with oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate to afford the pyrazolecarboxylic acids of Formula 2b.
• the starting pyrazoles of Formulae 6 and 13 are known compounds or can be prepared according to known methods.
• the pyrazole of Formula 6a (the compound of Formula 6 wherein R 4 is CF3) can be prepared by literature procedures (J. Fluorine Chem. 1991, 55(1), 61-70).
• the pyrazoles of Formula 6b (compounds of Formula 6 wherein R 4 is Cl or Br) can be prepared by the procedure described in Chem. Ber. 1966, 9P(IO), 3350-7.
• Pyrazolecarboxylic acids 2 can also be prepared by oxidation of the pyrazoline of Formula 18 to give the pyrazole of Formula 19 followed by hydrolysis to the carboxylic acid as shown in Scheme 7.
• the oxidizing agent can be hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, potassium monopersulfate (e.g., Oxone®) or potassium permanganate.
• This oxidation can be carried out in the presence of a solvent, preferably an ether, such as tetrahydrofuran, />-dioxane and the like, an organic ester, such as ethyl acetate, dimethyl carbonate and the like, or a polar aprotic organic such as N > N- dimethylformamide, acetonitrile and the like.
• Halopyrazolines 18 wherein R 4 is Cl or Br can be prepared from pyrazolones of Formula 20 by treatment with an appropriate halogenating agent as shown in Scheme 8.
• Halogenating reagents that can be used include phosphorus oxyhalides, phosphorus trihalides, phosphorus pentahalides, thionyl chloride, dihalotrialkylphophoranes, dihalotriphenylphosphoranes, oxalyl chloride and phosgene. Preferred are phosphorus oxyhalides and phosphorus pentahalides.
• Typical solvents for this halogenation include halogenated alkanes, such as dichloromethane, chloroform, chlorobutane and the like, aromatic solvents, such as benzene, xylene, chlorobenzene and the like, ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, />-dioxane, diethyl ether, and the like, and polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile, iV ⁇ /V-dimethylformamide, and the like.
• an organic base such as triethylamine, pyridine, iV ⁇ V-dimethylaniline or the like, can be added. Addition of a catalyst, such as TS ⁇ .TV-dimethylformamide, is also an option.
• compounds of Formula 18 wherein R 4 is halogen can be prepared by treating the corresponding compounds of Formula 18 wherein R 4 is a different halogen (e.g., Cl for making Formula 18 wherein R 4 is Br) or a sulfonate group such as methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate or /?-toluenesulfonate, with hydrogen bromide or hydrogen chloride, respectively.
• the R 4 halogen or sulfonate substituent on the Formula 18 starting compound is replaced with Br or Cl from hydrogen bromide or hydrogen chloride, respectively.
• Starting compounds of Formula 18 wherein R 4 is Cl or Br can be prepared from corresponding compounds of Formula 20 as already described.
• Starting compounds of Formula 18 wherein R 4 is a sulfonate group can likewise be prepared from corresponding compounds of Formula 20 by standard methods such as treatment with a sulfonyl chloride (e.g., methanesulfonyl chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride, or p-toluenesulfonyl chloride) and a base such as a tertiary amine (e.g., triethylamine) in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane.
• a sulfonyl chloride e.g., methanesulfonyl chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride, or p-toluenesulfonyl chloride
• a base such as a tertiary amine (e.g., triethylamine) in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane.
• the compound of Formula 20 is oxidized to the compound of Formula 21.
• the reaction conditions for this oxidation are as already described for the conversion of the compound of Formula 18 to the compound of Formula 19 in Scheme 7.
• the compound of Formula 21 can then be alkylated to form the compound of Formula 22 by contact with difluorocarbene, prepared in situ from CHCIF2 in the presence of a base.
• the compound of Formula 21 can also be alkylated to form the compound of Formula 24 by contact with an alkylating agent CF 3 CH 2 Lg in the presence of a base.
• the alkylation reaction is generally conducted in a solvent, which can comprise ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, and polar aprotic solvents, such as acetonitrile, ⁇ V-dimethylformamide, and the like.
• the base can be selected from inorganic bases such as potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide or sodium hydride.
• the reaction is conducted using potassium carbonate with ⁇ yV-dimethylformamide or acetonitrile as the solvent.
