US20090239749A1 - Biocidal compositions - Google Patents

Biocidal compositions Download PDF

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US20090239749A1
US20090239749A1 US12/309,293 US30929307A US2009239749A1 US 20090239749 A1 US20090239749 A1 US 20090239749A1 US 30929307 A US30929307 A US 30929307A US 2009239749 A1 US2009239749 A1 US 2009239749A1
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water
biocide
dispersion
insoluble
nano
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David John Duncalf
Alison Jayne Foster
James Long
Steven Paul Rannard
Dong Wang
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Iota Nanosolutions Ltd
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Conopco Inc
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Assigned to CONOPCO, INC. D/B/A UNILEVER reassignment CONOPCO, INC. D/B/A UNILEVER ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DUNCALF, DAVID JOHN, FOSTER, ALISON JAYNE, LONG, JAMES, RANNARD, STEVEN PAUL, WANG, DONG
Publication of US20090239749A1 publication Critical patent/US20090239749A1/en
Assigned to IOTA NANOSOLUTIONS LIMITED reassignment IOTA NANOSOLUTIONS LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CONOPCO, INC. D/B/A UNILEVER
Assigned to IOTA NANOSOLUTIONS LIMITED reassignment IOTA NANOSOLUTIONS LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CONOPCO, INC. D/B/A UNILEVER
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    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1617—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
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Definitions

  • the present invention concerns improvements relating to biocidal compositions.
  • biocidal compositions and precursors thereof which contains a water-insoluble biocidal substance.
  • Biocidal agents are widely used in agriculture, sanitation and cleaning, wood and paper preservation and various other human, animal and plant health and industrial applications.
  • the present invention is believed to be generally applicable to biocidal compositions but will be described with particular reference to antimicrobial agents, i.e. anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agents and also herbicides, although other and broader aspects of the invention are not intended to be excluded.
  • WO 2005/011636 discloses a non-emulsion based spray drying process for forming ‘solid amorphous dispersions’ of drugs in polymers.
  • a polymer and a low-solubility drug are dissolved in a solvent and spray-dried to form dispersions in which the drug is mostly present in an amorphous form rather than in a crystalline form.
  • GB 0613925 the water-insoluble materials are dissolved in a mixed solvent system and co-exist in the same phase as a water-soluble structuring agent.
  • Our GB 0613925 application makes it clear that a TriclosanTM nano-dispersion has the additional benefit that weight for weight it is more effective than is normally expected of TriclosanTM even at very low concentrations.
  • ambient temperature means 20 degrees Celsius and all percentages are percentages by weight unless otherwise specified.
  • a first aspect of the present invention provides a biocidal preparation of improved efficacy comprising at least one water insoluble biocide and a water-soluble carrier material, wherein the water-insoluble biocide is dispersed through the carrier material in nano-disperse form having a peak diameter of the nano-disperse form below 1000 nm.
  • the present invention further provides a process for improving the efficacy of a water insoluble biocide which comprises the step of spray drying a solution of the biocide and a solution of a water-soluble carrier to obtain a solvent free dispersion of the biocide in the carrier, which, when dissolved in water produces a nano-disperse biocide with a peak particle diameter of below 1000 nm.
  • the preferred method of particle sizing for the dispersed products of the present invention employs a dynamic light scattering instrument (Nano S, manufactured by Malvern Instruments UK). Specifically, the Malvern Instruments Nano S uses a red (633 nm) 4 mW Helium-Neon laser to illuminate a standard optical quality UV curvette containing a suspension of material. The particle sizes quoted in this application are those obtained with that apparatus using the standard protocol.
  • the peak diameter of the water-insoluble biocide is below 800 nm. More preferably the peak diameter of the water-insoluble biocide is below 500 nm. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention the peak diameter of the water-insoluble biocide is below 200 nm, most preferably below 100 nm.
  • water insoluble as applied to the biocide means that its solubility in water is less than 10 g/L.
  • the water insoluble biocide has solubility in water at ambient temperature (20 Celsius) of less than 5 g/L preferably of less than 1 g/L, especially preferably less than 120 mg/L, even more preferably less than 15 mg/L and most preferably less than 5 mg/L.
