JP6150859B2 - 神経細胞性脳腫瘍など数種の腫瘍に対する新規免疫療法 - Google Patents
神経細胞性脳腫瘍など数種の腫瘍に対する新規免疫療法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
最も好発する原発性脳腫瘍は髄膜腫および神経膠芽細胞腫であり、髄膜腫は全原発性脳腫瘍の27%、神経膠芽細胞腫は23%を占める(ただし、成人の悪性脳腫瘍では、神経膠芽細胞腫が40%を占める)。これらの腫瘍の多くは進行性で、グレードが高い。原発性脳腫瘍は小児に最も好発する固形腫瘍であり、小児癌の中では白血病に次いで2番目に多い死因となっている。
米国癌協会(ACS)によると、大腸癌(CRC)は米国で3番目に多い癌であり、175,000例を超える患者が毎年新たに罹患している。米国、日本、フランス、ドイツ、イタリア、スペイン、英国では480,000名を超える患者が罹患している。先進国での癌による死亡の最も一般的な原因の1つである。大腸癌患者の1年および5年相対生存率はそれぞれ84%と64% である。生存率は診断後5年から 10 年で 57% まで減少し続ける。大腸癌は早期の限局的病期で発見されれば、5年生存率は90%であるが、この病期で診断される大腸癌はわずか39%であり、ほとんどが低率スクリーニングのためである。癌が隣接臓器やリンパ節など局部的に広がると、5年生存率は 68% に落ちる。遠隔転移した患者の 5 年生存率は 10% である。
前立腺癌による死亡は2007年に27,050例と推定され、男性の癌において主要な死因となっている。白人とアフリカ系米国人男性では1990年初頭より、その死亡率は減少しているが、アフリカ系米国人男性の死亡率はなおも白人男性の2倍を超えている。前立腺癌は男性で最も頻繁に診断される癌である。理由は未だ不明であるが、アフリカ系米国人男性の発症率は白人男性よりも有意に高い。前立腺癌の発症率はここ20年でかなり変化している。つまり、1988〜1992年では急増し、1992〜1995年では急減し、1995年以降は徐々に増えている。この傾向は、前立腺特異抗原(PSA)血液検査による前立腺癌スクリーニングの増加によるところが大きい。過去10年間で発症率が徐々に上昇していることの大部分は、65歳未満の男性の間でPSAスクリーニングが広まったことに帰する可能性が最も高い。男性前立腺癌の発症率は65歳以上では横ばいとなる。白人男性での発症率のピークは1992年(10万人中237.6例)に、アフリカ系米国人男性では1993年(10万人中342.8例)にある。
2007年、米国では、癌診断症例の約15%にあたる、推定210,000例が新たに肺癌になることが予想されている。男性の発症率は、1984年の10,000人当たり102例から2003年の78.5例に有意に減少している。女性では、発症率は長期間にわたり上昇が続いた後、ほぼ横ばい状態となっている。肺癌は治療目的から、臨床的に小細胞癌(13%)または非小細胞癌(87%)に分類される。
HLA-A*0l、HLA-A*02およびHLA-A*11は、これら遺伝子座から発現されうる異なるMHCクラスI対立遺伝子の例である。
同一性パーセント=100[I−(C/R)]
Cは、参照配列と比較配列間でアラインメントした長さにおいて、参照配列と比較配列間とで異なる残基数を示し、ここで、
(i)比較配列上で相当するアラインメントした塩基やアミノ酸を持たない参照配列の各塩基またはアミノ酸、および
(ii)参照配列の各欠落部、および
(iii)比較配列のアラインメントした塩基あるいはアミノ酸とは異なる、参照配列のアラインメントした各塩基あるいはアミノ酸が差の構成要素となっており、
Rは、塩基またはアミノ酸としても数えられ、参照配列に作られた任意の欠落部を伴い、比較配列とアラインメントした長さにおいて、参照配列の塩基またはアミノ酸の数である。
1. 癌-精巣抗原: 最初に同定された、T細胞が認識できるTAA(van der Bruggen et al., 1991)は、このクラスに属し、このクラスは、メンバーの発現が、組織学的に異なるヒト腫瘍および正常組織では、精巣の精母細胞/精原細胞および時折胎盤でのみ起きていることから、初めは癌-精巣(CT)抗原と呼ばれていた。精巣の細胞はClassIおよびCalss II のHLA分子を発現しないため、これらの抗原は通常の組織ではT細胞によって認識されず、よって免疫学的には腫瘍特異的であると考えられる。CT抗原として良く知られている例は、MAGEファミリーのメンバーまたはNY−ESO-1である。
