WO2006056418A2 - Verwendung von übergangsmetall-carbenkomplexen in organischen licht-emittierenden dioden (oleds) - Google Patents
Verwendung von übergangsmetall-carbenkomplexen in organischen licht-emittierenden dioden (oleds) Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006056418A2 WO2006056418A2 PCT/EP2005/012529 EP2005012529W WO2006056418A2 WO 2006056418 A2 WO2006056418 A2 WO 2006056418A2 EP 2005012529 W EP2005012529 W EP 2005012529W WO 2006056418 A2 WO2006056418 A2 WO 2006056418A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- complexes
- carbene
- ligands
- transition metal
- group
- Prior art date
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- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- -1 transition metal carbene complexes Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 139
- HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanediyl Chemical compound [CH2] HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 87
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 81
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 68
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 63
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 60
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 47
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 41
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004448 alkyl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005129 aryl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005161 aryl oxy carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005142 aryl oxy sulfonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 5
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- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical group [H]C(*)=O 0.000 claims description 5
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- 125000005110 aryl thio group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
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- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003003 phosphines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphite(3-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])[O-] AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 230000005595 deprotonation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 140
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 57
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 36
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 35
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 35
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 31
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 29
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
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- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 21
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- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 14
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 14
- 150000004693 imidazolium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 13
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- 238000004440 column chromatography Methods 0.000 description 12
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- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
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- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 description 5
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
-
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of transition metal carbene complexes in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), a light-emitting layer, block layer for electrons or excitons or block layer for holes containing these transition metal carbene complexes, OLEDs containing these transition metal carbene complexes, Devices containing an inventive OLED, as well as transition metal carbene complexes.
- OLEDs organic light-emitting diodes
- OLED organic light-emitting diodes
- the property of materials is exploited to emit light when they are excited by electric current.
- OLEDs are of particular interest as an alternative to cathode ray tubes and liquid crystal displays for the production of flat panel displays. Due to the very compact design and the intrinsically lower power consumption devices are suitable, containing OLEDs in particular for mobile applications, for example for applications in mobile phones, laptops, etc.
- WO 02/15645 relates to OLEDs which have a light-emitting layer containing phosphorescent transition metal compounds.
- the transition metal compounds exhibit electrophosphorescence, in particular in the blue region of the visible electromagnetic spectrum.
- the color coordinates of the blue emitted by the complexes disclosed in WO 02/15645 are in need of improvement.
- WO 01/41512 relates to OLEDs which have a light-emitting layer which contains a molecule of the general formula L 2 MX, where M is particularly preferably iridium and L is selected from the group consisting of 2- (1-naphthyl) benzooxazole, 2-phenylbenzooxazole, 2-phenylbenzothiazole, 7,8-benzoquinoline, coumarene, thienylpyridine, phenylpyridine, benzothienylpyridine, 3-methoxy-2-phenylpyridine and tolylpyridine and X is selected from the group consisting of acetylacetonate, hexafluoroacetylacetonate, salicylidene, Picolinate and 8-hydroxyquinolinate.
- M is particularly preferably iridium
- L is selected from the group consisting of 2- (1-naphthyl) benzooxazole, 2-phenylbenzooxazole,
- WO 00/70655 relates to electroluminescent layers which have a phosphorescent organometallic iridium compound or osmium compound as the light-emitting substance.
- Tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium is preferably used as the light-emitting compound.
- Electroluminescence is understood as meaning both electrofluorescence and electrophosphorescence. Furthermore, the provision of further compounds for use as electron, exciton or hole blocking materials is of interest.
- the object of the present application is therefore to provide a compound class which is suitable for electroluminescence in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- a further object of the present application is the provision of compounds for use as electrons, excitons or hole-blocking materials.
- M metal atom selected from the group consisting of Co, Rh, Ir, Nb, Pd, Pt,
- L mono- or dianionic ligand, which may be mono- or bidentate
- K neutral mono- or bidentate ligand selected from the group consisting of phosphines; Phosphonates and derivatives thereof, arsenates and derivatives thereof; phosphites; CO; pyridines; Nitriles, monoolefins, and conjugated dienes that form a ⁇ complex with M;
- n number of carbene ligands where n is at least 1 and the carbene ligands in the complex of formula I may be the same or different at n>1; m number of ligands L, where m can be 0 or> 1 and the ligands L at m
- > 1 may be the same or different
- n + m + q is dependent on the oxidation state and coordination number of the metal atom used and on the denticity and charge of the ligands, with the proviso that n is at least 1;
- Do donor atom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S;
- r 1 if Do N and 0 if Do is O or S;
- Y 1 , Y 2 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
- Y 1 and Y 2 together with the carbon atoms to which they are connected ge, a six-membered aromatic ring which may contain one or two nitrogen atoms and, optionally, optionally fused with a further, ge, and optionally heteroatom-containing ring is fused;
- Y 3 is hydrogen or alkyl
- Y 3 and Y 2 together with the donor atom Do and the carbon atom to which Y 2 is bonded, form a five- or six-membered ring which, in addition to the donor atom Do, also contains a further heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S may contain;
- A is a bridge with three or four atoms, of which one or two atoms can be heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon atoms, so that the group
- Y 1 together with a group selected from chemi ⁇ shear single bond, C (Y 4 ) 2 , C (O), O, S, S (O), SO 2 and NY 5 a bathgied ⁇ rige bridge B to that carbon or forms heteroatom of the bridge A aus ⁇ , which is ⁇ -constantly to the carbon atom which is bonded to the N atom of the carbene moiety of the carbene ligand;
- Y 4 , Y 5 are each independently of one another hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, where the two Y 4 in the bridge C (Y 4 ) 2 can be varied independently of one another.
- the transition metal complexes of the formula I can be used in each layer of an OLED, it being possible to vary the ligand skeleton or central metal in order to adapt to desired properties of the metal complexes.
- the compounds of the formula I are preferably used as emitter molecules in OLEDs.
- a bidentate ligand is to be understood as meaning a ligand which is coordinated to the transition metal atom M in two places.
- the term “bidentate” is used synonymously with the term “bidentate”.
- a monodentate ligand is to be understood as meaning a ligand which coordinates with the transition metal atom M at a position of the ligand.
- both cis / trans isomers are possible if they are complexes of the general composition MA 2 B 4 , as well as fac-mer isomers (facial / meridional) Isomers), if they are complexes of the general composition MA 3 B 3 han ⁇ delt.
- cis / trans isomers are possible if they are complexes of the general composition MA 2 B 2 .
- the variables A and B are each a binding site of a ligand, whereby not only monodentate but also bidentate ligands can be present.
- An asymmetric bidentate ligand has, according to the abovementioned general composition, a group A and a group B, a symmetrical ligand two groups A or two groups B.
- cis isomerism means that in complexes of the composition MA 2 B 4, the two groups A occupy adjacent corners of an octahedron, while the two groups A occupy opposite corners of an octahedron in trans-isomerism.
- MA 3 B 3 three groups of the same kind can either occupy the corners of an octahedral face (facial isomer) or a meridian, that is to say two of the three ligand binding sites are translocated to one another (meridional isomer).
- acial isomer a meridian
- two of the three ligand binding sites are translocated to one another (meridional isomer).
- facer isomers in octahedral metal complexes see, for example, J. Huheey, E. Keiter, R. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 2nd, Newly Processed Edition, translated and expanded by Ralf Steudel, Berlin; New York: de Gruyter, 1995, pages 575, 576.
- cis isomerism means that complexes of the composition MA 2 B 2 occupy both the two groups A and the two groups B adjacent corners of a square, while both the groups A and the two Groups B in trans-isomerism each occupy the two einan ⁇ the diagonally opposite corners of a square.