  • This solubility level provides the intended interpretation of what is meant by water-insoluble in the present specification.
  • the present invention is applicable to a broad range of biocides.
  • Preferred water-insoluble biocides for use in the present invention are antibacterials (for example chlorophenols including Triclosan), antifungals (for example organochlorines including Chlorothalonil and imidazoles such as Ketoconazole and Propiconazole), insecticides (for example pyrethroids, including ⁇ -cyhalothrin) and/or herbicides (for example phenol-ureas including Isoproturon).
  • the invention is also envisaged to be applicable to acaricides, algicides, molluscicides and nematacides.
  • Triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol) is an chlorophenol antibacterial used in soaps, deodorants, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and cleaning supplies and is infused in an increasing number of consumer products, such as kitchen utensils, toys, bedding, socks, and trash bags. It has a poor solubility in water of 17 mg/L and is a suitable antibacterial biocide for use in the present invention.
  • Ketoconazole acetyl-dichlorophenyl-imidazole
  • Creams, lotions and medicated shampoos are available for topical infections such as dandruff, whilst an oral tablet is used to treat systemic fungal infections.
  • Janssen-Cilag Ltd produce a variety of ketoconazole based formulations under the trade name “Nizoral®”. It has a solubility of less than 0.1 mg/L.
  • Propiconazole (1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-1,2,4-tri azole) is another broad spectrum antifungal agent. Propiconazole is predominantly used in antifungal agrochemical formulations such as “Tilt®” manufactured by Ciba. It has a solubility of around 100 mg/L.
  • Azoxystrobin (methyl(E)-2- ⁇ 2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy]phenyl ⁇ -3-methoxyacrylate) is a systemic, broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide with activity against the four major groups of plant pathogenic fungi including Ascomcetes (e.g. powdery mildews), Basidiomycetes (e.g. rusts), Deutoromycetes (e.g. rice blast) and Oomycetes (e.g. downy mildew).
  • Ascomcetes e.g. powdery mildews
  • Basidiomycetes e.g. rusts
  • Deutoromycetes e.g. rice blast
  • Oomycetes e.g. downy mildew
  • strobilurins are azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, picoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, oryzastrobin, dimoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin.
  • Azoxystrobin has a very poor solubility in water of ⁇ 6 mg/L
  • Chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) is a broad-spectrum organo-chlorine fungicide used to control fungi that threaten vegetables, trees, small fruits, turf, ornamentals, and other agricultural crops. It has an exceptionally low solubility in water of ⁇ 0.6 mg/L.
  • Ketoconazole, propiconazole, azoxystrobin and chlorothalonil are each suitable antifungal biocides for use in the present invention.
  • Isoproturon (3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is a common herbicide with a low solubility in water ( ⁇ 65 mg/L) and is widely used for the control of broad leaved weeds that grow in various annual grasses. It is a suitable herbicide for use in the present invention.
  • ⁇ -cyhalothrin is a suitable insecticide for use in the present invention and has an aqueous solubility of 0.005 mg/L
  • Preferred carrier materials are selected from the group consisting of water-soluble inorganic materials, surfactants, polymers, sugars and mixtures thereof.
  • a further aspect of the present invention provides an aqueous dispersion of a water insoluble biocide and a water-soluble carrier material, wherein the biocide is in nano-disperse form having a peak diameter of the nano-disperse form below 1000 nm, preferably below 800 nm, more preferably below 500 nm, even more preferably below 200 nm and especially below 100 nm. As noted above, it is particularly advantageous when the particle size of the biocide is below 40 nm.
  • a further aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing a biocide composition comprising a water insoluble biocide and a water-soluble carrier, which comprises the steps of:
  • this class of method is referred to herein as the “emulsion” method.
  • a further aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing a biocide composition comprising a water insoluble biocide and a water-soluble carrier which comprises the steps of:
  • this class of method is referred to herein as the “single-phase” method.
  • substantially solvent free means that the free solvent content of the product is less than 15% wt, preferably below 10% wt and more preferably below 5% wt.