• Lg is a nucleofuge (i.e.
• the product of Formula 22 can be isolated by conventional techniques such as extraction.
• the esters can then be converted to the carboxylic acids of Formula 2c by the methods already described for the conversion of Formula 12 to Formula 2b in Scheme 4.
• a hydrazine compound of Formula 25 is contacted with a compound of Formula 26 (a fiimarate ester or maleate ester or a mixture thereof may be used) in the presence of a base and a solvent.
• the base is typically a metal alkoxide salt, such as sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium tert-butoxidc, lithium t ⁇ rf-butoxide, and the like.
• Polar protic and polar aprotic organic solvents can be used, such as alcohols, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, NJV-dimethyl- formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and the like.
• Preferred solvents are alcohols such as methanol and ethanol. It is especially preferred that the alcohol correspond to (i.e. be the same as that making up) the fumarate or maleate ester and the alkoxide base.
• the -CO2R function on the compound of Formula 20 may be hydrolyzed to -CO 2 H; for example, the presence of water in the reaction mixture can promote such hydrolysis. If the carboxylic acid (-CO2H) is formed, it can be converted back to -CO2R wherein R is C1-C4 alkyl using esterification methods well known in the art.
• the desired product, a compound of Formula 20 can be isolated by methods known to those skilled in the art, such as crystallization, extraction or distillation.
• Another aspect of this invention is directed to anthranilamides of Formula 3, which are important intermediates in the process of this invention.
• Samples of anthranilamides of Formula 3 are also useful as analytical standards for determining the presence of the anthranilamides.
• Anthranilamides of Formula 3 can be prepared from the reaction of isatoic anhydrides for Formula 27 with ammonia or alkylamines, as shown in Scheme 1 1 , by using procedures such as that described by L. H. Sternbach et al., J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 777-781.
• Scheme 11
• Isatoic anhydrides of Formula 27 can be made by a variety of known methods that are well documented in the chemical literature. For example, isatoic anhydrides are available from the corresponding anthranilic acids via cyclization involving reaction of the anthranilic acid with phosgene or a phosgene equivalent. For leading references to the methods, see Coppola, Synthesis 1980, 505 and Fabis et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 10789.
• Isatins of Formula 30 are available from aniline derivatives of Formula 29 following literature procedures such as F. D. Popp, Adv. Heterocycl. Chern. 1975, 18, 1-58 and J. F. M. Da Silva et al., Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 2001, 12(3), 273-324. Oxidation of isatin 30 with hydrogen peroxide generally affords good yields of the corresponding isatoic anhydride 28 (G. Reissenweber and D. Mangold, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1980, 19, 222-223).
• isatins of Formula 30 wherein R 2 is Cl, Br or I are also available from the 5-unsubstituted isatins of Formula 31 by halogenation. Cyanide displacement can then provide isatins of Formula 30a (Formula 30 where R 2 is CN).
• Suitable reagents include the elemental halogens (chlorine, bromine, or iodine), "positive-halogen" reagents such as trichloroisocyanuric acid, ⁇ T-chlorosuccinimide (NCS), iV-bromosuccinimide (NBS) or iV-iodosuccinimide (NIS), and halogenating reagents such as the mixtures comprising hydrogen peroxide and a hydrogen halide.
• elemental halogens chlorine, bromine, or iodine
• positive-halogen reagents
• trichloroisocyanuric acid ⁇ T-chlorosuccinimide (NCS), iV-bromosuccinimide (NBS) or iV-iodosuccinimide (NIS)
• halogenating reagents such as the mixtures comprising hydrogen peroxide and a hydrogen halide.
• the halogen at the 5-position of isatins of Formula 30 wherein R 2 is Cl, Br or I can be displaced by cyanide using methods known in the literature. These methods include the use of a cyanide salt, usually employing a metal compound, and often in the presence of a ligand such as a substituted phosphine or a substituted bisphosphinoalkane. Suitable methods include those employing compounds of palladium such as those described by P. E. Maligres et al., Tetrahedron Letters 1999, 40, 8193-8195, and by M. Beller et al., Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9(8), 1828-1836; those employing compounds of copper such as those described by S. L.
