Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/12—Powdering or granulating
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
  • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
  • A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
  • A61L15/60—Liquid-swellable gel-forming materials, e.g. super-absorbents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
  • C08J3/03—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in aqueous media
  • C08J3/075—Macromolecular gels
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/24—Crosslinking, e.g. vulcanising, of macromolecules
  • C08J3/245—Differential crosslinking of one polymer with one crosslinking type, e.g. surface crosslinking
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2300/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified polymers
  • C08J2300/14—Water soluble or water swellable polymers, e.g. aqueous gels
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
  • Y10T428/249924—Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
  • Y10T428/254—Polymeric or resinous material
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
  • Y10T428/2991—Coated
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
  • Y10T428/2991—Coated
  • Y10T428/2998—Coated including synthetic resin or polymer
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
  • Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
  • Y10T442/2344—Coating or impregnation is anti-slip or friction-increasing other than specified as an abrasive

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a particulate water absorbing agent including a water-absorbing resin as a main component.
• a water-absorbing resin to absorb body fluid and hydrophilic fibers such as pulp are widely used.
• the water-absorbing resin for example, partially neutralized and crosslinked polyacrylic acid, hydrolysates of starch-acrylic acid graft polymer, saponified vinyl acetate-acrylic acid ester copolymers, hydrolysates of acrylonitrile copolymers or acrylamide copolymers or crosslinked polymers thereof, crosslinked polymers of cationic monomers, and the like are used as main raw materials.
• the water-absorbing resin has conventionally been required to have superior property such as superior liquid absorption amount or water absorption speed, gel strength and gel permeability in contact with aqueous liquid such as body fluid, along with water suction force to suck water from a substrate containing aqueous liquid. Further, as recent trends, a water-absorbing resin powder with very narrow particle size distribution or a water-absorbing resin with high absorption capacity and low water-extractables has been required and high absorbency against pressure or liquid permeability under pressure has essentially been required. In addition to the above needs, such characteristics of gel has also been required as not to be deteriorated for long term and to retain absorbing performance even in swollen and gelled state by absorption of body fluid or urine.
• Water-absorbing resins superior in gel strength, extractables and absorption capacity are proposed in U.S. Reissued 32,649.
• a water-absorbing resin superior in liquid permeability under no pressure, absorption speed and absorption capacity is proposed in UK2267094B.
• Technology specifying specific particle size distribution is also proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,259, U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,956, U.S. Pat. No. 6,087,002 and EP0629441.
• a water-absorbing resin superior in absorbency against pressure under various loads or many measurement methods therefore are also proposed and water-absorbing resins with superior absorbency against pressure alone or in combination with other property are proposed in EP0707603, EP0712659, EP1029886, U.S. Pat. No.
• Water-absorbing resins with little property decrease by impact are proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,140,076 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,214B1.
• a water-absorbing resin with specific powdery dust amount is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,440, and a water-absorbing resin with less coloring is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,744.
• Water-absorbing resins superior in gel durability in an aqueous L-ascorbic acid solution as index of urine resistance or superior in water absorption ability are proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,531 and EP0940148.
• a water-absorbing resin with superior air permeability is proposed in EP1153656.
• a water-absorbing resin with less residual monomers is proposed in EP0605215.
• a water absorbing agent of the present invention having specific particle size distribution and absorption capacity, components contained in urine gradually destruct crosslinked structure of a water-absorbing resin to make labile to deterioration of the water absorbing agent and such deterioration caused by urine increases extractables and changes water-absorption properties.
• properties of the water-absorbing resin or the water absorbing agent measured by a physiological saline solution (an aqueous solution of 0.9% by weight of NaCl) or various artificial urine solutions have been proposed, however, urine components in artificial urine are different in each patent and composition of practical urine solution itself is not constant but changes depending on living environment, food practice, age or seasons and furthermore largely changes every time or by physical conditions even in the same person.
• the present invention defined “deterioration caused by urine” as deterioration of a water absorbing agent generated by personal difference in urine, or urine compositional change by seasons or physical conditions of even the same person, and as indexes of degree of deterioration caused by urine, “increased extractables by deterioration” and “increased ratio of extractables by deterioration” were introduced.
• increased extractables by deterioration and increased ratio of extractables by deterioration are defined by the following formulas.
• deterioration test liquid means a physiological saline solution containing 0.05% by weight of L-ascorbic acid and a physiological saline solution means an aqueous solution of 0.9% by weight of NaCl, which is used at room temperature (25° C. ⁇ 2° C.) unless otherwise specified especially. Measurement methods thereof are as described in Examples shown later.
• the inventors thought of that the problems could be solved, in the present invention, by making the water absorbing agent with also superior stability to urine in specific mass median particle size, by furnishing crosslinked structure, specific centrifuge retention capacity, specific particle size distribution and mass median particle size and further specific ranges of “increased extractables by deterioration” and “increased ratio of extractables by deterioration” as a water absorbing agent.
• a first particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention is:
• a particulate water absorbing agent comprising a water-absorbing resin obtained by crosslinking polymerization of an unsaturated monomer containing an acid group and/or a salt thereof as a main component, and said water absorbing agent satisfies the following (a) to (d):
• a second particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention is:
• a particulate water absorbing agent comprising a water-absorbing resin obtained by crosslinking polymerization of an unsaturated monomer containing an acid group and/or a salt thereof as a main component, and said water absorbing agent satisfies the following (a) to (c) and (e):
• a third particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention is:
• a particulate water absorbing agent comprising a water-absorbing resin obtained by crosslinking polymerization of an unsaturated monomer containing an acid group and/or a salt thereof as a main component, and said water absorbing agent satisfies the following (a) to (c), (f) and (g):
• particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention due to having specific absorption capacity and specific particle size distribution, in practical application as absorbing articles such as a diaper, particularly in absorbing ability in short period, not conventionally obtained performance can be attained. In particular, rewet amount can be reduced and improvement effect of dry feeling at diaper surface is significant.
• a water-absorbing resin of the present invention means a crosslinked polymer which can form hydrogel and is water swelling and non-dissolving in water, for example, water swelling indicates one absorbing large quantity of water in ion exchanged water, such as essentially 5 times or more own weight and preferably 50 to 1000 times.
• Non-dissolving in water means one with extractables in water in 1 hour of not higher than 50% by weight and in the range described later. Measurement methods thereof are specified in Examples.
• a water-absorbing resin obtained by crosslinking polymerization of an unsaturated monomer containing an acid group and/or salts thereof is essentially used and preferably (partially) neutralized polymer of polyacrylic acid obtained by polymerizing and crosslinking of an unsaturated monomer mainly composed of acrylic acid and/or salts thereof is used.
• Any water-absorbing resin may be used as long as it has crosslinked polymerized structure and it may be the water-absorbing resin obtained by crosslinking reaction with a crosslinking agent after polymerization of an unsaturated monomer containing an acid group and/or salts thereof.
• a water absorbing agent in the present invention is a solidifying agent made of the water-absorbing resin as a main component, to absorb aqueous liquid.
• Aqueous liquid is not limited to water but also includes water containing substance without especially limited, such as urine, blood, excrement, waste liquid, humidity or steam, ice, a mixture of water and organic solvents or inorganic solvents, rain water and underground water, preferably urine and particularly preferably human urine.
• the water-absorbing resin may be used as it is as the water absorbing agent and additives or water may be contained optionally. Content of the water-absorbing resin in the water absorbing agent is 70 to 100% by weight of the water absorbing agent, preferably 80 to 100% by weight and further preferably 90 to 100% by weight.
• As other components contained generally water is used as a main or essential component and further additives described later are used.
• a water absorbing agent of the present invention can be obtained, for example, by the following production methods 1 to 3, although a method for production is not limited as long as it provides one satisfying the properties.
• Production method 1 A method for crosslinking polymerization of an aqueous solution of an unsaturated monomer containing non-neutralized acrylic acid and/or salts thereof as a main component in the presence of a crosslinking agent and a chain transfer agent, followed by adjustment to specific particle size distribution and further surface crosslinking of thus obtained water-absorbing resin particles with specific absorption capacity.
• Production method 2 A method for crosslinking polymerization of an aqueous solution of specific concentration of an unsaturated monomer containing non-neutralized acrylic acid as a main component in the presence of a crosslinking agent, followed by neutralization, adjustment to specific particle size distribution and further surface crosslinking of thus obtained water-absorbing resin particles with specific absorption capacity.
• Production method 3 A method for crosslinking polymerization of an aqueous solution of an unsaturated monomer containing non-neutralized acrylic acid and/or salts thereof as a main component in the presence of a crosslinking agent, followed by adjustment to specific particle size distribution and further surface crosslinking of thus obtained water-absorbing resin particles with specific absorption capacity, wherein a chelating agent is added with one or more timings selected from the group consisting of
• acrylic acid and/or salt thereof is used as a main component, and they may be used alone or in combination with other monomers to obtain the water-absorbing resin.
• Such other monomers include, an aqueous or hydrophobic unsaturated monomer such as methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride, maleic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, 2-(meth)acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, (meth)acryloxyalkane sulfonic acid and its alkali metal salt, ammonium salt, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinylacetamide, (meth)acrylamide, N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide, N,N-dimethyl(meth)acrylamide, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, methoxypolyethyleneglycol(meth)acrylate, polyethyleneglycol(meth)acrylate, isobutylene, lauryl(meth)acrylate, etc. They may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
• use ratio of the monomer other than acrylic acid (salt thereof) is preferably 0 to 30% by mole based on total amount of acrylic acid and salts thereof, more preferably 0 to 10% by mole and most preferably 0 to 5% by mole.
• salts thereof include alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and ammonium salts, in view of performance, industrial availability and safety of the water-absorbing resin obtained, sodium salts and potassium salts are preferable.
• An unsaturated monomer containing an acid group such as acrylic acid is preferably neutralized at the acid group in view of property and pH and neutralization ratio of the acid group is usually 20 to 100% bymole, preferably 30 to 95% by mole and more preferably 40 to 80% by mole.
• Neutralization of the acid group maybe performed in an aqueous solution containing a monomer or may be performed after obtaining a polymer as shown in the production method 2 or they may be used in combination.
• a water-absorbing resin used in the present invention is a crosslinked polymer and crosslinked structure may be formed as self-crosslinked type without using a crosslinkable monomer or an internal crosslinking agent such as so called a crosslinkable monomer may be used.
