WO2004100273A1 - 太陽電池及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
太陽電池及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004100273A1 WO2004100273A1 PCT/JP2004/004405 JP2004004405W WO2004100273A1 WO 2004100273 A1 WO2004100273 A1 WO 2004100273A1 JP 2004004405 W JP2004004405 W JP 2004004405W WO 2004100273 A1 WO2004100273 A1 WO 2004100273A1
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- Prior art keywords
- solar cell
- insulating film
- gas
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- cell substrate
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
- H01L31/0682—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells back-junction, i.e. rearside emitter, solar cells, e.g. interdigitated base-emitter regions back-junction cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
- H01L31/02161—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/02167—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1804—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof comprising only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/186—Particular post-treatment for the devices, e.g. annealing, impurity gettering, short-circuit elimination, recrystallisation
- H01L31/1868—Passivation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solar cell that directly converts light energy into electric energy and a method for manufacturing the solar cell.
- a solar cell is a semiconductor element that converts light energy into electric power, and includes a pn junction type, a pin type, a Schottky type, and the pn junction type is widely used.
- solar cells can be broadly classified into three types: silicon crystal solar cells, amorphous silicon solar cells, and compound semiconductor solar cells. Silicon crystal solar cells are further classified into single crystal solar cells and polycrystalline single solar cells. Since silicon crystal substrates for solar cells can be manufactured relatively easily, silicon crystal solar cells are most popular.
- the output characteristics of solar cells as described above are generally evaluated by measuring the output current-voltage curve using a solar simulator. On this curve, the point Pm where the product Ip ⁇ Vp of the output current Ip and the output voltage Vp is maximum is called the maximum output Pm, and the total light energy incident on the solar cell (SX I: S Is the element area, and I is the intensity of the irradiated light):
- the fill factor (curve factor) defined in (1) indicates that the output current-voltage curve approaches the ideal square shape as the F F value approaches 1, meaning that the conversion efficiency is increased by 7 ?.
- the light-receiving surface and back surface of the semiconductor substrate are protected by an insulating film except for the contact portion with the electrode, and carrier recombination at the interface between the semiconductor substrate and each insulating film is suppressed.
- Conversion efficiency 77 is improved (so-called surface passivation effect).
- a silicon oxide film has been used for a long time, but its refractive index is as low as about 1.4, and the reflection loss when used on the light receiving surface side is somewhat large.
- Refractive index silicon nitride is widely used because it has not only a passivation effect but also an anti-reflection effect.
- Silicon nitride films have traditionally been C V D methods such as thermal C V D, plasma C V D, or optical C V D.
- FIG. 3 shows a batch parallel plate plasm commonly called direct plasma CVD.
- 1 schematically shows a CVD apparatus.
- the apparatus includes a reaction vessel 1 equipped with an exhaust device 11, a substrate holder 8 1 for placing the solar cell substrate 20 at a predetermined position in the reaction vessel 1, and a predetermined film-forming gas that is a reactive gas.
- the film formation gas introduction path 3 1, 3 2 for introducing the gas into the reaction vessel 1, the high-frequency power source 8 2 that generates plasma by applying energy to the introduced gas, and for maintaining the deposition atmosphere at a constant temperature Has a resistance heater 90.
- a predetermined film-forming gas is introduced into the reaction vessel 1 at a predetermined flow rate through the film-forming gas introduction paths 3 1 and 3 2 and then the high-frequency power source 8 2 is operated.
- the high-frequency power source 8 2 is operated.
- high-frequency discharge is generated between the substrate holders 81, and the film-forming gas is turned into plasma, and an insulating film to be obtained on the surface of the substrate 20 is produced using the reaction generated by the plasma.
- silane is introduced as a film forming gas from the film forming gas inlet path 31 and ammonia is introduced and mixed from the film forming gas inlet path 32 to react.
- the silicon nitride film is formed by supplying the container 1 and utilizing the decomposition reaction of silane in the plasma.
- Plasma C V D is frequently used in the manufacturing process for solar cells because it has a relatively high deposition rate even when the substrate temperature is as low as 400 ° C. or less.
- the high-energy charged particles generated in the plasma are likely to damage the deposited film and substrate surface (so-called plasma damage), the resulting silicon nitride film has a high interface state density, which is sufficient.
- the passivation effect cannot be obtained.
- various characteristics of solar cells are easily affected.
- a CVD method using ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) plasma has been proposed as a method for suppressing plasma damage.
- Fig. 4 schematically shows an example of the device. Unlike conventional plasma CVD, this method is characterized in that the substrate surface to be processed is arranged at a position away from the plasma region (plasma zone) in order to separate and use radical species. This is called remote plasma CVD.
- a predetermined film-forming gas is supplied by a film-forming gas introduction path 31.
- a microwave is applied to the front chamber 10 1 instead of the high-frequency electric field using a microwave generator 1 0 2. This microwave turns the carrier gas and film-forming gas into plasma, generating reactive species.
- the reactive species flow into the processing vessel 1 and cause a chemical reaction with another film-forming gas supplied from the film-forming gas introduction path 32, whereby an insulating film is formed on the surface of the substrate 20.
- a silicon nitride film is produced as an insulating film, ammonia is introduced into the introduction path 31 and silane is introduced into the introduction path 31 as a carrier gas and film forming gas, and silane is introduced into the introduction path 32 and mixed, and the ammonia is decomposed in the plasma.
