WO1999009595A1 - Multichip module structure and method for manufacturing the same - Google Patents
Multichip module structure and method for manufacturing the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999009595A1 WO1999009595A1 PCT/JP1998/003668 JP9803668W WO9909595A1 WO 1999009595 A1 WO1999009595 A1 WO 1999009595A1 JP 9803668 W JP9803668 W JP 9803668W WO 9909595 A1 WO9909595 A1 WO 9909595A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a multi-chip module structure in which a plurality of bare semiconductor chip devices and at least one conductive boss are mounted on a base substrate, and a method of manufacturing the same.
- multi-chip module As a means of miniaturizing and improving the performance of electronic devices, there is a so-called multi-chip module in which a bare semiconductor chip and a plurality of passive elements are interconnected to form a single module.
- An example of a conventional method for mounting a bare semiconductor chip is as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 3-15514 (published on July 3, 1991), which is a predetermined thickness thicker than the thickness of a bare semiconductor IC chip.
- a hole larger than the external dimensions of the semiconductor bare IC chip is formed in the insulating film by a predetermined amount in advance, and the insulating film is bonded to the support plate with an adhesive, and the bare semiconductor IC chip is bonded to the supporting plate with an adhesive.
- the gap between the bare semiconductor chip and the insulating film and the surface of the bare semiconductor IC chip were coated with the same kind of liquid resin as the insulating film so that the height of the insulating film layer and the insulating film layer were uniform.
- the resin is cured by heat, the resin on the bare semiconductor IC chip pad is removed by photolithography, a conductor film is formed on the entire surface, and predetermined conductor wiring is formed by photolithography.
- the support plate or the package is made of an insulating substrate. It is not suitable for mounting power amplifiers and other devices that consume large amounts of power because the thermal conductivity is one order of magnitude lower than that of semiconductor materials.
- an electric current is applied between the mounting conductor layer (for example, Au-Si eutectic or conductive adhesive) on the back surface of the chip and the conductor wiring on the insulating film. There is no joint.
- the mounting conductor layer for example, Au-Si eutectic or conductive adhesive
- a gap between the bare semiconductor IC chip and the insulating film and the surface of the bare semiconductor IC chip are formed on the insulating film.
- the gap between the package and the chip due to shrinkage of the liquid resin during the heat curing in the liquid resin thermosetting step.
- a dent may occur in the insulating film of the portion. This dent also causes the wiring of the void.
- a defect such as a short or disconnection may occur during the turn.
- One solution to this problem is a chip-embedded multi-chip module. In this method, a plurality of irregularities are provided in advance on a metal base substrate, and then the bare semiconductor chip is covered with a resin-like insulating film so as to be embedded therein.
- the surface is flattened by grinding or the like so as to have the same height, and a multi-layer wiring is provided thereon by a metal layer and an insulating film together with thin-film passive components.
- a problem with this method is that desired irregularities cannot be easily formed on the base substrate.
- the conventional example does not have a structure in which a cap can be attached in units of a multi-chip module structure. For this reason, it is not mechanically protected against external damage and is easily damaged. In addition, when operating in the high frequency range, the electromagnetic shield is weakened and is susceptible to interference from others.
- a plurality of semiconductor bay chip devices are mounted.
- the base substrate has first and second main surfaces, and the first main surface has at least one convex portion and at least two concave portions for determining a position where a semiconductor bare chip device is to be mounted. It is formed.
- the depth of the concave portion is smaller than the length of the convex portion, and the concave portion also has higher smoothness than the first main surface of the metal substrate.
- a plurality of recesses for mounting a bare chip device in advance on one main surface of a base substrate made of a metal or a semiconductor and a protrusion on which a part of the base substrate protrudes in a boss shape are formed.
- the device is covered with an insulating film so as to be embedded, the insulating film and the bump of the bare-chip device are flattened to a predetermined height, and a wiring pattern is formed thereon by a metal layer and an insulating film.
- the base substrate is thinned from the back surface by etching or grinding to form island-shaped conductor portions separated by the insulating film, and a reference is made to the back surface of the base substrate.
- Position conductor and electrically isolated electrodes can be formed.
- the base substrate has a depth, which is previously determined by the etching or polishing, at a portion serving as a side surface of the unit module when cut into a unit module size on the main surface opposite to the main surface on which the bare chip device is mounted.
- a concave portion that was deeper than the shaving margin for thinning was provided, and after the above etching or grinding, it was cut out to a unit module size, and had an opposite concave portion so as to fit into the concave portion formed on the side surface of the module.
- a metal cap Provide a metal cap.