• an internal crosslinking agent having not less than 2 polymerizable unsaturated groups or not less than 2 reactable groups in a molecule.
• a water absorbing agent becomes insoluble to water due to being a crosslinked polymer.
• these internal crosslinking agents include, for example, N,N′-methylenebis(meth)acrylamide, (poly)ethyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate, (poly)propyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, glycerine tri(meth)acrylate, glycerine acrylate methacrylate, ethylene oxide modified trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl phosphate, triallylamine, poly(meth)allyloxyalkane, (poly)ethyleneglycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, ethyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, propyleneglycol, glycerine, pentaerythritol, ethylenediamine,
• These internal crosslinking agents may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more kinds, as appropriate. These internal crosslinking agents may be added as a whole into a reaction system or in portion wise. When at least one kind or not less than 2 kinds of internal crosslinking agents are used, in consideration of absorption properties of the water-absorbing resin or the water absorbing agent finally obtained, it is preferable to use essentially a compound having not less than two polymerizable unsaturated groups, in polymerization.
• Using amount of these internal crosslinking agents is preferably in the range of 0.001 to 2% by mole based on the unsaturated monomer (excluding the internal crosslinking agents), more preferably 0.005 to 0.5% by mole, further preferably 0.01 to 0.2% by mole and particularly preferably 0.03 to 0.15% by mole.
• the using amounts of the internal crosslinking agents less than 0.001% by mole and over 2% by mole may not provide sufficient absorption properties.
• the using amount of the internal crosslinking agents less than the range does not sufficiently form crosslinked structure, which increases extractables in a physiological saline solution or extractables in deterioration test liquid described later, increased extractables by deterioration, increased ratio of extractables by deterioration and “extractables for 16 hours” and thus not preferable.
• the using amount of the internal crosslinking agents over the range reduces the extractables, however, induces reduced absorption capacity of the water-absorbing resin or the water absorbing agent, which in turn lowers absorption capacity of absorbing articles such as a diaper, and thus not preferable.
• the internal crosslinking agent When crosslinked structure is introduced inside a polymer by using the internal crosslinking agent, the internal crosslinking agent may be added to a reaction system before, during or after polymerization of the monomer or after neutralization.
• An initiator used in polymerization of a monomer to obtain the water-absorbing resin used in the present invention includes a radical polymerization initiator such as potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, sodium persulfate, potassium peracetate, sodium peracetate, potassium percarbonate, sodium percarbonate, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride: photopolymerization initiators such as 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane-1-one.
• amount of the polymerization initiator is, in view of property, 0.001 to 2% by mole, preferably 0.01 to 0.1% by mole (based on total monomers). When the using amount of the polymerization initiator is less than 0.001% by mole, unreacted residual monomers increase, while, the amount of the polymerization initiator is over 2% by mole, polymerization control becomes difficult and thus not preferable.
• aqueous solution polymerization or reversed phase suspension polymerization by preparation of an aqueous solution of the monomer is preferable.
• Monomer concentration in the aqueous solution (hereinafter referred to as a monomer aqueous solution), when an aqueous solution of the monomer is prepared, is determined by temperature of the aqueous solution or the monomer and not especially limited, however, preferably 10 to 70% by weight, and further preferably 20 to 60% by weight.
• a solvent other than water may also be used, if necessary, and solvent type used in combination is not especially limited. Crushing may be carried out after polymerization, if necessary.
• Polymerization is started using the polymerization initiator.
• An activated energy ray such as UV ray, electron beam or ⁇ -ray may be used other than the polymerization initiator as it is or in combination with the polymerization initiator.
• Polymerization temperature depends on type of the polymerization initiator used, however, is preferably in the range of 15 to 130° C. and more preferably in the range of 20 to 120° C.
• Reversed phase polymerization is a method for polymerization by suspending a monomer aqueous solution in a hydrophobic organic solvent, and described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,776, U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,323, U.S. Pat. No. 4,446,261, U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,274, U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,735, etc.
• Aqueous solution polymerization is the method for polymerization of a monomer aqueous solution without using a dispersing solvent, and described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,625,001, U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,299, U.S. Pat. No.
• a water absorbing agent of the present invention has, as described above, neutralization degree of acid groups of generally 20 to 100% by mole, but in a polymerization process of an unsaturated monomer, the unsaturated monomer may be polymerized as not-neutralized state and neutralized after polymerization, or polymerization may be carried out using the unsaturated monomer neutralized in advance. Therefore, neutralization degree of the unsaturated monomer in the monomer aqueous solution may be in any range of 0 to 100% by mole.
• the production method 1 or the production method 3 may also be neutralization polymerization and polymerization can be carried out using the monomer aqueous solution with neutralization degree of 20 to 100% by mole, preferably 30 to 95% by mole and more preferably 40 to 80% by mole.
• Neutralization embodiments include to start polymerization using the non-neutralized unsaturated monomer, followed by neutralization in the midst of polymerization; to polymerize using the unsaturated monomer neutralized in advance to the above range; and to neutralize further in the midst of polymerization, all of which providing polymerization of the unsaturated monomer neutralized finally, and the neutralization degree means value at the start of polymerization.
• the production method 2 of the present invention is a method for crosslinking polymerization of specific concentration of the unsaturated monomer aqueous solution with non-neutralized acrylic acid as a main component in the presence of a crosslinking agent, followed by neutralization, adjustment to specific particle size and further surface crosslinking of thus obtained water-absorbing resin particles with specific absorption capacity.
• non-neutralized acrylic acid is a main component and after crosslinking polymerization using a non-neutralized acrylic acid monomer in the range of preferably 30 to 100% by mole, more preferably 90 to 100% by mole and particularly preferably 100% by mole, followed by the addition of an alkali metal salt for post neutralization to provide partial alkali metal base to be used as a water-absorbing resin of the present invention.
• a water absorbing resin obtained by this polymerization method is used as a water absorbing agent of the present invention, it is possible to obtain an absorbing substrate with high absorbing ability and superior stability to urine.
• the non-neutralized unsaturated monomer is polymerized, using amount of an internal crosslinking agent tends to be able to increase, although details are unknown, and deterioration resistance to urine can be improved by increase in crosslinking density.
• concentration of the polymerizable monomer, when a solvent is used is not especially limited, however, is as low as generally 5 to 30% by weight and preferably 10 to 30% by weight and polymerization is preferably carried out in an aqueous solution at temperature as low as 10 to 25° C.
• Alkali metal compounds used to neutralize an acid group in the unsaturated monomer containing an acid group or in the polymer obtained to provide a partial alkali metal base include alkali metal hydroxide (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, etc.), alkali metal carbonate (sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, etc.), etc.
• alkali metal hydroxide sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, etc.
• alkali metal carbonate sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, etc.
• sodium salts and potassium salts are preferable among them.
• 50 to 90% by mole, preferably 60 to 80% by mole of acid groups in the polymer are converted to alkali metal salts by neutralization reaction with an alkali metal compound.
• a method for neutralization of the polymer with an alkali metal compound includes, when polymerization is carried out using a solvent, one wherein an aqueous solution of an alkali metal compound is added, while cutting the gel-like polymer obtained to small pieces of not larger than about 1 cm 3 , followed by further mixing the gel with a kneader or a meat chopper.
• Neutralization temperature to obtain the water absorbing agent of the present invention is 50 to 100° C., preferably 60 to 90° C. and neutralization is preferably performed so that uniformly of not larger than 10 as represented by the first neutralization index (specified by neutralization degree of 200 particles) described in claim 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,187,872.
• a chain transfer agent may be used essentially in polymerization.
• an aqueous chain transfer agent in addition to the unsaturated monomer, inner crosslinking agent and polymerization initiator, and when the water-absorbing resin thus obtained is used as the water absorbing agent of the present invention, an absorbing substrate with high absorbing ability and superior stability to urine can be obtained.
• the chain transfer agent is used in combination, using amount of the inner crosslinking agent can be increased and deterioration resistance to urine can be improved by increase in crosslinking density.
• a crosslinked polymer obtained by the above polymerization methods is the hydrated gel-like crosslinked polymer, which may be crushed, if necessary, and further dried. Drying is carried out generally at temperature range of 60 to 250° C., preferably 100 to 220° C. and more preferably 120 to 200° C. as heating medium temperature. Drying time depends on surface area and water content of the polymer and the dryer type and is selected to obtain objective water content.
• the crosslinked polymer after drying is called the water-absorbing resin.
• Water content of the water-absorbing resin used in the present invention is not especially limited, however, it is selected so as to provide a particle exhibiting fluidity even at room temperature and powder state with water content of more preferably 0.2 to 30% by weight, further-preferably 0.3 to 15% by weight and particularly preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight. Too high water content not only impairs fluidity and thus affects production but also makes pulverizing of the water-absorbing resin impossible and may lose control to specific particle size distribution. Water content of the water-absorbing resin is specified as amount of water contained in the water-absorbing resin, measured by weight loss in drying at 180° C. for 3 hours.
• various methods can be adopted, so that objective water content is obtained, including heat drying, hot air drying, reduced pressure drying, infrared ray drying, microwave drying, dehydration by azeotrope with a hydrophobic organic solvent and high-humidity drying using high temperature steam, however, not especially limited.
• Shape of the water-absorbing resin of the present invention obtained by the above production methods is not especially limited, as long as it is suitable to be treated as powder and includes spherical, fibrous, rod, nearly spherical, flat, irregular, agglomelated particulate, porous-structured particles, however, irregularly pulverized one obtained by a pulverizing process is preferably used.
• a water-absorbing resin used in the present invention is adjusted preferably to have specific particle size to obtain the particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention.
• Particle diameter of the water-absorbing resin used in the present invention to obtain the water absorbing agent of the present invention is usually controlled in small range of 180 to 420 ⁇ m, as mass median particle size, preferably 200 to 400 ⁇ m, more preferably 225 to 380 ⁇ m and particularly preferably 250 to 350 ⁇ m, and ratio of particles with diameter of lower than 150 ⁇ m is controlled to be 0 to 3% by weight, preferably 0 to 2% by weight and more preferably 0 to 1% by weight.
• Bulk density (specified by JIS K-3362-1998) of the water-absorbing resin of the present invention to obtain the water absorbing agent of the present invention is adjusted to be in the range of preferably 0.40 to 0.90 g/ml and more preferably 0.50 to 0.80 g/ml.
• Ratio of particles with diameter of 150 to 600 ⁇ m is preferably 90 to 100% by weight in whole particles, more preferably 95 to 100% by weight and further more preferably 98 to 100% by weight.