- a silicon nitride film is generated using a reaction or the like. Plasma damage can be reduced somewhat by using the above remote plasma CVD.
- the plasma damage remains large, and the formation of dangling ponds in the film becomes significant. It was necessary to seal the dangling bond by adding it into the film (and there is a background in which a large amount of hydrogen derived from the source gas inevitably is taken in by the well-known plasma CVD).
- the resulting silicon nitride film contains up to 40 atom% hydrogen atoms, and the passivation effect deteriorates over time if it continues to be irradiated with light containing a lot of ultraviolet rays such as sunlight. There is.
- the film composition has been shifted considerably from the stoichiometric ratio to the silicon excess side in order to obtain so-called field effect passivation. That is, when the film composition deviates greatly to the silicon-excess side, electrons generated due to the anion deficit flow out to the semiconductor substrate side, and the positive charge on the cation side forms a fixed charge, resulting in band pending. Then, since an inversion layer in which electrons are excessive is formed on the semiconductor substrate side in the vicinity of the contact interface, the passivation effect can be enhanced using this.
- this structure has the following major drawbacks. (1) When used as a back electrode, as shown in Fig. 5, the inversion layer 1 1 2 formed near the electrode 6 4 of the p-type substrate 1 1 1 causes a short circuit 1 1 3 in the electrode surface. This leads to a decrease in the generated current.
- the dopant concentration on the surface of the emitter layer is too high, band bending hardly occurs at a fixed charge level in the silicon nitride film, and the above-mentioned field effect passivation should not be expected. Therefore, in the emitter layer, the suppression of plasma damage and thus the interface state suppression is the key to good passivation characteristics. However, since it is difficult to suppress damage with normal plasma C VD, a good passivation effect cannot be obtained after all.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a solar cell having an insulating film that has an excellent passivation effect and is less likely to deteriorate with time, and a method for manufacturing the solar cell. Disclosure of the invention
- a first solar cell of the present invention is a semiconductor in which a light receiving surface is formed on a first main surface and a photovoltaic power is generated based on light irradiated on the light receiving surface.
- the light-receiving surface side insulating film is coated with a hydrogen content of 10 It is characterized by being configured as a low hydrogen content inorganic insulating film having a content of less than 10%.
- the main component of the cation component is silicon means that 50% or more (preferably 80% or more) of the cation component of the inorganic insulating material is silicon.
- cations other than silicon may be contained as long as the insulating properties of the material are not excessively impaired.
- the light-receiving surface side insulating film is made of a silicon-based insulating material having a high dielectric constant and a good passivation effect, and has a hydrogen content of 10 atomic%.
- a low hydrogen content inorganic insulating film of less than the durability of the light-receiving surface side insulating film against ultraviolet rays can be greatly improved. Specifically, even when used in an environment where light containing a lot of ultraviolet rays is irradiated for a long time, such as sunlight or fluorescent lamps, the passivation effect of the insulating film is less likely to deteriorate over time, and thus the conversion efficiency ⁇ is reduced. It can be maintained at a good value for a long time.
- the silicon-based insulating film can be formed by a CVD method.
- the first method for manufacturing the solar cell of the present invention is to form a light receiving surface on one main surface and generate ⁇ - ⁇ for generating a photovoltaic power based on the light irradiated to the light receiving surface.
- a method for producing a solar cell comprising a semiconductor solar cell substrate having a junction, wherein the light-receiving surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate is coated with a light-receiving surface side insulating film made of an inorganic insulating film whose main cation component is silicon
- a thermal catalyst body together with a semiconductor solar cell substrate in a reaction vessel, and a silicon source gas and an anion source gas that generates an anion component that binds to silicon in an inorganic material to be obtained.
- a film-forming gas containing hydrogen atoms in gas molecules is supplied to the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate while being in contact with the thermal catalyst, and containing at least one of the silicon source gas and the aion source gas.
- a low hydrogen content inorganic insulating film having a hydrogen content of 10 atomic% or less is formed by a catalytic C VD method deposited on the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate.
- the catalyst C VD method itself is known from Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-83988, and the film formation mechanism is estimated as follows. For example, when forming a silicon nitride film, a mixed gas of silane (SiH 4 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ) is used as a film forming gas.
- the thermal catalyst may be a metal (or alloy) having a certain level of catalytic activity, and may be composed of, for example, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium, or vanadium.
- a catalytic decomposition reaction of silane similar to the adsorption dissociation reaction of hydrogen molecules occurs, and the decomposition of Si H 3 * and H * occurs. Active species are generated.
- decomposition active species S i H 3 * and H * are generated.
- a similar catalytic cracking reaction occurs in ammonia gas, and NH 2 * and H * decomposition active species are generated.
- These decomposition active species reach the substrate and contribute to the deposition of the silicon nitride film. That is, in the reaction formula, S i H 4 (g) ⁇ S i H 3 * (g) + H * (g), NH 3 (g) ⁇ NH 2 * (g) + H * (g), a S i H 3 * ( g ) + b NH 2 * (g) ⁇ c S i N x (s).
- the subscript “g” means the gas state, and the subscript “s” means the solid state.