- a structure for mounting a plurality of semiconductor bare chip devices includes a first and a second, wherein at least one recess is formed on a first main surface of a metal substrate.
- the metal substrate having the main surface of the above is partially chemically etched, and a semiconductor bare chip device is respectively placed on a predetermined portion of the first main surface of the etched metal substrate where no convex portion is formed. It is obtained by machining the first main surface of the metal substrate so that at least two recesses for defining a mounting position are formed at least.
- a base substrate is manufactured by a two-stage processing method using both etching and pressing. First, the first-stage etching process forms a convex conductive post, which is a part of the base substrate, and an enclosure wall for separating the modules from each other.
- the second stage press working with the convex mold is used to mount the bare semiconductor chip device.
- a positioning force is produced.
- the alignment marker portion is concave, and a taper of substantially 15 to 60 degrees is provided on a side surface thereof. In particular, if there is a taper, the device will slide down into the chip when the chip device is mounted, and self-alignment will facilitate alignment.
- the concave part for burying a plurality of bare semiconductor chip devices and the convex part of the connection post are formed simultaneously by deeply digging the metal base substrate surface in the first-stage etching processing.
- the metal surface roughened by etching is flattened, and a multistage concave portion having a taper is easily formed by a convex mold.
- a semiconductor bare chip device having a metal bump is bonded onto the chip device mounting force.
- the bare chip device is covered with a resin-like insulating film so as to be embedded therein, and the insulating film and the bump of the bare chip device are ground so as to have a predetermined same height. After that, a wiring pattern is formed on it, and a thin and small multi-chip module structure is completed.
- FIGS. 1A to 1E are cross-sectional views illustrating steps for manufacturing a base substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 2A to 2D are cross-sectional views illustrating steps of manufacturing a base substrate according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- 3A and 3B are a plan view and a cross-sectional view showing a layout of a pilot power and an enclosure in a substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 4a to 4d show a multi-chip module structure according to one embodiment of the present invention. It is sectional drawing which shows a manufacturing process.
- FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross-sectional views showing the steps of manufacturing a base substrate according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a multi-chip module structure according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a plan view showing the back surface of the structure shown in FIG.
- FIGS. 8a to 8g are views showing the steps of manufacturing a multi-chip module structure according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a step of manufacturing a multichip module structure according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a plan view showing the back surface of the structure shown in FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a sectional view of a multi-chip module structure according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a plan view showing the back surface of the structure shown in FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of a circuit included in the multi-chip module structure.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an example of a pattern drawn on the upper surface of the multi-chip module monolithic structure according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1A a resist mask 12 for etching is formed on a first main surface of a metal base substrate 11 made of, for example, Cu by photolithography.
- FIG. 1B the metal base substrate 11 is etched by a depth of 180 ⁇ m with a chemical etching solution composed of ferric chloride to form a convex connection post or a convex portion 13.
- Fig. 1c the second stage of press working is started.
- the metal base substrate 11 on which the connection posts 13 are formed is inserted between the dies 14 and 14 ′, and then a press is started by gradually applying a load 16 (the circled portion indicates the text).
- the convex part of the mold with one part 15 is shown).
- the final weight is applied to complete the press.
- the depth of the concave portion 17 is generally smaller than the length of the convex portion 13.
- the base substrate 11 taken out of the mold has a bare half A conductor chip device is mounted, and a tapered angle in the range of 20 ⁇ m, 15 ⁇ to 60 ⁇ , here 45 4 is formed at the position where the chip is to be bonded.
- the fabrication of the base substrate by two-step processing is completed.
- the taper is a taper whose area decreases toward the bottom of the recess 17.
- the feature of the two-stage processing is that the first-stage etching process provides a convex portion used to bury the bare semiconductor chip device by digging deeply into the base substrate surface.
- a convex metal mold with a taper is used to flatten a metal surface roughened by etching, and to provide a concave marker or a concave portion having a higher smoothness than a surface etched by low load.
- a 1 may be used as the material of the base substrate 11.
- FIG. 2a to 2d illustrate a process of manufacturing a single module structure base substrate including a plurality of semiconductor bare chip devices according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- the module size formed on the substrate is 10 mm square.
- a substantially columnar connection bost having a diameter of 200 m and a cross-girder width 60 for separating the module structures from each other are formed on the base board 21.
- a resist mask 22 for etching forming an enclosure wall of 0 m is formed by photolithography.
- the metal base substrate 21 was etched to a depth of about 180 / m with a ferric chloride-based chemical etching solution, so that the connection bores or protrusions 23 and the module structure were inter-connected.
- An enclosing wall 24 that separates is made.
- the surrounding wall 24 is a conductive block disposed on the outermost side with respect to the base substrate, and functions to electromagnetically shield and mechanically reinforce the structure.