- cis / trans isomers in square planar metal complexes see, for example, J. Huheey, E. Keiter, R, Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 2nd, revised edition, translated and extended by Ralf Stendel, Berlin; New York: de Gruyter, 1995, pages 557 to 559.
- carbene ligand can also be used according to the formula shown below
- a carbene ligand which has been shown above and the at least one further carbene ligand can have the attachment to the metal center M shown in formula I.
- the various isomers of the metal complexes of the formula I can be purified and / or separated by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example by chromatography, sublimation or crystallization.
- the present invention thus relates both to individual isomers of the transition metal carbene complexes of the formula I as well as mixtures of different isomers in any desired mixing ratio.
- Transition metal complexes containing carbene ligands are known in the art. Thus, apamann et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 10473 to 10481 and Danapoulos et al., J.Chem.Soc, Dalton Trans., 2002 3090 to 3091. Iridium complexes containing a carbene ligand having the following structural unit
- transition metal complexes of the formula I according to the present application are suitable in OLEDs, in particular as light-emitting substances in OLEDs for the production of displays.
- the transition metal carbene complexes of the general formula I used according to the invention preferably have a metal atom M selected from the group consisting of Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ru and Os, where Rh (III) 1 Ir (III), Pd (II), Pt (II), Ru (III), Ru (IV) and Os (IV) are preferable.
- Particularly preferably used metal atoms are Rh, Ir, Pt and Ru, preferably as Rh (III), Ir (III), Pt (II), Ru (III) and Ru (IV).
- Ir or Pt as the metal atom, preferably Ir (III) or Pt (II), very particularly preferably Ir (III).
- Suitable mono- or dianionic ligands L preferably monoanionic ligands L, which may be mono- or bidentate, all commonly used as mono- or bidentate mono- or dianionic ligands ligands in question.
- Suitable monoanionic monodentate ligands are, for example, halides, in particular Cl “ and Br " , pseudohalides, in particular CN “ , cyclopentadienyl (Cp ' ), alkyl radicals which are linked to the transition metal M via a sigma bond, for example CH 3 , alkylaryl radicals, which are linked to the transition metal M via a Sigmabin ⁇ tion, for example benzyl.
- Suitable monoanionic bidentate ligands are, for example, acetylacetonate and its derivatives, picolinate, Schiff's bases, amino acids and tetrakis (i-pyrazolyl) borates and the bidentate monoanionic ligands mentioned in WO 02/15645, with acetylacetonate and picolinate being preferred. •
- Suitable neutral mono- or bidentate ligands are already mentioned above.
- Preferred neutral monodentate ligands are selected from the group consisting of PPh 3 , P (OPh) 3 , AsPh 3 , CO, optionally substituted pyridines, nitriles and derivatives thereof.
- Suitable neutral mono- or bidentate ligands are preferably 1, 4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene, 1-phenyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-hexadiene, cyclooctene, ⁇ 4 -cyclooctadiene and ⁇ 2 - Cyclooctadiene (1.3 each and 1, 5) and optionally substituted phenanthrolines.
- transition metal-carbene complexes of the formula I n used according to the invention preference is given to at least 2, where the carbene ligands may be identical or different, m and q are each 0 or ⁇ 1, where the ligands L or K are m> 1 or q> 1 can be the same or different.
- the variables M, L, K, Do, r, Y 1 to Y 5 and A in this case have the meaning already mentioned above
- transition metal carbene complexes of the formula I n used according to the invention preference is further given to at least 2, where the carbene ligands may be identical or different, and m and q are each 0.
- the variables M, L, K, Do, r, Y 1 to Y 5 and A also have the previously mentioned meaning here.
- transition metal-carbene complexes of the formula I n used according to the invention preference is given to at least 2, where the carbene ligands are the same and m and q are each 0.
- the variables M, L, K, Do, r, Y 1 to Y 5 and A in turn have the meaning already mentioned above.
- the number n of the carbene ligands is in neutral transition metal complexes in which, for example, the transition metal atoms Ir (III) 1 Rh (III) or Ru (III) has a coordination number of 6, 1 to 3, preferably 2 or 3, particularly preferably 3.
- the carbene ligands may be the same or different, preferably they are the same.
- the number m of the monoanionic ligands L in the abovementioned case is accordingly 4, 2 or 0, preferably 2 or 0, particularly preferably 0. If m> 1, the ligands L may be the same or different, preferably they are the same.
- the number m of the monoanionic ligands L in the abovementioned case is accordingly 2 or 0, particularly preferably 0. If m> 1, the ligands can be L be the same or different, preferably they are the same.
- the number q of the neutral ligands K depends on whether the coordination number 6, for example for Ir (III), Rh (III) or Ru (III), or 4, for example for Pt (II) or Pd (II), with the aid the carbene ligand and the ligand L has already been reached. If - in the case that Ir (III), Rh (III) or Ru (III) are used - n equals three, q assumes a value of 0. If - n is used for the case where Pt (II) or Pd (II) is used - then q also assumes a value of 0.
- aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl have the following meanings:
- Aryl is a radical having a skeleton of 6 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 18 carbon atoms to understand, which is composed of one aromatic ring or more condensed aromatic rings.
- Suitable backbones are, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl. This basic skeleton may be unsubstituted (ie all carbon atoms which are substitutable bear hydrogen atoms) or be substituted at one, several or all substitutable positions of the skeleton.
- Suitable substituents are, for example, alkyl radicals, preferably alkyl radicals having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, particularly preferably methyl, ethyl or i-propyl, aryl radicals, preferably C ⁇ -aryl radicals, which in turn may be substituted or unsubstituted, heteroaryl radicals, preferably heteroaryl radicals which are at least a nitrogen atom, particularly preferably pyridyl radicals, alkenyl radicals, preferably alkenyl radicals which carry a double bond, particularly preferably alkenyl radicals having a double bond and 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or groups having donor or acceptor action.
- Groups with donor action are to be understood as meaning groups which have a + I and / or + M effect
- groups with acceptor action are to be understood as meaning groups which have an -I and / or -M effect
- Suitable groups with donor or acceptor action are halogen radicals, preferably F, Cl, Br, particularly preferably F, alkoxy radicals, aryloxy radicals, carbonyl radicals, ester radicals, amine radicals, such as, for example, alkyl, dialkyl, aryl, diarylamine radicals or also Diarylamine radicals with bridged aryl radicals, such as 1-carbazolyl, amide radicals, CH 2 F groups, CHF 2 groups, CF 3 groups, CN groups, thio groups or SCN groups.
- aryl radicals are substituted, they very particularly preferably bear substituents selected from the group consisting of pe consisting of methyl, F, Cl, aryloxy and alkoxy.
- Aryl is preferably a C 6 -C 18 -aryl radical, particularly preferably a C 6 -aryl radical which is optionally substituted by at least one of the abovementioned substituents.
- the C 6 -C 8 -aryl radical preferably C 6 -aryl radical
- Heteroaryl is to be understood as meaning radicals which differ from the abovementioned aryl in that at least one carbon atom in the aryl skeleton is replaced by a heteroatom.
- Preferred heteroatoms are N, O and S.
- one or two carbon atoms of the aryl skeleton are replaced by heteroatoms.
- the backbone is selected from systems such as pyridine and five-membered heteroaromatics such as pyrrole or furan.
- the backbone may be substituted at one, several or all substitutable positions of the backbone. Suitable substituents are the same as those already mentioned under the definition of aryl.
- Alkyl means a radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, particularly preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
- the alkyi may be branched or unbranched and may optionally be interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, preferably Si, N, O or S, more preferably N, O or S.