2. 分化抗原:これらのTAAは腫瘍および腫瘍の発生源となった正常組織間で共有され、多くがメラノーマまたは正常のメラニン細胞内で見出されている。これらのメラニン細胞系列関連のタンパク質の多くはメラニンの生合成に関与しており、それゆえに腫瘍特異的でないにもかかわらず癌の免疫療法に広く使用されている。例として、チロシナーゼやMelan-A/MART-1がメラノーマに、PSAが前立腺癌に使用されているが、これだけには限定されない。
3. 過剰発現TAA: 広く発現しているTAAをコードしている遺伝子は組織学的に異なる型の腫瘍で検出され、また正常組織でも低い発現レベルで検出される。正常細胞により処理され潜在的に提示されるエピトープの多くがT細胞に認識される閾値を下回っているが、一方、これらの腫瘍細胞の過剰発現が以前に獲得された耐性を破って抗癌作用を始動させる可能性はありうる。このクラスのTAAの代表例は、Her−2/neu,サバイビン、テロメラーゼおよびWT1である。
4. 腫瘍特異的抗原:これらの特有のTAAは正常の遺伝子(例えばβカテニン,CDK4など) の突然変異により生じる。これらの分子変化の一部は腫瘍性形質転換と進行の両方又は一方に関与している。腫瘍特異抗原は正常組織に対する自己免疫反応のリスクを持たずに、通常強い免疫応答を始動させることができる。一方、これらのTAAは多くの場合、これらが同定されたまさにその腫瘍のみに関連しており、通常、個々の多数の腫瘍間では共有されない。
5. 異常な翻訳後改変により生ずるTAA:このようなTAAは、腫瘍内で特異的でもなく過剰発現もされないタンパク質から生ずるにもかかわらず、腫瘍内で主に活性な翻訳後工程に関連する腫瘍となる。このクラスの例として、MUC1に関しては腫瘍細胞で新規エピトープに導く、変化したグリコシル化パターンや、腫瘍細胞に特異的または非特異的な、分解過程中のタンパク質スプライシングが挙げられる(Hanada et al., 2004; Vigneron et al., 2004) 。
6. 癌ウイルスタンパク質:これらのTAAは癌化の過程に重要な働きする可能性のあるウイルスタンパク質で、外来性(ヒト由来ではない)であるため、T細胞応答を喚起することができる。このようなタンパク質の例として、子宮頸癌で発現されるヒトのパピローマタイプ16ウイルスタンパク質,E6とE7がある。
このデータとこれらの頻繁に発生するDRB1対立遺伝子の頻度に基づき、A*02陽性白人の92%は、配列番号:26に記載のペプチドに結合するDRB1対立遺伝子の少なくとも1つを発現することが仮定されうる。
CSPG4(コンドロイチン硫酸プロテオグリカン)は、血管新生で機能的役割を持つ新生周皮細胞上の内在性膜コンドロイチン硫酸プロテオグリカンを意味する(Ozerdem, 2006)。胚形成中に、 CSPG4 プロテオグリカンは未熟な末梢血管で発現されるが、血管が成熟するときこの発現は失われる。これは、腫瘍細胞の増殖、遊走、浸潤の刺激に関係する、初期の細胞表面メラノーマ進行マーカーとしても知られている。CSPG4は、ヒトメラノーマ病変の90%超で強く発現される。CSPG4は厳密には腫瘍に特異的なものではないが、メラノーマ患者および健常者の腫瘍反応性CD4+T細胞応答は、自己免疫を伴わずに、HLA-DR11発現メラノーマ細胞のCSPG4693-709を認識する (Erfurt et al.,2007)。
脳:- 神経膠芽細胞腫; - 続発性神経膠芽細胞腫(星状細胞腫に由来)
大腸癌:- 腺癌(粘液性タイプは除く)、原発性
直腸:腺癌、転移性
胃:- 腺癌(印環細胞タイプは除く)、原発性
腎臓:- 腎細胞癌、 - 腎細胞癌、明細胞タイプ、転移性、すべての続発性部位、-腎細胞癌、明細胞タイプ、原発性、 - 腎細胞、原発性
肺:- 腺癌、原発性、 - 扁平上皮癌、原発性、- 原発性癌、 - 小細胞性癌、- 扁平上皮癌、原発性;
膵臓:- 腺癌、原発性、 - 膵島細胞腫、悪性、転移性
前立腺:- 腺癌、原発性
皮膚:- 転移性悪性メラノーマ、リンパ節転移性
脳:- 神経膠芽細胞腫; - 続発性神経膠芽細胞腫(星状細胞腫に由来)
大腸癌:- 腺癌(粘液性タイプは除く)、原発性
直腸:腺癌、転移性
胃:- 腺癌(印環細胞タイプは除く)、原発性
腎臓:- 腎細胞癌、細胞株、腎細胞癌、明細胞タイプ、転移性、すべての続発性部位、腎細胞癌、明細胞タイプ、原発性、腎細胞癌、原発性
肺:- 腺癌、原発性、病期I - 扁平上皮癌、原発性、- 原発性癌、 -小細胞性癌、- 扁平上皮癌、原発性 、