- FIG. 2C the second stage press working is started. After positioning with the marker of the mold 25 and the pilot force previously formed on the base substrate 21, the metal base substrate 21 between the molds 25 and 25 ′ is weighted. Start the press by gradually adding 26 (the circle indicates the tapered mold convex part 27). At this time, it is necessary to make the die relatively large for the connection post 23 and the surrounding wall 24 and to design it so that the shape of the connection post 23 and the like does not deform during pressing.
- reference numeral 28 denotes an etched surface of the base substrate 21 after pressing. The recess formed on the bare semiconductor chip dicnoice is formed on the bare chip. Through this two-step process, the connecting posts 23 and the girder-shaped enclosure wall 24 between the module structures are etched, and the concave marker 28 for mounting the bare semiconductor chip device is pressed. Each is formed in the base substrate by processing.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B are layout diagrams of an enclosure wall provided on a base substrate according to another embodiment of the present invention, in which a space between a pilot marker and a module is cross-shaped.
- Figure 3a shows a plan view of a Cu substrate with a diameter of 75 mm0, a thickness of 700 mm, and a module structure size of 10 mm square as a base substrate for manufacturing a plurality of module structures. It is. Pilot holes 31 are provided at four locations around the board as pilot holes 3 D (through holes with a diameter of 3 mm are provided so that positioning with the die holes can be performed before pressing. A girder-shaped enclosure wall 32 is provided between them, which is cut out as a unit module structure to prevent warpage of the base substrate in the embedding process using an insulating film after mounting a bare chip device.
- Reference numeral 33 denotes a boss or a projection formed on each module structure.
- FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ in FIG. 3A. There is a 45 degree taper on the side of the mating force 34 of the bare chip device mounting part formed by press processing.
- 4a to 4d show a manufacturing process of a multi-chip module structure according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- connection posts (convex portions) 42 formed on the first main surface of the base substrate by etching and pressing in advance) (grooves 4 2 ′ surrounding the periphery are also formed), module structure On the base substrate 41 provided with the enclosing wall (convex portion) 43, the electrode 44, and the marker (recessed portion) 45 for mounting the bare chip device, a metal (for example, A A bare chip device 47 including a plurality of semiconductor elements or IC chips on which bumps 46 of u or A1) are mounted is bonded and mounted with an Au—Sn eutectic solder.
- the punch 45 is formed by pressing similarly to the above-described embodiment, and has a taper.
- the protrusions 4 2 and 4 3 are etched and The marker 45 and the groove are formed by press working.
- FIG. 4B the concave and convex portions on the base substrate 41 and the bare chip device 47 were embedded using an epoxy resin 48 as a first insulating film.
- FIG. 4c the surface of the epoxy resin 48 after heat curing is flattened by grinding or polishing, and the connection post 42, the surrounding wall 43, and the metal bump 46 on the bare chip device 47 are exposed. Let out.
- a second insulating film 49, a third insulating film 50, and a metal layer were formed on the flattened insulating film 48 for forming thin-film passive components and multilayer wiring.
- Conductive through-holes 54 were sequentially laminated. Thereafter, the surrounding wall 43 and the electrode 44 are separated from the base substrate 41 by grinding or etching from the back surface of the multi-chip module structure until the insulating film 48 is exposed so that a conductive block is formed. Shaved.
- the module structure was cut in the middle of the surrounding wall 43 to form a unit multi-chip module structure.
- the conductive bump 42 is held by the embedded resin 48 filled in the groove 42 'and between the connection boss 42 and the bear chip device 47, and is separated and independent from the base substrate 41. I have. Therefore, since the electrodes can be directly taken out from the back surface of the substrate, the multi-chip module structure can be directly soldered to the motherboard, and the mounting area is reduced as compared with the case where the leads are electrically connected.
- 5A and 5 show a method of manufacturing a base substrate according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- a substrate on which the conductive bost and the surrounding wall are formed by etching is pressed, a pair of dies having a concave portion in the lower die corresponding to the convex portion of the upper die is formed.
- the substrate 60 on which the conductive posts 61 and the surrounding wall 65 are formed by etching is aligned with the upper mold 70a and the lower mold 70b, and the plastic deformation is reduced.
- the resin embedding groove 62 around the conductive post 61 and the concave marker 63 for mounting the chip are formed by one press working.
- a concave portion is formed in the lower mold 70b corresponding to the convex portion of the upper mold 70a.
- the substrate pushed out by the convex portion of the upper mold 70a can escape to the concave portion of the lower mold 70b. Therefore, compared to the case of using a flat lower mold, deformation such as warpage is less likely to occur in the substrate after the press working.