- the alkyl may be substituted with one or more of the substituents defined under the definition of aryl. It is also possible that the alkyl carries one or more aryl groups. All of the aryl groups listed above are suitable.
- Alkyl is particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and tert-butyl.
- Alkenyl is a radical which corresponds to the abovementioned alkyl having at least two carbon atoms, with the difference that at least one C-C single bond of the alkyl, if possible, is replaced by a C-C double bond.
- the alkenyl preferably has one or two double bonds.
- alkynyl is accordingly to be understood a radical which corresponds to the abovementioned alkyl having at least two carbon atoms, with the difference that at least one C-C single bond of the alkyl, if possible, is replaced by a C-C triple bond.
- the alkynyl preferably has one or two triple bonds.
- the variables Y 1 and Y 2 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl.
- Y 1 is preferably hydrogen.
- Y 2 is preferably hydrogen or alkyl, more preferably hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or tert-butyl.
- Y 1 and Y 2 together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a six-membered aromatic ring which may contain one or two nitrogen atoms. This can be anelliert with another, optionally fused ring and optionally containing heteroatoms. In this case, the heteroatoms may be part of the ring or attached to the ring ("exo-sturdy").
- Preferred substructures for the carbene ligands are:
- R hydrogen, alkyl, aryl
- Y 3 and Y 2 together with the donor atom Do and the carbon atom to which Y 2 is bonded can form a five- or six-membered ring which, in addition to the donor atom Do, also contains a further heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S may contain.
- Y 2 (together with Y 1 ) may already be part of an optionally (higher) fused aromatic ring, as in the abovementioned substructures of the carbene ligands, or Y 2 is a (formally) independent radical which with Y 3 is a further substructure the Carbenligan forms the.
- Preferred substructures are:
- X represents a CH 2 group or an oxygen atom.
- R hydrogen, alkyl, aryl too.
- Preferred substructures are:
- X is a CH 2 group or an oxygen atom.
- variable A in formula I means a bridge having three or four atoms, of which one or two atoms may be heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon atoms, so that the group (hereinafter also referred to as "G")
- heteroatoms here are in particular O, N and S.
- R denotes hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl as defined above, where the bond of the ring nitrogen atom for R is heteroaryl via a carbon atom or optionally via a heteroatom of the heteroaryl suitable for this purpose.
- Suitable six-membered heteroaromatic rings in the meaning of the group G are:
- group G may be considered:
- the group G can be substituted by substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkyloxy, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, halogen, CN, CHO, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, carboxyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkyloxysulfonyl, Aryloxysulfonyl, NO 2 and NO be substituted. If the abovementioned substituents contain heteroatoms, their attachment to the group G usually takes place via carbon atoms of the group G. However, the attachment can also take place via suitable heteroatoms of the group G.
- Preferred substituted groups G are:
- R " is CN, CHO, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, carboxyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkyloxysulfonyl, aryloxysulfonyl, NO 2 or NO
- k " assumes values of 0 or 1
- R and R ' each independently of one another are alkyl or Ha logen, in particular fluorine
- k and k ' assume values of O or 1, with the proviso that in group (Ga) the sum of k and k ' is 1 or 2, and in group (Gb), the sum of k and k 'is 1 or 2 when k "takes a value of 0, and the sum of k and k " is 0, 1 or 2 when k "takes a value of 1.
- the sum of k and k ' is preferably 2; in the case that k " assumes a value of 1, the sum of k and k " is preferably 0 or 2.
- a value of 0 for k, k ' or k " is important here, that is at the corresponding position of the Rin ⁇ ges none of said substituents R, R ' or R " and thus is a hydrogen atom. If k and k ' each have a value of 1, then the substituents are preferably the same.
- R and R ' are as alkyl in particular methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl and tert-butyl into consideration.
- alkyl or aryl which is contained in the corresponding radicals of the definition of R " , in particular methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-Pro ⁇ pyl and tert-butyl or phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl, which each may be substituted with substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl, F, Cl, phenoxy, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy and tert-butoxy, into consideration, optionally substituted phenyl being preferred.
- substituted groups are to be mentioned as such:
- group G can also be fused with a further, optionally heteroatom-containing ring, the latter ring itself may be annealed again.
- XO 1 S or NR with R is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl, and the two X ' un ⁇ depending on each other, a carbonyl group, CR 2 group, O, S or NR, with R is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl.
- Preferred fused groups G are:
- X is O, S or NR 1 with R is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl, preferably hydrogen or alkyl.
- Y 1 together with a group selected from single chemical bond, C (Y 4 ) 2 , C (O), O, S, S (O), SO 2 and NY 5 can be a two-membered bridge B to that carbon or Form heteroatom of the bridge A, which ⁇ -constantly to the carbon atom, which is bound to the N atom of the carbene moiety of the carbene ligand.
- Y 4 and Y 5 each independently represent alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, as already defined above, or hydrogen.
- the two Y 4 in the bridge C (Y 4 ) 2 can be varied independently of each other, but preferably they are the same.
- the two radicals R 4 are two hydrogen atoms or two methyl groups.
- such substructures can be represented as:
- star denotes the carbon atom which is ⁇ -bonded to the N-bonded vinylic carbon atom or suitable heteroatom of the bridge A and B that consists of Y 1 and a single chemical bond, C (Y 4 ) 2 , C (O), O, S, S (O), SO 2 or NY 5 composite bridge referred to.
- suitable heteroatom of the bridge A and B that consists of Y 1 and a single chemical bond, C (Y 4 ) 2 , C (O), O, S, S (O), SO 2 or NY 5 composite bridge referred to.
- substructures are:
- the bridge B each consists of an ethylene-diyl unit, in the formulas (Bc) and (Bd) each of a unit -CH 2 -X-, in which X is C meaning (Y 4 ) 2 , C (O), O, S, S (O), SO 2 or NY 5 .
- Y 1 and Y 2 additionally form an optionally fused aromatic ring, for example a benzene ring, then the substructures shown below result, for example:
- X again represents a single chemical bond, C (Y 4 ) 2 1 C (O), O, S, S (O), SO 2 or NY 5 , the symbol
- R hydrogen, alkyl, aryl too.
- Preferred substructures are:
- X is in particular O, S, a C (CH 3 ) 2 - or SO 2 group.
- M metal atom selected from the group consisting of Co, Rh, Ir, Nb 1 Pd, Pt,
- L mono- or dianionic ligand, which may be mono- or bidentate
- K neutral mono- or bidentate ligand selected from the group consisting of phosphines; Phosphonates and derivatives thereof, arsenates and
- n number of carbene ligands where n is at least 1 and the carbene ligands in the complex of formula I may be the same or different at n> 1;
- > 1 may be the same or different
- n + m + q is dependent on the oxidation state and coordination number of the metal atom used and on the denticity and charge of the ligands, with the proviso that n is at least 1;
- Do donor atom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S;
- r 1 if Do N and O if Do is O or S;
- Y ⁇ Y 2 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
- Y 1 and Y 2 together form a with the carbon atoms to which they are connected ge, a six-membered aromatic ring which one or two nitrogen atoms can, and which is optionally employed at an whe ⁇ , optionally fused and optionally containing heteroatoms included- the Ring is finned;
- Y 3 is hydrogen or alkyl
- Y 3 and Y 2 together with the donor atom Do and the Kohlenstoff ⁇ atom to which Y 2 is bonded, a five- or six-membered ring, WEL rather than the donor atom Do yet a further heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S may contain;
- A is a bridge with three or four atoms, of which one or two atoms can be heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon atoms, so that the group
- Y 1 together with a group selected from chemical single bond, C (Y 4 ) 2 , C (O), O, S, S (O), SO 2 and NY 5 ayergsiedriger bridge B to that carbon or forms heteroatom of the bridge A aus ⁇ , which is ⁇ -constantly to the carbon atom which is bonded to the N atom of the carbene moiety of the carbene ligand;
- Y 4 , Y 5 are each independently of one another hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, in which the two Y 4 in the bridge C (Y 4 ) 2 can be varied independently of one another.
