KR20220031663A - 재충전 가능한 리튬 이온 배터리용 양극 활물질로서의 리튬 니켈 망간 코발트 복합 산화물 - Google Patents
재충전 가능한 리튬 이온 배터리용 양극 활물질로서의 리튬 니켈 망간 코발트 복합 산화물 Download PDFInfo
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- KR20220031663A KR20220031663A KR1020227003786A KR20227003786A KR20220031663A KR 20220031663 A KR20220031663 A KR 20220031663A KR 1020227003786 A KR1020227003786 A KR 1020227003786A KR 20227003786 A KR20227003786 A KR 20227003786A KR 20220031663 A KR20220031663 A KR 20220031663A
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- SOXUFMZTHZXOGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Co].[Ni] SOXUFMZTHZXOGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title 1
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 96
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- -1 lithium transition metal Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 38
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- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
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- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims 2
- FWFGVMYFCODZRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxidanium;hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound O.OS(O)(=O)=O FWFGVMYFCODZRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 27
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 43
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 37
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 30
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 101100439211 Caenorhabditis elegans cex-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 6
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- VNTQORJESGFLAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-H cobalt(2+) manganese(2+) nickel(2+) trisulfate Chemical compound [Mn++].[Co++].[Ni++].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O VNTQORJESGFLAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 3
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- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- TYYRFZAVEXQXSN-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate hexadecahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TYYRFZAVEXQXSN-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
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- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000006245 Carbon black Super-P Substances 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000446313 Lamella Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910012258 LiPO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000156302 Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus Species 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mn].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Mn].[Co].[Ni] KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CC(N)C1 RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBYFNZOIUUXJQD-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetralithium oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O RBYFNZOIUUXJQD-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/581—Chalcogenides or intercalation compounds thereof
- H01M4/5815—Sulfides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/01—Crystal-structural characteristics depicted by a TEM-image
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
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- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
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- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
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- C01P2002/54—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants one element only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
Description
도 1.2는 다결정질 형태를 갖는 입자에 대한 SEM 이미지이다.
도 2는 본 발명에 따른 양극 활물질 입자의 단면에 대한 개략적 이미지이고, 여기서 LS1은 입자의 단면의 주변의 제1 지점 위치이고, LS2는 상기 입자의 기하학적 중심과 LS1 사이의 가상선에 위치한 제2 지점 위치이다. D는 LS1과 LS2 사이의 거리로 정의된 표면층의 두께이다(cfr. 구현예 9).
도 3.1은 핏팅 과정 전 EX1의 XPS Al 피크 역합성곱이다(x-축: 결합 에너지, y-축: 수).
도 3.2는 핏팅 과정 후 EX1의 XPS Al 피크 역합성곱이다(x-축: 결합 에너지, y-축: 수).
도 4.1은 EX1, CEX1, 및 CEX3의 Al2p 및 Ni3p XPS 스펙트럼이다(x-축: 결합 에너지, y-축: 수).
도 4.2는 각각 LiM"1-aAlaO2, LiAlO2, 및 Al2O3 상의 Al2p3 XPS 피크에 대한 결합 에너지 범위이다. 수직 점선은 CEX1에 대한 Al2p3 XPS 피크 위치를 나타내는 반면, 수직 실선은 EX1에 대한 Al2p3 XPS 피크 위치를 나타낸다.
도 5는 25℃ 및 45℃에서 2.7V 내지 4.2V 범위의 EX1, CEX1, 및 CEX3에 대한 풀 셀 시험 결과이다(x-축: 사이클 수, y-축: 용량 보유율).
도 6.1은 EX1의 S에 대한 TEM-EDS 분석 결과이다(x-축: 거리(0은 표면층의 시작점임), y-축: 원소(원자 비율)).
도 6.2는 EX1의 Al에 대한 TEM-EDS 분석 결과이다(x-축: 거리(0은 표면층의 시작점임), y-축: 원소(원자 비율)).