• Logarithmic standard deviation ( ⁇ ) of particle size distribution is controlled preferably to be 0.20 to 0.50, more preferably 0.20 to 0.45 and particularly preferably 0.20 to 0.40.
• Particle size may be adjusted, when crosslinked polymer is produced by reversed phase suspension polymerization, by dispersion polymerization in particulate state and distribution drying, however, it is generally adjusted, particularly in an aqueous solution polymerization, by pulverizing and classification after drying, while controlling mass median particle size D50 and ratio of particles having particle diameter of below 150 ⁇ m, being mutually contradictory, and thus adjusting to specific particle size.
• mass median particle size D50 of not larger than 400 ⁇ m and to reduce content of fine particles with diameter smaller than 150 ⁇ m
• coarse particles and fine particles may be removed using a general classifier such as a sieve after the pulverizing.
• the coarse particles to be removed have particle diameter of preferably 400 ⁇ m to 5000 ⁇ m, more preferably 400 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m, further preferably 400 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m.
• the fine particles to be removed by the particle size adjustment have particle diameter of preferably smaller than 150 ⁇ m and more preferably smaller than 200 ⁇ m.
• the coarse particles are preferably pulverized again by the pulverizing process. While, the fine particles removed are subjected to particle size enlargement process mentioned at the following item (10) to reduce loss.
• a water-absorbing resin thus obtained in the present invention is adjusted to have the above particle size and preferably the centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) in a physiological saline solution before surface crosslinking is controlled to be not lower than 32 g/g, more preferably 35 to 70 g/g, further preferably 40 to 65 g/g and particularly preferably 45 to 60 g/g.
• the centrifuge retention capacity can be controlled by using specific amount of an inner crosslinking agent to an aqueous solution of an unsaturated monomer or by controlling the polymerization conditions or drying conditions.
• a water-absorbing resin can be used as the water absorbing agent as it is and the centrifuge retention capacity of the water-absorbing resin is also required to be not lower than 32 g/g to obtain the water absorbing agent of the present invention having the centrifuge retention capacity of not lower than 32 g/g.
• the fine particles removed in pulverizing, classification and particle size control in the item (9) are regenerated to larger particles or particulate aggregates to be used as the water-absorbing resin of the present invention.
• methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,930, U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,495, U.S. Pat. No. 4,950,692, U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,879 and EP844270 can be used, and, thus regenerated water-absorbing resin has substantially porous structure.
• Ratio of the regenerated water-absorbing resin by this process, contained in the water-absorbing resin of the present invention is preferably 0 to 50% by weight, more preferably 5 to 40% by weight and most preferably 10 to 30% by weight.
• the regenerated water-absorbing resin by this process when used as the water-absorbing resin of the present invention, has larger surface area than a non-regenerated one and provides higher absorption speed, thus advantageous in view of performance.
• a water-absorbing resin with thus enlarged particle diameter is generally subjected to pulverizing, classification and particle size control after mixing with the water-absorbing resin obtained by the drying process (8).
• a water-absorbing resin of the present invention may be, as represented by the production methods 1 to 3, one with specific absorption capacity obtained by adjustment to specific particle size distribution, followed by further surface crosslinking.
• a water-absorbing resin used in the present invention has the centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) lowered by such surface crosslinking, for example, to generally 50 to 95% of the centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) before surface crosslinking and further to 60 to 90%. Lowering of the centrifuge retention capacity can be adjusted by type and amount of the crosslinking agent, reaction temperature and time, as appropriate.
• a surface crosslinking agent used in the present invention is not especially limited, however, for example, those exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,930, U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,976, U.S. Pat. No. 6,254,990, and the like can be used and includes, for example, polyhydric alcohols such as mono, di-, tri-, tetra- or polyethyleneglycol, monopropyleneglycol, 1,3-propanediol, dipropyleneglycol, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, polypropyleneglycol, glycerin, polyglycerin, 2-butene-1,4-diol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol, etc.; epoxy compounds such as ethylenegly
• a polyvalent alcohol among these surface crosslinking agents.
• a polyvalent alcohol one having carbon atoms of 2 to 10 is preferable and one having carbon atoms of 3 to 8 is more preferable.
• amount of the surface crosslinking agent depends on compounds used or combination thereof, however, is preferably in the range of 0.001 to 10% by weight based on the water-absorbing resin and more preferably in the range of 0.01 to 5% by weight.
• water is preferably used as a solvent.
• using amount of water depends on water content of the water-absorbing resin used, however, is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 20% by weight based on the water-absorbing resin and more preferably in the range of 0.5 to 10% by weight.
• a hydrophilic organic solvent other than water may be used. When a hydrophilic organic solvent is used, using amount thereof is preferably in the range of 0 to 10% by weight based on the water-absorbing resin, more preferably in the range of 0 to 5% by weight and further preferably in the range of 0 to 3% by weight.
• the preferable method is premixing of a surface crosslinking agent in water and/or a hydrophilic organic solvent, followed by spraying or drop-wise addition of the solution to the water-absorbing resin and the spraying method is more preferable.
• Droplet size to be sprayed is, as average particle diameter, preferably in the range of 0.1 to 300 ⁇ m and more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 200 ⁇ m.
• Mixing equipment to be used in mixing the water-absorbing resin, the crosslinking agent and water or the hydrophilic organic solvent is preferably one with strong mixing force to uniformly and surely mix them.
• Suitable mixing equipment includes, for example, a cylinder type mixer, a double wall conical mixer, a high speed agitation type mixer, a V-shaped mixer, a ribbon type mixer, a screw type mixer, a double-arm kneader, a crushing type kneader, a rotation type mixer, an air-flow type mixer, a turbulizer, a batch type Lödige mixer, a continuous type Lödige mixer, etc.
• a water-absorbing resin after the addition of the surface crosslinking agent is preferably subjected to heat treatment.
• Heating temperature is preferably in the range of 100 to 250° C., more preferably in the range of 150 to 250° C. and heating time is preferably in the range of 1 minute to 2 hours.
• a suitable combination example of heating temperature and heating time is 180° C. for 0.1 to 1.5 hour and 200° C. for 0.1 to 1 hour.
• a particulate water-absorbing resin can be obtained by these processes.
• a water-absorbing resin used in the present invention may further be agglomerated in addition to the above processes.
• Agglomeration process includes the addition of aqueous liquid to water-absorbing resin after surface crosslinking treatment, then the heating with maintaining water content of 1 to 10% by weight, and further if necessary the adjusting to specific particle size of obtained water-absorbing resin by Pulverizing and classification mentioned above.
• agglomerating is preferably performed by a method for spraying or drop-wisely addition of water or an aqueous solution dissolved with other additives components to the water-absorbing resin, and, in particular, a spraying method is preferable.
• Droplet size to be sprayed is, as average particle diameter, preferably in the range of 0.1 to 300 ⁇ m and more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 200 ⁇ m.
• Heat treatment is performed, in view of agglomerating ratio or agglomerating strength, by maintaining water content (specified by weight loss in drying at 180° C. for 3 hours) of the water-absorbing resin, at 1 to 10% by weight, more preferably at 2 to 8% by weight and further preferably at 2.5 to 6% by weight.
• Heating medium such as hot air can be used in heating and heating temperature (temperature of heating medium or temperature of material) is preferably in the range of 40 to 120° C., more preferably in the range of 50 to 100° C. and heating time is preferably in the range of 1 minute to 2 hours. Heating temperature is expressed by temperature of heating medium in many cases. A suitable combination example of heating temperature and heating time is 60° C. for 0.1 to 1.5 hour and 100° C. for 0.1 to 1 hour. Heating and the addition of water may be carried out by the same equipment or by separate equipment. Heating may be carried out, with stirring or without stirring, as long as temperature or water content can be controlled, but heating without stirring is preferable.
• a more preferable method is heating of the water-absorbing resin added with water, and the like by heaping up of 1 to 100 cm, more preferably 5 to 80 cm and particularly preferably 10 to 70 cm.
• a hardened water-absorbing resin can be obtained by heating and the particulate water-absorbing resin can be obtained by subsequent crushing and classification.
• those having strong mixing force are preferable, including a cylinder type mixer, a double wall conical mixer, a high speed agitation type mixer, a V-shaped mixer, a ribbon type mixer, a screw type mixer, a double-arm kneader, a crashing type kneader, a rotation type mixer, an air-flow type mixer, a turbulizer, a batch type Lödige mixer, a continuous type Lödige mixer, etc.
• Water to be added to the water-absorbing resin may contain other additives such as chelating agents described later, components made from plants, antimicrobials, aqueous polymers, inorganic salts, etc. Content of the additives is in the range of 0.001 to 50% by weight in an aqueous solution.
• a chelating agent in particular, a polyvalent carboxylic acid and salts thereof can be formulated.
• the production method 3 of the present invention is a method for crosslinking polymerization of an aqueous solution of an unsaturated monomer with non-neutralized acrylic acid and/or salts thereof, as main components, in the presence of a crosslinking agent, followed by adjustment to specific particle size distribution and further surface crosslinking of thus obtained water-absorbing resin particles with specific absorption capacity, wherein the chelating agent is added during polymerization or, before or after surface crosslinking.
• the chelating agent is added during polymerization or, before or after surface crosslinking.
• the chelating agent used in the water absorbing agent of the present invention is preferably one with high blocking ability or chelating ability for Fe or Cu ion, specifically, one with stability constant for Fe ion of not lower than 10, preferably not lower than 20, further preferably an aminopolyvalentcarboxylic acid and salts thereof and particularly preferably aminocarboxylic acid with not less than 3 carboxyl groups and salts thereof.
• aminocarboxylate salts may be those, wherein a part of the acid groups contained is neutralized or all acid groups are neutralized.
• These polyvalent carboxylic acids specifically include diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, triethylenetetramine hexaacetic acid, cyclohexane-1,2-diamine tetraacetic acid, N-hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid, ethyleneglycol diethylether diamine tetraacetic acid, ethylenediamine tetra propionic acetic acid, N-alkyl-N′-carboxymethyl aspartic acid, N-alkenyl-N′-carboxymethyl aspartic acid and alkaline metal salts thereof; alkaline earth metal salts; ammonium salts or amine salts. They may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds. Among these, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, triethylenetetramine hexaacetic acid, N-hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid and salts thereof are most preferable.