- Preferred complexes of the formula I according to the invention contain one or more carbene ligands which are obtained by combining substructures selected from the group
- Y 1 , Y 2 hydrogen, alkyl
- R hydrogen, alkyl, aryl
- the donor atom Do is preferably S or NY 3 and Y 3 is preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or tert-butyl.
- Particularly preferred complexes of the formula I according to the invention contain one or more carbene ligands which are obtained by combining substructures selected from the group
- Y 1 , Y 2 hydrogen, alkyl
- the donor atom Do is preferably S or NY 3 and Y 3 is preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or tert-butyl.
- M is Ru (III) 1 Rh (III), Ir (III), Pd (II) or Pt (II), n is Ru (III), Rh (III) and Ir (III) is 3, for Pd (II) and Pt (II) assumes the value 2 and Y 2 and Y 3 are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or tert-butyl.
- M is Ir (III) with n equal to 3.
- Y 3 is preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or tert-butyl.
- isomeric compounds are listed above in order to illustrate the above with regard to the isomerism of the carbene complexes of the formula I.
- complexes of the formula I according to the invention contain one or more carbene ligands which are selected from the group by combining substructures
- R hydrogen, alkyl, aryl
- the donor atom Do is preferably S or NY 3 and Y 3 is preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or tert-butyl.
- M is Ru (III) 1 Rh (III) 1 Ir (III), Pd (II) or Pt (II), n is Ru (III), Rh (III) and Ir (III) is 3, for Pd (II) and Pt (II) is 2 and Y 3 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or tert-butyl.
- M is Ir (III) with n equal to 3.
- Y 3 is preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or tert-butyl.
- Do is S or NY 3 and Y is O, S, C (CH 3 ) 2 or SO 2 , Y 2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or tert. Butyl and Y 3 mean methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or tert-butyl assume.
- M is Ru (III), Rh (III), Ir (III), Pd (II) or Pt (II)
- n Ru (III), Rh (III) and Ir (III) are 3 and Pd (II) and Pt (II) is 2
- Y is O, S,
- M is Ir (III) with n equal to 3. Examples include:
- M is Ru (III), Rh (III) and especially Ir (III), Pd (II) or Pt (II), n is Ru (III), Rh (III) and Ir (III) is 3 and for Pd (II) and Pt (II) assumes the value 2.
- X is a CH 2 group or an oxygen atom and Y 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl or tert-butyl,
- M is Ru (III), Rh (III) and especially Ir (III), Pd (II) or Pt (II), n is Ru (III) 1 Rh (III) and Ir (III) is 3 and for Pd (II) and Pt (II) assumes the value 2.
- M is, for example, Ru (III), Rh (III) or Ir (III), in particular Ir (III), and L ' and L "are , for example, ligands selected from the group of ligands L 1 to L 7
- Y 2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl or tert-butyl and Y 3 methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or tert-butyl. designated.
- Suitable ligands L are, in particular, the acetylacetonate and its derivatives, the picolinate, Schiff's bases, amino acids, tetrakis (1-pyrazolyl) borates and the bidentate monoanionic ligands mentioned in WO 02/15645; In particular, the acetylacetonate and picolinate are of interest. In the case of complexes L 2 ML ' , the ligands L may be the same or different.
- Y 3 denotes hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl or tert-butyl, in particular methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl.
- the abovementioned neutral transition metal complexes are outstandingly suitable as emitter molecules in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
- Simple variations of the ligands or of the central metal make it possible to provide transition metal complexes which exhibit electroluminescence in the red, green and in particular in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- the neutral transition metal complexes used according to the invention are therefore suitable for use in technically usable full-color displays.
- neutral transition metal complexes are suitable as electron, exciton or hole blockers in OLEDs, depending on the ligands used and the central metal used.
- transition metal-carbene complexes of the formula I according to the invention can be prepared analogously to processes known to the person skilled in the art. Suitable preparation methods are described, for example, in the overview articles WA Hermann et al., Ad vances in Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 48, 1 to 69, WA Hermann et al., Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2256-2282 and G. Bertrand et al. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 39 to 91 and the literature cited therein.
- a further subject of the present application is a process for the preparation of the carbene complex of the formula I.
- the transition metal complexes of the formula I according to the invention are prepared by deprotonation of the ligand precursor corresponding to the corresponding carbene ligands and subsequent or simultaneous reaction with suitable metal complexes containing the desired metal.
- transition metal complexes according to the invention by direct use of Wanzlick olefins is possible.
- Suitable ligand precursors are known to the person skilled in the art. Preference is given to cationic precursors with negatively charged counterions.
- the cationic precursors are reacted with a base, it being possible for different intermediates to be formed, depending on the precursor.
- alkoxide derivatives, dimeric Wanzlick olefins or the free N-heterocyclic carbenes are formed in this way, for example.
- Alkoxide derivatives and Wanzlick olefins are usually subjected to thermal loading in the presence of a suitable metal precursor, with elimination of the alcohol or cleavage of the dimer, and formation of the metal carbene compound in the presence of suitable metal complexes.
- the reactions are usually carried out in suitable solvents known to the person skilled in the art or to be determined by simple preliminary experiments, it being possible to use the same or different solvents in two-stage variants for both partial steps.
- suitable solvents known to the person skilled in the art or to be determined by simple preliminary experiments, it being possible to use the same or different solvents in two-stage variants for both partial steps.
- solvents are aromatic and aliphatic solvents or ethers, for example toluene, tetrahydrofuran, furthermore alcohols or chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride, liquid ammonia, optionally mixed with tetrahydrofuran, and also polar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone or acetonitrile.
- Alcohols and halogenated hydrocarbons are generally only used if no free carbene is formed in the reaction.
- the base for reaction with the ligand precursors may be present in the metal compounds containing the desired metal M of the complexes of formula I.
- Possible metal compounds are metal acetates, metal acetylacetonates, metal amides or metal alkoxylates.
- the implementation with external Ba such as KO 1 Bu, NaO 1 Bu, LiO 1 Bu, NaH, disilazides and Phosphazenbasen done. It is also possible to carry out the reaction with the ligand precursors with the metal compounds containing the base in combination with external bases.
- the transition metal carbene complexes of the formula I according to the invention are preferably selected from the corresponding cationic precursors selected from the group consisting of azolium salts, in particular imidazolium salts, benzimidazolium salts; Triazolium salts and azolidinium salts, in particular Imidazolidini- umsalzen, by reaction with an external base, preferably KO 1 Bu or disilazides, especially z. Potassium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide, and subsequent or in situ reaction of the resulting intermediate with a complex of the desired metal.
- azolium salts in particular imidazolium salts, benzimidazolium salts
- Triazolium salts and azolidinium salts in particular Imidazolidini- umsalzen
- Suitable complexes of the desired metal are known to those skilled in the art.
- the desired metal in the metal complex used and the corresponding metal of the transition metal carbene complex I prepared therefrom need not have the same oxidation state.
- iridium (III) complexes of the general formula I, which are particularly preferred according to the present application, the following iridium (III) complexes can be used, for example: [( ⁇ -Cl) lr ( ⁇ 4 -1, 5-cod)] 2 , [( ⁇ -Cl) lr ( ⁇ 2 -1,5-COe) J 2 , lr (acac) 3 , IrCl 3 xn H 2 O, (tht) 3 lrCl 3 , wherein cod is cyclooctadiene , co-cycloctene, acac acetylacetonate and tht tetrahydrothiophene.