- a convex portion is formed on the back surface of the substrate after the press working, but is removed in a grinding process of the back surface of the substrate performed to expose the conductive posts.
- a part of the groove around the conductive post 61 serves to make the surrounding wall 65 an independent conductive block.
- etching and pressing are used in combination, it is possible to form a concave portion and a convex portion having a predetermined depth in a predetermined portion of the base substrate with high reproducibility.
- the etching and press forming technologies enable simplification of the process and reduction of the process time.
- the enclosure wall formed at the time of etching suppresses the warpage of the base substrate at the time of embedding with an insulating film, so that the process can be stabilized.
- the metal surface roughened by etching by press working can be flattened, and the bonding conditions for bare chip mounting can be expanded. That is, no bubbles are generated at the interface between the chip and the substrate, and good adhesiveness is realized. In addition, since the adhesiveness is improved, the heat dissipation of the chip is also improved.
- FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a multi-chip module structure according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- a base substrate 71 made of a conductive material such as a metal or a semiconductor and including portions 71-1, 71-2, 71-3, 71-4, and a bare chip device
- a bare chip device 3 including a plurality of semiconductor elements or IC chips having metal (for example, Au or A1) bumps (connection conductors) 4 on the electrodes.
- the electrodes (conductive blocks) serving as signal input / output terminals and power supply terminals are substantially juxtaposed on the back surface of the base substrate to enable electrical connection to the outside. It is formed of a metal layer by the post portions 71-3 of the base substrate 1 and connected to the wiring pattern 80.
- the cap may be made of resin, in which case it serves to mechanically reinforce the structure.
- the cap may also be made of a metal-plated resin material. At this time, the cap plays the role of mechanically reinforcing and solidifying the structure, as in the case where the cap is made of metal.
- FIG. 7 is a view of the structure shown in FIG. 6 as viewed from the back.
- a portion 711- 1 of the base substrate 71 serving as a reference potential and a portion 711- 2 serving as an electrode are electrically separated by a first insulating film 75.
- conductive walls 71-4 are provided on the sides for electromagnetic shielding.
- FIG. 8A shows a cross section in a state before the back surface of the base substrate 71 is etched or ground.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram in which a tapered recess 72 for mounting an arc chip device is provided by etching and machining.
- This etching and machining may use the etching and press working used in the embodiments described above.
- mechanical processing other than press working such as milling and polishing, is used.
- FIG. 8b shows the base substrate shown in Fig. 8a, on which a bare device 3 including multiple semiconductor elements or IC chips with metallic (for example, Au or A1) bumps 4 on the electrodes is mounted.
- FIG. 8C is a diagram in which the concave and convex portions of the base substrate shown in FIG. Fig. 8d is a diagram in which the concave and convex portions of the base substrate shown in Fig. 8c are embedded in the bare chip device with an insulating resin 75, and the surface is flattened by grinding or polishing the resin 75. .
- FIG.8e shows the first wiring pattern 78 and the first wiring pattern formed of the second insulating film 76 and the third insulating film 77 for performing the multilayer wiring on the flattened metal layer and the first wiring pattern.
- Formation FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a formed capacitor 79, a second wiring pattern 80 formed of a metal layer thereon, and a conductive through hole 81 penetrating the second and third insulating films.
- Fig. 8f shows the back surface when the multi-chip module structure shown in Fig. 8e is etched or ground from the back surface (the second main surface of the base substrate 71) to a cross section along the line VI.
- FIG. The signal input / output terminal and power supply terminal (conductive block) 7 1-2 are separated from the base electrode 7 1-1 serving as a ground (common potential) conductor by insulating resin 75.
- Fig. 8g shows the multi-chip module structure shown in Fig. 8e cut from the back side by etching or grinding to a cross section along the line-cor, then cut at the position where the shield wall (conductive block) 7 1-4 is formed
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a case where a unit multi-chip module is used.
- FIG. 9 is a view showing another embodiment, in which a flat portion 71-1, an electrode portion 71-2, a post portion 71-3 as a base substrate, and a chip mounting recess 72 are integrated thereon.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram provided by etching and machining in the same manner as in the above embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the back surface when the multi-chip module structure shown in FIG. 9 is etched or ground from the back surface to a cross section along the line IX-IX.
- the signal input / output terminal and the power supply terminal 71-2 are separated from the base electrode 71-1 serving as a ground (common potential) conductor by the insulating resin 75.
- a concave portion 83 having a depth greater than the shaving margin when thinning by etching or polishing is provided in a portion which becomes the side surface of the unit module when cut out to the unit module size.