• the amino polyvalent carboxylic acid is as small as generally 0.00001 to 10 parts by weight based on 100 weight parts of the water-absorbing resin, a main component, and preferably 0.0001 to 1 weight parts.
• the using amount over 10 parts by weight is not only uneconomical due to failure to get enough effect relative to using amount but also poses a problem of reducing absorption capacity.
• the using amount less than 0.00001 part by weight does not provide sufficient addition effect.
• the chelating agent may be added to an aqueous solution of an unsaturated monomer, followed by polymerization or it may be added in the midst of polymerization, or it may be added to the gel-like crosslinked polymer or the water-absorbing resin obtained.
• surface crosslinking may be performed using a solution containing the surface crosslinking agent added with the chelating agent. Further, in the case of adding the chelating agent after surface crosslinking, it may be added to the water-absorbing resin after crosslinking.
• water dissolved with the chelating agent may be sprayed, followed by heating, while maintaining water content at 1 to 10% by weight, as described above.
• the temperature may be in the range not impair the effects of the chelating agent and generally in the range described in agglomerating process of the item (12).
• the chelating agent is essential in the production method 3, however, it may also be used to the water-absorbing resin obtained in the production method 1 and the production method 2.
• the following (A) components made from plants, (B) polyvalent metal salts of organic acids, (C) inorganic fine particles (including (D) composite hydrated oxides) may be added as minor components in addition to the chelating agent, by which various functions can be added to the water-absorbing resin of the present invention.
• the addition methods include, in the case that the additives are solutions, an embodiment to add as a solution, as a water dispersion or as it is; while in the case that the additives are powders, non-soluble in water, an embodiment to add as a water dispersion or as it is; and in the case that the additives are soluble in water, the same embodiments as in the case of the solutions.
• amount of these (A) to (D) and (E) other additives depends on objectives or function to be added, however, is usually, as the amount of one kind of additive, 0 to 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the water-absorbing resin, preferably 0.001 to 5 parts by weight and further preferably 0. 002 to 3 parts by weight.
• the using amount less than 0.001 part by weight usually does not provide sufficient effect or additional function, while the using amount over 10 part by weight may not get effect matching to the added amount or may incur lowering of absorption performance.
• a water absorbing agent of the present invention can be added with components made from plants in the amount described above to fulfill deodorization effect.
• the components made from plants to be used in the present invention are preferably at least one compound selected from polyphenol, flavone, derivatives thereof and caffeine. It is further preferable that the component made of plant is at least one kind selected from tannin, tannic acid, stachyurus praecox, gall or gallic acid.
• Plants containing the components made from plants to be used in the present invention include, for example, Theaceae plant such as camellia, Hikasaki plant and Sprague; Gramineae plant such as rice plant, sasa-bamboo, bamboo, corn, wheet, etc.; and Rubiaceae plant such as coffee.
• Theaceae plant such as camellia, Hikasaki plant and Sprague
• Gramineae plant such as rice plant, sasa-bamboo, bamboo, corn, wheet, etc.
• Rubiaceae plant such as coffee.
• Form of the components made from plants to be used in the present invention includes plant extract (essential oil), plat itself (plant-ground powder), plant residue or extract residue as by-products in production processes from plant processing industry or foods processing industry, however, not limited thereto.
• a water absorbing agent of the present invention may be added a polyvalent metal salt, in particular, a polyvalent metal salt of organic acids in the amount described above to improve powder fluidity and to maintain the fluidity after moisture absorption.
• a polyvalent metal salt of an organic acid used and a methods for mixing the polyvalent metal salts are exemplified in WO PCT/2004/JP1355, and the polyvalent metal salt of organic acids used in the present invention, having carbon atoms of not less than 7 in a molecule include polyvalent metal salts of fatty acid, petroleum acid or polymeric acid, specifically calcium, aluminium, magnesium or zinc salts. They maybe used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
• An organic acid composing the polyvalent metal salt of an organic acid exemplified are long chain or branched fatty acids such as caproic acid, octylic acid, octynoic acid, decanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, etc.; petroleum acids such as benzoic acid, myristicinic acid, naphthenic acid, naphthoic acid, naphthoxyacetic acid, etc.; polymeric acids such as poly(meth)acrylic acid, polysulfonic acid, and the like and preferable ones have a carboxyl group in a molecule and more preferably includes fatty acids such as caproic acid, octylic acid, octynoic acid, decanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, tallow acid or hydrogenated fatty acid of castor oil, etc.
• they are fatty acids without an unsaturated bond in a molecule, for example, caproic acid, octylic acid, decanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid. Most preferably, they are long chain type fatty acids having not less than 12 carbon atoms in a molecule, without an unsaturated bond in a molecule such as laulic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid.
• a water absorbing agent of the present invention may be added an inorganic fine particle, in particular, an inorganic fine particle of non-dissolving in water to maintain the fluidity after moisture absorption.
• Specific inorganic powders to be used in the present invention include, for example, metal oxides such as silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, etc.; silica acid (silicate) such as natural zeolite, synthetic zeolite, etc.; kaolin, talc, clay, bentonite, etc. They may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
• silicon dioxide and silica acid are more preferable and silicon dioxide and silica acid (silicate salt) with average particle diameter, measured by a coulter counter method, of 0.001 to 200 ⁇ m are further preferable.
• a water absorbing agent of the present invention may further be added a composite hydrated oxide containing zinc and silicon or zinc and aluminum to add superior fluidity after moisture absorption (powder fluidity after the water-absorbing resin or the water absorbing agent absorbs moisture) and further superior deodorization performance.
• additives such as a antimicrobial, an aqueous polymer, water, an organic fine particle, and the like may be added arbitrarily, as long as the water absorbing agent of the present invention can be obtained.
• a particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention obtained by the production methods 1 to 3, as an example, is a novel water absorbing agent exhibiting novel performance not conventionally available.
• the first particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention is:
• a particulate water absorbing agent comprising a water-absorbing resin obtained by crosslinking polymerization of an unsaturated monomer containing an acid group and/or a salt thereof as a main component, and the water absorbing agent satisfies the following (a) to (d):
• a second particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention is:
• a particulate water absorbing agent comprising a water-absorbing resin obtained by crosslinking polymerization of an unsaturated monomer containing an acid group and/or a salt thereof as a main component, and the water absorbing agent satisfies the following (a) to (c) and (e):
• a third particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention is:
• a particulate water absorbing agent comprising a water-absorbing resin obtained by crosslinking polymerization of an unsaturated monomer containing an acid group and/or a salt thereof as a main component, and the water absorbing agent satisfies the following (a) to (c), (f) and (g):
• a water absorbing agent of the present invention is controlled to have (b) mass median particle size (D50) of usually as narrow range as 180 to 400 ⁇ m, preferably 200 to 400 ⁇ m, more preferably 225 to 380 ⁇ m and particularly preferably 250 to 350 ⁇ m and (c) ratio of particles with diameter of smaller than 150 ⁇ m to be 0 to 3% by weight, preferably 0 to 2% by weight and more preferably 0 to 1% by weight.
• Particle size adjustment is preferably carried out before surface crosslinking, however, it may be adjusted by pulverizing, classification and agglomerating after surface crosslinking. When particle size distribution is out of this range, suitable absorption characteristics and high property can not be obtained in a diaper application.
• the item (b) affects absorption characteristics of the water absorbing agent in absorbing articles such as a diaper and when mass median particle size is over 400 ⁇ m, surface area per unit weight is decreased, which reduces contact area between the water absorbing agent and urine, and the like, therefore longer absorption period is required to absorb aqueous liquid.
• mass median particle size is smaller than 180 ⁇ m, surface area per unit weight is increased, which shortens absorption period, however, penetration speed of deteriorated components by urine into particle inside increase simultaneously, which may accelerates deterioration speed by urea. Increase in fine particles also requires regeneration and is not preferable in view of cost.
• fine particles with diameter of smaller than 150 ⁇ m which is out of treatment capacity of classifier, may generate and make control difficult of ratio of particles with diameter of smaller than 150 ⁇ m.
• the water absorbing agent of the present invention has the above particle size distribution and (a) centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) in a physiological saline solution of not smaller than 32 g/g, preferably 33 to 75 g/g, more preferably 35 to 70 g/g, further preferably 40 to 65 g/g and particularly preferably 45 to 60 g/g.
• CRC centrifuge retention capacity
• a water absorbing agent of the present invention satisfies the above characteristics and (d) increased extractables by deterioration of generally 0 to 15% by weight, more preferably 0 to 12% by weight, further preferably 0 to 10% by weight, particularly preferably 0 to 8% by weight and most preferably 0 to 5% by weight.
• Reason for using a physiological saline solution containing 0.05% by weight of L-ascorbic acid, as deterioration test liquid in measurement of “increased extractables by deterioration” is that deterioration of the water absorbing agent by urine is caused by L-ascorbic acid contained in urine, and that the osmotic pressure is matched to that of body fluid.
• Increased extractables by deterioration is comparative absolute amount of extractables increased in deterioration by urine, therefore the smaller value means less deterioration.
• increased extractables by deterioration in the range of 0 to 15% by weight shows stability of the water absorbing agent against body fluid such as urine and thus the present invention has features in the value range itself.
• stability of the water absorbing agent against body fluid such as urine is insufficient and sufficient absorption ability cannot be fulfilled in long period practical application of absorbing substrate.
• increased ratio of extractables by deterioration of the present invention is usually 1 to 4 times, preferably 1 to 3 times, more preferably 1 to 2 times, further preferably 1 to 1.5 times and particularly preferably 1 to 1.3 times.
• Increased ratio of extractables by deterioration represents generation ratio of extractables by deterioration and thus the smaller value means less deterioration by urine.
• Increased ratio of extractables by deterioration in the range of 1 to 4 times shows stability of the water absorbing agent against body fluid such as urine and when increased ratio of extractables by deterioration is over 4 times, stability of the water absorbing agent against body fluid such as urine is insufficient and sufficient absorption ability cannot be fulfilled in long period practical application of absorbing substrate.
• Extractables for 1 hour in deterioration test liquid is preferably not more than 0.1 to 30% by weight, more preferably not more than 0.2 to 25% by weight, further preferably not more than 0.3 to 22% by weight, particularly preferably not more than 0.4 to 20% by weight and most preferably not more than 0.5 to 18% by weight.
• extractables for 1 hour in deterioration test liquid is over the range, swollen gel in long period use deteriorates with time and extractables increases.