  • both the carrier material and the biocide are essentially fully dissolved in their respective solvents prior to the drying step. It is not within the ambit of the present specification to teach the drying of slurries. For the avoidance of any doubt, it is therefore the case that the solids content of the emulsion or the mixture is such that over 90% wt, preferably over 95%, and more preferably over 98% of the soluble materials present is in solution prior to the drying step.
  • the preferred biocide and the preferred carrier materials are as described above and as elaborated on in further detail below.
  • the “single phase” method where both the biocide and the carrier material are dissolved in a phase comprising at least one non-aqueous solvent (and optional water) is preferred. This is believed to give a smaller particle size for the nano-disperse biocide.
  • drying simultaneously removes essentially all solvents and, more preferably, is accomplished by spray drying at above ambient temperature.
  • a further aspect of the present invention provides a method for the preparation of a biocide composition for use in the prophylaxis or treatment of infections or infestations which comprises the step of preparing a composition according to the present invention.
  • the method is one in which the particle size of the water-insoluble biocide is reduced to below 100 nm, more preferably below 40 nm.
  • Such compositions are suitable for use in methods of medical treatment.
  • a still further aspect of the present invention provides for the treatment of a substrate other than a medical treatment which comprises the step of contacting the substrate with a composition according to the present invention.
  • a method might comprise, for example, a method for preserving wood or other materials of natural origin.
  • biocides are non-animal biocides, particularly fungicides, bactericides and herbicides.
  • these biocides have solubility in water of less than 120 mg/L and more preferably less than 15 mg/L.
  • biocide also includes biostats.
  • propiconazole is “fungistatic” rather than “fungicidal” as its mode of action involves inhibition of cell mitosis, rather than causing cell death.
  • Some known water-insoluble herbicides are listed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,849,577 and include diuron, linuron, sulfometuron, chlorsulphuron, metsulfuron, chlorimuron, atrazine, simazine, quizalofop, butroxydim, nicosulfuron, primsulfuron, bensulfuron, ametryn, pendimethalin, isoproturon, chlortoluron, diflufenican, mesotrione, aclonifen, fluorochloridone, oxyfluorfen, isoxaflutole, imazamox and thifensulfuron.
  • herbicides include trifluralin, fluoroxypyr, phenmedipham, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, acetochlor, alachlor, tri-allate and propanil.
  • the present invention does not depend critically on the nature of the water-insoluble herbicide.
  • the invention is suitable for application with the insoluble form of those herbicides, as mentioned above, which are currently used in salt form.
  • those herbicides include glyphosphate (N-phosphonomethylglycine), which is commonly used in the form of its water-soluble salts such as trimethylsulphonium, isopropylamine, sodium, or ammonium salts, fomesafen which is commonly used in the form of its water-soluble sodium salt, glufosinate which is commonly used in the form of its water-soluble ammonium salt, paraquat dichloride and bentazone which is commonly used in the form of its water-soluble sodium salt.
  • glyphosphate N-phosphonomethylglycine
  • water-soluble salts such as trimethylsulphonium, isopropylamine, sodium, or ammonium salts
  • fomesafen which is commonly used in the form of its water-soluble sodium salt
  • glufosinate
  • Some known water-insoluble fungicides are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,355,675 and 6,113,936 and include benzimidazole compounds such as benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole and thiophanate-methyl; phenylcarbamate compounds such as diethofencarb; dicarboxyimide compounds such as procymidone, iprodione and vinclozolin; azole compounds such as diniconazole, epoxyconazole, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, cyproconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol and triadimefon; acylalanine compounds such as metalaxyl; carboxyamide compounds such as furametpyr, mepronil, flutolanil and tolyfluanid; organophosphate compounds such as tolclofos-methyl, fosetyl aluminum and pyrazophos; anilinopyrim
  • Preferred fungicides include those of the polyene, imidazole and triazole types.