- Alkoxide derivatives or Wanzlick olefins are usually added at room temperature to the corresponding metal precursors and then thermally stressed, wherein in the case of the alkoxide derivatives of the corresponding alcohol is cleaved, or the dimeric Wanzlick olefins are cleaved and the metal-carbene compound is formed.
- these reactions take place at temperatures of 20 to 16O 0 C.
- free carbenes for example imidazolin-2-ylidenes
- they are generally added with cooling of the metal precursor, then heated to room temperature (20 to 25 ° C.) and / or optionally to a still higher temperature.
- the reaction is usually carried out in a temperature range from -78 to + 16O 0 C.
- the ratio of metal complex to ligand precursor used depends on the desired complex bearing at least two carbene ligands.
- the metal atom is Ir (III), which is particularly preferred, and the desired transition metal complex contains three carbene ligands, which is also particularly preferred, the molar amount of ligand precursors must be about three times the molar amount Metal in the metal complex, where a small excess of the ligand precursor can be used.
- the molar ratio of tall in the metal complex to the molar amount of Ligandvorpetm is usually 1:
- the molar ratio of base used to ligand precursor used is usually 3: 1 to 1: 1, preferably 2: 1 to 1: 1.
- strong bases such as LiO 1 Bu, NaO'Bu, KO 1 Bu or potassium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide (KHMDS)
- KHMDS potassium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide
- X ' denotes an anionic group, preferably a halide, pseudohalide or another monoanionic group, for example Cl ' , Br ' , I “ , BF 4 " , PF 6 ' , CN “ , SCN “ , particularly preferably BF 4 ' , PF 6 ' .
- transition metal carbene complexes used in accordance with the invention are eminently suitable as emitter substances, since they have an emission (electroluminescence) in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- emission electroluminescence
- With the aid of the transition metal carbene complexes used according to the invention as emitter substances it is possible to provide compounds which have electroluminescence in the red, green and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- full-color displays as emitter substances with the aid of the transition metal carbene complexes used according to the invention.
- the accessibility of differently substituted carbene ligands and various transition metals makes it possible to produce emitter substances which emit light in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- the quantum yield is high and the stability of the transition metal carbene complexes in the device, in particular those with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, is high.
- neutral transition metal complexes are suitable as electron, exciton or hole blockers in OLEDs, depending on the ligands used and the central metal used.
- Organic light-emitting diodes are basically built up of several layers:
- the OLED does not have all of the layers mentioned, for example an OLED with the layers (1) (anode), (3) (light-emitting layer) and (5) (cathode) is likewise suitable, wherein the functions of the layers (2) (hole-transporting layer) and (4) (electron-transporting layer) are taken over by the adjacent layers.
- OLEDs comprising layers (1), (2), (3) and (5) or layers (1), (3), (4) and (5) are also suitable.
- the transition metal carbene complexes according to the present application can be used in various layers of an OLED. Another object of the present invention is therefore an OLED containing at least one transition metal carbene complex according to the present application.
- the transition metalcarbene complexes are preferably used in the light-emitting layer as emitter used.
- Another object of the present invention is therefore a light-emitting layer containing at least one transition metal carbene complex as an emitter molecule.
- Preferred transition metal carbene complexes, in particular transition metal carbene complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, have already been mentioned above.
- transition metal carbene complexes according to the invention or those used according to the invention can be present in bulk-without further additives-in the light-emitting layer or another layer of the OLED, preferably in the light-emitting layer.
- further compounds are present in the layers containing at least one transition metal carbene complex according to the present application, preferably in the light-emitting layer.
- a fluorescent dye may be present in the light-emitting layer in order to change the emission color of the transition metal carbene complex used as emitter molecule.
- a diluent material can be used.
- CDP CBP
- the proportion of transition metal carbene complexes used in the light-emitting layer according to the invention is generally less than 60% by weight, preferably less than 50% by weight, particularly preferably from 5 to 40% by weight.
- the individual of the abovementioned layers of the OLED can in turn be composed of 2 or more layers.
- the hole-transporting layer may be constructed of a layer into which holes are injected from the electrode and a layer that transports the holes away from the hole-injecting layer into the light-emitting layer.
- the electron-transporting layer can likewise consist of several layers, for example a layer in which electrons are injected through the electrode, and a layer which receives electrons from the electron injection layer and transports them into the light-emitting layer. These layers are selected in each case according to factors such as energy level, temperature resistance and charge carrier mobility, as well as energy difference of the named layers with the organic layers or the metal electrodes.
- the person skilled in the art is able to select the structure of the OLEDs in such a way that it is optimally adapted to the transition metal tallcarbene complexes used according to the invention as emitter substances.
- the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) of the hole transporting layer should be aligned with the working function of the anode and the LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of the electrochemical nentransport Schlden layer should be aligned with the work function of the cathode.
- a further subject of the present application is an OLED containing at least one light-emitting layer according to the invention.
- the further layers in the OLED may be constructed of any material commonly employed in such layers and known to those skilled in the art.
- the anode (1) is an electrode that provides positive charge carriers. It can be constructed, for example, of materials which contain a metal, a mixture of different metals, a metal alloy, a metal oxide or a mixture of different metal oxides. Alternatively, the anode may be a conductive polymer. Suitable metals include the metals of Groups 11, 4, 5 and 6 of the Periodic Table of Elements and the transition metals of Groups 8 to 10. When the anode is to be transparent, mixed metal oxides of Groups 12, 13 and 14 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are generally used used, for example indium tin oxide (ITO). It is also possible that the anode (1) contains an organic material, for example polyaniline, as described for example in Nature, Vol. 357, pages 477 to 479 (June 11, 1992). At least either the anode or the cathode should be at least partially transparent in order to decouple the light formed.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- Suitable hole transport materials for the layer (2) of the OLED according to the invention are disclosed, for example, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Edition, Vol. 18, pages 837 to 860, 1996. Both hole transporting molecules and polymers can be used as hole transport material.
- hole-transporting molecules are selected from the group consisting of 4,4'-bis [N- (1-naphthyl) -N-phenyl-amino] biphenyl ( ⁇ -NPD), N, N'-diphenyl-N , N'-Bis (3-methylphenyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4,4'-diamine (TPD) 1 1, 1 -Bis [(di-4-tolylamino) -phenyl] cyclohexane (TAPC) , N, N'-bis (4-methylphenyl) -N, N'-bis (4-ethylphenyl) - [1, 1 '- (3,3'-dimethyl) biphenyl] -4,4'-diamine (ETPD ), Tetrakis (3-methylphenyl) -N, N, N ', N'-2,5-phenylenediamine (PDA), ⁇ -phenyl
- oxinoid compounds such as tris (8-hydroxychinolato) aluminum (Alq 3 )
- phenanthroline-based compounds such as 2,9-dimethyl, 4,7-diphenyl
- the layer (4) can serve both to facilitate the electron transport and as a buffer layer or as a barrier layer in order to avoid quenching of the exciton at the boundary surfaces of the layers of the OLED.
- the layer (4) improves the mobility of the electrons and reduces quenching of the exciton.
- hole transport materials and electron transporting materials some may fulfill several functions.
- some of the electron-conducting materials are at the same time hole-blocking materials if they have a deep HOMO.
- the charge transport layers can also be electronically doped in order to improve the transport properties of the materials used, on the one hand to make the layer thicknesses more generous (avoidance of pinholes / short circuits) and, on the other hand, to minimize the operating voltage of the device.
- the hole transport materials can be doped with electron acceptors, for example phthalocyanines or arylamines such as TPD or TDTA can be doped with tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ).