• the extractables is exuded from an absorbing substrate and may inhibit liquid diffusion of blood or urine into the absorbing substrate. Attainment of the level lower than the lower limit is not restricted, however, it is specified in consideration of production conditions such as cost.
• the water absorbing agent with (b) mass median particle size D50 adjusted to relatively small level of not larger than 400 ⁇ m, along with inhibited (d) increased extractables by deterioration and (e) increased ratio of extractables by deterioration has not been present up to now.
• the water absorbing agent superior in use feeling and long period absorption properties can be obtained.
• Such the water absorbing agent can be produced by the above described methods, however, as shown by Examples, it can be produced by methods other than those described above.
• Extractables for 1 hour in a physiological saline solution of a water absorbing agent of the present invention is essentially not higher than 50% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 30% by weight, more preferably 0.2 to2 5% by weight, further preferably 0.3 to 20% by weight, further more preferably 0.4 to 15% by weight, particularly preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight and most preferably 0. 5 to 8% by weight.
• extractables for 1 hour is over the upper limit range, extractables is exuded to absorbing substrate in water absorption, which may inhibit liquid diffusion of such as blood and urine to absorbing substrate. Attainment of the level less than 0.1% by weight is generally difficult and does not counterbalance with cost.
• extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution is 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.6 to 8% by weight and particularly 0.7 to 5% by weight.
• extractables is exuded from the absorbing substrate in water absorption, which may inhibit liquid diffusion of such as blood and urine to the absorbing substrate.
• deterioration by urine proceeds, it may be to such proceeding degree as not to maintain crosslinked structure and thus disadvantageous.
• (g) Absorbency against Pressure at 4.8 kPa (AAP 4.8 kPa) in a physiological saline solution at 4.8 kPa (about 50 g/cm 2 , about 0.7 psi) is preferably not lower than 21 g/g, more preferably not lower than 22 g/g, further preferably not lower than 23 g/g, particularly preferably not lower than 24 g/g and most preferably not lower than 25 g/g. When that value is less than 21 g/g, liquid contained in a water absorbing agent may leak out of a water absorbing agent by pressure in practical use.
• the absorbency against pressure at 4.8 kPa was found in increasing tendency with higher amount of an internal crosslinking agent, when absorption capacity is the same. It is not clear in detail, however, by consideration of the fact that increase in the amount of an internal crosslinking agent lowers deterioration degree by urine, the absorbency against pressure at 4.8 kPa (AAP4.8 kPa) seems to have indirect correlation. That is, to get desired performance of a water absorbing agent after deterioration by urine in the absorbing substrate based on estimation of deterioration by urine, performance of a water absorbing agent before deterioration is required to be set in the above range.
• the upper limit of (g) is not especially restricted, however, about 40 g/g may be sufficient in certain cases in view of cost increase due to difficulty in production.
• the third particulate water absorbing agent it is preferable to further satisfy (d) increased extractables by deterioration or (e) increased ratio of extractables by deterioration.
• absorbency against pressure at 1.9 kPa (AAP1.9 kPa) in a physiological saline solution under 1.9 kPa
• the absorbency against pressure of a water absorbing agent of the present invention in a physiological saline solution under load of 1.9 kPa pressure (under load) is preferably not lower than 20 g/g, more preferably not lower than 25 g/g, further preferably not lower than 30 g/g and particularly preferably not lower than 35 g/g. When that value is less than 20 g/g, effect of the present invention may not be fulfilled.
• the upper limit is not especially limited, however, about 60 g/g may be sufficient in certain cases in view of cost increase due to difficulty in production.
• Bulk density (specified by JIS K-3362) of a water absorbing agent of the present invention is adjusted to be preferably in the range of 0.40 to 0.90 g/ml and more preferably 0.50 to 0.80 g/ml.
• Ratio of “(h) particles with diameter between 150 and 600 ⁇ m” is preferably 90 to 100% by weight based on total particles, more preferably 95 to 100% by weight and further preferably 98 to 100% by weight.
• (L) Logarithmic standard deviation ( ⁇ ) of particle size distribution is preferably in the range of 0.20 to 0.40, more preferably 0.20 to 0.38 and particularly preferably 0.20 to 0.36. When particles in this range are used in a diaper, superior property can be obtained.
• a water absorbing agent of the present invention is superior in powder handling characteristics due to having low fluidity after moisture absorption described later in Example.
• Fluidity after moisture absorption is preferably not higher than 0 to 30% by weight, more preferably 0 to 20% by weight, further preferably 0 to 10% by weight and particularly preferably 0 to 5% by weight. Fluidity after moisture absorption over 30% by weight provides a problem such as difficulty in production of a diaper owing to poor powder fluidity. These fluidity after moisture absorptions can be attained by using the additives.
• Absorption speed of the water absorbing agent of the present invention is shorter than 60 seconds, preferably 1 to 55 seconds and more preferably 2 to 50 seconds.
• a water absorbing agent with absorption speed over 60 seconds may not fulfill sufficient absorption ability when used in an absorbing substrate such as a diaper.
• the particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention is used preferably in an absorbing substrate and an absorbing article.
• the absorbing substrate of the present invention is obtained using the particulate water absorbing agent.
• the absorbing substrate in the present invention means one formed using the particulate water absorbing agent and hydrophilic fibers as main components.
• Content of the water absorbing agent (core concentration) in the absorbing substrate of the present invention, based on total weight of the water absorbing agent and hydrophilic fibers is preferably 20 to 100% by weight, more preferably 30 to 100% by weight and particularly preferably 40 to 100% by weight.
• an absorbing article of the present invention is one equipped with the absorbing substrate of the present invention, a surface sheet with liquid permeability and a back sheet with liquid non-permeability.
• a method for production of absorbing articles of the present invention maybe, for example, as follows: Preparation of the absorbing substrate (absorbing core) by blending or sandwiching fiber substrates and the water-absorbing agent of the present invention, followed by sandwiching the absorbing core between the substrate with liquid permeability (the surface sheet) and the substrate with liquid non-permeability (the back sheet) and mounting of elastic parts, diffusion layers, pressure sensitive adhesive tapes, and the like, if necessary, to fabricate an absorbing article, in particular, a diaper for a child, a diaper for an adult or a sanitary napkin.
• Such absorbing core has density of 0.06 to 0.50 g/cc and compression molded to have basis weight in the range of 0.01 to 0.20 g/cm 2 .
• the fiber substrate to be used is exemplified to be hydrophilic fiber, ground wood pulp, or cotton linter, crosslinked cellulosic fiber, rayon fiber, cotton fiber, wool fiber, acetate fiber, vinylon fiber, etc. Preferably they are used as airlied.
• a water absorbing agent of the present invention is one exhibiting superior absorption properties.
• An absorbing article using this specifically includes, sanitary goods starting from a paper diaper for an adult, whose growth is significant recently, a diaper for a child, a sanitary napkin, so to speak a pad for incontinence, and the like, however, not limited to these.
• Common idea is that due to improvement of a water absorbing agent of the present invention present in an absorbing article so as to obtain an absorbing article with less rewet and significant dry feeling, it can significantly reduce loads of person wearing such goods and nursing staffs.
• Various performances of a water absorbing agent were measured by the following methods. They were evaluated also by using a water-absorbing resin instead of a water absorbing agent. Electrical equipment was always used under conditions of 100 V and 60 Hz in Examples. A water-absorbing resin, a water absorbing agent and an absorbing article were used under conditions of 25° C. ⁇ 2° C. and 50% RH (relative humidity), unless particularly specified. An aqueous solution of 0.90% by weight of sodium chloride was used as a physiological saline solution.
• a water-absorbing resin and a diaper on the market and a water-absorbing resin taken out of a diaper which may absorb moisture on distribution may be used in a comparison test after vacuum drying under reduced pressure (for example, for about 16 hours at 60 to 80° C.), as appropriate, to equilibrium moisture content (2 to 8% by weight, about 5% by weight) of the water-absorbing resin.
• a water absorbing agent of 0.20 g was uniformly put in a bag (60 mm ⁇ 85 mm) made of unwoven fabric and immersed in a physiological saline solution controlled at 25 ⁇ 2° C.
• the bag containing the water absorbing agent was taken out of the saline solution after 30 minutes and subjected to dewatering for 3 minutes at 250 G (250 ⁇ 9.81 m/sec 2 ) using a centrifuge (Model H-122 small size centrifuge made by Kokusan Corporation) and then weighed to get weight W2 (g).
• Weight W1 (g) of the bag was measured after similar operation without any water absorbing agent.
• a water absorbing agent of 0.900 g was uniformly scattered on a 400-Mesh wire mesh made of stainless steel (mesh size: 38 ⁇ m) welded to the bottom end face of a plastic support cylinder with inner diameter of 60 mm.
• a piston (cover plate) which has outer diameter a little smaller than 60 mm, no gap against the inner surface of the support cylinder and can move up and down smoothly, was mounted on the water absorbing agent.
• Total weight W3 (g) of the support cylinder, the water absorbing agent and the piston was measured.
• a load adjusted weight to press the water absorbing agent uniformly at 4.8 kPa (about 50/cm 2 , about 0.7 psi) including the weight of the piston was mounted on the piston, thereby completing a set of measuring apparatus.
• a glass filter with diameter of 90 mm and thickness of 5 mm was placed in a Petri dish with diameter of 150 mm and a physiological saline solution controlled at 25 ⁇ 2° C. was poured up to the same level as the upper surface of the glass filter.
• a sheet of filter paper with diameter of 9 cm (No. 2 from Toyo Roshi Kaisha Ltd.) was placed on the surface of the glass filter to be entirely wetted, and then excess solution over the wetted filter paper was removed.
• the set of the measuring apparatus was placed on the wetted filter paper and the liquid was absorbed with the water absorbing agent under load.
• the liquid level was kept constant by adding the liquid when the liquid surface became lower than the upper surface of the filter paper.
• the set of the measuring apparatus was lifted up after an hour and weight W4 (g) (the total weight of the support cylinder, the swollen water absorbing agent and the piston) excluding the load was measured again.
• the absorbency against pressure (AAP 4.8 kPa) (g/g) was calculated from weights W3 and W4 according to the following formula.
• Absorbency against Pressure ( g/g ) (weight W 4 ( g ) ⁇ weight W 3 ( g ))/weight of a water absorbing agent ( g )
• the absorbency against pressure (AAP1.9 kPa) was obtained by the same operation and calculation as in the above (b) except that the water absorbing agent was uniformly pressed at 1.9 kPa (about 20 g/cm 2 , about 0.3 psi), including the weight of the piston.