  • Particular preferred polyenes include Amphotericin, Nystatin and mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred imidazoles include: Bifonazole, Butoconazole, Clotrimazole, Econazole, Fenticonazole, Isoconazole, Ketoconazole, Metronidazole, Oxiconazole, Sertaconazole, Sulconazole, Tioconazole, Miconazole and mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred triazole types include: Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, propiconazole, Ravuconazole, tebuconazole, Terconazole, Voriconazole and mixtures thereof.
  • antifungal biocides for use in the present invention include: Amorolfine, Anidulafungin, Butenafine, Naftifine, Caspofungin, Ciclopirox, Flucytosine, Griseofulvin, Haloprogin, Micafungin, Parabens, Salicylic acid, Terbinafine, Thiabenazole, Tolnaflate, Undecylenic acid and mixtures thereof.
  • Water insoluble insecticides include cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, esfenvalerate, malathion, and chlorpyrifos.
  • the present invention provides a method for obtaining a rapidly dispersible form of an otherwise essentially water-insoluble material. This is prepared by forming an at least partially non-aqueous intermediate emulsion or solution in which both a water-soluble carrier material and the water-insoluble biocide are dissolved. On removal of solvents the insoluble biocide is left dispersed through the water-soluble carrier material. Suitable carrier materials are described in further detail below.
  • the most preferred method for drying of the intermediate emulsion or solution is one which produces a powder directly, such as spray drying.
  • Spray drying is particularly effective at removing both the non-aqueous volatile components and any water present to leave the carrier and the ‘payload’ material behind in a powder form. The drying step is described in further detail below.
  • the structure of the material obtained after the drying step is not well understood. It is believed that the resulting dry powder materials are not encapsulates, as discrete macroscopic bodies of the water-insoluble materials are not present in the dry product. Neither are the dry materials ‘dry emulsions’ as little or none of the volatile solvent comprising the ‘oil’ phase of the emulsion remains after the drying step. On addition of water to the dry product the emulsion is not reformed, as it would be with a ‘dry emulsion’. It is also believed that the compositions are not so-called solid solutions, as with the present invention the ratios of components present can be varied without loss of the benefits. Also from Xray and DSC studies, it is believed that the compositions of the invention are not solid solutions, but comprise nano-scale, phase-separated mixtures.
  • the compositions produced after the drying step will comprise the biocide and the carrier in a weight ratio of from 1:500 to 1:1 as biocide:carrier, with 1:100 to 1:1 being preferred.
  • Typical levels of around 10-30% wt water-insoluble biocide and 90-70% carrier can be obtained by spray drying.
  • Levels of biocide below 40%, more preferably below 30% wt and most preferably below 25% wt are preferred as they show the improved MIC as discussed above.
  • the solvent for the water-insoluble biocide is not miscible with water. On admixture with water it therefore can form an emulsion.
  • the non-aqueous phase comprises from about 10% to about 95% v/v of the emulsion, more preferably from about 20% to about 68% v/v.
  • the emulsions are typically prepared under conditions which are well known to those skilled in the art, for example, by using a magnetic stirring bar, a homogeniser, or a rotational mechanical stirrer.
  • the emulsions need not be particularly stable, provided that they do not undergo extensive phase separation prior to drying.
  • Homogenisation using a high-shear mixing device is a particularly preferred way to make an emulsion in which the aqueous phase is the continuous phase. It is believed that this avoidance of coarse emulsion and reduction of the droplet size of the dispersed phase of the emulsion, results in an improved dispersion of the biocide in the dry product.
  • a water-continuous emulsion is prepared with an average dispersed-phase droplet size (using the Malvern peak intensity) of between 500 nm and 5000 nm.
  • an ‘Ultra-Turrux’T25 type laboratory homogenizer or equivalent gives a suitable emulsion when operated for more than a minute at above 10,000 rpm.
  • the re-dissolved particle size can be reduced by nearly one half when the homogenization speed increased from 13,500 rpm to 21,500 rpm.
  • the homogenization time is also believed to play a role in controlling re-dissolved particle size.
  • the particle size again decreases with increase in the homogenization time, and the particle size distribution become broader at the same time.
  • Such intensive mixing is not an essential step in the method of the present invention but it is advantageous.
  • Sonication is also a particularly preferred way of reducing the droplet size for emulsion systems.
