US20180126000A1 - Glucocorticoid receptor agonist and immunoconjugates thereof - Google Patents

Glucocorticoid receptor agonist and immunoconjugates thereof Download PDF

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US20180126000A1
US20180126000A1 US15/611,037 US201715611037A US2018126000A1 US 20180126000 A1 US20180126000 A1 US 20180126000A1 US 201715611037 A US201715611037 A US 201715611037A US 2018126000 A1 US2018126000 A1 US 2018126000A1
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Michael J. McPherson
Adrian D. Hobson
Martin E. Hayes
Christopher C. Marvin
Diana Schmidt
Wendy Waegell
Christian GOESS
Jason Z. OH
Axel HERNANDEZ, JR.
John T. Randolph
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AbbVie Inc
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AbbVie Inc
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Priority to US15/611,037 priority Critical patent/US20180126000A1/en
Assigned to ABBVIE INC. reassignment ABBVIE INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GOESS, Christian, HAYES, MARTIN E., HERNANDEZ JR, AXEL, HOBSON, ADRIAN D., MARVIN, Christopher C., MCPHERSON, MICHAEL J., OH, Jason Z., RANDOLPH, JOHN T., SCHMIDT, DIANA, WAEGELL, WENDY
Publication of US20180126000A1 publication Critical patent/US20180126000A1/en
Priority to US16/408,602 priority patent/US10668167B2/en
Priority to US16/850,866 priority patent/US20200338208A1/en
Priority to US17/318,723 priority patent/US20220354959A1/en
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    • A61K47/6889—Conjugates wherein the antibody being the modifying agent and wherein the linker, binder or spacer confers particular properties to the conjugates, e.g. peptidic enzyme-labile linkers or acid-labile linkers, providing for an acid-labile immuno conjugate wherein the drug may be released from its antibody conjugated part in an acidic, e.g. tumoural or environment
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Definitions

  • the field of the invention generally relates to glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates, and methods of making and using the same, e.g., to treat autoimmune or inflammatory diseases.
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha plays a central role in the pathophysiology of several human disorders, and anti-TNFa agents (e.g., adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab) have clinically validated therapeutic utility in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease.
  • anti-TNFa biologics are still limited in the maximal efficacy they can achieve in patients, necessitating the identification and development of more potent and effective therapeutics. Patients treated with anti-TNFa biologics may also develop an immunogenic response to the therapeutic thus limiting its effectiveness. Therefore anti-TNFa therapies with lower immunogenicity and high efficacy would be useful for further controlling disease.
  • Synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonists are a potent class of small molecules used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, but their utility in the chronic treatment of disease is limited due to severe side effects.
  • Several approaches to retain the anti-inflammatory efficacy of synthetic glucocorticoids while sparing the unwanted toxicities have been described (Rosen, J and Miner, J N Endocrine Reviews 26: 452-64 (2005)). However these methodologies have met with little success. There is a need in the field of autoimmune and inflammatory disease therapeutics to develop therapeutics with enhanced efficacy and longer duration of action compared to anti-TNF antibodies and with minimal unwanted effects.
  • the present disclosure provides a glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugate represented by Formulae I-a and I-b, below, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugate represented by Formulae I-a and I-b, below.
  • Glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating autoimmune diseases such as, but not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, adult Crohn's disease, pediatric Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, uveitis, Behcets disease, a spondyloarthropathy, or psoriasis.
  • autoimmune diseases such as, but not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, adult Crohn's disease, pediatric Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, uveitis, Behcets disease, a
  • glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating rheumatoid arthritis. In one aspect, glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating juvenile idiopathic arthritis. In one aspect, glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating psoriatic arthritis. In one aspect, glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating ankylosing spondylitis.
  • glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating adult Crohn's disease. In one aspect, glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating pediatric Crohn's disease. In one aspect, glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating ulcerative colitis. In one aspect, glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating plaque psoriasis.
  • glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating hidradenitis suppurativa. In one aspect, glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating uveitis. In one aspect, glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating Behcets disease. In one aspect, glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating a spondyloarthropathy. In one aspect, glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b are useful for treating psoriasis.
  • the present disclosure provides a glucocorticoid receptor agonist represented by Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b, or by Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, below, (wherein R 7b is hydrogen) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof.
  • a glucocorticoid receptor agonist represented by Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b, or by Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b
  • the present disclosure provides a glucocorticoid receptor agonist represented by Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b, or by Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, below, (wherein R 7b is hydrogen).
  • autoimmune diseases such as, but not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, adult Crohn's disease, pediatric Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, uveitis, Behcets disease, a spondyloarthropathy, or psoriasis.
  • autoimmune diseases such as, but not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, adult Crohn's disease, pediatric Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, uveitis, Behcets disease, a spondyloarthropathy, or psoriasis.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating psoriatic arthritis.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating ankylosing spondylitis.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating adult Crohn's disease.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating pediatric Crohn's disease.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating ulcerative colitis.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating plaque psoriasis.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating hidradenitis suppurativa.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating uveitis.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating Behcets disease.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating a spondyloarthropathy.
  • compounds having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, are useful for treating psoriasis.
  • the present disclosure provides compounds represented by Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b, or by Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, as synthetic intermediates that can be used to prepare glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugate represented by Formulae I-a and I-b, or a glucocorticoid receptor agonist represented by Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b, or by Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, and an excipient and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present disclosure provides a glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugate represented by Formulae I-a and I-b, or a glucocorticoid receptor agonist represented by Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b or by Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, for use in treatment of autoimmune diseases.
  • the present disclosure provides a use of a glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates represented by Formulae I-a and I-b, or a glucocorticoid receptor agonist represented by Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, and IX-b, or by Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, and IX-b′′, for the manufacture of a medicament for treating autoimmune diseases.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preparing glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates represented by Formulae I-a and I-b.
  • FIG. 1 shows the proteolytic stability of an ADC containing a steroid and an ADC containing MMAE (monomethyl auristatin E). (See Example 76.)
  • FIG. 2 shows the kinetics of drug linker loss of steroid ADC in mice. (See Example 77.)
  • FIG. 3 shows the activity of a single therapeutic dose response of anti-mTNFa steroid ADC in a mouse model of arthritis. (See Example 85.)
  • FIG. 4 shows the activity of anti-human TNFa steroid in huTNFa Tg CAIA mouse model of arthritis. (See Example 87.)
  • FIG. 5 is a HIC chromatogram showing a heterogenous mixture containing antibodies having zero SM-L-Q- molecules attached (“E0” peak), two SM-L-Q- molecules attached (“E2” peak), four SM-L-Q- molecules attached (“E4” peak), SM-L-Q- moieties attached (“E6” peak), and eight SM-L-Q-molecules attached (“E8” peak), depending upon the number of interchain disulfide bonds that have been reduced.
  • SM is a radical of a glucocorticosteroid
  • L is a linker
  • Q is a heterobifunctional group or heterotrifunctional group
  • Q is absent.
  • FIG. 6 is a SEC chromatogram of adalimumab conjugated with a glucocorticosteroid. (See Example 74.)
  • FIG. 7 is a line graph showing raw MS data of adalimumab conjugated with a glucocorticosteroid. (See Example 74.)
  • FIG. 8 is a line graph showing deconvoluted MS data of adalimumab conjugated with a glucocorticosteroid. Black square and circle represent the ADC with succinimide hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed, respectively. The relative abundance of hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed ADC is used to determine hydrolysis conversion. (See Example 74.)
  • FIG. 9 shows that an anti-TNF steroid ADC is significantly more effective in reducing ear inflammation in mice than the concurrent combination of the anti-TNF antibody and the steroid or than the anti-TNF antibody alone. (See Example 84.)
  • FIG. 10 shows that a single dose of an anti-TNF steroid ADC is as effective in reducing paw swelling as 21 days of daily dosing of a steroid. (See Example 85.)
  • FIG. 11 shows the change in weights of animals treated with steroid, an anti-TNF antibody, an anti-TNF ADC, or an isotype ADC. (See Example 85.)
  • FIG. 12 shows that a single dose of an anti-TNF steroid ADC can reduce established paw swelling, whereas a single dose of an anti-TNF antibody had a minimal effect. (See Example 88.)
  • FIG. 13 shows the effect of treatment with an anti-TNF steroid ADC on tarsal bone loss as measured by Micro-Computed Tomography ( ⁇ CT).
  • ⁇ CT Micro-Computed Tomography
  • FIG. 14 shows the effect of treatment with an anti-TNF steroid ADC on inflammation.
  • the individual data points e.g., circles, squares, or triangles
  • FIG. 15 shows the effect of treatment with an anti-TNF steroid ADC on pannus formation.
  • the individual data points e.g., circles, squares, or triangles represent individual animals.
  • the individual data points e.g., circles, squares, or triangles.
  • FIG. 16 shows the effect of treatment with an anti-TNF steroid ADC on bone erosion.
  • the individual data points e.g., circles, squares, or triangles
  • FIG. 17 shows the effect of treatment with an anti-TNF steroid ADC on cartilage damage.
  • the individual data points e.g., circles, squares, or triangles
  • FIG. 18 shows effect of treatment with an anti-TNF steroid ADC on white blood cells in peripheral blood.
  • the individual data points e.g., circles, squares, or diamonds represent individual animals.
  • FIG. 19 shows effect of treatment with an anti-TNF steroid ADC on neutrophils in peripheral blood.
  • the individual data points e.g., circles, squares, or diamonds represent individual animals.
  • FIG. 20 shows effect of treatment with an anti-TNF steroid ADC on lymphocytes in peripheral blood.
  • the individual data points e.g., circles, squares, or diamonds represent individual animals.
  • FIG. 21 shows effect of treatment with an anti-TNF steroid ADC on monocytes in peripheral blood.
  • the individual data points e.g., circles, squares, or diamonds represent individual animals.
  • the individual data points e.g., circles, squares, or diamonds.
  • FIG. 22 shows effect of treatment with an anti-TNF steroid ADC on eosinophils in peripheral blood. (See Example 88.)
  • FIG. 23 shows effect of treatment with an anti-TNF steroid ADC on basophils in peripheral blood. (See Example 88.)
  • FIG. 24 shows the activity of an anti-TNF steroid ADC and an anti-CD163 steroid ADC in mouse collagen-induced arthritis. (See Example 89.)
  • glucocorticoid receptor agonist immunoconjugates glucocorticoid receptor agonists, and methods of making and using the same.
  • anti-TNF alpha protein refers to proteins that are capable of (i) binding to TNF alpha and (ii) inhibiting binding of soluble TNF-alpha to cell surface TNF receptors (p55 and/or p75) and/or lysing surface TNF alpha or TNF alpha receptor expressing cells in vitro in the presence of complement.
  • Anti-TNF alpha proteins include, for example, anti-TNF antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof (e.g., adalimumab or infliximab) as well as soluble TNF receptors (e.g., etanercept).
  • antibody and “antibodies” are terms of art and can be used interchangeably herein and refer to a molecule with an antigen-binding site that specifically binds an antigen.
  • antibody means an immunoglobulin molecule that recognizes and specifically binds to a target, such as a protein, polypeptide, peptide, carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, or combinations of the foregoing through at least one antigen recognition site within the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule.
  • a target such as a protein, polypeptide, peptide, carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, or combinations of the foregoing through at least one antigen recognition site within the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule.
  • the term “antibody” encompasses intact polyclonal antibodies, intact monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, human antibodies, fusion proteins comprising an antibody, and any other modified immunoglobulin molecule so long as the antibodies exhibit the desired biological activity.
  • An antibody can be of any the five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, or subclasses (isotypes) thereof (e.g. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2), based on the identity of their heavy-chain constant domains referred to as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively.
  • the different classes of immunoglobulins have different and well known subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations.
  • Antibodies can be naked or conjugated to other molecules such as toxins, radioisotopes, etc.
  • the term “antibody” encompasses bispecific and multispecific antibodies.
  • antibody fragment refers to a portion of an intact antibody.
  • An “antigen-binding fragment” refers to a portion of an intact antibody that binds to an antigen.
  • An antigen-binding fragment can contain the antigenic determining variable regions of an intact antibody. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, and Fv fragments, linear antibodies, and single chain antibodies.
  • An “antigen-binding fragment” can be a bispecific or multispecific antigen-binding fragment.
  • blocking antibody or an “antagonist” antibody is one which inhibits or reduces biological activity of the antigen it binds, such as TNF-alpha.
  • blocking antibodies or antagonist antibodies substantially or completely inhibit the biological activity of the antigen.
  • the biological activity can be reduced by 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or even 100%.
  • anti-TNF-alpha antibody or “an antibody that binds to TNF-alpha” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding TNF-alpha with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting TNF-alpha.
  • the extent of binding of an anti-TNF-alpha antibody to an unrelated, non-TNF-alpha protein can be less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to TNF-alpha as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA).
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • an antibody that binds to TNF-alpha has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ⁇ 1 ⁇ M, ⁇ 100 nM, ⁇ 10 nM, ⁇ 1 nM, or ⁇ 0.1 nM.
  • a “monoclonal” antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof refers to a homogeneous antibody or antigen-binding fragment population involved in the highly specific recognition and binding of a single antigenic determinant, or epitope. This is in contrast to polyclonal antibodies that typically include different antibodies directed against different antigenic determinants.
  • the term “monoclonal” antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof encompasses both intact and full-length monoclonal antibodies as well as antibody fragments (such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv), single chain (scFv) mutants, fusion proteins comprising an antibody portion, and any other modified immunoglobulin molecule comprising an antigen recognition site.
  • “monoclonal” antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof refers to such antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof made in any number of manners including but not limited to by hybridoma, phage selection, recombinant expression, and transgenic animals.
  • humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof refers to forms of non-human (e.g. murine) antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that are specific immunoglobulin chains, chimeric immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof that contain minimal non-human (e.g., murine) sequences.
  • humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human immunoglobulins in which residues from the complementary determining region (CDR) are replaced by residues from the CDR of a non-human species (e.g.
  • CDR grafted mouse, rat, rabbit, hamster
  • Fv framework region (FR) residues of a human immunoglobulin are replaced with the corresponding residues in an antibody or fragment from a non-human species that has the desired specificity, affinity, and capability.
  • the humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be further modified by the substitution of additional residues either in the Fv framework region and/or within the replaced non-human residues to refine and optimize antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specificity, affinity, and/or capability.
  • the humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two or three, variable domains containing all or substantially all of the CDR regions that correspond to the non-human immunoglobulin whereas all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence.
  • the humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can also comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region or domain (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.
  • a “humanized antibody” is a resurfaced antibody.
  • variable region of an antibody refers to the variable region of the antibody light chain or the variable region of the antibody heavy chain, either alone or in combination.
  • the variable regions of the heavy and light chain each consist of four framework regions (FR) connected by three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) also known as hypervariable regions.
  • the CDRs in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FRs and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding site of antibodies.
  • There are at least two techniques for determining CDRs (1) an approach based on cross-species sequence variability (i.e., Kabat et al.
  • the Kabat numbering system is generally used when referring to a residue in the variable domain (approximately residues 1-107 of the light chain and residues 1-113 of the heavy chain) (e.g., Kabat et al., Sequences of Immunological Interest. 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)). Unless explicitly indicated otherwise, the numbering system used herein is the Kabat numbering system.
  • amino acid position numbering refers to the numbering system used for heavy chain variable domains or light chain variable domains of the compilation of antibodies in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991). Using this numbering system, the actual linear amino acid sequence can contain fewer or additional amino acids corresponding to a shortening of, or insertion into, a FR or CDR of the variable domain.
  • a heavy chain variable domain can include a single amino acid insert (residue 52a according to Kabat) after residue 52 of H2 and inserted residues (e.g.
  • residues 82a, 82b, and 82c, etc. according to Kabat after heavy chain FR residue 82.
  • the Kabat numbering of residues can be determined for a given antibody by alignment at regions of homology of the sequence of the antibody with a “standard” Kabat numbered sequence. Chothia refers instead to the location of the structural loops (Chothia and Lesk J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987)).
  • the end of the Chothia CDR-H1 loop when numbered using the Kabat numbering convention varies between H32 and H34 depending on the length of the loop (this is because the Kabat numbering scheme places the insertions at H35A and H35B; if neither 35A nor 35B is present, the loop ends at 32; if only 35A is present, the loop ends at 33; if both 35A and 35B are present, the loop ends at 34).
  • the AbM hypervariable regions represent a compromise between the Kabat CDRs and Chothia structural loops, and are used by Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modeling software.
  • the CDRs of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be determined according to the Chothia numbering scheme, which refers to the location of immunoglobulin structural loops (see, e.g., Chothia C & Lesk A M, (1987), J Mol Biol 196: 901-917; Al-Lazikani B et al., (1997) J Mol Biol 273: 927-948; Chothia C et al., (1992) J Mol Biol 227: 799-817; Tramontano A et al., (1990) J Mol Biol 215(1): 175-82; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,709,226).
  • Chothia numbering scheme refers to the location of immunoglobulin structural loops
  • the Chothia CDR-H1 loop is present at heavy chain amino acids 26 to 32, 33, or 34
  • the Chothia CDR-H2 loop is present at heavy chain amino acids 52 to 56
  • the Chothia CDR-H3 loop is present at heavy chain amino acids 95 to 102
  • the Chothia CDR-L1 loop is present at light chain amino acids 24 to 34
  • the Chothia CDR-L2 loop is present at light chain amino acids 50 to 56
  • the Chothia CDR-L3 loop is present at light chain amino acids 89 to 97.
  • the end of the Chothia CDR-H1 loop when numbered using the Kabat numbering convention varies between H32 and H34 depending on the length of the loop (this is because the Kabat numbering scheme places the insertions at H35A and H35B; if neither 35A nor 35B is present, the loop ends at 32; if only 35A is present, the loop ends at 33; if both 35A and 35B are present, the loop ends at 34).
  • the CDRs of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be determined according to the IMGT numbering system as described in Lefranc M-P, (1999) The Immunologist 7: 132-136 and Lefranc M-P et al., (1999) Nucleic Acids Res 27: 209-212.
  • VH-CDR1 is at positions 26 to 35
  • VH-CDR2 is at positions 51 to 57
  • VH-CDR3 is at positions 93 to 102
  • VL-CDR1 is at positions 27 to 32
  • VL-CDR2 is at positions 50 to 52
  • VL-CDR3 is at positions 89 to 97.
  • the CDRs of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be determined according to MacCallum R M et al., (1996) J Mol Biol 262: 732-745. See also, e.g., Martin A. “Protein Sequence and Structure Analysis of Antibody Variable Domains,” in Antibody Engineering, Kontermann and Dübel, eds., Chapter 31, pp. 422-439, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2001).
  • the CDRs of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be determined according to the AbM numbering scheme, which refers AbM hypervariable regions which represent a compromise between the Kabat CDRs and Chothia structural loops, and are used by Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modeling software (Oxford Molecular Group, Inc.).
  • human antibody means an antibody produced by a human or an antibody having an amino acid sequence corresponding to an antibody produced by a human made using any technique known in the art. This definition of a human antibody includes intact or full-length antibodies, fragments thereof, and/or antibodies comprising at least one human heavy and/or light chain polypeptide such as, for example, an antibody comprising murine light chain and human heavy chain polypeptides.
  • chimeric antibodies refers to antibodies wherein the amino acid sequence of the immunoglobulin molecule is derived from two or more species.
  • the variable region of both light and heavy chains corresponds to the variable region of antibodies derived from one species of mammals (e.g. mouse, rat, rabbit, etc.) with the desired specificity, affinity, and capability while the constant regions are homologous to the sequences in antibodies derived from another (usually human) to avoid eliciting an immune response in that species.
  • epitopes or “antigenic determinant” are used interchangeably herein and refer to that portion of an antigen capable of being recognized and specifically bound by a particular antibody.
  • the antigen is a polypeptide
  • epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids and noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically retained upon protein denaturing, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost upon protein denaturing.
  • An epitope typically includes at least 3, and more usually, at least 5 or 8-10 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation.
  • Binding affinity generally refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a single binding site of a molecule (e.g., an antibody) and its binding partner (e.g., an antigen). Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, “binding affinity” refers to intrinsic binding affinity which reflects a 1:1 interaction between members of a binding pair (e.g., antibody and antigen). The affinity of a molecule X for its partner Y can generally be represented by the dissociation constant (Kd). Affinity can be measured by common methods known in the art, including those described herein. Low-affinity antibodies generally bind antigen slowly and tend to dissociate readily, whereas high-affinity antibodies generally bind antigen faster and tend to remain bound longer. A variety of methods of measuring binding affinity are known in the art, any of which can be used for purposes of the present disclosure. Specific illustrative embodiments are described in the following.
  • binding affinity refers to a stronger binding between a molecule and its binding partner. “Or better” when used herein refers to a stronger binding, represented by a smaller numerical Kd value.
  • an antibody which has an affinity for an antigen of “0.6 nM or better” the antibody's affinity for the antigen is ⁇ 0.6 nM, i.e. 0.59 nM, 0.58 nM, 0.57 nM etc. or any value less than 0.6 nM.
  • an antibody binds to an epitope via its antigen binding domain, and that the binding entails some complementarity between the antigen binding domain and the epitope. According to this definition, an antibody is said to “specifically bind” to an epitope when it binds to that epitope, via its antigen binding domain more readily than it would bind to a random, unrelated epitope.
  • the term “specificity” is used herein to qualify the relative affinity by which a certain antibody binds to a certain epitope.
  • antibody “A” may be deemed to have a higher specificity for a given epitope than antibody “B,” or antibody “A” may be said to bind to epitope “C” with a higher specificity than it has for related epitope “D.”
  • preferentially binds it is meant that the antibody specifically binds to an epitope more readily than it would bind to a related, similar, homologous, or analogous epitope.
  • an antibody which “preferentially binds” to a given epitope would more likely bind to that epitope than to a related epitope, even though such an antibody may cross-react with the related epitope.
  • An antibody is said to “competitively inhibit” binding of a reference antibody to a given epitope if the antibody preferentially binds to that epitope or an overlapping epitope to the extent that it blocks, to some degree, binding of the reference antibody to the epitope.
  • Competitive inhibition may be determined by any method known in the art, for example, competition ELISA assays.
  • An antibody may be said to competitively inhibit binding of the reference antibody to a given epitope by at least 90%, at least 80%, at least 70%, at least 60%, or at least 50%.
  • substantially similar denotes a sufficiently high degree of similarity between two numeric values (generally one associated with an antibody of the disclosure and the other associated with a reference/comparator antibody) such that one of skill in the art would consider the difference between the two values to be of little or no biological and/or statistical significance within the context of the biological characteristic measured by said values (e.g., Kd values).
  • the difference between said two values can be less than about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about 20%, or less than about 10% as a function of the value for the reference/comparator antibody.
  • a polypeptide, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is “isolated” is a polypeptide, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is in a form not found in nature.
  • Isolated polypeptides, antibodies, polynucleotides, vectors, cell or compositions include those which have been purified to a degree that they are no longer in a form in which they are found in nature.
  • an antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is isolated is substantially pure.
  • substantially pure refers to material which is at least 50% pure (i.e., free from contaminants), at least 90% pure, at least 95% pure, at least 98% pure, or at least 99% pure.
  • a cell binding agent e.g., an anti-TNF-alpha antibody or fragment thereof
  • Immunoconjugates can also be defined by the generic formula in reverse order: A-(Q-L-SM) n .
  • the following generic formula shows a immunoconjugate having a dipeptide (Ala-Ala) linker and succinimide thioether-based heterobifunctional group:
  • linker refers to any chemical moiety capable of linking a protein, e.g., antibody, antibody fragment (e.g., antigen binding fragments) or functional equivalent to a glucocorticosteroid.
  • Linkers may be susceptible to cleavage (a “cleavable linker”) thereby facilitating release of the glucocorticosteroid.
  • cleavable linkers may be susceptible to acid-induced cleavage, photo-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, esterase-induced cleavage, and disulfide bond cleavage, at conditions under which the glucocorticosteroid and/or the antibody remains active.
  • linkers may be substantially resistant to cleavage (a “noncleavable linker”).
  • non-cleavable linkers are any chemical moiety capable of linking a glucocorticosteroid to an antibody in a stable, covalent manner and does not fall off under the categories listed above for cleaveable linkers.
  • non-cleavable linkers are substantially resistant to acid-induced cleavage, photo-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, esterase-induced cleavage and disulfide bond cleavage.
  • non-cleavable refers to the ability of the chemical bond in the linker or adjoining to the linker to withstand cleavage induced by an acid, photolabile-cleaving agent, a peptidase, an esterase, or a chemical or physiological compound that cleaves a disulfide bond, at conditions under which a glucocorticosteroid and/or the antibody does not lose its activity.
  • cleavable linkers are cleaved by peptidases (“peptidase cleavable linkers”). Only certain peptides are readily cleaved inside or outside cells, see e.g. Trout et al., 79 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 626-629 (1982) and Umemoto et al. 43 Int. J. Cancer, 677-684 (1989). Furthermore, peptides are composed of ⁇ -amino acid units and peptidic bonds, which chemically are amide bonds between the carboxylate of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid. Other amide bonds, such as the bond between a carboxylate and the ⁇ -amino acid group of lysine, are understood not to be peptidic bonds and are considered non-cleavable.
  • linkers are cleaved by esterases (“esterase cleavable linkers”). Only certain esters can be cleaved by esterases present inside or outside of cells. Esters are formed by the condensation of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Simple esters are esters produced with simple alcohols, such as aliphatic alcohols, and small cyclic and small aromatic alcohols.
  • the cleavable linker component may comprise a peptide comprising one to ten amino acid residues.
  • the peptide allows for cleavage of the linker by a protease, thereby facilitating release of the glucocorticosteroid upon exposure to intracellular proteases, such as lysosomal enzymes (Doronina et al. (2003) Nat. Biotechnol. 21:778-784).
  • Exemplary peptides include, but are not limited to, dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and pentapeptides.
  • Exemplary dipeptides include, but are not limited to, alanine-alanine (ala-ala), valine-citrulline (vc or val-cit), alanine-phenylalanine (af or ala-phe); phenylalanine-lysine (fk or phe-lys); phenylalanine-homolysine (phe-homolys); and N-methyl-valine-citrulline (Me-val-cit).
  • Exemplary tripeptides include, but are not limited to, glycine-valine-citrulline (gly-val-cit) and glycine-glycine-glycine (gly-gly-gly).
  • a peptide may comprise naturally-occurring and/or non-natural amino acid residues.
  • naturally-occurring amino acid refer to Ala, Asp, Cys, Glu, Phe, Gly, His, He, Lys, Leu, Met, Asn, Pro, Gin, Arg, Ser, Thr, Val, Trp, and Tyr.
  • Non-natural amino acids include, by way of non-limiting example, homoserine, homoarginine, citrulline, phenylglycine, taurine, iodotyrosine, seleno-cysteine, norleucine (“Nle”), norvaline (“Nva”), beta-alanine, L- or D-naphthalanine, ornithine (“Orn”), and the like.
  • Peptides can be designed and optimized for enzymatic cleavage by a particular enzyme, for example, a tumor-associated protease, cathepsin B, C and D, or a plasmin protease.
  • Amino acids also include the D-forms of natural and non-natural amino acids.