- the electron transport materials can, for example, be doped with alkali metals, for example Alq 3 with lithium.
- the electronic doping is known to the person skilled in the art and for example in W. Gao, A. Kahn, J. Appl.
- the cathode (5) is an electrode which serves to introduce electrons or negative charge carriers.
- Suitable materials for the cathode are selected from the group consisting of group 1 alkali metals, for example Li, Cs, alkaline earth metals of group 2, eg calcium, barium or magnesium, metals of group 12 of the Periodic Table of the Elements comprising the lanthanides and Actinides, eg samarium.
- metals such as aluminum or indium, and combinations of all the metals mentioned.
- lithium-containing organometallic compounds or LiF between the organic Layer and the cathode are applied to reduce the operating voltage (Operating Voltage).
- the OLED according to the present invention may additionally contain further layers which are known to the person skilled in the art.
- a layer can be applied between the layer (2) and the light-emitting layer (3), which facilitates the transport of the positive charge and / or adapts the band gap of the layers to one another.
- this further layer can serve as a protective layer.
- additional layers may be present between the light-emitting layer (3) and the layer (4) in order to facilitate the transport of the negative charge and / or to adapt the band gap between the layers to one another.
- this layer can serve as a protective layer.
- the OLED according to the invention contains at least one of the further layers mentioned below:
- the OLED does not have all of the layers (1) to (5) mentioned, for example an OLED having the layers (1) (anode), (3) (light-emitting layer) and (5 ) (Cathode), wherein the functions of the layers (2) (hole-transporting layer) and (4) (electron-transporting layer) are taken over by the adjacent layers.
- OLEDs comprising layers (1), (2), (3) and (5) or layers (1), (3), (4) and (5) are also suitable.
- Suitable materials for the individual layers are known to those skilled in the art and e.g. in WO 00/70655.
- each of the mentioned layers of the OLED according to the invention can be composed of two or more layers. Furthermore, it is possible that some or all of the layers (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) are surface treated to increase the efficiency of charge carrier transport. The selection of materials for Each of said layers is preferably determined by obtaining an OLED having a high efficiency and a lifetime.
- the preparation of the OLEDs according to the invention can be carried out by methods known to the person skilled in the art.
- the OLED is produced by successive vapor deposition of the individual layers onto a suitable substrate.
- Suitable substrates are, for example, glass or polymer films.
- customary techniques can be used, such as thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition and others.
- the organic layers may be coated from solutions or dispersions in suitable solvents, using coating techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- Compositions which, in addition to the at least one transition metal carbene complex according to the invention, have a polymeric material in one of the layers of the OLED, preferably in the light-emitting layer, are generally applied as a layer by means of solution-processing methods.
- the various layers have the following thicknesses: anode (1) 500 to 5000 ⁇ , preferably 1000 to 2000 ⁇ ; Hole-transporting layer (2) 50 to 1000 A, preferably 200 to 800 A, light-emitting layer (3) 10 to 1000 A, preferably 100 to 800 A, electron-transporting layer (4) 50 to 1000 A, preferably 200 to 800 A, cathode (5) 200 to 10,000 A, preferably 300 to 5000 A.
- the position of the recombination zone of holes and electrons in the OLED according to the invention and thus the emission spectrum of the OLED can be influenced by the relative thickness of each layer. That is, the thickness of the electron transport layer should preferably be selected so that the electron / holes recombination zone is in the light-emitting layer.
- the ratio of the layer thicknesses of the individual layers in the OLED depends on the materials used.
- the layer thicknesses of optionally used additional layers are known to the person skilled in the art.
- OLEDs can be obtained with high efficiency.
- the efficiency of the OLEDs according to the invention can be further improved by optimizing the other layers.
- eind substrates and new hole-transporting materials which bring about a reduction in the operating voltage or an increase in the quantum efficiency can also be used in the OLEDs according to the invention.
- additional layers in the O- LEDs may be present to adjust the energy levels of the various layers and to facilitate electroluminescence.
- the OLEDs according to the invention can be used in all devices in which electroluminescence is useful. Suitable devices are preferably selected from stationary and mobile screens. Stationary screens are e.g. Screens of computers, televisions, screens in printers, kitchen appliances, billboards, lighting and signboards. Mobile screens are e.g. Screens in mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, vehicles and destination displays on buses and trains.
- Stationary screens are e.g. Screens of computers, televisions, screens in printers, kitchen appliances, billboards, lighting and signboards.
- Mobile screens are e.g. Screens in mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, vehicles and destination displays on buses and trains.
- transition metal carbene complexes used according to the invention can be used in OLEDs with inverse structure.
- the transition metal carbene complexes in these inverse OLEDs are preferably used again in the light-emitting layer.
- the structure of inverse OLEDs and the materials usually used therein are known to the person skilled in the art.
- transition metal complexes according to the invention or those used according to the invention described above can, in addition to their use in OLEDs, be used as colorants which emit when exposed to light in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum (photoluminescence). Such colorants are preferably used as colorants in polymeric materials.
- a further subject of the present application is therefore the use of the above-described inventive or inventivelyssenetz ⁇ th transition metal carbene complexes for the mass coloration of polymeric materials.
- Suitable polymeric materials are polyvinyl chloride, cellulose acetate, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyurethanes, polyimides, polybenzimidazoles, melamine resins, silicones, polyesters, polyethers, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylonitrile, polybutadiene, polychlorobutadiene, polyisoprene or the like Copolymers of the listed monomers.
- transition metal complexes as or in vat dyes, for example for coloring natural substances, examples being paper, wood, straw, leather, hides or natural fiber materials such as cotton, wool, silk, jute, sisal,
- Hemp, flax or animal hair for example horsehair
- their conversion products such as viscose fiber, nitrate silk or copper rayon (rayon)
- Use of the transition metal complexes as colorants for example for dyeing paints, lacquers and other paints, paper inks, printing inks, inks and other colors for painting and writing purposes.
- transition metal complexes as pigmentary dyes, for example for coloring paints, lacquers and other paints, paper inks, printing inks, inks and other colors for painting and writing purposes.
- transition-metal complexes as pigments in electrophotography: for example for dry copying systems (Xerox process) and laser printers.
- transition metal complexes for safety marking purposes, whereby the great chemical and photochemical stability and possibly also the luminescence of the substances is of importance. This is preferred for
- transition metal complexes as an additive to other inks in which a certain shade of shade is to be achieved, particularly luminous shades are preferred.
- transition metal complexes for marking objects for machine recognition of these objects via the luminescence, preferred is the machine detection of objects for sorting, for example, for the recycling of plastics.
- transition metal complexes as luminescent dyes for machine-readable markings, alphanumeric imprints or barcodes are preferred.
- transition metal complexes • Application of the transition metal complexes to frequency conversion of light, for example to make shortwave light longer wavelength visible light.
- transition metal complexes Use of the transition metal complexes in display elements for many display, reference and marking purposes, for example in passive display elements, information and traffic signs, such as traffic lights.
- transition metal complexes Use of the transition metal complexes in ink-jet printers, preferably in homogeneous solution as luminescent ink. • Application of transition metal complexes as starting material for superconducting organic materials.
- the dyes may be covalently linked to substrates or via secondary valences such as hydrogen bonds or hydrophobic interactions (adsorption).
- transition metal complexes as luminescent dyes in highly sensitive detection methods (see C. Aubert, J. Hochschilling, I. Zschocke-
- transition metal complexes as dyes or luminescent dyes in optical light collecting systems.
- transition metal complexes as dyes or luminescent dyes in luminescence-activated displays (see W. Greubel and G. Baur, Elektronik 26 (1977) 6).
- transition metal complexes as dyes or luminescent dyes in cold light sources for light-induced polymerization for the preparation of plastics.