- an insulating film with few interface defects can be deposited on the substrate while keeping the composition of the insulating film uniform, and thus the passivation effect.
- an extremely excellent silicon-based insulating film can be obtained.
- the catalyst C VD method since the reaction efficiency is enhanced by the catalyst, a high-quality insulating film can be deposited without excessively diluting the film forming gas with a carrier gas such as hydrogen. In addition, the residual amount of hydrogen derived from the film forming gas can be kept small.
- the effect is that a composition that suppresses the formation of dangling bonds on silicon atoms that easily form hydrogen bonds (for example, in the case of silicon nitride, the composition is not so far away from the stoichiometric ratio on the silicon-excess side). When selected, it becomes particularly large. From these facts, it is possible to easily realize a silicon-based insulating film having a hydrogen content of 10 atomic% or less while using the CVD method. In order to reduce the hydrogen content in the film, it is more effective to use a method of supplying the film forming gas to the reaction vessel without diluting with hydrogen.
- the semiconductor solar cell substrate can be composed of single-crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, gallium arsenide, germanium, or a composite material thereof, similarly to known solar cells.
- a single crystal silicon substrate as a semiconductor solar cell substrate (the same applies to the second and third solar cells of the present invention below).
- the second main surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate is covered with a back side insulating film as an inorganic insulating film made of an inorganic insulating material whose main component of the cationic component is silicon.
- the back surface electrode covering the back surface side insulating film has a structure in which the back surface side insulating film is electrically connected to the back surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate through a conductive portion penetrating the back surface side insulating film. It can be configured as a low hydrogen content inorganic insulating film having a hydrogen content of less than 10 atomic%.
- the back side insulating film can also be configured as a low hydrogen content inorganic insulating film.
- the light-receiving surface side insulating film it is possible to improve the anti-ultraviolet characteristics and thus the stability over time of the passivation effect.
- the hydrogen content of the low hydrogen content inorganic insulating film exceeds 10 atomic%, The passivation effect is deteriorated and the object of the present invention cannot be achieved.
- the hydrogen content of the low-hydrogen-containing inorganic insulating film is less than 1 atomic%, the effect of improving the UV resistance is saturated, and there is a possibility that the cost may increase due to complicated processes. Therefore, the hydrogen content of the low hydrogen content inorganic insulating film is preferably adjusted in the range of 1 atomic% to 10 atomic%, more preferably 1 atomic% to 5 atomic%.
- the silicon-based inorganic insulating material constituting the light-receiving surface side insulating film or the back surface side insulating film can be specifically composed of any one of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, and silicon oxynitride.
- silicon nitride is excellent in the passivation effect and can be used effectively in the present invention.
- silicon nitride has a large refractive index, when applied to the light-receiving surface side insulating film, there is an advantage that it can also be used as an antireflection film.
- the light-receiving surface side insulating film is preferably configured as a low hydrogen-containing inorganic insulating film made of silicon nitride having a refractive index of 2 or more and 2.5 or less.
- the refractive index is less than 2, the antireflection effect is not significant, and when the refractive index exceeds 2.5, optical absorption occurs in the light-receiving surface side insulating film in the wavelength region that contributes to current conversion of incident light. On the other hand, the conversion efficiency is reduced.
- the light-receiving surface side insulating film desirably has a refractive index of 2 or more and 2.1 or less.
- the refractive index of a silicon nitride film is closely related to its silicon / nitrogen atomic ratio (S i, N atomic ratio), and the refractive index tends to increase as the atomic ratio of silicon increases.
- Si ZN atomic ratio is set in the range of 0.80 or more and 1.80 or less by the present inventors. It turned out to be desirable.
- the residual hydrogen in the film originated from the film-forming gas.
- the amount can be greatly reduced (10 atomic% or less; or 5 atomic% or less), and the deterioration of the passivation effect with time when irradiated with ultraviolet rays can be extremely effectively suppressed.
- the film forming gas is used in the reaction vessel so that silicon nitride having an Si ZN atomic ratio of 0.80 or more and 1.80 or less is obtained.
- silicon source gas is silane (generally referring to silicon hydride: specifically monosilane, disilane, etc.) and the nitrogen source gas is ammonia
- the silane and ammonia into the reaction vessel
- the Si / N atomic ratio of the obtained silicon nitride film can be adjusted by the supply flow rate ratio.
- the Si / N atomic ratio of the silicon nitride film can be adjusted by the pressure of the mixed gas of the silicon source gas and the nitrogen source gas. Specifically, when the mixing ratio of the silicon source gas and the nitrogen source gas is constant, the gas is high when the gas pressure is high, and conversely the silicon rich when the gas pressure is low. The Si / N atomic ratio of the silicon nitride film can be adjusted.
- the back-side insulating film is formed in such a manner that a thermal catalyst is disposed together with a semiconductor solar cell substrate in a reaction vessel, and contains a silicon source gas and a nitrogen source gas.
- a catalyst C VD method is used to supply a working gas to the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate while being in contact with the thermal catalyst, and to deposit silicon nitride generated based on a chemical reaction of the film forming gas on the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate can S i / / N atomic ratio is zero. 8 0 over 1. 8 0 hereinafter become by Uni-formed silicon nitride film.