  • “D-” designates an amino acid having the “D” (dextrorotary) configuration, as opposed to the configuration in the naturally occurring (“L-”) amino acids.
  • Natural and non-natural amino acids can be purchased commercially (Sigma Chemical Co., Advanced Chemtech) or synthesized using methods known in the art.
  • glucocorticosteroid refers to naturally-occurring or synthetic steroid hormones that interact with glucocorticoid receptors.
  • Non-limiting exemplary glucocorticosteroids include:
  • the A-, B-, C-, and D-rings of the steroid skeleton are marked for budesonide.
  • Glucocorticosteroids are described in WO 2009/069032.
  • a “radical of a glucocorticosteroid” is derived from the removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from a parent glucocorticosteroid.
  • the removal of hydrogen atom(s) facilitates the attachment of the parent glucocorticosteroid to a linker.
  • the hydrogen atom is removed from any suitable —NH 2 group of the parent glucocorticosteroid.
  • the hydrogen atom is removed from any suitable —OH group of the parent glucocorticosteroid.
  • the hydrogen atom is removed from any suitable a —SH group of the parent glucocorticosteroid.
  • the hydrogen atom is removed from any suitable —N(H)— group of the parent glucocorticosteroid. In another embodiment, the hydrogen atom is removed from any suitable —CH 3 , —CH 2 — or —CH ⁇ group of the parent glucocorticosteroid. In one embodiment, the “radical of a glucocorticosteroid” is a monovalent radical derived from the removal of one hydrogen atom from a parent glucocorticosteroid.
  • heterobifunctional group refers to a chemical moiety that connects a linker and protein, e.g., an antibody.
  • Heterobi- and tri-functional groups are characterized as having different reactive groups at either end of the chemical moiety.
  • Non-limiting exemplary heterobifunctional groups include:
  • a non-limiting exemplary heterotrifunctional group is:
  • drug antibody ratio refers to the number of SMs (i.e., radical derived from a small-molecule glucocorticoid receptor agonist, e.g., a glucocorticosteroid) linked to A (i.e., a protein, e.g., an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, an anti-TNF protein, an anti-TNF-alpha antibody or fragment thereof, a soluble receptor, or a soluble TNF receptor).
  • SMs small-molecule glucocorticoid receptor agonist
  • A i.e., a protein, e.g., an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, an anti-TNF protein, an anti-TNF-alpha antibody or fragment thereof, a soluble receptor, or a soluble TNF receptor.
  • the DAR refers to the number of SMs linked to the individual A (e.g., n is an integer of 1 to 10).
  • the DAR refers to the average number of SMs linked to the As (e.g., n is an integer or fraction of 1 to 10).
  • n is an integer or fraction of 1 to 10.
  • a compound having formula (SM-L-Q) n -A comprising a first immunoconjugate with 3 SM per A and a second immunoconjugate with 4 SM per A would have a DAR (i.e., an “n”) of 3.5.
  • subject refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal), including, but not limited to humans, non-human primates, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular treatment.
  • subject and “patient” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a human subject.
  • pharmaceutical formulation refers to a preparation which is in such form as to permit the biological activity of the active ingredient to be effective, and which contains no additional components which are unacceptably toxic to a subject to which the formulation would be administered.
  • the formulation can be sterile.
  • an “effective amount” of an immunoconjugate or glucocorticoid receptor agonist as disclosed herein is an amount sufficient to carry out a specifically stated purpose.
  • An “effective amount” can be determined in relation to the stated purpose.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount of an immunoconjugate or glucocorticoid receptor agonist effective to “treat” a disease or disorder in a subject or mammal.
  • a “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective to achieve the desired prophylactic result.
  • Terms such as “treating” or “treatment” or “to treat” or “alleviating” or “to alleviate” refer to therapeutic measures that cure, slow down, lessen symptoms of, and/or halt progression of a diagnosed pathologic condition or disorder. Thus, those in need of treatment include those already diagnosed with or suspected of having the disorder.
  • Prophylactic or preventative measures refer to measures that prevent and/or slow the development of a targeted pathological condition or disorder. Thus, those in need of prophylactic or preventative measures include those prone to have the disorder and those in whom the disorder is to be prevented.
  • Polynucleotide or “nucleic acid,” as used interchangeably herein, refer to polymers of nucleotides of any length, and include DNA and RNA.
  • the nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and/or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase.
  • a polynucleotide can comprise modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and their analogs. If present, modification to the nucleotide structure can be imparted before or after assembly of the polymer.
  • the sequence of nucleotides can be interrupted by non-nucleotide components.
  • a polynucleotide can be further modified after polymerization, such as by conjugation with a labeling component.
  • modifications include, for example, “caps”, substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, internucleotide modifications such as, for example, those with uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoamidates, cabamates, etc.) and with charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, etc.), those containing pendant moieties, such as, for example, proteins (e.g., nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, ply-L-lysine, etc.), those with intercalators (e.g., acridine, psoralen, etc.), those containing chelators (e.g., metals, radioactive metals, boron, oxidative metals, etc.), those containing al
  • any of the hydroxyl groups ordinarily present in the sugars can be replaced, for example, by phosphonate groups, phosphate groups, protected by standard protecting groups, or activated to prepare additional linkages to additional nucleotides, or can be conjugated to solid supports.
  • the 5′ and 3′ terminal OH can be phosphorylated or substituted with amines or organic capping group moieties of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • Other hydroxyls can also be derivatized to standard protecting groups.
  • Polynucleotides can also contain analogous forms of ribose or deoxyribose sugars that are generally known in the art, including, for example, 2′-O-methyl-, 2′-O-allyl, 2′-fluoro- or 2′-azido-ribose, carbocyclic sugar analogs, .alpha.-anomeric sugars, epimeric sugars such as arabinose, xyloses or lyxoses, pyranose sugars, furanose sugars, sedoheptuloses, acyclic analogs and abasic nucleoside analogs such as methyl riboside.
  • One or more phosphodiester linkages can be replaced by alternative linking groups.
  • linking groups include, but are not limited to, embodiments wherein phosphate is replaced by P(O)S (“thioate”), P(S)S (“dithioate”), “(O)NR 2 (“amidate”), P(O)R, P(O)OR′, CO or CH 2 (“formacetal”), in which each R or R′ is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-20 C) optionally containing an ether (—O—) linkage, aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or araldyl. Not all linkages in a polynucleotide need be identical. The preceding description applies to all polynucleotides referred to herein, including RNA and DNA.
  • vector means a construct, which is capable of delivering, and optionally expressing, one or more gene(s) or sequence(s) of interest in a host cell.
  • vectors include, but are not limited to, viral vectors, naked DNA or RNA expression vectors, plasmid, cosmid or phage vectors, DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents, DNA or RNA expression vectors encapsulated in liposomes, and certain eukaryotic cells, such as producer cells.
  • polypeptide “peptide,” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length.
  • the polymer can be linear or branched, it can comprise modified amino acids, and it can be interrupted by non-amino acids.
  • the terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or by intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification, such as conjugation with a labeling component.
  • polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid including, for example, unnatural amino acids, etc.
  • the polypeptides of this disclosure are based upon antibodies, in certain embodiments, the polypeptides can occur as single chains or associated chains.
  • nucleic acids or polypeptides refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity.
  • the percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection.
  • sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection.
  • Various algorithms and software are known in the art that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences.
  • One such non-limiting example of a sequence alignment algorithm is the algorithm described in Karlin et al, Proc. Natl. Acad.
  • Gapped BLAST can be used as described in Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1997).
  • BLAST-2 Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266:460-480 (1996)), ALIGN, ALIGN-2 (Genentech, South San Francisco, Calif.) or Megalign (DNASTAR) are additional publicly available software programs that can be used to align sequences.
  • the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program in GCG software (e.g., using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 90 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
  • the GAP program in the GCG software package which incorporates the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch ( J.
  • Mol. Biol. (48):444-453 (1970)) can be used to determine the percent identity between two amino acid sequences (e.g., using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
  • the percent identity between nucleotide or amino acid sequences is determined using the algorithm of Myers and Miller ( CABIOS, 4:11-17 (1989)).
  • the percent identity can be determined using the ALIGN program (version 2.0) and using a PAM120 with residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4.
  • Appropriate parameters for maximal alignment by particular alignment software can be determined by one skilled in the art.
  • the default parameters of the alignment software are used.
  • the percentage identity “X” of a first amino acid sequence to a second sequence amino acid is calculated as 100 ⁇ (Y/Z), where Y is the number of amino acid residues scored as identical matches in the alignment of the first and second sequences (as aligned by visual inspection or a particular sequence alignment program) and Z is the total number of residues in the second sequence. If the length of a first sequence is longer than the second sequence, the percent identity of the first sequence to the second sequence will be longer than the percent identity of the second sequence to the first sequence.
  • whether any particular polynucleotide has a certain percentage sequence identity can, in certain embodiments, be determined using the Bestfit program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis. 53711). Bestfit uses the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman ( Advances in Applied Mathematics 2: 482 489 (1981)) to find the best segment of homology between two sequences.
  • the parameters are set such that the percentage of identity is calculated over the full length of the reference nucleotide sequence and that gaps in homology of up to 5% of the total number of nucleotides in the reference sequence are allowed.
  • two nucleic acids or polypeptides of the disclosure are substantially identical, meaning they have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and in some embodiments at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection.
  • Identity can exist over a region of the sequences that is at least about 10, about 20, about 40-60 residues in length or any integral value there between, and can be over a longer region than 60-80 residues, for example, at least about 90-100 residues, and in some embodiments, the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as the coding region of a nucleotide sequence for example.
  • a “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which one amino acid residue is replaced with another amino acid residue having a similar side chain.
  • Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art, including basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine).
  • basic side chains e
  • substitution of a phenylalanine for a tyrosine is a conservative substitution.
  • conservative substitutions in the sequences of the polypeptides and antibodies of the disclosure do not abrogate the binding of the antibody containing the amino acid sequence, to the antigen(s), e.g., the TNF-alpha to which the antibody binds.
  • Methods of identifying nucleotide and amino acid conservative substitutions which do not eliminate antigen binding are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Brummell et al., Biochem. 32: 1180-1 187 (1993); Kobayashi et al., Protein Eng. 12(10):879-884 (1999); and Burks et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 94:412-417 (1997)).
  • halo as used by itself or as part of another group refers to —Cl, —F, —Br, or —I. In one embodiment, the halo is —Cl or —F.
  • hydroxy as used by itself or as part of another group refers to —OH.
  • thiol or the term “sulfhydryl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to —SH.
  • alkyl refers to unsubstituted straight- or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons containing from one to twelve carbon atoms, i.e., C 1-12 alkyl, or the number of carbon atoms designated, e.g., a C 1 alkyl such as methyl, a C 2 alkyl such as ethyl, a C 3 alkyl such as propyl or isopropyl, a C 1-3 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl, and so on.
  • the alkyl is a C 1-10 alkyl.
  • the alkyl is a C 1-6 alkyl. In another embodiment, the alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl. In another embodiment, the alkyl is a straight chain C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, the alkyl is a branched chain C 3-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, the alkyl is a straight chain C 1-6 alkyl. In another embodiment, the alkyl is a branched chain C 3-6 alkyl. In another embodiment, the alkyl is a straight chain C 1-4 alkyl. In another embodiment, the alkyl is a branched chain C 3-4 alkyl. In another embodiment, the alkyl is a straight or branched chain C 3-4 alkyl.
  • Non-limiting exemplary C 1-10 alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-butyl, 3-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl.
  • Non-limiting exemplary C 1-4 alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and iso-butyl.
  • the term “optionally substituted alkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of nitro, hydroxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxamido, alkoxycarbonyl, thiol, —N(H)C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , and —N(H)C( ⁇ NH)NH 2 , optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • the optionally substituted alkyl is substituted with two substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted alkyl is substituted with one substituent. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted alkyl is unsubstituted.
  • Non-limiting exemplary substituted alkyl groups include —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 SH, —CH 2 Ph, —CH 2 (4-OH)Ph, —CH 2 (imidazolyl), —CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H, —CH 2 CH 2 SO 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 COPh, and —CH 2 OC( ⁇ O)CH 3 .
  • cycloalkyl refers to unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated, e.g., containing one or two double bonds, cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons containing one to three rings having from three to twelve carbon atoms, i.e., C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or the number of carbons designated.
  • the cycloalkyl has two rings.
  • the cycloalkyl has one ring.
  • the cycloalkyl is saturated.
  • the cycloalkyl is unsaturated.
  • the cycloalkyl is a C 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • the cycloalkyl is a C 3-6 cycloalkyl.
  • the term “cycloalkyl” is meant to include groups wherein a ring —CH 2 — is replaced with a —C( ⁇ O)—.
  • Non-limiting exemplary cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, norbornyl, decalin, adamantyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, and cyclopentanone.
  • the term “optionally substituted cycloalkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a cycloalkyl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, amino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted
  • An optionally substituted cycloalkyl having a fused optionally substituted aryl or fused optionally substituted heteroaryl group may be attached to the remainder of the molecule at any available carbon atom on the cycloalkyl ring.
  • the optionally substituted cycloalkyl is substituted with two substituents.
  • the optionally substituted cycloalkyl is substituted with one substituent.
  • the optionally substituted cycloalkyl is unsubstituted.
  • aryl refers to unsubstituted monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring systems having from six to fourteen carbon atoms, i.e., a C 6-14 aryl.
  • Non-limiting exemplary aryl groups include phenyl (abbreviated as “Ph”), naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracyl, indenyl, azulenyl, biphenyl, biphenylenyl, and fluorenyl groups.
  • the aryl group is phenyl or naphthyl.