- transition metal complexes as dyes or luminescent dyes for material testing, for example in the production of semiconductor circuits.
- transition metal complexes as dyes or luminescent dyes for investigating microstructures of integrated semiconductor components.
- transition metal complexes as dyes or luminescent dyes in photographic processes.
- transition metal complexes as dyes or luminescent dyes in display, illumination or image converter systems in which the excitation is effected by electrons, ions or UV radiation, for example in luminescence displays, Braun tubes or in fluorescent tubes.
- transition metal complexes as dyes or luminescent dyes as part of a semiconductor integrated circuit, the dyes as such or in combination with other semiconductors, for example in the form of an epitaxy.
- transition metal complexes as dyes or luminescent dyes in chemiluminescence systems, for example in chemiluminescent light-emitting rods, in luminescence immunoassays or other luminescence detection methods.
- transition metal complexes as dyes or luminescent dyes as signal colors, preferably for optical highlighting of committeezü ⁇ gene and drawings or other graphic products, for marking signs and other objects, in which a special optical
- transition metal complexes as dyes or luminescent dyes in dye lasers, preferably as luminescent dyes for producing laser beams.
- transition metal complexes as active substances for nonlinear optics, for example for frequency doubling and frequency tripling of laser light.
- transition metal complexes as dyes in photovoltaic arrangements for converting electromagnetic radiation into electrical energy.
- the following examples further illustrate the invention.
- the reaction mixture is stirred for one hour at Hauttempe ⁇ temperature, for two hours at 70 0 C and then overnight at reflux.
- the batch is then concentrated to dryness and the residue is extracted with methylene chloride. After re-concentration to dryness, the brown residue is subjected to column chromatographic purification. 1.15 g of a yellow powder (24% of theory) are obtained.
- the ITO substrate used as the anode is first with commercial judgesmit ⁇ stuffs for the LCD production (Deconex 20NS ® and neutralizing agent 25ORGAN- ACID ® ) and then cleaned in an acetone / isopropanol mixture in an ultrasonic bath. To remove possible organic residues, the substrate is exposed to a continuous flow of ozone for another 25 minutes in an ozone furnace. This treatment also improves hole injection of the ITO.
- electroluminescence spectra are recorded at different currents or voltages. Furthermore, the current-voltage characteristic is measured in combination with the radiated light output. The light output can be converted into photometric variables by calibration with a luminance meter.
- the compound V2 was prepared as follows:
- the ITO substrate is pretreated as described under a).
- electroluminescence spectra are recorded at different currents or voltages. Furthermore, the current-voltage characteristic is measured in combination with the radiated light output. The light output can be converted into photometric quantities by calibration with a luminance meter.
- the carbene complex was prepared by reacting the imidazolium salt obtained in step b) with [( ⁇ -Cl) ( ⁇ 4 -1,5-cod) lr] 2 according to the abovementioned general method.
- the product was obtained after elution with ethyl acetate / methanol 2: 1 in a yield of 24% of theory as a yellowish powder.
- the carbene complex was prepared by reacting the imidazolium salt obtained in step e) with [( ⁇ -Cl) ( ⁇ 4 -1, 5-COd) Ir] 2 according to the abovementioned general method.
- the product was obtained as a mixture of isomers after elution with ethyl acetate / methanol 9: 1 in a yield of 10% of theory.
- the preparation of the carbene complex was carried out by reacting the obtained in step b) imidazolium salt with [( ⁇ -CI) ( ⁇ 4 -1,5-cod) lr] 2 according to the above general method.
- the product was obtained after elution with a methyl tert-butyl ether-ethyl acetate gradient in a yield of 9% of theory.
- the carbene complex was prepared by reacting the imidazolium salt obtained in step c) with [( ⁇ -Cl) ( ⁇ 4 -1, 5-cod) lr] 2 according to the abovementioned general method.
- the product was obtained after elution with ethyl acetate / cyclohexane 9: 1 in a yield of 10% fac-isomer and 68% Isomeren ⁇ mixture with a fac / mer isomer ratio of about 1: 1.
- the carbene complex was prepared by reacting the imidazolium salt obtained in step a) with [( ⁇ -Cl) ( ⁇ 4 -1, 5-cod) lr] 2 according to the abovementioned general method.
- the product was obtained after elution with isobutanol in a yield of 8% of theory.
- the carbene complex was prepared by reacting the imidazolium salt obtained in step b) with [( ⁇ -Cl) ( ⁇ 4 -1,5-cod) lr] 2 according to the abovementioned general method.
- the product was obtained as a white powder after ticalenchroma- tographischer purification in a yield of 30% of theory.
- 2-Nitroaniline (10.0 g, 72.4 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane (60 ml) and glacial acetic acid (10 ml). Acetone (16 ml, 218 mmol) was added dropwise to the resulting solution with stirring and, after the addition had ended, stirred for a further 5 minutes. Boron dimethyl sulfide complex (8.6 ml 10 M, 86 mmol) was then added at 0 ° C. within 40 minutes, added dropwise with stirring. Then the ice bath was removed and stirred for one hour. The reaction mixture was then adjusted to pH 8 by slow addition of ammonia solution (about 16 ml).
- the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with two portions of dichloromethane.
- the organic phases were combined, dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was then removed in vacuo.
- the target compound N- (2-propyl) -2-nitroaniline) was obtained in this way in good purity and was further reacted without further Aufreini ⁇ .
- N- (2-propyl) -1, 2-phenylenediamine (1, 50 g, 10 mmol) and 4-bromobenzonitrile (1, 82 g, 10 mmol) were dissolved in toluene (200 ml) and at about 70 0 C while stirring with tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) (92 mg, 1 mol%), 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis (diphenylphosphino) xanthene (177 mg, 3 mol%), sodium tert-butylate (964 mg, 10 mmol) and water (130 ul) and then stirred at 80 0 C for 16 hours.
- N- (4-Cyanophenyl) -N '- (2-propyl) phenylenediamine (1.07 g, 4.25 mmol) and ammonium tetrafluoroborate (0.46 g, 4.25 mmol) were triethylorthoformated (8, 83 g, 59.5 mmol) and the resulting mixture heated under reflux for 8 h. After cooling the reaction mixture and removing part of the solvent in vacuo, ethanol was added to the solution and the resulting precipitate was filtered off and dried in vacuo. There was obtained 0.35 g of 1- (4-cyanophenyl) -3- (2-propyl) benzimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
- the carbene complex was prepared by reacting the imidazolium salt obtained in step d) with [( ⁇ -Cl) ( ⁇ 4 -1, 5-cod) lr] 2 according to the abovementioned general method.
- the product was obtained as a light yellow powder after column chromatographic purification in a yield of 28% of theory.
- the preparation of the carbene complex was carried out by reacting the obtained in step b) imidazolium salt with [( ⁇ -CI) ( ⁇ 4 -1, 5-cod) lr] 2 according to the above general method.
- the product was obtained as a yellow powder after ticalenchroma- tographischer purification in a yield of 57% of theory.
- N-phenyl-N '- (2-propyl) phenylenediamine (1.82 g, 8.0 mmol) was dissolved in triethyl orthoformate (16.6 g, 112 mmol) and extracted with ammonium tetrafluoroborate (0.84 g, 8 , 0 mmol) and heated under reflux for 8 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the residue obtained was filtered off, washed with triethyl orthoformate and dried in vacuo. 1.95 g of 1-phenyl-3- (2-propyl) benzimidazolium tetrafluoroborate were obtained.
- the carbene complex was prepared by reacting the imidazolium salt obtained in step b) with [( ⁇ -Cl) ( ⁇ 4 -1, 5-cod) lr] 2 according to the abovementioned general method.