Claims (16)
- 리튬 전이 금속-기반 산화물 입자를 포함하는, 리튬-이온 배터리에 적합한 양극 활물질 분말로서, 상기 입자가 코어 및 표면층을 포함하고, 상기 표면층이 상기 코어의 상부에 있고, 상기 입자가 원소 Li, 금속 M' 및 산소를 포함하고, 여기서 금속 M'는 식 M'=(NizMnyCox)1-kAk를 갖고, 상기 식에서 A는 도펀트이고, 0.60≤z<0.86, 0.05≤x≤0.20, x+y+z+k=1, 및 k≤0.01이고, 상기 양극 활물질 분말이 5μm 내지 15μm 범위의 중간 입자 크기 D50 및 10nm 내지 200nm 범위의 표면층 두께를 갖고,
상기 표면층이
- 양극 활물질 분말의 총 중량에 대해 0.150wt% 이상 및 0.375wt% 이하의 함량의 황, 및
- 양극 활물질 분말의 총 중량에 대해 0.05wt% 이상 및 0.15wt% 이하의 함량의 알루미늄
을 포함하고, 상기 리튬 전이 금속-기반 산화물 입자의 표면층이 LiAlO2 상(phase) 및 LiM"1-aAlaO2 상을 포함하고, 여기서 M"이 Ni, Mn, 및 Co를 포함하고, 상기 LiAlO2 상이 양극 활물질 분말 중 M'의 총 원자 함량에 대해 0.10at% 이상 및 0.30at% 이하의 함량으로 표면층에 존재하고, 상기 LiM"1-aAlaO2 상이 양극 활물질 분말 중 M'의 총 원자 함량에 대해 0.14at% 미만의 함량으로 표면층에 존재하는, 양극 활물질 분말. - 제1항에 있어서, 상기 입자가 원소 Li, M' 및 산소를 포함하고, 여기서 M'는 식 M'=NizMnyCoxAk를 갖고, 상기 식에서 A는 도펀트이고, 0.70≤z<0.86, 0.05≤y≤0.20, 0.05≤x≤0.20, x+y+z+k=1, 및 k≤0.01인, 양극 활물질 분말.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서, 상기 리튬 전이 금속-기반 산화물 입자가 100 이상인 Al 표면 커버리지 A1/A2를 갖고, 여기서 A1은 표면층에 함유된 원소 Al, Ni, Mn, Co, 및 S의 원자 비율 Al/(Ni+Mn+Co+Al+S)이고, 상기 원자 비율 A1은 XPS 스펙트럼 분석에 의해 얻어지고, A2는 ICP에 의해 얻어지는 원자 비율 Al/(Ni+Mn+Co+Al+S)인, 양극 활물질 분말.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 200ppm 미만의 탄소 함량을 갖는 양극 활물질 분말.
- 제1항 내지 제4항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 0.96 이상 및 1.05 이하의 Li/(Ni+Mn+Co+A) 원자 비율 또는 Li/(Ni+Mn+Co+A+Al) 원자 비율을 갖는 양극 활물질 분말.
- 제3항 내지 제5항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 표면층이 73.0±0.2eV 내지 74.5±0.2eV, 바람직하게는 73.6±0.2eV 내지 74.1±0.2eV의 결합 에너지 범위에서 최대 피크 세기를 갖는 Al2p 피크를 나타내고, 상기 세기가 XPS 스펙트럼 분석에 의해 얻어지는, 양극 활물질 분말.
- 제1항 내지 제6항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 리튬 전이 금속-기반 산화물 입자의 표면층이 4500ppm 이상 및 11250ppm 이하의 함량의 설페이트 이온(SO4 2-)을 갖는, 양극 활물질 분말.
- 제1항 내지 제7항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 리튬 전이 금속-기반 산화물 입자가 0.85 초과 및 1.00 이하인 설페이트 이온 표면 커버리지 S1/S2를 갖고, S1이 표면층에 함유된 설페이트 이온의 양이고, S2가 입자 중의 설페이트 이온의 총량인, 양극 활물질 분말.
- 제1항 내지 제8항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 일반식 Li1+a'((Niz'My'Cox'AlvSw)1-kAk)1-aO2를 갖고, 여기서 오로지 A만이 도펀트이고, 0.60≤z'<0.86, 0.05≤y'≤0.20, 0.05≤x'≤0.20, 및 x'+y'+z'+v+w+k=1, 0.0018≤v≤0.0053, 0.006≤w≤0.012, -0.05≤a'≤0.05, 및 k≤0.01인, 양극 활물질 분말.
- 제1항 내지 제9항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, A가 Al, B, S, Mg, Zr, Nb, W, Si, Ba, Sr, Ca, Zn, Cr, V, Y, 및 Ti 중 하나 이상이고, A의 각 원소의 양이 양극 활물질 분말의 총 중량에 대해 100ppm을 초과하는, 양극 활물질 분말.