  • the term “optionally substituted aryl” as used herein by itself or as part of another group refers to an aryl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, optionally substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl cycloalkylsulfonyl, (cycloalkyl)alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl
  • the optionally substituted aryl is an optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has four substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has three substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has two substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has one substituent. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl is unsubstituted.
  • Non-limiting exemplary substituted aryl groups include 2-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,6-di-fluorophenyl, 2,6-di-chlorophenyl, 2-methyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 2-ethyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3,4-di-methoxyphenyl, 3,5-di-fluorophenyl 3,5-di-methylphenyl, 3,5-dimethoxy, 4-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 4-(pyridin-4-ylsul
  • alkenyl refers to an alkyl containing one, two or three carbon-to-carbon double bonds. In one embodiment, the alkenyl has one carbon-to-carbon double bond. In another embodiment, the alkenyl is a C 2-6 alkenyl. In another embodiment, the alkenyl is a C 2-4 alkenyl.
  • Non-limiting exemplary alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, sec-butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl.
  • the term “optionally substituted alkenyl” as used herein by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkenyl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocyclo.
  • alkynyl refers to an alkyl containing one to three carbon-to-carbon triple bonds. In one embodiment, the alkynyl has one carbon-to-carbon triple bond. In another embodiment, the alkynyl is a C 2-6 alkynyl. In another embodiment, the alkynyl is a C 2-4 alkynyl.
  • Non-limiting exemplary alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, 2-butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl groups.
  • alkynyl refers to an alkynyl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and heterocyclo.
  • haloalkyl as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl substituted by one or more fluorine, chlorine, bromine and/or iodine atoms.
  • the alkyl group is substituted by one, two, or three fluorine and/or chlorine atoms.
  • the haloalkyl group is a C 1-4 haloalkyl group.
  • Non-limiting exemplary haloalkyl groups include fluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 1,1-difluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, and trichloromethyl groups.
  • alkoxy refers to an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, or optionally substituted alkynyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom.
  • the alkoxy is an optionally substituted alkyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom.
  • the alkoxy group is a C 1-6 alkyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom.
  • the alkoxy group is a C 1-4 alkyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom.
  • Non-limiting exemplary alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, and tert-butoxy.
  • alkylthio refers to an optionally substituted alkyl attached to a terminal sulfur atom.
  • the alkylthio group is a C 1-4 alkylthio group.
  • Non-limiting exemplary alkylthio groups include —SCH 3 and —SCH 2 CH 3 .
  • haloalkoxy as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a haloalkyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom.
  • Non-limiting exemplary haloalkoxy groups include fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.
  • heteroaryl refers to unsubstituted monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic ring systems having 5 to 14 ring atoms, i.e., a 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl, wherein at least one carbon atom of one of the rings is replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
  • the heteroaryl contains 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
  • the heteroaryl has three heteroatoms.
  • the heteroaryl has two heteroatoms.
  • the heteroaryl has one heteroatom.
  • the heteroaryl is a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.
  • the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • the heteroaryl has 5 ring atoms, e.g., thienyl, a 5-membered heteroaryl having four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom.
  • the heteroaryl has 6 ring atoms, e.g., pyridyl, a 6-membered heteroaryl having five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom.
  • Non-limiting exemplary heteroaryl groups include thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, benzofuryl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzooxazonyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, pteridinyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbazolyl, ⁇ -carboliny
  • the heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of thienyl (e.g., thien-2-yl and thien-3-yl), furyl (e.g., 2-furyl and 3-furyl), pyrrolyl (e.g., 1H-pyrrol-2-yl and 1H-pyrrol-3-yl), imidazolyl (e.g., 2H-imidazol-2-yl and 2H-imidazol-4-yl), pyrazolyl (e.g., 1H-pyrazol-3-yl, 1H-pyrazol-4-yl, and 1H-pyrazol-5-yl), pyridyl (e.g., pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, and pyridin-4-yl), pyrimidinyl (e.g., pyrimidin-2-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl, and pyrimidin-5-yl), thiazo
  • the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • the heteroaryl is a 5-membered heteroaryl, i.e., the heteroaryl is a monocyclic aromatic ring system having 5 ring atoms wherein at least one carbon atom of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • Non-limiting exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups include thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, and isoxazolyl.
  • the heteroaryl is a 6-membered heteroaryl, e.g., the heteroaryl is a monocyclic aromatic ring system having 6 ring atoms wherein at least one carbon atom of the ring is replaced with a nitrogen atom.
  • Non-limiting exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyridazinyl.
  • the term “optionally substituted heteroaryl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a heteroaryl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one two, three, or four substituents, independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl cycloalkylsulfonyl, (cycloalkyl)alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optional
  • the optionally substituted heteroaryl has one substituent. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted heteroaryl is unsubstituted. Any available carbon or nitrogen atom can be substituted.
  • the term optionally substituted heteroaryl includes heteroaryl groups having a fused optionally substituted cycloalkyl or fused optionally substituted heterocyclo group. An optionally substituted heteroaryl having a fused optionally substituted cycloalkyl or fused optionally substituted heterocyclo group may be attached to the remainder of the molecule at any available carbon atom on the heteroaryl ring.
  • heterocyclo refers to unsubstituted saturated and partially unsaturated, e.g., containing one or two double bonds, cyclic groups containing one, two, or three rings having from three to fourteen ring members, i.e., a 3- to 14-membered heterocyclo, wherein at least one carbon atom of one of the rings is replaced with a heteroatom.
  • Each heteroatom is independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone, and/or nitrogen atoms, which can be oxidized or quaternized.
  • heterocyclo includes groups wherein a ring —CH 2 — is replaced with a —C( ⁇ O)—, for example, cyclic ureido groups such as 2-imidazolidinone and cyclic amide groups such as ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, and piperazin-2-one.
  • cyclic ureido groups such as 2-imidazolidinone
  • cyclic amide groups such as ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, and piperazin-2-one.
  • heterocyclo also includes groups having fused optionally substituted aryl groups, e.g., indolinyl or chroman-4-yl.
  • the heterocyclo group is a C 4-6 heterocyclo, i.e., a 4-, 5- or 6-membered cyclic group, containing one ring and one or two oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms.
  • the heterocyclo group is a C 4-6 heterocyclo containing one ring and one nitrogen atom.
  • the heterocyclo can be optionally linked to the rest of the molecule through any available carbon or nitrogen atom.
  • Non-limiting exemplary heterocyclo groups include azetidinyl, dioxanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl, piperazin-2-one, piperazine-2,6-dione, 2-imidazolidinone, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and indolinyl.
  • the term “optionally substituted heterocyclo” as used herein by itself or part of another group refers to a heterocyclo that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three, or four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, CF 3 C( ⁇ O)—, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl
  • amino as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula —NR 22a R 22b , wherein R 22a and R 22b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, and aralkyl, or R 22a and R 22b are taken together to form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo.
  • Non-limiting exemplary amino groups include —NH 2 and —N(H)(CH 3 ).
  • the term “carboxamido” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of formula —C( ⁇ O)NR 23a R 23b , wherein R 23a and R 23b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclo, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or R 23a and R 23b taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo group. In one embodiment, R 23a and R 23b are each independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl.
  • R 23a and R 23b are taken together to taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo group.
  • Non-limiting exemplary carboxamido groups include —CONH 2 , —CON(H)CH 3 , and —CON(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • alkoxycarbonyl as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a carbonyl group, i.e., —C( ⁇ O)—, substituted with an alkoxy.
  • the alkoxy is a C 1-4 alkoxy.
  • Non-limiting exemplary alkoxycarbonyl groups include —C( ⁇ O)OMe, —C( ⁇ O)OEt, and —C( ⁇ O)OtBu.
  • carboxy as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula —CO 2 H.
  • maleimide as used by itself or as part of another group refers to:
  • succinimide as used as part of a cleavable linker refers to:
  • hydrolyzed succinimide as used as part of a cleavable linker refers to:
  • amide as used as part of a cleavable linker refers to:
  • thiourea as used as part of a cleavable linker refers to:
  • thioether as used as part of a cleavable linker refers to:
  • oxime as used as part of a cleavable linker refers to:
  • a self-immolative group as used as part of a cleavable linker refers to bifunctional chemical moiety that is capable of covalently linking two spaced chemical moieties into a normally stable tripartite molecule, can release one of the spaced chemical moieties from the tripartite molecule by means of enzymatic cleavage; and following enzymatic cleavage, can spontaneously cleave from the remainder of the molecule to release the other of the spaced chemical moieties, e.g., a glucocorticosteroid.
  • a self-immolative group comprises a p-aminobenzyl unit.
  • a p-aminobenzyl alcohol is attached to an amino acid unit via an amide bond, and a carbamate, methylcarbamate, or carbonate is made between the benzyl alcohol and the drug (Hamann et al. (2005) Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2005) 15:1087-1103).
  • the self-immolative group is p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB).
  • protecting group refers to group that blocks, i.e., protects, the amine functionality while reactions are carried out on other functional groups or parts of the molecule.
  • PG protecting group
  • Those skilled in the art will be familiar with the selection, attachment, and cleavage of amine protecting groups, and will appreciate that many different protective groups are known in the art, the suitability of one protective group or another being dependent on the particular the synthetic scheme planned. Treatises on the subject are available for consultation, such as Wuts, P. G. M.; Greene, T. W., “Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 4th Ed., J. Wiley & Sons, N Y, 2007.
  • Suitable protecting groups include the carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC), 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), and benzyl (Bn) group.
  • the protecting group is the BOC group.
  • the compounds disclosed herein contain asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms.
  • the present disclosure is meant to encompass the use of all such possible forms, as well as their racemic and resolved forms and mixtures thereof.
  • the individual enantiomers can be separated according to methods known in the art in view of the present disclosure.
  • the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that they include both E and Z geometric isomers. All tautomers are also intended to be encompassed by the present disclosure.
  • solvates typically do not significantly alter the physiological activity or toxicity of the compounds, and as such may function as pharmacological equivalents.
  • solvate as used herein is a combination, physical association and/or solvation of a compound of the present disclosure with a solvent molecule such as, e.g. a disolvate, monosolvate or hemisolvate, where the ratio of solvent molecule to compound of the present disclosure is about 2:1, about 1:1 or about 1:2, respectively.
  • This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding.
  • solvate can be isolated, such as when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystal lattice of a crystalline solid.
  • solvate encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates.
  • Compounds disclosed herein can be present as solvated forms with a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, such as water, methanol, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the disclosure includes both solvated and unsolvated forms of compounds disclosed herein.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent such as water, methanol, ethanol, and the like
  • solvate is a hydrate.
  • a “hydrate” relates to a particular subgroup of solvates where the solvent molecule is water.
  • Solvates typically can function as pharmacological equivalents. Preparation of solvates is known in the art. See, for example, M.
  • the present disclosure encompasses the preparation and use of salts of the compounds disclosed herein, including non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic and organic acid addition salts and basic salts.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, metal salts such as sodium salt, potassium salt, cesium salt and the like; alkaline earth metals such as calcium salt, magnesium salt and the like; organic amine salts such as triethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, ethanolamine salt, triethanolamine salt, dicyclohexylamine salt, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salt and the like; inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, phosphate, sulphate and the like; organic acid salts such as citrate, lactate, tartrate, maleate, fumarate, mandelate, acetate, dichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, oxalate, formate and the like;
  • Acid addition salts can be formed by mixing a solution of the particular compound disclosed with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acid such as hydrochloric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, dichloroacetic acid, or the like.
  • Basic salts can be formed by mixing a solution of the compound of the present disclosure with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, choline hydroxide, sodium carbonate and the like.
  • the present disclosure provides agents immunoconjugates containing glucocorticoid receptor agonists linked to proteins, for example, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof and soluble receptor proteins.
  • the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is human, humanized, chimeric, or murine.
  • the protein e.g., antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or soluble receptor protein, can bind to a target on the surface of a cell and become internalized.
  • the present disclosure also provides immunoconjugates containing glucocorticoid receptor agonists linked to anti-TNF alpha proteins.
  • the anti-TNF alpha proteins are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof.
  • the anti-TNF alpha proteins are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind to TNF alpha (e.g., soluble TNF alpha and/or membrane bound TNF alpha).
  • the anti-TNF alpha proteins are soluble TNF receptor proteins, e.g., soluble TNF receptor proteins fused to a heavy chain constant domain or fragment thereof such as an Fc.
  • the anti-TNF alpha protein e.g., anti-TNF antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or soluble TNF receptor can bind to TNF alpha on the surface of a cell and become internalized.
  • anti-TNF alpha protein e.g., anti-TNF antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or soluble TNF receptor
  • US 2014/0294813 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, discloses anti-TNF proteins that exhibit cellular internalization upon binding to cell surface human TNF.
  • the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof bind to human and/or mouse TNF-alpha.
  • Antibodies and antigen-binding fragments that bind to TNF-alpha are known in the art.
  • the full-length amino acid sequence for membrane bound human TNF alpha is:
  • the anti-TNF-alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to human TNF-alpha. In some embodiments, the anti-TNF-alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is human, humanized, or chimeric.
  • the anti-TNF-alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to murine TNF-alpha. In some embodiments, the anti-TNF-alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is murine.
  • the anti-TNF-alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment has one or more of the following effects: neutralizes human TNF-alpha cytotoxicity in a in vitro L929 assay with an IC50 of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 M or less; blocks the interaction of TNF-alpha with p55 and p75 cell surface receptors; and/or lyses surface TNF expressing cells in vitro in the presence of complement.
  • the anti-TNF-alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment does not bind to TNF-beta.
  • Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof include, for example, adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, afelimomab, nerelimomab, ozoralizumab, placulumab, and golimumab. Additional anti-TNF-alpha antibodies and antigen-binding fragments are provided, for example, in WO 2013/087912, WO 2014/152247 and WO 2015/073884, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Adalimumab is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,562, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Infliximab is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,272, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Certolizumab is discussed in WO 01/94585, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Afelimomab (also known as MAK195) is discussed in Vincent, Int. J. Clin. Pract. 54: 190-193 (2000), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Ozoralizumab also known as ATN-103 is a nanobody. It contains three heavy chain variable regions fused by GlySer linkers.