- the product was obtained as a white powder after column chromatography purification in a yield of 83% of theory.
- the carbene complex was prepared by reacting the imidazolium salt obtained in step f) with [( ⁇ -Cl) ( ⁇ 4 -1, 5-cod) lr] 2 according to the abovementioned general method in xylene.
- the mer isomer was obtained as a yellowish powder after purification by column chromatography in a yield of 21% of theory.
- the preparation of the carbene complex was carried out by reacting the obtained in step d) Imidazoli ⁇ m salt with [( ⁇ -CI) ( ⁇ 4 -1, 5-COd) Ir] 2 according to the above general method.
- the mer isomer was obtained as a yellowish powder after purification by column chromatography in a yield of 29% of theory.
- a suspension of one equivalent of 1- (2-bromo-4-cyanophenyl) -3-methylimidazolium iodide in dioxane is slowly added under argon with one equivalent of potassium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide (0.5 molar in toluene) Stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature.
- the mixture is mixed with one equivalent of 1, 5-cyclooctadiene-platinum (II) - dichloride and stirred for 16 hours under reflux. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture is evaporated to dryness. The residue is taken up in dimethylformamide and mixed with 4 equivalents of 2,4-pentanedione and 4 equivalents of potassium tert-butoxide.
- the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and at 100 ° C. for 6 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture is evaporated to dryness and the residue is washed with water. The product was obtained as a yellowish powder after ticalenchromato-graphic purification in a yield of 53% of theory.
- the faceromer isomer mixture obtained in Example 1 can be separated by column chromatography on silica gel with ethyl acetate / cyclohexane 9: 1 or by fractional precipitation from acetonitrile into the fac and mer isomers. A faceromer isomer ratio of about 1:19 is usually observed here.
- the ITO substrate used as the anode is first cleaned with commercial cleaning agents for LCD production (Deconex® 20NS and neutralizing agent 25ORGANACID®) and then in an acetone / isopropanol mixture in an ultrasonic bath. To remove possible organic residues, the substrate is exposed to a continuous flow of ozone for another 25 minutes in an ozone furnace. This treatment also improves hole injection of the ITO. Thereafter, the following organic materials are vapor-deposited on the cleaned substrate at a rate of about 2 nm / minute at about 10-7 mbar. As a hole conductor and exciton blocker, the compound V1 is first applied to the substrate in a layer thickness of 30 nm.
- V3 is carried out according to methods of ester synthesis which are generally known to the person skilled in the art, see also the earlier German patent application 10 2005 014284.2) in a thickness of 20 nm, where Ir (cn-pmbic) 3 is used as E center and V3 as Then, a hole blocker layer of V2 vapor-deposited to a thickness of 4 nm.
- an electron conductor layer of TPBI [2,2 ⁇ 2 "- (1,3,5-benzenetriyl) tris (1-phenylbenzimidazole)] in a thickness of 30 nm, a 1 nm thick lithium fluoride layer and finally a 110th nm thick AI electrode vapor-deposited.
- electroluminescence spectra are recorded at different currents or voltages. Furthermore, the current-voltage characteristic is measured in combination with the radiated light output. The light output can be converted by calibration with a luminance meter into photometric quantities.
- the PL measurements in toluene were carried out with an emitter concentration of 2 mg / l in quartz cuvettes (10 ⁇ 10 mm).
- the excitation wavelength was 325 nm (HeCd laser) and the emission was detected at a 90 degree angle by means of fiber optics in a diode array spectrometer.
- the PL measurements in PMMA were carried out with an emitter doping of 2%. These were prepared as follows: 2 mg / L emitter was dissolved in a 10% PMMA solution in dichloromethane (Mw 12OkD) and knife-coated onto a slide with 60 ⁇ m squeegee. The excitation wavelength was 325 nm (HeCd laser), the excitation was perpendicular to the slide and the detection of the emission in the 45 degree angle by means of fiber optics in the diode array spectrometer.
- the ITO substrate is pretreated as described under a).
- PEDT PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) -poly (styrenesulfonate)) (Baytron ® P VP AI 4083) spin-coated from aqueous solution to the substrate in a thickness of 46 nm and the emitter layer of dissolved in chlorobenzene PMMA ( 16.5 mg PMMA to 1 ml chlorobenzene) and the emitter substance 1 c) in a thickness of about 48 nm applied.
- the concentration of the emitter corresponds to a 30 wt .-% doping of PMMA.
- a hole blocker and electron conductor layer of BCP in a thickness of 52.5 nm, a 0.75 nm thick lithium fluoride layer and finally a 110 nm thick Al electrode are vapor-deposited.
- electroluminescence spectra are recorded at different currents or voltages. Furthermore, the current-voltage characteristic is measured in combination with the radiated light output. The light output can be converted into photometric variables by calibration with a luminance meter. For the described OLED, the following electro-optical data result:
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US11/720,291 US20080018221A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 | 2005-11-23 | Use Of Transition Metal Carbene Complexes In Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (Oleds) |
JP2007541832A JP5001851B2 (ja) | 2004-11-25 | 2005-11-23 | 有機発光ダイオード(oled)における遷移金属−カルベン錯体の使用 |
AT05811689T ATE435867T1 (de) | 2004-11-25 | 2005-11-23 | Verwendung von übergangsmetall-carbenkomplexen in organischen licht-emittierenden dioden (oleds) |
CN2005800404714A CN101065389B (zh) | 2004-11-25 | 2005-11-23 | 过渡金属卡宾配合物在有机发光二极管(oleds)中的用途 |
DE502005007675T DE502005007675D1 (de) | 2004-11-25 | 2005-11-23 | Verwendung von übergangsmetall-carbenkomplexen in organischen licht-emittierenden dioden (oleds) |
KR1020077014428A KR101290967B1 (ko) | 2004-11-25 | 2005-11-23 | 유기 발광 다이오드(oled)에서의 전이 금속 카르벤 착체의 용도 |
EP05811689A EP1819717B1 (de) | 2004-11-25 | 2005-11-23 | Verwendung von übergangsmetall-carbenkomplexen in organischen licht-emittierenden dioden (oleds) |
US14/314,753 US10522768B2 (en) | 2004-11-25 | 2014-06-25 | Use of transition metal carbene complexes in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) |
US16/729,812 US11980086B2 (en) | 2004-11-25 | 2019-12-30 | Use of transition metal carbene complexes in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) |
US18/487,224 US20240074302A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 | 2023-10-16 | Use of transition metal carbene complexes in organic light-emitting diodes (oleds) |
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US14/314,753 Continuation US10522768B2 (en) | 2004-11-25 | 2014-06-25 | Use of transition metal carbene complexes in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN101065389B (zh) | 2012-05-09 |
KR101290967B1 (ko) | 2013-08-20 |
WO2006056418A8 (de) | 2007-03-01 |
CN101065389A (zh) | 2007-10-31 |
WO2006056418A3 (de) | 2007-01-11 |
DE502005007675D1 (de) | 2009-08-20 |
US10522768B2 (en) | 2019-12-31 |
DE102004057072A1 (de) | 2006-06-01 |
JP2008521946A (ja) | 2008-06-26 |
US20200136064A1 (en) | 2020-04-30 |
EP1819717B1 (de) | 2009-07-08 |
US20240074302A1 (en) | 2024-02-29 |
JP5001851B2 (ja) | 2012-08-15 |
ATE435867T1 (de) | 2009-07-15 |
EP1819717A2 (de) | 2007-08-22 |
US11980086B2 (en) | 2024-05-07 |
US20080018221A1 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
KR20070090953A (ko) | 2007-09-06 |
US20140309428A1 (en) | 2014-10-16 |
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