JP6991861B2 - アルミニウム負極および固体ポリマー電解質を有するバッテリー - Google Patents
アルミニウム負極および固体ポリマー電解質を有するバッテリー Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、一般に電気化学的に活性な負極材としてアルミニウムを含む電気化学バッテリー、そしてより詳細にはアルミニウムバッテリー、その構成要素であるアルカリ正極および固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料を含む電解質に関する。
アルミニウムは、その高い理論的電圧および比エネルギーにより特に魅力的な負極材である。しかしアルミニウムは大変反応性の金属であり、そして水性系で腐食反応(1)に参加し、このことが二次系で実用的ではなくする:
Al+H2O→Al(OH)3+3/2H2 (1)
Al+4AlCl4 -+3Cn[AlCl4]→3Cn+4Al2Cl7 -(2)
本発明の一態様によれば、アルミニウム負極の構成要素を含む電気化学バッテリーが提供され、これはまた固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料を含んでなる。
正極がさらに固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料を含んでなるバッテリー。
本出願は、引用により本明細書に編入する2015年6月8日に出願した米国特許仮出願第62/172,467号明細書の利益を主張し;そしてまた引用により2015年5月8日に出願された米国特許仮出願第62/158,841号明細書;2014年12月3日に出願された米国特許出願第14/559,430号明細書;2013年12月3日に出願された米国特許仮出願第61/911,049号明細書;2013年4月11日に出願された米国特許出願第13/861,170号明細書;および2012年4月11日に出願された米国特許仮出願第61/622,705号明細書を編入する。
Al+3OH-→Al(OH)3+3e- (3)
MnO2+H2O+e-→MnOOH+OH- (4)
e voltages)で腐食を表す。図2について、NaOH-系電解質中で1mV/sの走査速度で記録したアルミニウムホイルおよび固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料に分散したアルミニウム電極の動電位曲線を示す。
減極剤は、電気化学的活性物質、すなわち、電気化学反応および電気化学活性物質中の電荷移動工程で、酸化状態を変えるか、または、化学結合の形成もしくは破壊に加わる物質と同義語である。電極が1より多くの電気活性物質を有する場合、それらを共減極剤(codepolarizer)と呼ぶことができる。
は一般にガラス転移温度Tg未満の温度でガラス状態を有する。このガラス温度は鎖の柔軟性の関数であり、それは、系内に十分な振動(熱)エネルギーがあって、ポリマー高分子の一連のセグメントが単位として同時に動くのを許容する自由容積が創出される時に発生する。しかしポリマーのガラス状態では、ポリマーのセグメント運動は起こらない。
また合成法も、特定の成分および所望する最終材料の形態(例えばフィルム、粒子等)により変動することができる。しかし方法には少なくとも2つの成分を最初に混合し、第
三成分を任意の第二混合工程で加え、そして加熱工程で成分/反応物を加熱して固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料を合成する基本工程を含む。本発明の1つの態様では、生じた混合物は任意に所望のサイズのフィルムに形成することができる。ドーパントが第一工程で生成された混合物に存在しなければ、ドーパントは引き続き混合物に加熱そして場合により圧をかけながら(陽圧または真空)加えることができる。全ての3成分が存在し、そして混合され、そして加熱されて、単回工程で固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料の合成を完了することができる。しかしこの加熱工程は、いかなる混合からも分かれた工程の時に行われることができ、あるいは混合が行われている間に完了することができる。加熱工程は混合物の形態(例えばフィルムまたは粒子等)にかかわらず行うことができる。合成法の態様では、全ての3成分が混合され、そして次にフィルムに押し出される。フィルムは加熱されて合成が完了する。
y)結晶のポリマー材料、例えば液晶ポリマー(“LCPs”)も有用な反応物ポリマーである。LCPsは完全結晶であり、したがってこれによりそれらの結晶化指数は100%と定義される。非ドープ共役ポリマーおよびポリフェニレンスルフィド(“PPS”)のようなポリマーも適切なポリマー反応物である。
活性な材料間にイオン経路を提供する必要がある。
PPSポリマーはイオン化合物LiOH一水和物と、それぞれ約10-40重量%の比率の金属水酸化物で混合し、そしてジェットミルを使用して混合した。この非ドープ混合物を320~380℃の間で加熱し、そして10~15マイクロメートル厚のフィルムに押し出した。次いで押し出したフィルムは、150℃で約2時間アニールし、そして混合PPSポリマーの結晶化度を上げた。クロラニルドーパントは蒸気ドーピングを介して、生じた混合物に190~200℃の間の温度で1~16時間、真空下のチューブ炉中で加えて固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料(PPS/LiOH/クロラニル)を合成した。合成した材料はドーピング中に変色を受け、化学反応が起こったことを示し、そして固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料の形成を示す。
一態様では、固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料(PPS/LiOH/DDQ)は、最初にDDQドーパントおよび基材ポリマーPPSを1モルのDDQあたり4.2モルのPPSモノマーの比率で混合し、そして250~325℃の間で加熱して粒子形を作成することにより合成する。イオン性LiOHを粒子形と混合し、固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料を作製する。
Direct Drive 300(7.1T)分光計を使用して行った。固体ポリマーイオン伝導性材料は、室温で5.7×10-11m2/sのLi+拡散率の値を有し、そしてOH-イオンの拡散率は室温で4.1×10-11m2/sであった。これらの拡散率はアニオンおよびカチオン輸率の両方を算出するために使用することができる。関連はするが、水酸化物の拡散率がアルカリバッテリーに重要なのでアニオン輸率がより関連性が高い。
正極は、実施例1Bで調製した固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料を電導性炭素粉末、EM
D、結合剤(溶媒としてDMAまたはNMPを含むPVDFまたはKraton)と所望の比率で混合し、そして電導性(例えば正極抵抗に対してコレクターを下げるために、薄層のグラファイトプライマーを有する金属、チタンまたはステンレス鋼)集電体上にスラリーで流延して作製する。次いで正極を80~120℃で2~12時間乾燥し、カレンダー処理し、そしてボタン電池またはパウチセルに望ましい寸法にスライスした。
アルミニウム粉末(超純粋粉末または合金粉末)を実施例1Bからの固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料、電導性炭素、添加剤、例えば酸化亜鉛および/または他の腐食耐性添加剤と混合した。PVDFまたはKratonは結合剤として使用し、そしてDMAまたはNMPは溶媒として含む。次いで混合スラリーは、薄層のグラファイトプライマーを有するチタンまたはステンレス鋼集電体上に流延する。次いで電極を80~120℃で2~12時間乾燥し、カレンダー処理し、そしてボタン電池またはパウチセルに望ましい寸法にスライスした。