• R 1 is Cl
• R 2 of Formula 27 is preferably Br or I to obtain selectivity in the cyanation (i.e. displacement of halogen by cyanide).
• anthranilamides of Formula 3 are typically available from the corresponding 2-nitrobenzoic acids (or esters) of Formula 32 via catalytic hydrogenation of the nitro group followed by reaction of the anthranilic ester of Formula 33 with ammonia or an alkylamine.
• Typical reduction procedures involve reduction with hydrogen in the presence of a metal catalyst such as palladium on carbon or platinum oxide in hydroxylic solvents such as ethanol and isopropanol.
• the reduction can also be conducted in the presence of zinc in acetic acid.
• anthranilamides of Formula 3 are also available from the 5-unsubstituted anthranilamides of Formula 34 by halogenation to provide anthranilamides of Formula 3 wherein R 2 is Br, Cl or I, optionally followed by cyanide displacement to provide anthranilamides of Formula 3a (Formula 3 where R 2 is CN).
• R 2 is Cl, Br or I 3a
• Step B Preparation of methyl 2-amino-5-chloro-3-methylbenzoate To a suspension of 2-amino-5-chloro-3-methylbenzoic acid (i.e. the product of Step A)
• Methyl 3-methyl-2-nitrobenzoate (98.5 g, 505 mmol), 5% Pd/C (Degussa CE 105 XRCAV, 1.0 g), and acetonitrile (300 mL) were combined in a 600-mL pressure vessel.
• the mixture was heated to 70 °C and hydrogenated at 65 psi (450 kPa) for 8 h. More 5% Pd/C (1.0 g) was added and hydrogenation was continued at 100 psi (690 kPa) for 8.5 h. Then the reaction mixture was cooled, purged with nitrogen, and filtered through Celite® diatomaceous filter aid, rinsing with acetonitrile (3 x 25 mL).
• Step B Preparation of methyl 2-amino-5-chloro-3-methylbenzoate
• the solution prepared in Step B (96.2 g, 200 mmol) was diluted with acetonitrile (60.0 g) and ethylene glycol (180 g) and dried azeotropically by distilling at atmospheric pressure under a Claisen distillation head to take off -72 mL of volatiles. Then the distillation head was replaced with a dry-ice-cooled condenser, the remaining solution was cooled to 0-5 °C, and methylamine gas (31.1 g, 1000 mmol) was added below the surface of the reaction mixture. The mixture was heated at 70 °C for 17.5 h, and then water (400 mL) was added slowly to precipitate the product.
• WO 00/27831 (18 g, 0.1 mol) and acetic acid (1.2 g, 0.02 mol) in ethyl acetate (200 mL) was warmed to 35 °C, and aqueous methylamine (40%, 9.0 g, 0.12 mol) was added dropwise over 50 minutes at 35-37 0 C. Then more aqueous methylamine (40%, 0.9 g, 12 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred an additional 2.5 h at 36 °C. Then water (20 mL) was added, the layers were separated, and the organic layer was washed with water, dried
• PCT Patent Publication WO 03/015519 for preparation (97.6% purity, 15.50 g, 50.0 mmol) and 2-amino-5-cyano-JV,3-dimethylbenzamide (i.e. the product of Example 6) (9.93 g, 52.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (120 mL) was added 2,6-lutidine (21.0 mL, 19.3 g, 180 mmol). The mixture was cooled to -10 0 C, and then a solution of methanesulfonyl chloride (5.4 mL, 8.0 g, 70 mmol) was added dropwise at -10 to -5 °C.
• methanesulfonyl chloride 5.4 mL, 8.0 g, 70 mmol
• PCT Patent Publication WO 03/015519 for preparation (97.6% purity, 15.50 g, 50.0 mmol) and 2-amino-5-cyano-iV,3-dimethylbenzamide (product of Example 6) (9.93 g, 52.5 mmol) in propionitrile (120 mL) was added 3-picoline (17.5 mL, 16.7 g, 180 mmol). The mixture was cooled to -10 0 C, and then a solution of methanesulfonyl chloride (5.4 mL, 8.0 g, 70 mmol) was added dropwise at -10 to -5 °C. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes at this temperature, then for 4 h at 0 to 5 °C.
• Table 2 illustrates particular transformations to prepare compounds of Formula 1 according to a method of the present invention.

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