  • Variable regions 1 and 3 are identical, and ozoralizumab does not contain a heavy chain.
  • Ozoralizumab is discussed in WO 2012/131053, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Placulumab also known as CEP-37247 is a domain antibody consisting of a dimer of VL-pCH1-CH2-CH3 or [V-kappa]2-Fc and is discussed in Gay et al., Mabs 2: 625-638 (2010), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Golimumab also known as CNTO 148) is discussed in WO2013/087912, and sequences are provided in GenBank: D1496971.1 and GenBank DI 496970.1, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof also include antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that competitively inhibit binding of adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, afelimomab, nerelimomab, ozoralizumab, placulumab, or golimumab to TNF-alpha.
  • Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof also include antibodies and antigen-binding fragments that bind to the same TNF-alpha epitope as adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, afelimomab, nerelimomab, ozoralizumab, placulumab, or golimumab.
  • the anti-TNF-alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof competitively inhibits binding of adalimumab to TNF-alpha. In certain embodiments, the anti-TNF-alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to the same TNF-alpha epitope as adalimumab. In certain embodiments, the anti-TNF-alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is adalimumab or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-TNF-alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is adalimumab.
  • an anti-TNF-alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises sequences of adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, afelimomab, nerelimomab, ozoralizumab, placulumab, or golimumab, e.g., the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), the variable heavy domain (VH), and/or the variable light domain (VL). Sequences of exemplary anti-TNF-alpha antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are provided in Tables 1-6.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively. or Also provided are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively. Also provided are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 91 and 60, or 54 and 92, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively. Also provided are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 91 and 60, or 54 and 92, respectively. Also provided are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 91 and 60, or 54 and 92, respectively. Also provided are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 96% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively. Also provided are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 96% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 91 and 60, or 54 and 92, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively. Also provided are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 91 and 60, or 54 and 92, respectively. Also provided are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 91 and 60, or 54 and 92, respectively. Also provided are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively. Also provided are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 91 and 60, or 54 and 92, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively, and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 5, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; 10 or 13, 11, 12, and 38-40; 14-16, and 41-43; 17-19 and 44-46; or 29-31 and 47-49, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 91 and 60, or 54 and 92 respectively, and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 94, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; or 17-19 and 44-46, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 5, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; 10 or 13, 11, 12, and 38-40; 14-16, and 41-43; 17-19 and 44-46; or 29-31 and 47-49, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 91 and 60, or 54 and 92 respectively, and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 94, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; or 17-19 and 44-46, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 5, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; 10 or 13, 11, 12, and 38-40; 14-16, and 41-43; 17-19 and 44-46; or 29-31 and 47-49, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 91 and 60, or 54 and 92 respectively, and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 94, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; or 17-19 and 44-46, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 5, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; 10 or 13, 11, 12, and 38-40; 14-16, and 41-43; 17-19 and 44-46; or 29-31 and 47-49, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 91 and 60, or 54 and 92 respectively, and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 94, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; or 17-19 and 44-46, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 96% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 5, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; 10 or 13, 11, 12, and 38-40; 14-16, and 41-43; 17-19 and 44-46; or 29-31 and 47-49, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 96% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 91 and 60, or 54 and 92 respectively, and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 94, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; or 17-19 and 44-46, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 91 and 60, or 54 and 92 respectively, and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 94, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; or 17-19 and 44-46, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 5, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; 10 or 13, 11, 12, and 38-40; 14-16, and 41-43; 17-19 and 44-46; or 29-31 and 47-49, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 91 and 60, or 54 and 92 respectively, and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 94, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; or 17-19 and 44-46, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 51 and 60, 52 and 61, 53 and 62, 54 and 63, or 58 and 65, respectively and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 5, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; 10 or 13, 11, 12, and 38-40; 14-16, and 41-43; 17-19 and 44-46; or 29-31 and 47-49, respectively.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that comprise a VH and a VL having at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 59, 91 and 60, or 54 and 92 respectively, and contain the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 6, 4, 94, and 32-34; 7-9 and 35-37; or 17-19 and 44-46, respectively.
  • the anti-TNF alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3-5 and 32-34 or of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 4, 5, and 32-34. In certain embodiments, the anti-TNF alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises the CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 94 and 32-34 or of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 4, 94, and 32-34. In certain embodiments, the anti-TNF alpha antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO:50 and/or the VL of SEQ ID NO:59. In certain embodiments, the anti-TNF alpha antibody comprises the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 66 and/or the light chain of SEQ ID NO:75.
  • F alpha antibody comprises the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO:74 and/or the light chain of SEQ ID NO:82.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to TNF-alpha and comprise the Chothia VL CDRs of a VL of adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, afelimomab, nerelimomab, ozoralizumab, placulumab, or golimumab.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to TNF-alpha and comprise the Chothia VH CDRs of a VH of adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, afelimomab, nerelimomab, ozoralizumab, placulumab, or golimumab.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to TNF-alpha and comprise the Chothia VL CDRs of a VL of adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, afelimomab, nerelimomab, ozoralizumab, placulumab, or golimumab and comprise the Chothia VH CDRs of a VH of adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, afelimomab, nerelimomab, ozoralizumab, placulumab, or golimumab.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that specifically bind to TNF-alpha comprise one or more CDRs, in which the Chothia and Kabat CDRs have the same amino acid sequence.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to TNF-alpha and comprise CDRs of adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, afelimomab, nerelimomab, ozoralizumab, placulumab, or golimumab as determined by the IMGT numbering system, for example, as described in Lefranc M-P (1999) supra and Lefranc M-P et al., (1999) supra).
  • antibodies that specifically bind to TNF-alpha comprise CDRs of adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, afelimomab, nerelimomab, ozoralizumab, placulumab, or golimumab as determined by the method in MacCallum R M et al.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to TNF-alpha and comprise CDRs of adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, afelimomab, nerelimomab, ozoralizumab, placulumab, or golimumab as determined by the AbM numbering scheme.
  • antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to CD163.
  • Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using hybridoma methods, such as those described by Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256:495.
  • a mouse, hamster, or other appropriate host animal is immunized to elicit the production by lymphocytes of antibodies that will specifically bind to an immunizing antigen.
  • Lymphocytes can also be immunized in vitro.
  • the lymphocytes are isolated and fused with a suitable myeloma cell line using, for example, polyethylene glycol, to form hybridoma cells that can then be selected away from unfused lymphocytes and myeloma cells.
  • Hybridomas that produce monoclonal antibodies directed specifically against a chosen antigen as determined by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, or by an in vitro binding assay can then be propagated either in vitro culture using standard methods (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, Academic Press, 1986) or in vivo as ascites tumors in an animal.
  • the monoclonal antibodies can then be purified from the culture medium or ascites fluid as described for polyclonal antibodies.
  • monoclonal antibodies can also be made using recombinant DNA methods as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567.
  • the polynucleotides encoding a monoclonal antibody are isolated from mature B-cells or hybridoma cells, such as by RT-PCR using oligonucleotide primers that specifically amplify the genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody, and their sequence is determined using conventional procedures.
  • the isolated polynucleotides encoding the heavy and light chains are then cloned into suitable expression vectors, which when transfected into host cells such as E.
  • monoclonal antibodies are generated by the host cells.
  • recombinant monoclonal antibodies or fragments thereof of the desired species can be isolated from phage display libraries expressing CDRs of the desired species as described (McCafferty et al., 1990, Nature, 348:552-554; Clackson et al., 1991, Nature, 352:624-628; and Marks et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597).
  • the polynucleotide(s) encoding a monoclonal antibody can further be modified in a number of different manners using recombinant DNA technology to generate alternative antibodies.
  • the constant domains of the light and heavy chains of, for example, a mouse monoclonal antibody can be substituted 1) for those regions of, for example, a human antibody to generate a chimeric antibody or 2) for a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide to generate a fusion antibody.
  • the constant regions are truncated or removed to generate the desired antibody fragment of a monoclonal antibody. Site-directed or high-density mutagenesis of the variable region can be used to optimize specificity, affinity, etc. of a monoclonal antibody.
  • the monoclonal antibody against the TNF-alpha is a humanized antibody.
  • such antibodies are used therapeutically to reduce antigenicity and HAMA (human anti-mouse antibody) responses when administered to a human subject.
  • a humanized, resurfaced or similarly engineered antibody can have one or more amino acid residues from a source that is non-human, e.g., but not limited to, mouse, rat, rabbit, non-human primate or other mammal. These non-human amino acid residues are replaced by residues that are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable, constant or other domain of a known human sequence.
  • CDR residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing TNF-alpha binding. Accordingly, part or all of the non-human or human CDR sequences are maintained while the non-human sequences of the variable and constant regions can be replaced with human or other amino acids.
  • Antibodies can also optionally be humanized, resurfaced, engineered or human antibodies engineered with retention of high affinity for the antigen e.g., TNF-alpha, and other favorable biological properties.
  • humanized (or human) or engineered antibodies and resurfaced antibodies can be optionally prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized and engineered products using three-dimensional models of the parental, engineered, and humanized sequences. Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences.
  • Humanization, resurfacing or engineering of antibodies of the present disclosure can be performed using any known method, such as but not limited to those described in, Winter (Jones et al., Nature 321:522 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science 239:1534 (1988)), Sims et al., J. Immunol. 151: 2296 (1993); Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196:901 (1987), Carter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:4285 (1992); Presta et al., J. Immunol.
  • the antibody e.g., an anti-TNFalpha antibody
  • a human antibody e.g., Human antibodies can be directly prepared using various techniques known in the art. Immortalized human B lymphocytes immunized in vitro or isolated from an immunized individual that produce an antibody directed against a target antigen can be generated (See, e.g., Cole et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, p. 77 (1985); Boemer et al., 1991, J. Immunol., 147 (1):86-95; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,373).
  • the human antibody can be selected from a phage library, where that phage library expresses human antibodies, as described, for example, in Vaughan et al., 1996, Nat. Biotech., 14:309-314, Sheets et al., 1998, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci., 95:6157-6162, Hoogenboom and Winter, 1991, J. Mol. Biol., 227:381, and Marks et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol., 222:581). Techniques for the generation and use of antibody phage libraries are also described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • Humanized antibodies can also be made in transgenic mice containing human immunoglobulin loci that are capable upon immunization of producing the full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production. This approach is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,807; 5,545,806; 5,569,825; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; and 5,661,016.
  • an antibody fragment to, for example, increase tumor penetration.
  • Various techniques are known for the production of antibody fragments. Traditionally, these fragments are derived via proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies (for example Morimoto et al., 1993, Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24:107-117; Brennan et al., 1985, Science, 229:81).
  • antibody fragments are produced recombinantly. Fab, Fv, and scFv antibody fragments can all be expressed in and secreted from E. coli or other host cells, thus allowing the production of large amounts of these fragments.
  • Such antibody fragments can also be isolated from antibody phage libraries.
  • the antibody fragment can also be linear antibodies as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,870. Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments will be apparent to the skilled practitioner.
  • modified antibodies can comprise any type of variable region that provides for the association of the antibody with the antigen (e.g., TNF alpha).
  • the variable region can comprise or be derived from any type of mammal that can be induced to mount a humoral response and generate immunoglobulins against the desired tumor associated antigen.
  • the variable region of the modified antibodies can be, for example, of human, murine, non-human primate (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, macaques, etc.) or lupine origin. In some embodiments both the variable and constant regions of the modified immunoglobulins are human.
  • variable regions of compatible antibodies can be engineered or specifically tailored to improve the binding properties or reduce the immunogenicity of the molecule.
  • variable regions useful in the present disclosure can be humanized or otherwise altered through the inclusion of imported amino acid sequences.
  • variable domains in both the heavy and light chains are altered by at least partial replacement of one or more CDRs and, if necessary, by partial framework region replacement and sequence changing.
  • the CDRs can be derived from an antibody of the same class or even subclass as the antibody from which the framework regions are derived, it is envisaged that the CDRs will be derived from an antibody of different class and in certain embodiments from an antibody from a different species. It may not be necessary to replace all of the CDRs with the complete CDRs from the donor variable region to transfer the antigen-binding capacity of one variable domain to another. Rather, it may only be necessary to transfer those residues that are necessary to maintain the activity of the antigen-binding site. Given the explanations set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,089, 5,693,761 and 5,693,762, it will be well within the competence of those skilled in the art, either by carrying out routine experimentation or by trial and error testing to obtain a functional antibody with reduced immunogenicity.
  • Anti-TNF alpha proteins include soluble TNF receptor proteins.
  • the anti-TNF alpha protein can be a soluble p75 TNF receptor.
  • the anti-TNF alpha protein can be a soluble p55 TNF receptor.
  • the soluble TNF receptor can bind to both TNF alpha and TNF beta.
  • the soluble TNF receptor can bind to TNF alpha, but not to TNF beta.
  • the soluble TNF receptor can inhibit binding of TNF alpha (and optionally TNF beta) to cell surface TNF receptors.
  • the soluble TNF receptor can be etanercept.
  • An anti-TNF alpha protein e.g., a soluble TNF receptor
  • a heavy chain constant domain or fragment thereof or an Fc region or fragment thereof can be fused to a heavy chain constant domain or fragment thereof or an Fc region or fragment thereof.
  • the heavy chain constant domain fragment or Fc fragment can be a portion of the constant domain or Fc that is capable of binding to Fc receptor.
  • the heavy chain constant domain fragment or Fc fragment can be a portion of the constant domain or Fc that is capable of inducing cell lysis in vitro in the presence of complement.