- a light receiving surface is formed on the first main surface, and a semiconductor solar cell substrate that generates photovoltaic power based on light irradiated on the light receiving surface is provided, and the second main surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate is nitrided It is covered with a back-side insulating film as an inorganic insulating film made of silicon, and a back-side electrode that covers the back-side insulating film is semiconductive through a conduction portion that penetrates the back-side insulating film. While having a structure that is electrically connected to the back surface of the solar cell substrate,
- the silicon nitride film constituting the back-side insulating film has a thermal catalyst disposed with a semiconductor solar cell substrate in a reaction vessel, and a film-forming gas containing a silicon source gas and a nitrogen source gas is used as the thermal catalyst.
- Si ZN atomic ratio by catalytic CVD method in which silicon nitride generated based on the chemical reaction of the film forming gas is deposited on the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate while being brought into contact with the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate. Is formed so as to be 0.80 or more and 1.80 or less.
- the second of the manufacturing methods of the solar cell of this invention is:
- a light receiving surface is formed on the first main surface, and a semiconductor solar cell substrate that generates photovoltaic power based on light irradiated on the light receiving surface is provided, and the second main surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate is nitrided
- a semiconductor solar cell substrate is covered with a back-side insulating film as an inorganic insulating film made of silicon, and a back-side electrode covering the back-side insulating film passes through a conduction portion that penetrates the back-side insulating film.
- a silicon nitride film constituting the back surface side insulating film is disposed in the reaction vessel together with the semiconductor solar cell substrate, and a silicon source gas is provided.
- a film forming gas containing nitrogen gas and a nitrogen source gas is supplied to the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate in contact with the thermal catalyst, and silicon nitride generated based on a chemical reaction of the film forming gas is generated in the semiconductor solar cell.
- the back side insulating film As described above, silane and ammonia can be used as the silicon source gas and the nitrogen source gas.
- the back side insulating film By forming the back side insulating film as a silicon nitride film having a Si ZN atomic ratio of 0.80 or more and 1.80 or less by the catalyst C VD method as described above, the following back side insulating film is formed. A unique new effect will occur. That is, by adopting the catalytic CVD method, a silicon nitride film having a composition in which the Si / N atomic ratio is close to the stoichiometric ratio as described above can be formed as a low-defect film with few dangling bonds.
- Such a film has a chemical composition Because it is close to the stoichiometric ratio, there are few fixed charges derived from electrons due to the excess of silicon, and it is difficult to generate panda bending when bonded to the back surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate. Therefore, the inversion layer formed on the substrate side is also narrow, and a short circuit in the back electrode surface as shown in FIG. Also, since a defect such as a dangling bond that becomes a surface recombination site is hardly formed, a good passivation effect can be obtained.
- the back electrode does not cover the entire back side insulating film.
- the back electrode does not cover the entire back side insulating film.
- the silicon nitride film differs from the silicon-rich silicon nitride film on the light-receiving surface side. It can be used both as an insulating film and as an insulating film on the back side, and each of them can exhibit a unique effect.
- the inorganic insulating film introduces a surface treatment gas into the reaction vessel, and the surface treatment gas is brought into contact with the thermal catalyst.
- the surface treatment gas After being surface-treated by supplying it to the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate, it can be deposited on the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate after the surface treatment by a catalytic CVD method.
- a transition layer containing oxygen atoms such as a silicon nitride oxide film in the case of a silicon nitride film, is formed in a trace amount at the interface between the substrate and the insulating film, which may cause interface defects.
- the transition layer can be effectively removed, the generation of interface defects can be more effectively suppressed, and the reduction in conversion efficiency of the solar cell due to surface recombination can be more effectively prevented. be able to.
- the surface treatment gas may be It is appropriate to use ammonia gas.
- the inorganic insulating film is deposited on the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate by the catalytic CVD method, and then the post-treatment gas is placed in the reaction vessel. Then, the post-treatment gas can be supplied to the surface of the inorganic insulating film while being in contact with the thermal catalyst.
- the third of the solar cells of the present invention is the third of the solar cells of the present invention.
- a light receiving surface is formed on the first main surface, and a semiconductor solar cell substrate that generates a photovoltaic power based on light irradiated on the light receiving surface is provided, and the second main surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate is a cation.
- the conductive portion is covered with a back side insulating film as an inorganic insulating film made of an inorganic insulating film whose main component is silicon, and the back electrode covering the back side insulating film penetrates the back side insulating film. And has a structure that is connected to the back surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate via
- the inorganic insulating film includes a thermal catalyst body together with a semiconductor solar cell substrate in a reaction vessel, and contains a silicon source gas and an anion source gas that generates an anion component that binds to silicon in the inorganic material to be obtained.
- a film forming gas is supplied to the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate in contact with the thermal catalyst, and an inorganic insulating material generated based on a chemical reaction of the film forming gas is deposited on the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate.
- post-treatment gas is introduced into the reaction vessel, and post-treatment is performed by supplying the post-treatment gas to the surface of the insulative insulating film in contact with the thermal catalyst. It is characterized by having been obtained.
- the third method for producing the solar cell of the present invention is:
- a light receiving surface is formed on the first main surface, and a semiconductor solar cell substrate that generates a photovoltaic power based on light irradiated on the light receiving surface is provided, and the second main surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate is a cation. It is covered with a back-side insulating film made of an inorganic insulating film whose main component is silicon, and a back electrode that covers the back-side insulating film passes through the back-side insulating film.