  • a Hert Systems Sonicator XL operated at level 10 for two minutes is suitable.
  • the ‘single-phase’ method is generally believed to give a better nano-dispersion with a smaller particle size than the emulsion method. As noted above, the smaller particle sizes give enhanced biocidal effects.
  • ratios of components which decrease the relative concentration of the biocide to the solvents and/or the carrier give a smaller particle size.
  • Spray drying the most preferred method of drying the emulsion or solution, is well known to those versed in the art. In the case of the present invention some care must be taken due to the presence of a volatile non-aqueous solvent in the material being dried.
  • an inert gas for example nitrogen, can be employed as the drying medium in a so-called closed spray-drying system. The solvent can be recovered and re-used.
  • the drying temperature should be at or above 100 Celsius, preferably above 120 Celsius and most preferably above 140 Celsius. Elevated drying temperatures have been found to give smaller particles in the re-dissolved nano-disperse material.
  • Freeze drying can also be used. It is preferred to use a non-aqueous solvent with a melting point above ⁇ 120 Celsius, preferably above ⁇ 80 Celsius. Chloroform is a particularly preferred solvent due to it physical characteristics. It a relatively high melting point (approx. ⁇ 63.5° C.). Freeze drying can be employed both with the emulsion method and the single phase method.
  • the carrier material is water soluble, which includes the formation of structured aqueous phases as well as true ionic solution of molecularly mono-disperse species.
  • the carrier material preferably comprises an inorganic material, surfactant, a polymer or may be a mixture of two or more of these.
  • Suitable carrier materials include preferred water-soluble polymers, preferred water-soluble surfactants and preferred water-soluble inorganic materials. Particularly preferred materials are solids, as opposed to soft solids or semi-solids at ambient temperature such that good powder properties are obtained in the spray-dried product.
  • carrier material will depend on the proposed end-use of the composition and carriers should be selected such that they are not detrimentally reactive towards the biocide and compatible with the proposed use.
  • the carrier can also have an activity in its own right or contain water soluble materials which have such an activity.
  • the carrier may comprise materials having an agrochemical activity.
  • Suitable water-soluble polymeric carrier materials include:
  • suitable and preferred homopolymers include poly-vinylalcohol, poly-acrylic acid, poly-methacrylic acid, poly-acrylamides (such as poly-N-isopropylacrylamide), poly-methacrylamide; poly-acrylamines, poly-methyl-acrylamines, (such as polydimethylaminoethylmethacrylate and poly-N-morpholinoethylmethacrylate), polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly-styrenesulphonate, polyvinylimidazole, polyvinylpyridine, poly-2-ethyl-oxazoline poly-ethyleneimine and ethoxylated derivatives thereof.
  • Polyethylene glycol PEG
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP
  • polyvinyl alcohol PVA
  • HPMC hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose
  • alginates are preferred polymeric carrier materials.
  • the surfactant may be non-ionic, anionic, cationic, amphoteric or zwitterionic.
  • non-ionic surfactants include ethoxylated triglycerides; fatty alcohol ethoxylates; alkylphenol ethoxylates; fatty acid ethoxylates; fatty amide ethoxylates; fatty amine ethoxylates; sorbitan alkanoates; ethylated sorbitan alkanoates; alkyl ethoxylates; PluronicsTM; alkyl polyglucosides; stearol ethoxylates; alkyl polyglycosides.
  • anionic surfactants include alkylether sulfates; alkylether carboxylates; alkylbenzene sulfonates; alkylether phosphates; dialkyl sulfosuccinates; sarcosinates; alkyl sulfonates; soaps; alkyl sulfates; alkyl carboxylates; alkyl phosphates; paraffin sulfonates; secondary n-alkane sulfonates; alpha-olefin sulfonates; isethionate sulfonates.
  • Suitable cationic surfactants include fatty amine salts; fatty diamine salts; quaternary ammonium compounds; phosphonium surfactants; sulfonium surfactants; sulfonxonium surfactants.
  • Suitable zwitterionic surfactants include N-alkyl derivatives of amino acids (such as glycine, betaine, aminopropionic acid); imidazoline surfactants; amine oxides; amidobetaines.