- 제1항 내지 제10항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 표면층의 두께가 하기와 같이 정의되는 최소 거리 D에 해당하는, 양극 활물질 분말:
여기서, LS1은 입자의 중심의 제1 지점 위치이고, LS2는 상기 제1 지점 위치와 상기 입자의 기하학적 중심 사이에 정의된 선의 제2 지점 위치이고,
제2 지점 위치 LS2에서 TEM-EDS에 의해 측정된 S의 함량은 제1 지점 위치에서 측정된 S의 함량의 0at% 이상 및 5.0at% 미만이고, 상기 S의 제2 함량(S2)은
와 같이 정의되고, S3는 상기 선의 제3 지점 위치(LS3)에서의 S의 함량(at%)이고, 상기 제3 지점은 상기 입자의 기하학적 중심과 제2 지점 위치 LS2 사이의 임의의 위치에 위치한다. - 제11항 또는 제12항에 있어서, Al이 하기와 같이 정의되는 함량 l로 표면층에 존재하는, 양극 활물질 분말:
여기서,
- 는 ICP에 의해 측정된, 분말 중 M* 함량에 대한 Al 함량의 원자 비율이고,
- 이고,
여기서,
- Al표면은 EDS에 의해 측정된, 표면층 중 Al의 함량(at%)이고;
- Al전체는 EDS에 의해 측정된, 상기 분말의 입자 중 Al의 총 함량(at%)이고;
- 면적1은 D에 걸쳐 단면-TEM-EDS에 의해 측정된 Al/M* 함량의 적분이고:
- Al(x)는 단면-TEM EDS에 의해 측정된, 단면 입자의 지점 x에서의 Al의 원자 함량이고,
- M*(x)은 단면-TEM EDS에 의해 측정된, 단면 입자의 지점 x에서의 Ni, Mn, Co, Al, 및 S의 원자 함량이고,
- x는 상기 제1 지점 위치와 제2 지점 위치 사이의, TEM에 의해 측정된 nm로 표현되는 거리이고;
- 면적2는 거리 C에 걸쳐 크로스-SEM EDS에 의해 측정된 Al/M* 함량의 적분이며:
- Al(x)는 단면-TEM EDS에 의해 측정된, 단면 입자의 지점 x에서의 Al의 원자 함량이고,
- M*(x)은 단면-TEM EDS에 의해 측정된, 단면 입자의 지점 x에서의 Ni, Mn, Co, Al, 및 S의 원자 함량이고,
- x는 상기 제1 지점 위치(x = 0nm)와 상기 입자의 기하학적 중심(x = C) 사이의, nm로 표현되고 TEM에 의해 측정된 거리이고, 여기서 C는 바람직하게는 2.5μm 내지 7.5μm의 범위이다. - 제1항 내지 제13항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 양극 활물질의 제조 방법으로서,
a) 리튬 전이 금속-기반 산화물 화합물을 준비하는 단계,
b) 상기 리튬 전이 금속-기반 산화물 화합물을 설페이트 이온의 공급원 및 물과 혼합함으로써 혼합물을 얻는 단계, 및
c) 노(furnace)에서 산화 분위기 하에 350℃ 내지 500℃ 미만, 바람직하게는 최대 450℃의 온도에서 1시간 내지 10시간의 시간 동안 혼합물을 가열하여 본 발명에 따른 양극 활물질 분말을 얻는 단계
의 연속 단계를 포함하는, 상기 양극 활물질의 제조 방법. - 제1항 내지 제13항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 양극 활물질 분말을 포함하는 배터리.
- 전기 차량 또는 하이브리드 전기 차량에서의 제15항에 따른 배터리의 용도.
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| PCT/EP2020/068718 WO2021001498A1 (en) | 2019-07-03 | 2020-07-02 | Lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide as a positive electrode active material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries |
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| KR20170118091A (ko) * | 2015-01-23 | 2017-10-24 | 유미코아 | 고전압 리튬 이온 배터리용 리튬 니켈-망간-코발트 산화물 캐소드 분말 |
| KR20190008120A (ko) * | 2017-07-14 | 2019-01-23 | 유미코아 | 충전식 리튬 이온 배터리용 Ni계 캐소드 재료 |
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