バッテリーは実施例2および3に記載の構成要素から組み立てた。添加剤を含むNaOH溶液を電解質として使用した。ニッポンコドシコーポレーション(Nippon Kodoshi Corpoation)からの不織セパレータ(VLS55L200)を使用した。図3に示すように放電電圧は、Alホイル負極に比べて約1V高かった(他の構成要素は同じ)。
バッテリーは、実施例1~3に記載の構成要素から組み立てた。15マイクロメートルのフィルムに形成し、そして実施例3からの負極と実施例2からの正極との間の電解質として挿入した実施例1Aからの固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料を用いて、アルミニウム-MnO2バッテリーを構築し、そして試験した。図4に示すようにバッテリーは典型的な充電-放電挙動を示した。
Claims (27)
- アルミニウムおよび固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料を含む負極もしくはアノードであって、
アルミニウムが電気化学的に活性なアルミニウム粒子として固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料に組み込まれているか、かつ/又は
アルミニウムが固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料に分散されているか、かつ/もしくは微細なアルミニウム粉末が固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料に分散されているか、かつ/もしくはアルミニウムが固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料と混合されている、負極と、
電気化学的に反応することで還元により水酸化物イオンを生成することができる減極剤を含み、ここで、減感剤が金属酸化物である、正極もしくはカソードと、
負極と正極との間に挿入されて前記電極間に水酸化物イオンをイオン伝導する電解質と
を含んでなるバッテリー。 - 電解質がさらに固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料を含んでなる、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 正極がさらに固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料を含む、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 減極剤が二酸化マンガンを含む、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 負極がさらに電導性材料を含む、請求項2に記載のバッテリー。
- 減極剤が二酸化マンガンを含み、かつ、正極がさらに固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料を含む、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料が30%より高い結晶化度を有する、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料の電導率が室温で1×10-8S/cm未満である、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料の融解温度が250℃より高い、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料のイオン伝導度が室温で1.0×10-5S/cmより大きい、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料が少なくとも1つのカチオン性拡散イオンを含み、カチオン性拡散イオンが、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、遷移金属、またはポスト遷移金属からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 1リットルの固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料あたり少なくとも1モルのカチオン性拡散イオンが存在する、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料がポリマー、電子受容体およびイオン化合物の反応により形成され、ここで、イオン化合物がそれぞれ少なくとも1つの、カチオン性拡散イオンおよびアニオン性拡散イオンを含む、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料が熱可塑性である、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料のカチオン輸率が0.5以下であり、そしてゼロより大きい、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料のイオン伝導性が等方性である、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料が室温で1×10-4S/cmより大きいイオン伝導度を有する、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料が80℃で1×10-3S/cmより大きいイオン伝導度を有する、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料が-40℃で1×10-5S/cmより大きいイオン伝導度を有する、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 水酸化物イオンの拡散率が室温で1.0×10-13m2/sより大きい、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料のヤング率が3.0MPa以上である、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料が基材ポリマー、電子受容体およびイオン化合物の反応生成物から形成される、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 基材ポリマーがPPSまたは液晶ポリマーである、請求項22に記載のバッテリー。
- アルミニウムが固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料と混合され、かつ、負極が熱可塑性である、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 減極剤が二酸化マンガンを含み、かつ、二酸化マンガンがβ-MnO2(パイロルース鉱)、ラムズデル鉱、γ-MnO2、ε-MnO2、λ-MnO2,EMD、CMDおよびそれらの組み合わせを含んでなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料が、30%より高い結晶化度、ガラス状態、ならびに少なくとも1つのカチオン性拡散イオンおよびアニオン性拡散イオンの両方を含んでなり、ここで、少なくとも1つの拡散イオンがガラス状態で可動性である、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
- 固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料が、該固体イオン伝導性ポリマー材料の融解温度未満の温度で存在するガラス状態を有する、請求項1に記載のバッテリー。
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