- a thermal catalyst is disposed in the reaction vessel together with the semiconductor solar cell substrate in the reaction container, and the inorganic insulating film contains a silicon source gas and an ion source gas that generates an anion component that binds to silicon in the inorganic material to be obtained.
- a catalyst that supplies a film gas to the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate while contacting the thermal catalyst, and deposits an inorganic insulating material generated based on a chemical reaction of the film forming gas on the surface of the semiconductor solar cell substrate.
- an inorganic insulating film is introduced by introducing a post-treatment gas into the reaction vessel and supplying the post-treatment gas to the surface of the insulative insulating film in contact with the thermal catalyst.
- the present inventor After depositing the inorganic insulating film, the present inventor causes a catalytic decomposition reaction to the post-treatment gas by the thermal catalyst similar to the surface treatment described above, and supplies this to the surface of the inorganic insulating film to perform the post-treatment. It has been found that the passivation characteristics of the insulating film are further improved by performing the above. It should be noted that post-treatment performed by heating in a hydrogen atmosphere without using a catalyst after film formation is known as hydrogen annealing, but the method using a catalyst as in the present invention is compared with this. And the passivation improvement effect is far superior.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the solar cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a thin film production apparatus used in the method for producing a solar cell of the present invention.
- Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a batch-type parallel plate direct plasma C VD apparatus.
- Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a single-wafer remote plasma C VD device.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a short circuit in the vicinity of the back electrode.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the best mode for carrying out the solar cell of the present invention.
- the solar cell 100 is a first main surface of a silicon single crystal substrate 66 of the first conductivity type as a semiconductor solar cell substrate (hereinafter simply referred to as a substrate 66: p-type in this embodiment).
- a substrate 66 p-type in this embodiment.
- an emitter layer 6 5 of the second conductivity type layer in this embodiment, n-type
- One n-joint surface 1 6 7 is formed.
- an output electrode 63 is formed on the main surface of the emitter layer 65.
- the electrode 6 3 is made of, for example, an internal resistance by A 1 or Ag. Thickness formed at appropriate intervals for reduction! /, A bus-per electrode, and a finger electrode that branches into a comb shape at a predetermined interval from the pass-per electrode. A region where the electrode 63 of the emitter layer 65 is not formed is covered with a light-receiving surface side insulating film 61 made of silicon nitride.
- the second main surface (back surface) of the substrate 6 6 is covered with a back side insulating film 6 2 made of silicon nitride, and the entire surface of the back side insulating film 6 2 is made of A 1 or the like. 4 covered.
- the back surface electrode 64 is electrically connected to the back surface of the substrate 66 through a conductive portion (contact hole 6 7) penetrating the back surface side insulating film 62.
- Silicon single crystal substrate 6 6 is based on F Z (Floating Zone Melting) method and C Z
- any of the (Czochralski) methods may be used.
- a GaAs single crystal substrate or a polycrystalline silicon substrate can be used in place of the silicon single crystal substrate 66.
- a silicon single crystal substrate 66 a p-type substrate doped with a group III element such as boron or gallium may be used at the time of crystal production, or an n-type doped with a group V element such as phosphorus or arsenic.
- a substrate may be used, in this embodiment, a p-type substrate is used as described above. Yes.
- the substrate resistance is 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more and 10 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, preferably 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more and 2 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, which is suitable for realizing a high-performance solar cell. is there.
- the substrate thickness is about 50 ⁇ , incident light can be captured in the solar cell, which is advantageous in terms of cost, but sufficient machine for subsequent processing on the substrate. In order to have sufficient strength, it is desirable that it is 1 50-300.
- the light-receiving surface side insulating film 61 has a hydrogen content of 1 atom% or more and 10 atoms. /. In the following, it is desirably configured as a low hydrogen content inorganic insulating film of 1 atomic% to 5 atomic%. Its refractive index is 2 or more and 2.5 or less, and it also serves as an antireflection film. Furthermore, the Si ZN atomic ratio is 0.80 or more and 1.80 or less. On the other hand, the back-side insulating film 62 is also a silicon nitride film having a Si “N atomic ratio of 0.80 or more and 1.80 or less (in this embodiment, the refractive index is 2 or more and 2.5 or less.
- the hydrogen content is 1 atomic percent or more and 10 atomic percent or less, and preferably 1 atomic percent or more and 5 atomic percent or less.
- the thermal catalyst is put together with the semiconductor solar cell substrate in the reaction vessel.
- a film forming gas containing a silicon source gas and a nitrogen source gas is supplied to the surface of the substrate while being in contact with the thermal catalyst, and silicon nitride generated based on the chemical reaction of the film forming gas is formed on the substrate. It is formed by the catalytic CVD method deposited on the surface.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a thin film production apparatus that can be used in the present invention.
- the thin film production apparatus 200 includes a reaction vessel 1 whose inside is decompressed by an exhaust device 11, and a substrate 20 is disposed on a substrate holder 21 provided in the reaction vessel 1.
- the substrate 20 on the substrate holder 21 is heated by a substrate heater 22 (in the present embodiment, incorporated in the substrate holder 21).