  • Mixtures of surfactants may be used.
  • Alkoxyayed nonionic's (especially the PEG/PPG e.g. PluronicTM materials and/or the PEG/alcohol nonionics), phenol-ethoxylates (especially TRITONTM materials), alkyl sulphonates (especially SDS), ether-sulphates (including SLES), ester surfactants (preferably sorbitan esters of the SpanTM and TweenTM types) and cationics (especially cetyltrimethylammonium bromide—CTAB) are particularly preferred as surfactant carrier materials.
  • PEG/PPG e.g. PluronicTM materials and/or the PEG/alcohol nonionics
  • phenol-ethoxylates especially TRITONTM materials
  • alkyl sulphonates especially SDS
  • ether-sulphates including SLES
  • ester surfactants preferably sorbitan esters of the SpanTM and TweenTM types
  • cationics especially cetyltrimethylammonium bromid
  • Surfactant carrier materials are particularly suitable for embodiments of the invention in which the re-dispersed particle size in water is below 100 nm, and particularly below 40 nm.
  • Preferred mixtures include combinations of inorganic salts and surfactants and polymers and surfactants.
  • Particularly preferred mixtures include combinations of surfactants and polymers. Which include at least one of:
  • the carrier material can also be a water-soluble small organic material which is neither a surfactant, a polymer nor an inorganic carrier material.
  • Simple organic sugars have been found to be suitable, particularly in admixture with a polymeric and/or surfactant carrier material as described above.
  • Suitable small organic materials include mannitol, polydextrose, xylitol and insulin etc.
  • the level of surfactant carrier is such that at least 50% of the total carrier is surfactant. Mixtures having a majority of surfactant present over the other carriers exhibit better biocidal effects.
  • compositions of the invention comprise a volatile, non-aqueous solvent.
  • a volatile, non-aqueous solvent As noted above this can be a mixture of solvents. This may either be miscible with such other solvents (including water) which may be present in the pre-mix before drying or, together with those solvents may form an emulsion.
  • Particularly preferred solvents are selected from the group consisting of haloforms (preferably di-chloromethane, chloroform), lower (C1-C10) alcohols (preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol), organic acids (preferably formic acid, acetic acid), amides (preferably formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide), nitrites (preferably aceto-nitrile), esters (preferably ethyl acetate) aldehydes and ketones (preferably methyl ethyl ketone, acetone), and other water miscible species comprising heteroatom bond with a suitably large dipole (preferably tetrahydrofuran, dialkylsulphoxide). Mixtures of the aforementioned may also be employed.
  • haloforms preferably di-chloromethane, chloroform
  • lower (C1-C10) alcohols preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol
  • the non-aqueous solvent is not miscible with water and forms an emulsion.
  • the non-aqueous phase of the emulsion is preferably selected from one or more from the following group of volatile organic solvents:
  • Preferred solvents include dichloromethane, chloroform, ethanol, acetone and dimethyl sulphoxide.
  • Preferred non-aqueous solvents whether miscible or not have a boiling point of less than 150 Celsius and, more preferably, have a boiling point of less than 100 Celsius, so as to facilitate drying, particularly spray-drying under practical conditions and without use of specialised equipment.
  • they are non-flammable, or have a flash point above the temperatures encountered in the method of the invention.
  • Particularly preferred solvents are alcohols, particularly ethanol and halogenated solvents, more preferably chlorine-containing solvents, most preferably solvents selected from (di- or tri-chloromethane).
  • an optional co-surfactant may be employed in the composition prior to the drying step.
  • a relatively small quantity of a volatile cosurfactant reduced the particle diameter of the material produced. This can have a significant impact on particle volume. For example, reduction from 297 nm to 252 nm corresponds to a particle size reduction of approximately 40%.
  • the addition of a small quantity of co-surfactant offers a simple and inexpensive method for reducing the particle size of materials according to the present invention without changing the final product formulation.
  • Preferred co-surfactants are short chain alcohols or amine with a boiling point of ⁇ 220° C.