• a water absorbing agent of 10.00 g is charged into each of the JIS standard mesh sieves (The IIDA TESTING SIEVE: inner diameter of 80 mm) and sieved for 5 minutes using a Ro-tap type sieve shaker (Model ES-65 sieve shaker from Iida Seisakusho Co., Ltd.).
• Mass median particle size means particle diameter for a standard sieve, corresponding to 50% by weight based on the whole particles, when sieving is carried out by standard sieves with particular meshes as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,259 etc.
• extractables for one hour and extractables for 16 hours preparation for measurement of extractabless in a physiological saline solution for one hour and 16 hours (hereinafter, referred to as extractables for one hour and extractables for 16 hours, respectively) will be described.
• a pH electrode was calibrated with buffer solutions of pH4.0, pH 7.0 and pH 10.0.
• a physiological saline solution of 50 ml, prepared beforehand for a blank test was poured into a 100 ml glass beaker and added in dropwise with a 0.1 mol/L aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide until pH 10, while stirring with a stirrer chip with length of 30 mm, to determine titration amount V ab (ml) of the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide for a blank test.
• the saline solution was further added in dropwise with a 0.1 mol/L aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid until pH 2.7, while stirring, to determine titration amount V bb (ml) of hydrochloric acid for a blank test.
• a physiological saline solution of 200 ml, prepared beforehand, was poured into a 250 ml polypropylene cup with a lid and added with 1.0 g ( m (g)) of a water absorbing agent obtained in Examples or Comparative Examples to be described later.
• the saline solution was stirred with a stirrer with length of 30 mm and diameter of 8 mm at 500 ⁇ 50 rpm for one hour or 16 hours to extract extractables. After stirring for one hour or 16 hours, the saline solution was filtered with a filter paper (No. 2, made by Toyo Roshi Kaisha Ltd., retaining particle size of 5 ⁇ m according to JIS P3801), to obtain a filtrate.
• filtrate of 20 ml (recorded as F (ml)) was poured into a 100 ml glass beaker and added with a physiological saline solution to obtain 50 ml of a filtrate for titration.
• the total amount of thus obtained filtrate was recorded as F(ml) and added with a 0.90% by weight aqueous solution of sodium chloride to obtain 50 ml of a filtrate for titration.
• W a (g) is relative weight of units having an acid group of extractables in a water absorbing agent and W b (g) is relative weight of units having a carboxylate group neutralized by an alkali metal of extractables in a water absorbing agent.
• W a ( g ) N a 33 72 ⁇ 200/ F
• W b ( g ) N b ⁇ 94 ⁇ 200/ F
• the value 72 is weight per 1 mole of a repetition unit in polyacrylic acid, and when a monomer with an acid group other than acrylic acid is copolymerized, the value is altered to average weight of a repetition unit including such a monomer.
• the value 94 is weight per 1 mole of a repetition unit in polysodium acrylate and it is altered, as appropriate, when a monomer having an acid group other than acrylic acid is copolymerized, or when potassium, lithium, and the like is used instead of sodium as an alkali metal salt.
• the extractabless calculated by the formulas were differentiated as extractables for one hour (%) on a filtrate obtained by stirring a physiological saline solution for one hour, and extractables for 16 hours (%) on a filtrate obtained by stirring a physiological saline solution for 16 hours.
• a physiological saline solution prepared beforehand was added with L-ascorbic acid so as to obtain deterioration test liquid of 0.05% by weight. Specifically, 0.50 g of L-ascorbic acid was dissolved in 999.5 g of a physiological saline solution to prepare deterioration test liquid.
• Deterioration test liquid of 25 ml was poured into a 250 ml polypropylene cup with a lid and added with 1.0 g of a water absorbing agent to form swollen gel. After the cup was sealed with the lid, the swollen gel was left for standing in atmosphere of 37° C. for 16 hours.
• a 0.90% by weight aqueous solution of sodium chloride (physiological saline solution) of 1,000 parts by weight was added with 0.02 part by weight of a brilliant blue-FCF, a food additive, and kept at 30° C.
• the physiological saline solution of 50 ml was poured into a 100 ml beaker and added with 2.0 g of a water absorbing agent, while stirring at 600 rpm with a cylinder-type stirrer with length of 40 mm and diameter of 8 mm, to measure absorption speed (second).
• Absorption speed is time required for the test liquid to completely cover the stirrer chip as the water absorbing agent absorbs the physiological saline solution, which was measured according to the standard described in JIS K 7224 (1996) “Testing method for water absorption speed of super absorbent resins—Description”
• a water absorbing agent of 2 g was uniformly scattered on the bottom of an aluminum cup with diameter of 52 mm and height of 22 mm and quickly put in a humidity-controllable incubator (PLATIOOUS LUCIFER PL-2G from ESPEC Corp.) controlled beforehand at 25° C. and 90% relative humidity, and left for standing for 60 minutes.
• the moisture-absorbed water absorbing agent was transferred to a JIS standard sieve with diameter of 7.5 cm and 2,000 ⁇ m of mesh open when the moisture-absorbed water absorbing agent was adhered to aluminum cup too rigidly to do so, the water absorbing agent should be torn off the cup and transferred to the sieve very carefully not to destroy the block.
• the transferred water absorbing agent to the sieve was immediately sieved for 8 seconds using a sieve shaker (IIDA SIEVE SHAKER, TYPE: ES-65, SER. No. 0501).
• Weight W5 (g) of the oversize water absorbing agent left on the sieve and weight W6 (g) of the undersize water absorbing agent passed through the sieve were measured.
• the urine used was one within 2 hours after excretion.
• the cup was capped and the swollen gel was kept at 37° C.
• the lid was removed after 6 hours from start of liquid absorption and 20 adult panelists evaluated deodorization effect by smelling the contents at about 3 cm above the top of the cup.
• Each panelist recorded scores according to the 6 grades of the following evaluation criterion to determine an average score.
• Urine without a water absorbing agent was evaluated similarly and graded as score 5 to be used as evaluation standard.
• An absorbing substrate for evaluation was prepared to evaluate a water absorbing agent as an absorbing substrate and subjected to a rewet test.
• a water absorbing agent to be described later of 1 part by weight and crushed wood pulp of 2 parts by weight were subjected to dry mixing using a mixer.
• Thus obtained mixture was spread on a wire screen of 400-Mesh (mesh size: 38 ⁇ m) to form a web with diameter of 90 mm.
• the web was pressed under pressure of 196.14 kPa (2 kgf/cm 2 ) for 1 minute to obtain an absorbing substrate for evaluation with basis weight of 0.05 g/cm 2 .
• the absorbing substrate for evaluation was placed on the bottom of a Petri dish with inner diameter of 90 mm made of stainless steel and nonwoven fabric with diameter of 90 mm was placed thereon.
• Deterioration test liquid of 30 ml used in the item (f); evaluation of resistance to urine, was then poured over the nonwoven fabric and subjected to absorption for 10 minutes under conditions of no load. Subsequently, 30 sheets of filter paper with diameter of 90 mm (No. 2 from Toyo Roshi Kaisha Ltd.), whose weight (W7(g)) was measured beforehand, was placed on the nonwoven and the absorbing substrate.
• a piston and a load (total weight of the piston and load was 20 kg) with diameter of 90 mm were placed on the filter paper so as to press uniformly the absorbing substrate, the nonwoven and the filter paper.
• the filter papers were made to absorb rewet liquid, while pressing for 5 minutes.
• Deterioration test liquid of 30 ml prepared beforehand by processing similarly as above, was poured over the nonwoven fabric and an absorbing substrate for evaluation, and was absorbed under condition of no load and left for standing in atmosphere of 37° C. for 16 hours.
• the Petri dish was put in a sealed polyethylene bag with size of 140 mm ⁇ 200 mm to prevent moisture from evaporating during standing.
• reaction liquid Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (average added mole number of ethylene oxide unit: 9) of 4.3 g was dissolved in 1,500 g of an aqueous solution of sodium acrylate having neutralization ratio of 75% by mole (monomer concentration: 24% by weight) to make reaction liquid.
• reaction liquid was poured into a tray with length of 320 mm, width of 220 mm and height of 50 mm made of stainless steel, with the reaction liquid being 17 mm deep.
• the stainless steel tray was immersed in a water bath at 30° C., after the top of the tray was sealed with a polyethylene film having a nitrogen gas inlet, an exhaust gas outlet and an inlet of a polymerization initiator.
• Nitrogen gas was introduced into the reaction liquid to purge dissolved oxygen in the liquid, while controlling the reaction liquid temperature at 30° C. Subsequently, nitrogen gas continued to be introduced in an upper space of the reactor, while exhausting from the other side.
• the reaction liquid was added with, as polymerization initiators, 5.1 g of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride, 2.5 g of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of sodium persulfate, 0.4 g of a 1% by weight aqueous solution of L-ascorbic acid and 2.2 g of a 0.35% by weight aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide, and stirred sufficiently with a magnetic stirrer.
• Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (average added mole number of ethylene oxide unit: 9) of 4.0 g was dissolved in 5,500 g of an aqueous solution of sodium acrylate having neutralization ratio of 75% by mole (monomer concentration: 40% by weight) to make reaction liquid.
• a reactor fabricated by attaching a lid to a 10-L twin-arm type kneader made of stainless steel and equipped with a jacket and two ⁇ -shaped agitating blades was supplied the reaction liquid and the reaction system was purged dissolved oxygen by introducing with nitrogen gas, while keeping the reaction liquid at 30° C.
• the reaction liquid was then added with 29.8 g of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of sodium persulfate and 1.5 g of a 1% by weight aqueous solution of L-ascorbic acid, while stirring the reaction liquid, resulting in initiation of polymerization after 1 minute. Peak temperature of polymerization of 93° C. was attained after 15 minutes from initiation of polymerization. After 60 minutes from initiation of polymerization, a hydrated gel-like polymer was taken out, which was in crushed state to particles with diameter of 1 to 4 mm. The crushed, hydrated gel-like polymer was spread on a wire net of 50-Mesh (mesh size: 300 ⁇ m) and dried with hot air at 160° C. for 60 minutes. Thus dried material was then pulverized by a roll mill and sieved with wire meshes with mesh opening sizes of 710 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m to obtain irregularly pulverized powder of a water-absorbing resin (b).
• Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (average added mole number of ethylene oxide unit: 9) of 2.5 g was dissolved in 5,500 g of an aqueous solution of sodium acrylate having neutralization ratio of 75% by mole (monomer concentration: 38% by weight) to make reaction liquid.
• the reaction liquid was supplied to the reactor of Reference Example 2 and the reaction system was purged with nitrogen gas, while keeping the reaction liquid at 30° C.
• the reaction liquid was then added with 29.8 g of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of sodium persulfate and 1.5 g of a 1% by weight aqueous solution of L-ascorbic acid, while stirring the reaction liquid, resulting in initiation of polymerization after about 1 minute.
• Peak temperature of polymerization of 86° C. was attained after 17 minutes from initiation of polymerization. After 60 minutes from initiation of polymerization, a hydrated gel-like polymer was taken out, which was in granulated state to particles with diameter of about 1 to 4 mm. The hydrated gel-like polymer was dried and pulverized similarly as in Reference Example 2, and sieved with wire meshes with mesh opening sizes of 710 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m to obtain irregularly pulverized powder of a water-absorbing resin (c).
• Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (average added mole number of ethylene oxide unit: 9) of 19.6 g and disodium phosphite pentahydrate of 36.3 g were dissolved in 5,500 g of an aqueous solution of sodium acrylate having neutralization ratio of 75% by mole (monomer concentration: 33% by weight) to make reaction liquid.
• the reaction liquid was supplied to the reactor of Reference Example 2 and the reaction system was purged with nitrogen gas, while keeping the reaction liquid at 30° C.
• the reaction liquid was then added with 20.5 g of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of sodium persulfate and 1.0 g of a 1% by weight aqueous solution of L-ascorbic acid, while stirring the reaction liquid, resulting in initiation of polymerization after about 1 minute. Peak temperature of polymerization of 85° C. was attained after 17 minutes from initiation of polymerization. After 60 minutes from initiation of polymerization, a hydrated gel-like polymer was taken out, which was in crushed state to particles with diameter of about 1 to 4 mm. The hydrated gel-like polymer was dried and pulverized similarly as in Reference Example 2, and sieved with wire meshes with mesh opening sizes of 600 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m to obtain irregularly pulverized powder of a water-absorbing resin (d).
• Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (average added mole number of ethylene oxide unit: 9) of 20.0 g and sodium phosphinate of 3.3 g were dissolved in 5,500 g of an aqueous solution of sodium acrylate having neutralization ratio of 70% by mole (monomer concentration: 30% by weight) to make reaction liquid.
• the reaction liquid was supplied to the reactor of Reference Example 2 and the reaction system was purged with nitrogen gas, while keeping the reaction liquid at 30° C.
• the reaction liquid was then added with 22.6 g of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of sodium persulfate and 1.1 g of a 1% by weight aqueous solution of L-ascorbic acid, while stirring the reaction liquid, resulting in initiation of polymerization after about 1 minute. Peak temperature of polymerization of 82° C. was attained after 18 minutes from initiation of polymerization. After 40 minutes from initiation of polymerization, a hydrated gel-like polymer was taken out, which was in crushed state to particles with diameter of about 1 to 4 mm. The hydrated gel-like polymer was dried and pulverized similarly as in Reference Example 2, and sieved with wire meshes with mesh opening sizes of 600 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m to obtain irregularly pulverized powder of a water-absorbing resin (e).
• Tetraallyloxyethane of 1.9 g was dissolved in 1,500 g of an aqueous solution of acrylic acid (monomer concentration: 20% by weight) to prepare reaction liquid.
• reaction liquid was poured into the tray made of stainless steel of Reference Example 1, with the reaction liquid being 17 mm deep.
• the stainless steel tray was sealed similarly as in Reference Example 1 and immersed in a water bath at 20° C. Nitrogen gas was introduced into the reaction liquid to purge dissolved oxygen in the liquid, while controlling the reaction liquid temperature at 20° C. Subsequently, nitrogen gas continued to be introduced in an upper space of the reactor, while exhausting from the other side.
• the reaction liquid was then added with, as polymerization initiators, 8.3 g of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride, 0.6 g of a 5% by weight aqueous solution of L-ascorbic acid and 2.1 g of a 3.5% by weight aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide, while stirring the reaction liquid with a magnetic stirrer, resulting in initiation of polymerization after about 1 minute. Cooling and heating of the reactant was repeated from the bottom surface of the tray during the polymerization reaction. Peak temperature of polymerization of 75° C. was attained after 35 minutes from initiation of polymerization.
• the dried material of the hydrated gel-like polymer obtained in Reference Example 2 was pulverized by the similar roll mill as in Reference Example 2, setting pulverizing conditions so as to obtain finer particles than in Reference Example 2 and sieved with wire meshes having mesh opening sizes of 425 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m to obtain irregularly pulverized powder of a water-absorbing resin (g).
• the dried material of the hydrated gel-like polymer obtained in Reference Example 3 was pulverized by the similar roll mill as in Reference Example 3, setting pulverizing conditions so as to obtain finer particles than in Reference Example 3 and sieved with wire meshes having mesh opening sizes of 500 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m to obtain irregularly pulverized powder of a water-absorbing resin (h).
• the dried material of the hydrated gel-like polymer obtained in Reference Example 2 was pulverized by the similar roll mill as in Reference Example 2, setting pulverizing conditions so as to obtain coarser particles than in Reference Example 2 and sieved with wire meshes having mesh opening sizes of 850 ⁇ m and 106 ⁇ m to obtain irregularly pulverized powder of a water-absorbing resin (i).
• the dried material of the hydrated gel-like polymer obtained in Reference Example 3 was pulverized by the similar roll mill as in Reference Example 9, setting pulverizing conditions so as to obtain still coarser particles than in Reference Example 9 and sieved with wire meshes having mesh opening sizes of a 850 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m to obtain irregularly pulverized powder of a water-absorbing resin (j).
• a water-absorbing resin (11) was obtained by processing similarly as in Reference Example 4 except that disodium phosphite pentahydrate was not added as in Reference Example 4.
• the water-absorbing resin (1) obtained in Reference Example 1 was used as it is as a water absorbing agent (1). Evaluation results on centrifuge retention capacity, absorbency against pressure at 4.8 kPa, extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution, absorbency against pressure at 1.9 kPa, urine resistance, absorption speed and particle size distribution of the water absorbing agent (1) are shown in Tables 2 to 4.
• Example 4 The same procedures as in Example 4 were repeated except for using the water-absorbing resin (5) obtained in Reference Example 5 instead of the water-absorbing resin (4) obtained in Reference Example 4, to obtain a water absorbing agent (5).
• the water absorbing agent (5) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Results are shown in Tables 2 to 4. By applying the water spray mixing process and the curing process, the water absorbing agent (5) obtained was in agglomerated state.
• Example 4 The same procedures as in Example 4 were repeated except for using the water-absorbing resin (6) obtained in Reference Example 6 instead of the water-absorbing resin (4) obtained in Reference Example 4, to obtain a water absorbing agent (6).
• the water absorbing agent (6) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Results are shown in Tables 2 to 4. By applying the water spray mixing process and the curing process, the water absorbing agent (6) obtained was in agglomerated state.
• Example 2 The same procedures as in Example 2 were repeated except for using the water-absorbing resin (7) obtained in Reference Example 7 instead of the water-absorbing resin (2) obtained in Reference Example 2, to obtain a water absorbing agent (7).
• the water absorbing agent (7) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Results are shown in Tables 2 to 4. By applying the water spray mixing process and the curing process, the water absorbing agent (7) obtained was in agglomerated state.
• Example 3 The same procedures as in Example 3 were repeated except for using the water-absorbing resin (8) obtained in Reference Example 8 instead of the water-absorbing resin (3) obtained in Reference Example 3, to obtain a water absorbing agent (8).
• the water absorbing agent (8) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Results are shown in Tables 2 to 4. By applying the water spray mixing process and the curing process, the water absorbing agent (8) obtained was in agglomerated state.
• Example 2 The same procedures as in Example 2 were repeated except for using the water-absorbing resin (9) obtained in Reference Example 9 instead of the water-absorbing resin (2) obtained in Reference Example 2, to obtain a comparative water absorbing agent (1).
• the comparative water absorbing agent (1) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Results are shown in Tables 2 to 4. By applying the water spray mixing process and the curing process, the comparative water absorbing agent (1) obtained was in agglomerated state.
• Example 3 The same procedures as in Example 3 were repeated except for using the water-absorbing resin (10) obtained in Reference Example 10 instead of the water-absorbing resin (3) obtained in Reference Example 3, to obtain a comparative water absorbing agent (2).
• the comparative water absorbing agent (2) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Results are shown in Tables 2 to 4. By applying the water spray mixing process and the curing process, the comparative water absorbing agent (2) obtained was in agglomerated state.
• Example 2 The same procedures as in Example 2 were repeated except for using water instead of the sodium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate aqueous solution, to obtain a comparative water absorbing agent (3).
• the comparative water absorbing agent (3) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Results are shown in Tables 2 to 4. Further, fluidity after moisture absorption was evaluated. Results are shown in Table 5.
• the comparative water absorbing agent (3) obtained was in agglomelated state.
• Example 3 The same procedures as in Example 3 were repeated except for using water instead of the sodium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate aqueous solution, to obtain a comparative water absorbing agent (4).
• the comparative water absorbing agent (4) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Results are shown in Tables 2 to 4. Further, fluidity after moisture absorption was evaluated. Results are shown in Table 5.
• the comparative water absorbing agent (4) obtained was in agglomelated state.
• Example 4 The same procedures as in Example 4 were repeated except for using the water-absorbing resin (11) obtained in Reference Example 11 instead of the water-absorbing resin (4) obtained in Reference Example 4, to obtain a comparative water absorbing agent (5).
• the comparative water absorbing agent (5) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Results are shown in Tables 2 to 4. By applying the water spray mixing process and the curing process, the comparative water absorbing agent (5) obtained was in agglomerated state.
• Example 2 To 100 parts by weight of the water absorbing agent (2) obtained in Example 2, 0.3 part by weight of fine particulate silicon dioxide (Trade Name: Aerosil 200 (average particle size of the primary particle: 12 nm), made by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) was added and mixed (dry blend) to obtain a water absorbing agent (10). From measurement of particle size distribution of thus obtained a water absorbing agent (10), little change was found. Namely, mass median particle size (D50), logarithmic standard deviation ( ⁇ ) and percent by weight of particle diameter less than 150 ⁇ m showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (2) before mixing. Further, results of urine resistance test and extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution also showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (2) before mixing. The water absorbing agent (10) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 9. Results are shown in Table 5.