- FIG. 11 is a cross section of a multi-chip module structure according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- the unit module is cut into a unit module size on the surface of the base substrate 71 opposite to the surface on which the bare chip device is mounted.
- a cap fixing concave portion 83 whose depth has been deepened in advance at the portion to be the side surface of the structure or at the edge of the substrate, which is deeper than the cutout when thinning by etching or polishing, is provided in advance.
- FIG. 9 is a view in which a metal cap 82 having an inverted dent is provided so as to be thinned to a predetermined level by etching or grinding, cut out into a unit module size, and fitted into the dent 83. Since the metal cap 82 acts as a shield and mechanical reinforcement of the structure, it is not necessary to provide the shield wall 7 1-4.
- FIG. 12 shows the back surface of the multi-chip module structure shown in FIG. Fig. 11 is the line in Fig. 12.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view along X.
- FIG. 13 shows an example of a circuit included in the multichip module structure according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- This is a two-stage high-frequency amplifier using two F ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ as semiconductor elements.
- Fig. 14 is a pattern diagram of the high-frequency amplifier shown in Fig. 13.
- the signal input / output terminals Pin, Pout, the gate bias terminal Vg, and the drain bias terminal Vd pass through the via hole and the conductive bump, and the electrode on the back surface. Connected to terminal.
- FET1 and FET2 are each incorporated into a separate bare chip device.
- Other circuit elements and connection conductors are realized as multilayer wiring.
- a plurality of bare-chip devices having metal bumps on electrodes are mounted on a base substrate, and these are covered so as to be embedded with a resin-like first insulating film.
- a multi-chip module structure is provided by providing a plurality of protruding parts whose parts protrude in the form of bosts, and providing grooves in advance around some of the bosses so that the roots of the bosses protrude like islands.
- a shielding wall can be formed at the side of the unit module, which provides mechanical protection against external damage, When operating in the high-frequency range, the electromagnetic shielding effect becomes stronger, and it is possible to reduce the possibility of interference from others.
- the multi-ticket structure on which a plurality of semiconductor bear chip devices are mounted can be dissipated by the use of the conductive base substrate and the conductive projections and device positioning recesses formed integrally with the substrate. It has a structure with improved characteristics and excellent high-frequency characteristics and is less susceptible to external interference. Also, The use of chemical etching for forming the conductive convex portions and mechanical machining for forming the device positioning concave portions improves the reproducibility of the conductive convex portions and the device positioning concave portions. Therefore, the present invention is useful for miniaturization and high performance of electronic devices.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Encapsulation Of And Coatings For Semiconductor Or Solid State Devices (AREA)
- Structures Or Materials For Encapsulating Or Coating Semiconductor Devices Or Solid State Devices (AREA)
- Lead Frames For Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Production Of Multi-Layered Print Wiring Board (AREA)
- Structures For Mounting Electric Components On Printed Circuit Boards (AREA)
- Insulated Metal Substrates For Printed Circuits (AREA)
- Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69838849T DE69838849T2 (de) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-08-19 | Mehrchip-Modulstruktur und deren Herstellung |
EP98938890A EP1030369B1 (en) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-08-19 | Multichip module structure and method for manufacturing the same |
US09/485,400 US6495914B1 (en) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-08-19 | Multi-chip module structure having conductive blocks to provide electrical connection between conductors on first and second sides of a conductive base substrate |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP9/222229 | 1997-08-19 | ||
JP22222997 | 1997-08-19 | ||
JP9/259589 | 1997-09-25 | ||
JP25958997A JP3840761B2 (ja) | 1997-09-25 | 1997-09-25 | マルチチップモジュールおよびその製造方法 |
JP10/69727 | 1998-03-19 | ||
JP6972798A JP3815033B2 (ja) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-03-19 | マルチチップモジュール用ベース基板の作製方法 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1999009595A1 true WO1999009595A1 (en) | 1999-02-25 |
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ID=27300121
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP1998/003668 WO1999009595A1 (en) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-08-19 | Multichip module structure and method for manufacturing the same |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6495914B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1030369B1 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100543836B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1167131C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69838849T2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1999009595A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69838849D1 (de) | 2008-01-24 |
CN1267396A (zh) | 2000-09-20 |
US6495914B1 (en) | 2002-12-17 |
DE69838849T2 (de) | 2008-12-11 |
EP1030369A4 (en) | 2006-03-29 |
CN1167131C (zh) | 2004-09-15 |
KR100543836B1 (ko) | 2006-01-23 |
EP1030369B1 (en) | 2007-12-12 |
KR20010023024A (ko) | 2001-03-26 |
EP1030369A1 (en) | 2000-08-23 |
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