  • the co-surfactant is present in a quantity (by volume) less than the solvent preferably the volume ratio between the solvent and the co-surfactant falls in the range 100:40 to 100:2, more preferably 100:30 to 100:5.
  • drying feed-stocks used in the present invention are either emulsions or solutions which preferably do not contain solid matter and in particular preferably do not contain any undissolved biocide.
  • the level of the biocide in the composition should be such that the loading in the dried composition is below 40% wt, and more preferably below 30% wt.
  • Such compositions have the advantages of a small particle size and high effectiveness as discussed above.
  • Typical spray drying feedstocks comprise:
  • the particle size of the water-insoluble materials in the dry product is preferably such that, on solution in water the water-insoluble materials have a particle size of less than 1 micron as determined by the Malvern method described herein.
  • the determined particle size is less than 800 nm, more preferably less than 500 nm.
  • the particle size is in the range 250-50 nm and is most preferably in the range 200-75 nm.
  • the broader range is analogous to the size of a virus particle (which typically range from 450-20 nm). Diameters of less than 200 nm are most preferred. It is believed that there is no significant reduction of particle size for the biocidal agent on dispersion of the solid form in water.
  • Very small particle sizes of as low as 4 nm can be obtained by the method of the invention.
  • the compositions of the invention show a further improvement in efficacy.
  • solution form will be a form suitable for use either ‘as is’ or following further dilution or admixture with other components.
  • the present invention therefore also relates to a method for the delivery of a water-insoluble biocide which comprises the steps of:
  • the substrate can be the subject to be treated directly with the biocide (such as a plant, where the object is the eradication of, for example, fungi, or a wooden object requiring rot prevention treatment) or can be associated with the subject (such as bedding or soil).
  • Preferred substrates are selected from a plant (or part thereof, including seeds, bulbs, fruits, roots, leaves), soil, an animal, bedding for animals, fodder or an article manufactured from a plant or an animal.
  • Preferred treatment methods include spraying, dipping and washing.
  • a method of particle sizing for the dispersed products of the present invention used in the following examples employs a dynamic light scattering instrument (Nano S, manufactured by Malvern Instruments UK). Specifically, the Malvern Instruments Nano S uses a red (633 nm) 4 mW Helium-Neon laser to illuminate a standard optical quality UV curvette containing a suspension of material.
  • the solution was spray dried using a Buchi B-290TM bench top spray-dryer, operated in a negative pressure mode. Air drawn from the lab was used as the drying medium and the operating conditions were as follows:
  • a dry white powder was obtained. This material was redispersed in demineralised water at a concentration of 10 mg/ml (1.0 wt %, 0.1 wt % chlorothalonil). This produced an opaque white dispersion. At this concentration, the material was relatively slow to disperse (approx. 5 minutes).
  • the solution was spray dried using a Buchi B-290 bench top spray dryer, operated in a negative pressure mode. Air drawn from the lab was used as the drying medium.
  • a dry white powder was obtained. This material was redispersed in demineralised water at a concentration of 1 mg/ml (0.1 wt %, 0.01 wt % chlorothalonil). This produced an opaque white dispersion. At this concentration, the material was considerably quicker (than example 1) to disperse (less than 30 seconds).
  • the solution was spray dried using a Buchi B-290 bench top spray dryer, operated in a negative pressure mode. Air drawn from the lab was used as the drying medium.
  • a dry white powder was obtained. This material was redispersed in demineralised water at a concentration of 1 mg/ml (0.1 wt %, 0.01 wt % chlorothalonil). This produced an opaque white dispersion. At this concentration, the material dispersed at a similar rate to example 2 (less than 30 seconds).
  • Ketoconazole 100 mg (10%) Ketoconazole, 500 mg (50%) poly(ethylene glycol) (10 kDa, Fluka) and 400 mg (40%) sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) were dissolved in 60 ml ethanol and 60 ml water. The resulting solution was spray dried at an inlet temperature of 180° C. and a pump rate of approximately 3.6 ml/minute. The recovered dry white powder redispersed in water to give a clear suspension of average particle size 16.1 nm (Z-ave).