  • the heavy chain constant domain fragment or Fc fragment can be a portion of the constant domain or Fc that is capable of inducing ADCC.
  • the heavy chain constant domain or fragment thereof or Fc region or fragment thereof can be a human heavy chain constant domain or fragment thereof or human Fc region or fragment thereof.
  • the heavy chain constant domain or fragment thereof or Fc region or fragment thereof can be an IgG1 heavy chain constant domain or fragment thereof or an IgG1 Fc region or fragment thereof.
  • the heavy chain constant domain or fragment thereof or Fc region or fragment thereof can be a human IgG1 heavy chain constant domain or fragment thereof or human IgG1 Fc region or fragment thereof.
  • the antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof of this disclosure and the anti-TNF proteins of this disclosure include antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, and anti-TNF proteins (e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins) comprising one or more of constant region domains, including domains that have been altered so as to provide desired biochemical characteristics such as reduced serum half-life when compared with an antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF protein of approximately the same immunogenicity comprising a native or unaltered constant region.
  • anti-TNF proteins e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins
  • the constant region of the antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF protein (e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins) will comprise a human constant region.
  • Modifications to the constant region compatible with this disclosure comprise additions, deletions, or substitutions of one or more amino acids in one or more domains. That is, the antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF proteins (e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins) disclosed herein can comprise alterations or modifications to one or more of the three heavy chain constant domains (CH1, CH2 or CH3) and/or to the light chain constant domain (CL).
  • modified constant regions wherein one or more domains are partially or entirely deleted are contemplated.
  • the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or anti-TNF proteins e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins
  • the omitted constant region domain will be replaced by a short amino acid spacer (e.g., 10 residues) that provides some of the molecular flexibility typically imparted by the absent constant region.
  • the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or anti-TNF proteins can be engineered to fuse the CH3 domain directly to the hinge region of the respective antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or anti-TNF proteins (e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins).
  • anti-TNF proteins e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins.
  • compatible constructs could be expressed wherein the CH2 domain has been deleted and the remaining CH3 domain (modified or unmodified) is joined to the hinge region with a 5-20 amino acid spacer.
  • a spacer can be added, for instance, to ensure that the regulatory elements of the constant domain remain free and accessible or that the hinge region remains flexible.
  • amino acid spacers can, in some cases, prove to be immunogenic and elicit an unwanted immune response against the construct.
  • any spacer added to the construct will be relatively non-immunogenic, or even omitted altogether, so as to maintain the desired biochemical qualities of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or anti-TNF proteins (e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins).
  • the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, and anti-TNF proteins can be provided by the partial deletion or substitution of a few or even a single amino acid.
  • the mutation of a single amino acid in selected areas of the CH2 domain can be enough to substantially reduce Fc binding and thereby increase tumor localization.
  • constant regions of the disclosed antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, and anti-TNF proteins can be modified through the mutation or substitution of one or more amino acids that enhances the profile of the resulting construct.
  • Certain embodiments can comprise the addition of one or more amino acids to the constant region to enhance desirable characteristics such as decreasing or increasing effector function or provide for more glucocorticoid receptor agonist attachment. In such embodiments it can be desirable to insert or replicate specific sequences derived from selected constant region domains.
  • the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, and anti-TNF proteins can be modified to reduce immunogenicity, i.e., to reduce the anti-drug immune response (ADA).
  • ADA anti-drug immune response
  • the present disclosure further embraces variants and equivalents which are substantially homologous to antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, and anti-TNF proteins (e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins) set forth herein.
  • These can contain, for example, conservative substitution mutations, i.e., the substitution of one or more amino acids by similar amino acids.
  • conservative substitution refers to the substitution of an amino acid with another within the same general class such as, for example, one acidic amino acid with another acidic amino acid, one basic amino acid with another basic amino acid or one neutral amino acid by another neutral amino acid. What is intended by a conservative amino acid substitution is well known in the art.
  • polypeptides of the present disclosure can be recombinant polypeptides, natural polypeptides, or synthetic polypeptides of an antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF protein. It will be recognized in the art that some amino acid sequences of the disclosure can be varied without significant effect of the structure or function of the protein. Thus, the disclosure further includes variations of the polypeptides which show substantial activity or which include regions of an antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF alpha protein. Such mutants include deletions, insertions, inversions, repeats, and type substitutions.
  • polypeptides and analogs can be further modified to contain additional chemical moieties not normally part of the protein.
  • Those derivatized moieties can improve the solubility, the biological half life or absorption of the protein.
  • the moieties can also reduce or eliminate any desirable side effects of the proteins and the like. An overview for those moieties can be found in REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 20th ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (2000).
  • the isolated polypeptides described herein can be produced by any suitable method known in the art. Such methods range from direct protein synthetic methods to constructing a DNA sequence encoding isolated polypeptide sequences and expressing those sequences in a suitable transformed host.
  • a DNA sequence is constructed using recombinant technology by isolating or synthesizing a DNA sequence encoding a wild-type protein of interest.
  • the sequence can be mutagenized by site-specific mutagenesis to provide functional analogs thereof. See, e.g., Zoeller et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 81:5662-5066 (1984) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,585.
  • a DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest would be constructed by chemical synthesis using an oligonucleotide synthesizer.
  • Such oligonucleotides can be designed based on the amino acid sequence of the desired polypeptide and selecting those codons that are favored in the host cell in which the recombinant polypeptide of interest will be produced. Standard methods can be applied to synthesize an isolated polynucleotide sequence encoding an isolated polypeptide of interest. For example, a complete amino acid sequence can be used to construct a back-translated gene.
  • a DNA oligomer containing a nucleotide sequence coding for the particular isolated polypeptide can be synthesized. For example, several small oligonucleotides coding for portions of the desired polypeptide can be synthesized and then ligated. The individual oligonucleotides typically contain 5′ or 3′ overhangs for complementary assembly.
  • the polynucleotide sequences encoding a particular isolated polypeptide of interest will be inserted into an expression vector and operatively linked to an expression control sequence appropriate for expression of the protein in a desired host. Proper assembly can be confirmed by nucleotide sequencing, restriction mapping, and expression of a biologically active polypeptide in a suitable host. As is well known in the art, in order to obtain high expression levels of a transfected gene in a host, the gene must be operatively linked to transcriptional and translational expression control sequences that are functional in the chosen expression host.
  • recombinant expression vectors are used to amplify and express DNA encoding antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or anti-TNF proteins (e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins).
  • Recombinant expression vectors are replicable DNA constructs which have synthetic or cDNA-derived DNA fragments encoding a polypeptide chain of an antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF protein (e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins), operatively linked to suitable transcriptional or translational regulatory elements derived from mammalian, microbial, viral or insect genes.
  • a transcriptional unit generally comprises an assembly of (1) a genetic element or elements having a regulatory role in gene expression, for example, transcriptional promoters or enhancers, (2) a structural or coding sequence which is transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein, and (3) appropriate transcription and translation initiation and termination sequences.
  • a regulatory element can include an operator sequence to control transcription.
  • the ability to replicate in a host, usually conferred by an origin of replication, and a selection gene to facilitate recognition of transformants can additionally be incorporated.
  • DNA regions are operatively linked when they are functionally related to each other.
  • DNA for a signal peptide is operatively linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a precursor which participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation.
  • Structural elements intended for use in yeast expression systems include a leader sequence enabling extracellular secretion of translated protein by a host cell.
  • recombinant protein is expressed without a leader or transport sequence, it can include an N-terminal methionine residue. This residue can optionally be subsequently cleaved from the expressed recombinant protein to provide a final product.
  • Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus and cytomegalovirus.
  • Useful expression vectors for bacterial hosts include known bacterial plasmids, such as plasmids from Escherichia coli , including pCR 1, pBR322, pMB9 and their derivatives, wider host range plasmids, such as M13 and filamentous single-stranded DNA phages.
  • Suitable host cells for expression of antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, and anti-TNF proteins include prokaryotes, yeast, insect or higher eukaryotic cells under the control of appropriate promoters.
  • Prokaryotes include gram negative or gram positive organisms, for example E. coli or bacilli.
  • Higher eukaryotic cells include established cell lines of mammalian origin. Cell-free translation systems could also be employed. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with bacterial, fungal, yeast, and mammalian cellular hosts are described by Pouwels et al.
  • mammalian or insect cell culture systems are also advantageously employed to express recombinant protein.
  • Expression of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells can be performed because such proteins are generally correctly folded, appropriately modified and completely functional.
  • suitable mammalian host cell lines include HEK-293 and HEK-293T, the COS-7 lines of monkey kidney cells, described by Gluzman (Cell 23:175, 1981), and other cell lines including, for example, L cells, C127, 3T3, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), HeLa and BHK cell lines.
  • Mammalian expression vectors can comprise nontranscribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5′ or 3′ flanking nontranscribed sequences, and 5′ or 3′ nontranslated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences.
  • nontranscribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5′ or 3′ flanking nontranscribed sequences, and 5′ or 3′ nontranslated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences.
  • the proteins produced by a transformed host can be purified according to any suitable method.
  • standard methods include chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity and sizing column chromatography), centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard technique for protein purification.
  • Affinity tags such as hexahistidine, maltose binding domain, influenza coat sequence and glutathione-S-transferase can be attached to the protein to allow easy purification by passage over an appropriate affinity column.
  • Isolated proteins can also be physically characterized using such techniques as proteolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and x-ray crystallography.
  • supernatants from systems which secrete recombinant protein into culture media can be first concentrated using a commercially available protein concentration filter, for example, an Amicon or Millipore Pellicon ultrafiltration unit. Following the concentration step, the concentrate can be applied to a suitable purification matrix.
  • a suitable purification matrix for example, an anion exchange resin can be employed, for example, a matrix or substrate having pendant diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) groups.
  • the matrices can be acrylamide, agarose, dextran, cellulose or other types commonly employed in protein purification.
  • a cation exchange step can be employed. Suitable cation exchangers include various insoluble matrices comprising sulfopropyl or carboxymethyl groups.
  • one or more reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) steps employing hydrophobic RP-HPLC media, e.g., silica gel having pendant methyl or other aliphatic groups, can be employed to further purify anti-TNF proteins (e.g., full-length antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, or soluble TNF receptor proteins).
  • RP-HPLC reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography
  • Recombinant protein produced in bacterial culture can be isolated, for example, by initial extraction from cell pellets, followed by one or more concentration, salting-out, aqueous ion exchange or size exclusion chromatography steps. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps.
  • Microbial cells employed in expression of a recombinant protein can be disrupted by any convenient method, including freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lysing agents.
  • Methods known in the art for purifying antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, and anti-TNF alpha proteins also include, for example, those described in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2008/0312425, 2008/0177048, and 2009/0187005, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • an immunoconjugate provided herein binds to Fc gamma receptor.
  • an immunoconjugate provided herein is active in the GRE transmembrane TNF-alpha reporter assay (as used herein the “GRE transmembrane TNF-alpha reporter assay” refers to the assay used in Example 79 below).
  • an immunoconjugate provided herein is active in the L929 assay (as used herein, the “L929 assay” refers to the assay used in Example 82 below).
  • an immunoconjugate provided herein shows reduced immunogenicity (reduced anti-drug immune response (ADA)) as compared to the protein in the immunoconjugate (e.g., the antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or soluble receptor) alone.
  • ADA reduced anti-drug immune response
  • a 1 is an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha protein
  • L is a linker
  • Q is a heterobifunctional group or heterotrifunctional group
  • n 1-10;
  • SM is a radical of a glucocorticosteroid.
  • a 1 is an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha antibody, an anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody, or adalimumab;
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • L is a linker
  • Q is a heterobifunctional group or heterotrifunctional group
  • n 1-10;
  • SM is a radical of a glucocorticosteroid.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid selected from the group consisting of:
  • sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen atom is attached directly or indirectly to the C- or D-ring of the glucocorticosteroid, and R is C 1-4 alkyl.
  • the sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen atom is attached directly or indirectly to the D-ring of the glucocorticosteroid.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-a:
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halo
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, and hydroxy
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 SH, —CH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 F, —SCH 2 CF 3 , —OH (or hydroxy), —OCH 2 CN, —OCH 2 Cl, —OCH 2 F, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —SCH 2 CN,
  • R 3a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 3b is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl and C 1-4 alkoxy;
  • R 3c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, —CH 2 OH, and C 1-4 alkoxy;
  • R 3d and R 3e are independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 9a is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 9b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl
  • R 9a is:
  • R 9b is hydrogen or methyl
  • X is selected from the group consisting of —(CR 4a R 4b ) t —, —O—, —S—, —S( ⁇ O)—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 —, —NR 5 —, —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 O—, —N(H)C(R 8a )(R 8b )—, —CR 4c ⁇ CR 4d —, and —C ⁇ C—; or
  • X is absent
  • t 1 or 2;
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of ⁇ CH—, ⁇ C(OH)—, and ⁇ N—;
  • each R 4a and R 4b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl; or
  • R 4a and R 4b taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl
  • R 4c and R 4d are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , and R 6e are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylthio, and alkoxy;
  • R 8a and R 8b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylthio, and alkoxy; and represents a single or double bond.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-a, wherein R 9a is:
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-a′:
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-b:
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-b′:
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-c:
  • W is selected from the group consisting of —O— and —S—. In another embodiment, W is —O—. In another embodiment, W is —S—.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-c′:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 9a , R 9b , W and are as defined in connection with Formula II-c.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-d:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 9a , R 9b , W and are as defined in connection with Formula II-c.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-d′:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 9a , R 9b , W and are as defined in connection with Formula II-c.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-e:
  • R 9c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, and —C( ⁇ O)R 9e ;
  • R 9d is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 9e is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-e′:
  • R 1 , R 2 , W, R 9c , R 9d and are as defined in connection with Formula II-e.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-f:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 9c , R 9d , W and are as defined in connection with Formula II-e.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-f′:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 9c , R 9d , W and are as defined in connection with Formula II-e.