• Example 10 The same procedures as in Example 10 were repeated except for using fine particulate aluminum stearate instead of the fine particulate silicon dioxide to obtain a water absorbing agent (11). From measurement of particle size distribution of thus obtained a water absorbing agent (11), little change was found. Namely, mass median particle size (D50), logarithmic standard deviation ( ⁇ ) and percent by weight of particle diameter less than 150 ⁇ m showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (2) before mixing. Further, results of urine resistance test and extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution also showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (2) before mixing. The water absorbing agent (11) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 9. Results are shown in Table 5.
• Example 10 The same procedures as in Example 10 were repeated except for using the water absorbing agent (3) obtained in Example 3 instead of the water absorbing agent (2) obtained in Example 2, to obtain a water absorbing agent (12). From measurement of particle size distribution of thus obtained a water absorbing agent (12), little change was found. Namely, mass median particle size (D50), logarithmic standard deviation ( ⁇ ) and percent by weight of particle diameter less than 150 ⁇ m showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (3) before mixing. Further, results of urine resistance test and extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution also showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (3) before mixing. The water absorbing agent (12) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 9. Results are shown in Table 5.
• Example 10 The same procedures as in Example 10 were repeated except for using the water absorbing agent (3) obtained in Example 3 instead of the water absorbing agent (2) obtained in Example 2 and fine particulate aluminum stearate instead of the fine particulate silicon dioxide, to obtain a water absorbing agent (13). From measurement of particle size distribution of thus obtained a water absorbing agent (13), little change was found. Namely, mass median particle size (D50), logarithmic standard deviation ( ⁇ ) and percent by weight of particle diameter less than 150 ⁇ m showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (3) before mixing. Further, results of urine resistance test and extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution also showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (3) before mixing. The water absorbing agent (13) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 9. Results are shown in Table 5.
• Example 4 To 100 parts by weight of the water absorbing agent (4) obtained in Example 4, 0.3 part by weight of fine particulate silicon dioxide (Trade Name: Aerosil 200) was added and mixed (dry blend) to obtain a water absorbing agent (14). From measurement of particle size distribution of thus obtained a water absorbing agent (14), little change was found. Namely, mass median particle size (D50), logarithmic standard deviation ( ⁇ ) and percent by weight of particle diameter less than 150 ⁇ m showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (4) before mixing. Further, results of urine resistance test and extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution also showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (4) before mixing. The water absorbing agent (14) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 9. Results are shown in Table 5.
• Example 5 To 100 parts by weight of the water absorbing agent (5) obtained in Example 5, 0.3 parts by weight of fine particulate magnesium stearate (made by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) was added and mixed (dry blend), to obtain a water absorbing agent. (15). From measurement of particle size distribution of Thus obtained a water absorbing agent (15), little change was found. Namely, mass median particle size (D50), logarithmic standard deviation ( ⁇ ) and percent by weight of particle diameter less than 150 ⁇ m showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (5) before mixing. Further, results of urine resistance test and extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution also showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (5) before mixing. The water absorbing agent (15) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 9. Results are shown in Table 5.
• Example 10 The same procedures as in Example 10 were repeated except for using the water absorbing agents (6) to (8) obtained in Examples 6 to 8 instead of the water absorbing agent (2) obtained in Example 2 to obtain a water absorbing agents (16) to (18), respectively. From measurements of particle size distributions of thus obtained a water absorbing agents (16) to (18), little change was found in any agent. Namely, mass median particle size (D50), logarithmic standard deviation ( ⁇ ) and percent by weight of particle diameter less than 150 ⁇ m of each agent showed the same values as of the corresponding a water absorbing agents (6) to (8) before mixing, respectively.
• D50 mass median particle size
• ⁇ logarithmic standard deviation
• percent by weight of particle diameter less than 150 ⁇ m of each agent showed the same values as of the corresponding a water absorbing agents (6) to (8) before mixing, respectively.
• results of urine resistance test and extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution of each agent also showed the same values as of the corresponding a water absorbing agent (6) to (8) before mixing, respectively.
• the water absorbing agents (16) to (18) were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 9. Results are shown in Table 5.
• Example 10 The same procedures as in Example 10 were repeated except for using the comparative water absorbing agents (1) and (2) obtained in Comparative Examples 1 and 2 instead of the water absorbing agent (2) obtained in Example 2, to obtain a comparative water absorbing agents (6) and (7), respectively. From measurements of particle size distributions of thus obtained comparative water absorbing agents (6) and (7), little change was found in any agent. Namely, mass median particle size (D50), logarithmic standard deviation ( ⁇ ) and percent by weight of particle diameter less than 150 ⁇ m of each agent showed the same values as of the corresponding a water absorbing agents (1) and (2) before mixing, respectively.
• D50 mass median particle size
• ⁇ logarithmic standard deviation
• percent by weight of particle diameter less than 150 ⁇ m of each agent showed the same values as of the corresponding a water absorbing agents (1) and (2) before mixing, respectively.
• results of urine resistance test and extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution of each agent also showed the same values as of the, corresponding a comparative water absorbing agent (1) and (2) before mixing, respectively. Further, results of urine resistance test and extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution of each agent also showed the same values as of the corresponding a comparative water absorbing agent (1) and (2) before mixing, respectively.
• the comparative water absorbing agents (6) and (7) were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 9. Results are shown in Table 5.
• the resultant mixture was cured at 60° C. for 1 hour to obtain a water absorbing agent (19).
• Particle size distribution of thus obtained a water absorbing agent (19) was the same as in Example 10 wherein the 15% by weight aqueous solution of extract from plant leaves of Theaceae plant was not added. Further, centrifuge retention capacity, absorbency against pressure at 1.9 kPa, deodorization test, extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution, urine resistance and absorbency against pressure at 4.8 kPa of the water absorbing agent (19) were measured. Results are shown in Table 6.
• Example 10 The same procedures as in Example 10 were repeated except for using zinc and silicon composite hydrated oxide (Trade Name: CERATIOX SZ-100, made by Titan Kogyo K. K., weight ratio of Zn and Si contents: 82/18, average particle size: 0.36 ⁇ m) instead of fine particulate silicon dioxide, to obtain a water absorbing agent (20). Particle size distribution of thus obtained a water absorbing agent (20) was the same as of the water absorbing agent (10). Further, the water absorbing agent (20) was evaluated in the same manner as the water absorbing agent (19). Results are shown in Table 6.
• CERATIOX SZ-100 made by Titan Kogyo K. K., weight ratio of Zn and Si contents: 82/18, average particle size: 0.36 ⁇ m
• Example 10 The same procedures as in Example 10 were repeated except for using the water-absorbing resin (3) obtained in Reference Example 3 instead of the water-absorbing resin (2) obtained in Reference Example 2, to obtain a water absorbing agent (21). Particle size distribution of thus obtained a water absorbing agent (21) was the same as of the water absorbing agent (12). Further, the water absorbing agent (21) was evaluated in the same manner as the water absorbing agent (19). Results are shown in Table 6.
• Example 12 The same procedures as in Example 12 were repeated except for using zinc/silicon composite hydrated oxide (Trade Name: CERATIOX SZ-100, made by Titan Kogyo K. K., weight ratio of Zn and Si contents: 82/18, average particle size: 0.36 ⁇ m) instead of fine particulate silicon dioxide to obtain a water absorbing agent (22). Particle size distribution of thus obtained a water absorbing agent (22) was the same as of the water absorbing agent (12). Further, the water absorbing agent (22) was evaluated in the same manner as the water absorbing agent (19). Results are shown in Table 6.
• CERATIOX SZ-100 made by Titan Kogyo K. K., weight ratio of Zn and Si contents: 82/18, average particle size: 0.36 ⁇ m
• an absorbing substrate for evaluation (1) was prepared according to the method (j) for evaluation of an absorbing substrate performance described above, to measure rewet amount after 10 min. and rewet amount after deterioration. Results are shown in Table 7.
• Example 23 The same procedures as in Example 23 were repeated except for using the water absorbing agents (13) and (16) to (18) obtained in Examples 13 and 16 to 18 instead of the water absorbing agent (2) used in Example 23, to obtain absorbing substrates for evaluation (2) to (5), respectively.
• Example 23 The same procedures as in Example 23 were repeated except for using the comparative water absorbing agents (3) to (7) obtained in Comparative Examples 3 to 7 instead of the water absorbing agent (2) used in Example 23 to obtain absorbing substrates for comparative evaluation (1) to (5), respectively.
• Example 28 To 100 parts by weight of the water absorbing agent (23) obtained in Example 28, 0.1 part by weight of fine particulate calcium stearate (made by NOF Corp.) was added and mixed (dry blend) to obtain a water absorbing agent (24). From measurement of particle size distribution of thus obtained a water absorbing agent (24), little change was found. Namely, mass median (D50), logarithmic standard deviation ( ⁇ ) and percent by weight of particle diameter less than 150 ⁇ m showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (23) before mixing. Further, results of urine resistance test and extractables for 16 hours in a physiological saline solution also showed the same values as of the water absorbing agent (23) before mixing. The water absorbing agent (23) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 9. Results are shown in Table 5.
• a particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention has, as shown in Tables 2 to 4, a well controlled particle size, high absorption capacity, little difference between extractabless in physiological saline solutions containing and not containing L-ascorbic acid, and thereby shows stable high performance, irrespective of changes in urine compositions (individual difference, seasonal variation, and the like) and time in use.
• a particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention is, as shown in Table 5, superior in absorption speed and fluidity after moisture absorption, and shows high deodorization performance by adding a deodorant, if necessary, as separately shown in Table 6.
• a particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention provides, as shown in Table 7, absorbing articles (absorbing substrates in Table 7) having small rewet amount for any kind of liquid. Further, a particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention does not bring about leak-out of fine gel particles from an absorbing substrate, and thereby provides absorbing articles (diapers) having stable and high performance, irrespective of changes in urine compositions (individual difference, seasonal variation, and the like) and time in use.
• a water-absorbing resin obtained according to the present invention has well controlled specific particle size distribution and superior stability against urine, and exerts effect that it can provide an absorbing substrate having very superior absorbing performance in comparison with a conventional absorbing substrate, when used for an absorbing substrate such as a diaper.

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