- the reaction vessel 1 has a film-forming gas introduction path 3 1, 3 2 for introducing a film-forming gas into the inside, and also a surface treatment gas inside.
- Surface treatment gas introduction path 3 3 a thermal catalyst body 50 provided in the container so as to face the substrate 20 on the substrate holder 21, and a thermal catalyst body for electrically heating the thermal catalyst body 50 A heating power source 51 is provided.
- Exhaust system 1 1 comprises a multi-stage vacuum Bonn flop consisting of a turbo molecular pump or a rotary first pump or the like, to enable vacuum processing vessel ⁇ until a pressure of about 1 0- 8 T orr.
- the film formation gas introduction paths 3 1 and 3 2 are connected to a disk-shaped gas introduction head 35 for introducing the film formation gas into the processing container.
- the gas introduction head 35 is hollow inside, has a large number of gas blowing holes on the front surface, and supplies film forming gas from the gas blowing holes toward the main surface (film forming surface) of the substrate 20. It has become.
- the thermal catalyst 50 is disposed on the flow path of the deposition gas from the gas introduction head 35 to the substrate 20, and the catalyst activation temperature, for example, 17 Heated to about 0 ° C.
- the supplied film-forming gas reaches the main surface of the substrate 20 while being in contact with the thermal catalyst 50.
- a reaction such as decomposition is promoted by the contact with the film forming gas to generate reactive active species, and an insulating material is deposited on the substrate 20.
- the thermal catalyst 50 in the present embodiment is a tungsten wire having a diameter of about 0.5 mm processed into a sawtooth shape, and can cover a larger area than the substrate 20.
- the substrate temperature may be a relatively low temperature of 200 ° C. or more and 400 ° C. or less. In FIG. 1, even after the electrodes 6 3 and 6 4 are formed, the contact characteristics with the substrate 6 6 There is no risk of damage.
- the film forming process is substantially the same for both the light-receiving surface side insulating film 61 and the back surface side insulating film.
- Silanes introduced from the film formation gas introduction paths 3 1 and 3 2 respectively.
- the flow rate between ammonia and ammonia is monitored by a mass flow controller (not shown) and the flow rate ratio is controlled by valves 3 1 V and 3 2 v, so that the Si / N atomic ratio in the silicon nitride film is adjusted to the above range. be able to.
- Silane and ammonia are not diluted with hydrogen gas.
- the thermal catalyst 50 is also used for substrate surface treatment that is performed before film formation in order to reduce interface defects.
- the substrate surface is usually covered with a natural oxide film.
- the natural oxide film on the surface of the substrate 20 is removed in advance with hydrofluoric acid or the like, the oxidation occurs rapidly under a normal atmosphere. More or less remains. Therefore, before forming the insulating film, ammonia gas as the surface treatment gas is introduced into the reaction vessel 1 from the surface treatment gas introduction path 33 through the gas introduction head 35.
- the ammonia gas is converted into active species by the catalytic decomposition reaction with the thermal catalyst 50, and oxygen atoms of the natural oxide film covering the substrate surface (can be a site of surface recombination) Force Insulation made of silicon nitride It is replaced with a nitrogen atom which is a constituent atom of the film.
- the insulating film deposition process is continuously performed by the catalyst C VD method already described. According to this method, it is possible to deposit an insulating film with few interface defects on the substrate while keeping the composition of the insulating film uniform.
- a surface treatment gas introduction path 33 is required, but the film forming gas is a mixed gas of silane (silicon source gas) and ammonia (nitrogen source gas: anion source gas).
- the film forming gas introduction path 3 1 is introduced to the surface processing gas.
- the nitrogen source gas for forming the silicon nitride film nitrogen gas or other nitrogen compound gas may be used in addition to the above ammonia.
- the surface treatment gas is also supplied from the gas introduction head 35 to the substrate 20 in the same manner as the film formation gas, so that the surface of the thermal catalyst 50 is near the surface.
- the above-mentioned surface treatment reaction is promoted by the catalytic decomposition reaction as described above.
- the thermal catalyst 50 is also used for post-treatment for improving the passivation characteristics of the insulating film after film formation. That is, after the insulating film is deposited, a post-treatment gas such as ammonia gas or hydrogen gas is introduced from the post-treatment gas introduction path 34, and a catalytic decomposition reaction is caused by the thermal catalyst 50 similar to the surface treatment. By performing the treatment, the characteristics of the insulating film can be further improved.
- a well-known hydrogen annealing treatment is carried out by heating the substrate to 30.0 to 500 ° C. in a hydrogen atmosphere.
- the passivation characteristics are improved because the chemical species are fundamentally different in that they are positively generated in the processing vessel, and the decomposed chemical species diffuse into the insulating film and seal the dangling bonds.
- the substrate temperature can be lowered as compared with a normal hydrogen annealing process (for example, 2 ° C. or more and 400 ° C. or less), and therefore, in FIG. 1, the electrodes 6 3 and 6 4 are formed. Even if an insulating film is formed later, the contact characteristics between the substrate 6 6 and the electrodes 6 3 and 6 4 are not likely to be impaired.
- the hydrogen content in the film may increase slightly during this post-treatment, but the increase is often in the range of 1 atomic% to 3 atomic%, and the hydrogen content after film formation If the rate stays below 5 atomic%, the final hydrogen content in the film will not exceed 10 atomic%.