  • a 2 is a protein
  • L is a linker
  • Q is a heterobifunctional group or heterotrifunctional group
  • n 1-10;
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of:
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halo
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, and hydroxy
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 SH, —CH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 F, —SCH 2 CF 3 , —OH, —OCH 2 CN, —OCH 2 Cl, —OCH 2 F, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —SCH 2 CN,
  • R 3a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 3b is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl and C 1-4 alkoxy;
  • R 3c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, —CH 2 OH, and C 1-4 alkoxy;
  • R 3d and R 3e are independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , and R 6e are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylthio, and alkoxy;
  • X is selected from the group consisting of —(CR 4a R 4b ) t —, —O—, —S—, —S( ⁇ O)—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 —, —NR 5 —, —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 O—, —N(H)C(R 8a )(R 8b )—, —CR 4c ⁇ CR 4d — (including both E and Z isomers), and —C ⁇ C—; (wherein when X is —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 O—, or —N(H)C(R 8a )(R 8b )—, the heteroatom of —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 O—, or —N(H)C(R 8a )(R 8b )— can be attached to either 6-membered ring, i.e., —CH 2 S— is equivalent to —SCH 2 —, —CH 2 O— is equivalent to
  • X is absent, i.e., X represents a chemical bond
  • Y 2 is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, and —N(R 7a )—; or
  • Y 2 is absent, i.e., Y 2 represents a chemical bond
  • t 1 or 2;
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of ⁇ CR 11a — and ⁇ N—;
  • each R 4a and R 4b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl; or
  • R 4a and R 4b taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl
  • R 4c and R 4d are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 7a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 8a and R 8b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 9f is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 11a and R 11b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylthio, and alkoxy;
  • a 2 is a protein
  • L is a linker
  • Q is a heterobifunctional group or heterotrifunctional group
  • n 1-10;
  • SM is a monovalent radical having any one of:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6c , R 6d , R 6e , R 9f , R 11b , Y 2 , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula II-l.
  • a 2 is a protein
  • L is a linker
  • Q is a heterobifunctional group or heterotrifunctional group
  • n 1-10;
  • SM is a monovalent radical having any one of:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6c , R 6d , R 6e , R 9f , R 11b , Y 2 , and X are as defined in connection with Formula II-l, and the carbon atom marked with an “*” is either the R-isomer or the S-isomer when R 2 is halo or hydroxyl. In one embodiment, the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the R-isomer. In another embodiment, the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the S-isomer.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-l:
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halo
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, and hydroxy
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 SH, —CH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 F, —SCH 2 CF 3 , —OH, —OCH 2 CN, —OCH 2 Cl, —OCH 2 F, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —SCH 2 CN,
  • R 3a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 3b is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl and C 1-4 alkoxy;
  • R 3c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, —CH 2 OH, and C 1-4 alkoxy;
  • R 3d and R 3e are independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • X is selected from the group consisting of —(CR 4a R 4b ) t —, —O—, —S—, —S( ⁇ O)—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 —, —NR 5 —, —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 O—, —N(H)C(R 8a )(R 8b )—, —CR 4c ⁇ CR 4d —, and —C ⁇ C—; or
  • X is absent
  • t 1 or 2;
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of ⁇ CR 11a — and ⁇ N—;
  • each R 4a and R 4b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl; or
  • R 4a and R 4b taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl
  • R 4c and R 4d are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 6a , R 6c , R 6d , and R 6e are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylthio, and alkoxy;
  • Y 2 is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, and —N(R 7a )—; or
  • Y 2 is absent
  • R 7a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 8a and R 8b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 9f is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 11a and R 11b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylthio, and alkoxy;
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-m:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6c , R 6d , R 6e , R 9f , R 11b , Y 2 , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula II-l.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-n:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6c , R 6d , R 6e , R 9f , R 11b , Y 2 , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula II-l.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-o:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6d , R 6e , R 9f , R 11b , Y 2 , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula II-l; and R 6b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylthio, and alkoxy.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-p:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6d , R 6e , R 9f , R 11b , Y 2 , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula II-o.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having Formula II-q:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6d , R 6e , R 9f , R 11b , Y 2 , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula II-o.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein represents a double bond.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and fluoro.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and fluoro.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 F, and —OH.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein:
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 3a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl
  • R 3b is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, and isobutoxy;
  • R 3c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, —CH 2 OH, methoxy, ethoxy, and isopropoxy;
  • R 3d and R 3e are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein R 5 and R 8a are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein Z is ⁇ CH—.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein Z is ⁇ N—.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein R 6a , R 6d , and R 6e are hydrogen.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein Y 2 is —N(R 7a )—.
  • R 7a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.
  • R 7a is hydrogen.
  • R 7a is methyl.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein:
  • X is selected from the group consisting of —(CR 4a R 4b ) t —, —O—, —S—, —S( ⁇ O)—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 —, —CH 2 S—, and —N(H)CH(R 8a )—;
  • t 1;
  • R 4a and R 4b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl; or
  • R 4a and R 4b taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3-membered cycloalkyl
  • R 8a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.
  • X is —CH 2 —.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of:
  • X is —O—. In another embodiment, X is —S—. In another embodiment, X is —CH 2 S—. In another embodiment, X is —N(H)CH 2 —. In another embodiment, X is selected from the group consisting of:
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-l, II-m, or II-n, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-l′′, II-m′′, or II-n′′, wherein R 6c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —Cl, —OMe (or —OCH 3 ), and —OH.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′ wherein R 6b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —Cl, —OMe (or —OCH 3 ), and —OH.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein R 9f is hydrogen.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein R 9f is methyl.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein R 11a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and —OH.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein R 11b is hydrogen.
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein L is a cleavable linker.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-
  • the cleavable linker comprises a succinimide, amide, thiourea, thioether, oxime, or self-immolative group, or a combination thereof.
  • the cleavable linker comprises a peptide.
  • the cleavable linker comprises a tripeptide.
  • the cleavable linker comprises a dipeptide.
  • the cleavable linker comprises phosphate ester.
  • the cleavable linker comprises a pyrophosphate diester.
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein Q is absent.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein Q is a heterobifunctional group.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a,
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein Q is a heterobifunctional group selected from the group consisting of:
  • m 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • Q is selected from the group consisting of Q-1, Q-2, Q-3, and Q-4.
  • Q is selected from the group consisting of Q-3 and Q-4.
  • m is 2.
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein Q is a heterotrifunctional group.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein Q is a heterotrifunctional group that is:
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein -L-Q- is:
  • n 2 or 3
  • R 10a and R 10b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • m is 2.
  • m is 1.
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein -L-Q- is:
  • n 2 or 3
  • R 10a and R 10b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • m is 2.
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein L is a noncleavable linker.
  • the linker comprises one or more polyethylene glycol units.
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein -L-Q- is:
  • n 2 or 3
  • x is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15.
  • m is 2.
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein -L-Q- is:
  • n 2 or 3
  • x is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15.
  • m is 2.
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein -L-Q- is:
  • x is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15.
  • x is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15.
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein -L-Q- is:
  • R 10a and R 10b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein -L-Q- is:
  • R 10a and R 10b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • -L-Q- is:
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein -L-Q- is any one of the chemical structures of Table I:
  • a compound having Formula I-a or I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g. a compound having Formula I-a or I-b wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, wherein n is 2-8.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b,
  • n is 1-5. In another embodiment, n is 2-5. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5. In another embodiment, n is 6. In another embodiment, n is 7. In another embodiment, n is 8.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid which is any one of the chemical structures of Table II.
  • SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid selected from the group consisting of:
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a gluco
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a gluco
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a gluco
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a gluco
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • the heavy chain constant domain or fragment thereof comprises a constant domain selected from the group consisting of: (a) an IgA constant domain; (b) an IgD constant domain; (c) an IgE constant domain; (d) an IgG1 constant domain; (e) an IgG2 constant domain; (f) an IgG3 constant domain; (g) an IgG4 constant domain; and (h) an IgM constant domain or is a fragment thereof.
  • the heavy chain constant domain comprises a human IgG1 heavy chain constant domain or fragment thereof.
  • the heavy chain constant domain comprises a human IgG1 Fc domain.
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a gluco
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • a compound having Formula I-a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound having Formula I-a, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glucocorticosteroid having any one of Formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-l, II-m, II-n, II-o, II-p, or II-q, or any one of Formulae II-a′, II-b′, II-c′, II-d′, II-e′, II-f′, II-l′, II-m′, II-n′, II-o′, II-p′, II-q′, II-l′′, II-m′′, II-n′′, II-o′′, II-p′′, or II-q′′, or a compound having Formula I-b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound having Formula I-b, wherein SM is a monovalent radical of a glu
  • n is 1-5 and A is A 1 or A 2 .
  • A is adalimumab.
  • A is A 1 or A 2 .
  • A is adalimumab.
  • A is A 1 or A 2 .
  • A is adalimumab.
  • n is 1-5 and A is A 1 or A 2 .
  • A is adalimumab.
  • n is 2-4, A is A 1 or A 2 . In another embodiment, A is adalimumab. In another embodiment, n is 2 or 4. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 4.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halo
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, and hydroxy
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 SH, —CH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 F, —SCH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 OS( ⁇ O) 2 OH, —OH, —OCH 2 CN, —OCH 2 Cl, —OCH 2 F, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —SCH 2 CN,
  • R 3a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 3b is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl and C 1-4 alkoxy;
  • R 3c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, —CH 2 OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —CH 2 (amino), and —CH 2 CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OR 3f ;
  • R 3d and R 3e are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 3f is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • X is selected from the group consisting of —(CR 4a R 4b ) t —, —O—, —S—, —S( ⁇ O)—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 —, —NR 5 —, —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 O—, —N(H)C(R 8a )(R 8b )—, —CR 4c ⁇ CR 4d — (including both E and Z isomers), —C ⁇ C—, —N(R 5 )C( ⁇ O)—, and —OC( ⁇ O)—; (wherein when X is —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 O—, —N(H)C(R 8a )(R 8b )—, —N(R 5 )C( ⁇ O)—, or —OC( ⁇ O)—; the heteroatom of —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 O—, —N(H)C(R 8a )(R 8b
  • X is absent, i.e., X represents a chemical bond
  • t 1 or 2;
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of ⁇ CR 11a — and ⁇ N—;
  • each R 4a and R 4b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl; or
  • R 4a and R 4b taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl
  • R 4c and R 4d are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, haloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylthio, and alkoxy;
  • R 7a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 7b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -L-H, -L-PG,
  • R 7a and R 7b taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a nitro (—NO 2 ) group;
  • n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
  • L is a linker
  • PG is a protecting group, e.g., Boc, FMOC;
  • R 9f is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 8a and R 8b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 11a and R 11b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylthio, and alkoxy;
  • R 7b represents a single or double bond.
  • R 7b is hydrogen.
  • R 7b is selected from the group consisting of:
  • n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
  • R 10a and R 10b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , and X are as defined in connection with Formula VII, and the carbon atom marked with an “*” is either the R-isomer or the S-isomer when R 2 is halo or hydroxyl.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the R-isomer.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the S-isomer.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halo
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, and hydroxy
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 SH, —CH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 Cl, —SCH 2 F, —SCH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 OS( ⁇ O) 2 OH,
  • R 3a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 3b is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl and C 1-4 alkoxy;
  • R 3c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, —CH 2 OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —CH— 2 (amino), and —CH 2 CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OR 3f ;
  • R 3d and R 3e are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 3f is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • X is selected from the group consisting of —(CR 4a R 4b ) t —, —O—, —S—, —S( ⁇ O)—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 —, —NR 5 —, —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 O—, —N(H)C(R 8a )(R 8b )—, —CR 4c ⁇ CR 4d —, —C ⁇ C—, —N(R 5 )C( ⁇ O)—, and —OC( ⁇ O)—; or
  • X is absent
  • t 1 or 2;
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of ⁇ CR 11a — and ⁇ N—;
  • each R 4a and R 4b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl; or
  • R 4a and R 4b taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl
  • R 4c and R 4d are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6c are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, haloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylthio, and alkoxy;
  • R 7a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 7b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -L-H, -L-PG,
  • R 7a and R 7b taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a nitro (—NO 2 ) group;
  • n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
  • L is a linker
  • PG is a protecting group
  • R 9f is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 8a and R 8b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 11a and R 11b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylthio, and alkoxy;
  • R 7b represents a single or double bond.
  • R 7b is hydrogen.
  • R 7b is selected from the group consisting of:
  • n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
  • R 10a and R 10b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII-A.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , and X are as defined in connection with Formula VII-A, and the carbon atom marked with an “*” is either the R-isomer or the S-isomer when R 2 is halo or hydroxyl.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the R-isomer.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the S-isomer.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , and X are as defined in connection with Formula VII, and the carbon atom marked with an “*” is either the R-isomer or the S-isomer when R 2 is halo or hydroxyl.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the R-isomer.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the S-isomer.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • r 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , and X are as defined in connection with Formula VII, and the carbon atom marked with an “*” is either the R-isomer or the S-isomer when R 2 is halo or hydroxyl.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the R-isomer.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the S-isomer.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , and X are as defined in connection with Formula VII, and the carbon atom marked with an “*” is either the R-isomer or the S-isomer when R 2 is halo or hydroxyl.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the R-isomer.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the S-isomer.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , and X are as defined in connection with Formula VII, and the carbon atom marked with an “*” is either the R-isomer or the S-isomer when R 2 is halo or hydroxyl.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the R-isomer.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the S-isomer.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , and X are as defined in connection with Formula VII, and the carbon atom marked with an “*” is either the R-isomer or the S-isomer when R 2 is halo or hydroxyl.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the R-isomer.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the S-isomer.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , X, and Z are as defined in connection with Formula VII.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d , R 7a , R 7b , R 9f , R 11b , and X are as defined in connection with Formula VII, and the carbon atom marked with an “*” is either the R-isomer or the S-isomer when R 2 is halo or hydroxyl.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the R-isomer.