  • SLES sodium lauryl ether sulfate
  • MIC Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
  • CA Candida albicans
  • YEME yeast extract malt extract media
  • concentrations of the active material and blanks contained in a 96 well plate were incubated at 37° C. overnight, and then examined with a UV plate reader at a wavelength of 550 nm. Concentrations of biocide that inhibited cell growth resulted in a well with very low optical density (visually clear), whereas wells in which cells growth occurred had a very high optical density (visually opaque).
  • the MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of biocide that resulted in total inhibition of cell growth, when incubated overnight.
  • Particle size Material Initial concentration (Z-ave, nm) MIC (mg/L) 13/28/20 equivalent to 0.15 mg/ml n/a no inhibition (SLES/PEG active observed blank matrix) As Example 5 0.15 mg/ml active 16.1 ⁇ 14 As Example 4 0.15 mg/ml active 24.2 ⁇ 38 DMSO 25% v/v n/a ⁇ 9.25% v/v PVA (blank) equivalent to 0.15 mg/ml n/a no inhibition active observed Ketoconazole 0.15 mg/ml in 25% v/v n/a 65 in DMSO solvent
  • biocidal activity of the materials according to the present invention is influenced by the composition of its matrix.
  • the activity of the formulation increased 3 fold when the proportion of surfactant is increased from 10 wt. % to 80 wt. %.
  • the solution was spray dried using a Buchi B-290 bench top spray dryer, operated in a negative pressure mode. Air drawn from the lab was used as the drying medium.
  • Phase 1 10% ISP (28) 500 mg in 10 ml Chloroform Phase 2: 60% PVA (10 kDa) 3000 mg 30% SDS 1500 mg in 75 ml water
  • Emulsification was achieved by sonicating for 5 minutes at 50% power, then for a further 2 minutes at 100% power (using a 1 kW probe type sonicator).
  • the resulting emulsion was spray dried at an inlet temperature of 150° C. and a pump rate of 5.6 ml/min. Aspiration and atomisation gas were set to maximum.
  • the resulting dry white powder redispersed to give a slightly cloudy suspension at a concentration of 1 mg/ml.
  • the particle size was measured as 297+/ ⁇ 8.66 nm
  • Formulation was as Example 13, but contained a small quantity of additional volatile cosurfactant (n-butanol).
  • Phase 1 10% ISP (28) 500 mg in 10 ml Chloroform and 2 ml n-butanol Phase 2: 60% PVA (10 kDa) 3000 mg 30% SDS 1500 mg in 75 ml water
  • the two phases were continuously cooled using a water jacketed beaker whilst being emulsified. Emulsification was achieved by sonicating for 5 minutes at 50% power, then for a further 2 minutes at 100% power (using a 1 kW probe type sonicator).
  • the resulting emulsion was spray dried at an inlet temperature of 150° C. and a pump rate of 5.6 ml/min. Aspiration and atomisation gas were set to maximum.
  • the resulting dry white powder redispersed to give a slightly cloudy suspension at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, although noticeably clearer than that of example 13.
  • the particle size was measured as 252+/ ⁇ 14.0 nm.
  • a single phase solution of the insecticide ⁇ -cyhalothrin, PEG and the PEG based surfactants PluronicTM F68 and PluronicTM F127 was prepared in chloroform. This was freeze dried using a “Christ alpha 2-4 LSC” freeze dryer in single batches on a 5 ml per sample scale (i.e. 250 mg solids in each sample).
  • Example Particle 17 F68 F127 PEG active size A 0.9 0 0 0.1 66.19 B 0 0.9 0 0.1 44.24 C 0 0 0.9 0.1 168.2 D 0.7 0 0 0.3 102 E 0 0.7 0 0.3 80.99 F 0 0 0.7 0.3 240.5 G 0 0.4 0.4 0.2 94.59 H 0.4 0 0.4 0.2 127.5 I 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 51.87 J 0.26667 0.26667 0.2667 0.2 90.92 K 0.26667 0.26667 0.2667 0.2 93.54 L 0.26667 0.26667 0.2667 0.2 72.5

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