- a manufacturing process of the solar cell 100 in FIG. 1 will be described. (Here, a case where a p-type substrate is used will be described. However, when an n-type substrate is used, “n +” is changed to “p + ”, But the physical characteristic values are different). Further, the following solar cell manufacturing method is an example, and the present invention is not limited to this.
- a texture etch is used to create a fine biramid surface on the surface.
- a texture etch is used to create a fine biramid surface on the surface.
- a texture etch is used to create a fine biramid surface on the surface.
- the ⁇ + layer that is, the emitter layer 65 is formed.
- a group V element represented by phosphorus is doped by a known method such as thermal diffusion or ion implantation.
- the surface impurity concentration of the dopant in the ⁇ + layer is preferably adjusted so that the sheet resistance is 40 to 200 ⁇ / mouth.
- the back-side insulating film 62 made of silicon nitride is formed on the entire back surface of the substrate by the above-mentioned catalyst C VD method, and then the contact hole 67 is photolithography, mechanical grinding, laser ablation, etc.
- a back electrode 64 made of A 1 or the like is deposited by vacuum vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the surface electrode 63 is deposited by mask vapor deposition or the like, and then from silicon nitride
- the light receiving surface side insulating film 61 is formed by the same catalyst C VD method.
- the evaluation of the passivation performance of ordinary semiconductor devices is often estimated by forming a metal Z insulator / semiconductor stacked structure (MIS structure) and examining the capacitance vs. voltage characteristics (C vs. V characteristics).
- MIS structure metal Z insulator / semiconductor stacked structure
- C vs. V characteristics capacitance vs. voltage characteristics
- the effective recombination rate is determined by the interface state density and the fixed charge in the film, and each trapping of electrons and holes. Influenced by area, substrate impurity concentration, carrier injection amount, etc.
- the passivation performance on the light-receiving surface side is often evaluated by actually manufacturing solar cells and their characteristics.
- the laser damage was great, and it was necessary to actively introduce a large amount of hydrogen into the film to seal the dangling bonds.
- the fact that the composition of the silicon nitride film does not need to be greatly shifted from the stoichiometric ratio to the silicon-excess side is the reason why it is applied to the back-side insulating film 6 4 where the UV resistance is not as problematic as the light-receiving side.
- the film formation temperature is preferably about 200 ° C. to 400 ° C., and the film to be deposited should be set as high as possible. Since the defects inside are further reduced, it is preferable from the viewpoint of passivation characteristics.
- the temperature of the substrate 66 is maintained below the temperature at which it undergoes thermal denaturation, both in terms of material and structure. It is preferable that Note that in FIG. 1, the electrode 63 is in contact with the emitter layer 65.
- the film forming temperature is 400 ° C. Exceeding this causes the A1 electrode to spiky through the emitter layer, causing a short circuit and degrading performance. For this reason, it is important to keep the film formation temperature below 400 ° C.
- the temperature of the thermal catalyst 50 is preferably equal to or lower than the catalyst temperature at the time of film formation, and is usually in the range of 1000 to 1700 ° C. . Further, when post-treatment is performed after film formation, the temperature of the thermal catalyst 50 is preferably carried out under the same conditions as in the surface treatment, and a normal hydrogen annealing treatment may be added or substituted. This is possible as long as the contact characteristics between the substrates are not impaired.
- the back side insulating film 62 can also be formed as a normal thermal oxide film.
- known methods such as dry oxidation, wet oxidation, and pyrogenic oxidation can be employed.
- a resist is applied to the back side and dried, and then the oxide film on the light receiving surface side is removed with dilute hydrofluoric acid and the resist is further removed.
- the insulating film 62 on the back surface is formed.
- the silicon substrate was cleaned and dried in the same procedure as in Experimental Example 1, and the surface treatment was performed with ammonia gas by the catalytic CVD method, followed by deposition of a silicon nitride film with a refractive index of 2.4 on both sides. Measurements were made.
- the silicon substrate was cleaned and dried in the same procedure as in Experimental Example 1, and a silicon nitride film with a refractive index of 2.4 was deposited on both sides by the direct plasma CV D method (frequency 100 kHz: no hydrogen dilution). Measurements were made.
- the silicon substrate was cleaned and dried in the same procedure as in Experimental Example 1, and a silicon nitride film with a refractive index of 2.4 was deposited on both sides by remote plasma CVD (microwave 2.5 GHz: without hydrogen dilution). was measured.
- Pseudo-square shape (100) single crystal silicon substrate (FZ method, B-doped) with resistivity 0.5 ⁇ cm, thickness 300 ⁇ , and surface dimensions 10 OmmX 100 mm is damaged and etched in concentrated sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. Thereafter, a texture was formed on the entire surface in a mixed solution of sodium hydroxide / isopropanol. After the substrate was cleaned by RCA, it was oxidized at high temperature (1000 ° C), one side was protected with a resist, and then only one side of the oxide film was etched in a buffered hydrofluoric acid solution.
- phosphorus diffusion using oxyphosphorous chloride as a source is performed at 830 ° C so that the sheet resistance of the surface becomes 100 ⁇ / mouth Diffused. Thereafter, the phosphorous glass on the surface was removed with 2% hydrofluoric acid, and a light-receiving surface electrode (Ti / Pd / Ag) was deposited by mask deposition. A groove was formed on the back surface by machining, and a back electrode (A 1) was deposited on the groove.