  • the carbon atom marked with an “*” is the S-isomer.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 3a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl
  • R 3b is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, and isobutoxy;
  • R 3c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, —CH 2 OH, methoxy, ethoxy, and isopropoxy;
  • R 3d and R 3e are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of —(CR 4a R 4b ) t —, —O—, —S—, —S( ⁇ O)—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 —, —CH 2 S—, and —N(H)CH(R 8a )—;
  • t 1;
  • R 4a and R 4b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl; or
  • R 4a and R 4b taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3-membered cycloalkyl.
  • X is —CH 2 —.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of:
  • X is —O—. In another embodiment, X is —S—. In another embodiment, X is —CH 2 S—. In another embodiment, X is —N(H)CH 2 —. In another embodiment, X is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 6b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —Cl, —OMe (or —OCH 3 ), and —OH.
  • R 10a and R 10b are independently optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 10a and R 10b are independently optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 10a and R 10b are independently optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 10a and R 10b are independently optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • m is 2 or 3, and R 10a and R 10b are each optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • m is 2.
  • R 10a and R 10b are independently optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • a compound having Formulae VIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which is any one of the compounds of Table VI-A.
  • SM-N(R 7a )(R 7b ) is a glucocorticosteroid having an —NH(R 7a ) group (wherein R 7a is hydrogen or C 1-4 alkyl), or a compound having any one of Formulae VII, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, or IX-b, or any one of Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, or IX-b′′, or a compound of Table 9;
  • HS-A is an antibody or antigen binding fragment having a limited number of reduced interchain disulfide bonds, R′ and R′′ are independently any side chain found in a naturally-occurring, e.g., methyl, isopropyl
  • A is A 1 or A 2 ;
  • a 1 is an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha protein
  • a 2 is a protein
  • L is a linker
  • n 1-10;
  • SM is a radical of a glucocorticosteroid, e.g., a compound having any one of Formulae II-a-q; the method comprising:
  • TNF anti-tumor necrosis factor
  • the method further comprises hydrolyzing the compound having Formula I-c to give a compound having Formula I-d:
  • A is A 1 or A 2 ;
  • a 1 is an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha protein
  • a 2 is a protein
  • L is a linker
  • R 7a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl
  • n 1-10;
  • n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
  • SM is a radical of a glucocorticosteroid, e.g., a compound having any one of Formulae II-a-e or I-q;
  • TNF anti-tumor necrosis factor
  • the method further comprises hydrolyzing the compound having Formula I-e to give a compound having Formula I-f:
  • A is adalimumab
  • n 1-10
  • A is adalimumab
  • n 1-10
  • n is 1-7.
  • n is 1-5.
  • n is 2-4.
  • n is 1.
  • n is 1.5.
  • n is 2.
  • n is 2.5.
  • n is 3.
  • n is 3.5.
  • n is 4.
  • n is 4.5.
  • n is 5.
  • A is adalimumab
  • n 1-10.
  • n is 1-7. In another embodiment, n is 1-5. In another embodiment, n is 2-4. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 1.5. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 2.5. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 3.5. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 4.5. In another embodiment, n is 5. In another embodiment, n is 5.5. In another embodiment, n is 6. In another embodiment, n is 6.5. In another embodiment, n is 7. In another embodiment, n is 7.5. In another embodiment, n is 8.
  • glucorticoid receptor agonists can be linked to the antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF alpha proteins via any method and at any location that does not prevent the antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF alpha protein from binding antigen (e.g., TNF alpha) or prevent activity of the glucorticoid receptor agonist.
  • Methods for achieving such a linkage have been discussed, for example, in Panowski et al., mAbs 6: 34-45 (2014), Jain et al., Pharm. Res. 32: 3526-3540 (2015), Mack et al., Seminars in Oncology 41: 637-652 (2014), U.S. Published Application No. 2008/0305044, and U.S. Published Application No. 2011/0097322 each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the glucorticoid receptor agonists can be linked to the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or anti-TNF alpha proteins via a natural amino acid, e.g., an amino acid that has a side-chain with a nucleophilic group.
  • the glucorticoid receptor agonist can be linked to a lysine residue.
  • Methods for conjugation via lysine are known. Such methods include a two-step process in which a linker is attached to the antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF alpha protein in a first chemical reaction and then the linker is reacted with the glucocorticoid receptor agonist in a second chemical reaction.
  • a one-step reaction with a preformed linker-glucocorticoid receptor agonist to form the conjugate containing the glucocorticoid receptor agonist linked to the antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF alpha protein are known. Such methods include a two-step process in which a linker is attached to the antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF alpha protein in a first chemical reaction and then the linker is reacted with the glucocorticoid receptor agonist in a second chemical reaction.
  • the glucorticoid receptor agonist can also be linked to a cysteine residue.
  • Methods for conjugation via cysteine are know.
  • IgG1 antibodies contain four inter-chain disulfide bonds, and conjugation via cysteine can occur after reduction of these bonds creates sulfhydryls available for conjugation.
  • the glucorticoid receptor agonists can be linked to the antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF alpha proteins via site-specific conjugation.
  • cysteine-based site-specific conjugation One method of site-specific conjugation is cysteine-based site-specific conjugation.
  • An example of this method has been reported by Junutula et al., Nat. Biotechnol 26: 925-935 (2008); see also Junutula et al., J. Immunol. Methods 332: 41-52 (2008), each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof or anti-TNF alpha proteins can be engineered with additional cysteines that provide reactive thiol groups to conjugate glucocorticoid receptor agonist.
  • Selenocysteine is similar to cysteine but conatins a more reactive selenium atom in place of the sulfur atom in cysteine.
  • Conditions can be used in which selenocysteines are selectively activated. Hofer et al., Biochemistry 48: 12047-12057 (2009), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, has exemplified this technique.
  • acetylphenylalanine pAcPhe
  • pAF para-azido phenylalanine
  • Mutant glycotransferases can be used to attach a chemically active sugar moiety to a glycosylation site on an antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or anti-TNF alpha protein.
  • Human IgG antibodies contain an N-glycosylation site at residue Asn-297 of the Fc fragment. The glycans attached at this residue can be degalactosylated so that a mutant glycotransferase is capable of transferring thereto.
  • Transglutaminases e.g., from Streptoverticillium mobaranse , recognize a glutamine tag, e.g., LLQG, that can be engineered into an anti-TNF alpha protein.
  • C-terminal attachment via expressed protein ligation can also be used.
  • intein mediated C-terminal thioester formation can be used for chemoselective ligation with an anti-TNF alpha protein containing an N-temrinal cysteine peptide.
  • the synthetic intermediate disclosed herein is a compound having any one of Formulae VII, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, or IX-b, or any one of Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, or IX-b′′, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 7b is selected from the group consisting of -L-H, -L-PG,
  • the synthetic intermediate disclosed herein is a compound having Formula VIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is any one or more of the compounds of Table VIII:
  • R 7b is selected from the group consisting of -L-H, -L-PG,
  • R 7b is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 7b is R 7b -4. In another embodiment, R 7b is R 7b -5. In another embodiment, R 7b is R 7b -6. In another embodiment, R 7b is any one of the structures of Table IX.
  • the synthetic intermediate disclosed herein is a compound having Formulae VIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is any one of the compounds of Table X.
  • the synthetic intermediate disclosed herein is a compound having Formulae VIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is any one of the compounds of Table X-A.
  • the synthetic intermediate disclosed herein is a compound having Formula IX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is any one of the chemical structures of Table XI.
  • R 7b is selected from the group consisting of -L-H, -L-PG,
  • R 7b is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 7b is R 7b -4. In another embodiment, R 7b is R 7b -5. In another embodiment, R 7b is R 7b -6. In another embodiment, R 7b any one of the chemical structures of Table IX.
  • the synthetic intermediate disclosed herein is a compound having Formula IX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is any one of the compounds of Table XII.
  • conjugates having Formulae I-a and I-b and glucocorticoid receptor agonists having Formulae VII, VII-A, VII-B, VIII, VIII-a, VIII-b, IX, IX-a, or IX-b, or any one of Formulae VII′, VII-A′, VII-B′, VIII′, VIII-a′, VIII-b′, IX′, IX-a′, IX-b′, VII′′, VII-A′′, VII-B′′, VIII′′, VIII-a′′, VIII-b′′, IX′′, IX-a′′, or IX-b′′ (wherein R 7b is hydrogen) that can be used in vitro or in vivo.
  • compositions e.g., pharmaceutical compositions for certain in vivo uses, comprising a conjugate or a glucocorticoid receptor agonist described herein having the desired degree of purity in a physiologically acceptable carrier, excipient or stabilizer (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990) Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.). Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed.
  • compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) to be used for in vivo administration can be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through, e.g., sterile filtration membranes.
  • compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) to be used for in vivo administration can comprise a preservative.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a glucocorticoid receptor agonist provided herein can be formulated, for example, as a nasal spray, an inhalation aerosol (e.g., for oral inhalation), or a capsule, tablet, or pill (e.g., for oral administration).
  • the glucocorticoid receptor agonists provided herein are compounds, wherein the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 1 to about 10. In some embodiments, the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 2 to about 6. In some embodiments, the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 3 to about 4. In some embodiments, the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 3.1. In some embodiments, the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 3.2.
  • the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 3.3. In some embodiments, the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 3.4. In some embodiments, the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 3.5. In some embodiments, the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 3.6. In some embodiments, the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 3.7. In some embodiments, the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 3.8. In some embodiments, the average number of glucocorticosteroids per antibody (DAR) in the composition is about 3.9.
  • Glucocorticoid receptor agonists and pharmaceutical compositions comprising a glucocorticoid receptor agonist described herein can be useful in inhibiting cytokine release (in vitro or in vivo) and/or for the treatment of autoimmune or inflammatory diseases.
  • Glucocorticoid receptor agonists and pharmaceutical compositions comprising a glucocorticoid receptor agonist described herein can be used for the treatment of asthma (e.g., bronchial asthma), Crohn's disease (e.g., mild to moderate active Crohn's disease involving the ileum and/or the ascending colon and/or the maintenance of clinical remission of mild to moderate Crohn's disease involving the ileum and/or the ascending colon for up to 3 months), ulcerative colitis (e.g., for the induction of remission in patients with active, mild to moderate ulcerative colitis), allergic rhinitis (e.g. nasal symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis and/or perennial allergic rhinitis).
  • asthma e.g., bronchial asthma
  • Crohn's disease e.g., mild to moderate active Crohn's disease involving the ileum and/or the ascending colon and/or the maintenance of clinical remission of mild to moderate Crohn
  • the total daily dose of glucocorticoid receptor agonists provided herein is typically in the range of 0.001 mg to 5000 mg, or in the range of 0.01 mg to 1000 mg, depending on the mode of administration.
  • oral administration or intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, or peri-articular administration can require a total daily dose of from 0.01 mg to 1000 mg, or from 0.1 mg to 100 mg.
  • the total daily dose can be administered in single or divided doses.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a conjugate provided herein can be formulated, for example, for intravenous administration or infusion.
  • Conjugates and pharmaceutical compositions comprising conjugates described herein can be useful in lysing a cell expressing surface TNF-alpha (in vitro or in vivo), for the treatment of diseases or disorders characterized by increased TNF-alpha (e.g., increased TNF-alpha in synovial fluid), and/or for the treatment of an autoimmune or inflammatory disease.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a glucocortic receptor agonist or a conjugate described herein is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a spondyloarthropathy such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or axial spondylarthritis (axSpA), adult Crohns' disease (CD), pediatric Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis (UC), plaque psoriasis (Ps), hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), uveitis, Behcets disease, or psoriasis, including plaque psoriasis.
  • RA rheumatoid arthritis
  • JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
  • PsA psoriatic arthritis
  • a spondyloarthropathy such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or axial
  • the total daily dose of conjugate provided herein is typically in the range of from 0.01 ⁇ g to 100 mg per kg of body weight, and can be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly.
  • Embodiments 1-209 as particular embodiments.
  • the Formulae and Tables referred to these particular embodiments that are not shown in the embodiment are set forth in the description above.
  • a 1 is an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha protein
  • L is a linker
  • Q is a heterobifunctional group or heterotrifunctional group; or Q is absent
  • n is 1-10
  • SM is a radical of a glucocorticosteroid.
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US11760775B2 (en) 2016-11-08 2023-09-19 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Steroids and protein-conjugates thereof
US11491237B2 (en) 2017-05-18 2022-11-08 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cyclodextrin protein drug conjugates
WO2019106609A1 (fr) 2017-12-01 2019-06-06 Abbvie Inc. Agoniste du récepteur des glucocorticoïdes et immunoconjugués de celui-ci
US10772970B2 (en) 2017-12-01 2020-09-15 Abbvie Inc. Glucocorticoid receptor agonist and immunoconjugates thereof
EP3884962A1 (fr) 2017-12-01 2021-09-29 AbbVie Inc. Agoniste du récepteur aux glucocorticoïdes et immunoconjugués correspondants
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EP3947450A4 (fr) * 2019-04-05 2023-05-31 The Regents Of The University Of California Méthodes et compositions impliquant des polypeptides de liaison chimères
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WO2023186072A1 (fr) * 2022-04-01 2023-10-05 江苏先声药业有限公司 Conjugué ligand-médicament et son utilisation

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