- the back electrode was formed, surface treatment by catalytic CVD was performed on the light receiving surface side with ammonia gas, and then a silicon nitride film with a refractive index of 2.1 was deposited, and the same measurement was performed. It was.
- the back electrode is formed, and the surface treatment by catalytic CVD is performed on the light-receiving surface side with ammonia gas, followed by the deposition of a silicon nitride film with a refractive index of 2.1, and then the post-treatment with hydrogen gas The same measurement was performed.
- the back electrode was formed, and a nitrogen nitride silicon film with a refractive index of 2.1 was deposited on the light-receiving surface side by the direct plasma CVD method (frequency 100 kHz), and the same measurement was performed. .
- Pseudo-square shape (100) single crystal silicon substrate FZ method, B dope
- resistivity 0.5 ⁇ cm, thickness 300 ⁇ , face size 10 OmmX 100 mm
- etch damage in concentrated sodium hydroxide aqueous solution
- the entire surface was textured in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide / isopropanol.
- Two substrates were back-to-back and phosphorus diffusion was performed at 830 ° C using oxysalt phosphorus as a source, and diffusion was performed so that the sheet resistance on the surface was 100 ⁇ .
- the phosphorous glass on the surface was removed with 2 ° / 0 hydrofluoric acid, and a light-receiving surface electrode (Ti / Pd / Ag) was deposited by mask deposition.
- the back electrode (A1) was evaporated from above.
- a thickness of 80 nm was deposited on the light-receiving surface side by catalytic CVD.
- the characteristics of the completed solar cell were measured with a solar simulator (1.5 sun).
- the back side was treated with ammonia gas after catalytic CVD, followed by deposition of a silicon nitride film with a refractive index of 2.0 and a thickness of 80 nm, followed by post-treatment with hydrogen gas. Measured the characteristics of a solar cell fabricated in the same manner as in Experimental Example 7 using a solar simulator (1.5 sun).
- Comparative Example 5 and Comparative Example 6 are deteriorated by forming a silicon nitride film on the back side. This is thought to be because the inversion layer on the substrate side became large and the short circuit in FIG. 5 became prominent because the silicon nitride film of the comparative example became field effect passivation.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP04724198A EP1630873A4 (en) | 2003-05-09 | 2004-03-29 | SOLAR CELL AND PROCESS FOR THEIR MANUFACTURE |
KR1020057021348A KR101058735B1 (ko) | 2003-05-09 | 2004-03-29 | 태양전지 및 그 제조방법 |
AU2004237524A AU2004237524B2 (en) | 2003-05-09 | 2004-03-29 | Solar cell and process for producing the same |
US10/556,063 US20070186970A1 (en) | 2003-05-09 | 2004-03-29 | Solar cell and method of fabricating the same |
US12/656,360 US8030223B2 (en) | 2003-05-09 | 2010-01-27 | Solar cell and method of fabricating the same |
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JP2003-131797 | 2003-05-09 | ||
JP2003131797A JP4118187B2 (ja) | 2003-05-09 | 2003-05-09 | 太陽電池の製造方法 |
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US10/556,063 A-371-Of-International US20070186970A1 (en) | 2003-05-09 | 2004-03-29 | Solar cell and method of fabricating the same |
US12/656,360 Division US8030223B2 (en) | 2003-05-09 | 2010-01-27 | Solar cell and method of fabricating the same |
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US (2) | US20070186970A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1630873A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4118187B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101058735B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100530700C (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2004237524B2 (ja) |
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Cited By (5)
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US7875791B2 (en) * | 2007-03-29 | 2011-01-25 | Stichting Imec Nederland | Method for manufacturing a thermopile on a membrane and a membrane-less thermopile, the thermopile thus obtained and a thermoelectric generator comprising such thermopiles |
JP2013149727A (ja) * | 2012-01-18 | 2013-08-01 | Asahi Kasei Electronics Co Ltd | 半導体素子 |
KR20170053614A (ko) * | 2014-09-04 | 2017-05-16 | 신에쓰 가가꾸 고교 가부시끼가이샤 | 태양전지 및 태양전지의 제조 방법 |
KR102420807B1 (ko) | 2014-09-04 | 2022-07-13 | 신에쓰 가가꾸 고교 가부시끼가이샤 | 태양전지 및 태양전지의 제조 방법 |
WO2017076832A1 (en) | 2015-11-02 | 2017-05-11 | CSEM Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA - Recherche et Développement | Photovoltaic device and method for manufacturing the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2004335867A (ja) | 2004-11-25 |
AU2004237524B2 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
US20100173447A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
EP1630873A4 (en) | 2007-03-14 |
US20070186970A1 (en) | 2007-08-16 |
KR101058735B1 (ko) | 2011-08-22 |
EP1630873A1 (en) | 2006-03-01 |
JP4118187B2 (ja) | 2008-07-16 |
AU2004237524A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
CN100530700C (zh) | 2009-08-19 |
US8030223B2 (en) | 2011-10-04 |
CN1784789A (zh) | 2006-06-07 |
KR20060064561A (ko) | 2006-06-13 |
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