膵臓:- 腺癌、原発性、 - 膵島細胞腫、悪性、転移性
前立腺:- 腺癌、原発性
皮膚:- 転移性悪性メラノーマ、リンパ節転移性
この遺伝子によってコードされたタンパク質は、長鎖アシルCoA合成酵素活性を有する。非常に長鎖な脂肪酸の代謝とミエリン形成の活性化に対し、脳で中心的役割を果たしていると考えられている。チオエステル化反応による脂肪酸のアシルCoAへの活性化は、このクラスの分子が関与する殆どの反応に必須条件である。癌特異性機能または過剰発現は文献ではいまだに説明されていない。脳、副腎、睾丸、卵巣とその機能におけるACSBG1 の発現パターンは、X連鎖性副腎白質ジストロフィー(XALD)の生化学的病理でのこのタンパク質の役割を示唆している。XALD は、非常に長鎖な飽和脂肪酸の血漿および組織レベルが上昇することを特徴とする、重度で死に至ることが多い、神経変性病である。
ブレビカンは出生時から8歳までは高く発現され、20歳までに低レベルにダウンレギュレートされ、正常成人の大脳皮質ではこのレベルが維持される細胞外基質タンパク質である。GPIアイソフォームは、発達中、一様に低レベルで発現される(Gary et al., 2000)。悪性神経膠腫は、組織または腫瘍特異的な細胞外タンパク質により仲介されると思われる周囲の正常脳を積極的に攻撃する。そのため、細胞外基質は、組織から細胞への移動の許容性を一部調節可能である。したがって、CNSのECM を修飾する神経膠腫の能力により、これらの細胞の攻撃性は仲立ちされる。神経膠腫内でドラマチックにアップレギュレーションを示す1つの ECM 分子がBCAN、つまり脳特異的コンドロイチン硫酸プロテオグリカンである。BCAN の発現は、脳損傷を発症時とその後でのグリア細胞の運動性が増大する期間中にもアップレギュレートされる。神経膠腫では発現が正常レベルの約7倍増大することが検出される(Gary et al., 2000; Gary et al., 1998)。神経膠腫におけるBCANのアップレギュレーションに加え、全長タンパク質のタンパク質プロセシングも浸潤に寄与している可能性がある(Gary et al., 1998; Nutt et al., 2001)。ADAMTSファミリーのメタロプロテアーゼによるBCANのタンパク質分解プロセスが、神経膠腫での浸潤促進作用に介在する上で必要な段階であることが示されるであろう。BCANの突然変異体、「非開裂」型は、in vitroで神経膠腫細胞浸潤を、in vivoで腫瘍進行を高めることはできない(Viapiano et al.,2008)。BCANのmRNA は、正常成人の皮質内あるいはいずれの非神経膠腫において検出されず、よって BCAN は、神経膠腫内のユニークで選択的なマーカーであると考えられている(Jaworskiet al., 1996)。さらに、タンパク質分析により、BCAN全長の発現の増大ばかりでなく、神経膠腫内で別のユニークなアイソフォームが存在することも分かった。従って、B/bΔgはコアタンパク質の糖化が不完全であるか、抑制されて発生したBCANmRNAの全長生成物である。B/bΔg 正常成人脳には存在しないが、グレードが高い神経膠腫試料には認められる(Viapiano etal., 2005)。
CHI3L1は「ほ乳類キチナーセ様タンパク質」メンバーであり、数種のタイプの固形腫瘍により発現され分泌される。それは、癌細胞と腫瘍関連マクロファージにより生成され、組織の再モデルプロセスに関与する細胞成長因子の作用を示す。また、癌細胞の増殖、分化、生存、浸潤、転移、血管形成、腫瘍周辺の細胞外基質の炎症と再モデル化において役割を果たしている可能性も多少はある(Johansenet al., 2006; Johansen et al., 2007; Ringsholt et al., 2007)。その上、CHI3L1 はリューマチ性関節炎の自己抗原の候補でもある。健常ドナーのCHI3L1有向性CD4T 細胞株は、CD25、糖質コルチコイド誘導腫瘍壊死因子受容体、Foxp3 を発現し、抗原特異的 T 細胞応答を抑制することができた。リューマチ性関節炎患者の50% が炎症性Tヘルパー1表現型に向かった分極を呈し、抗原特異的リコール応答力が有意に減少する(van Bilsen et al., 2004)。
CLIP2によりコードされたタンパク質は細胞質リンカータンパク質ファミリーに属しており、このファミリーは特異的な膜オルガネラと微小管との間の相互作用を仲介することが提示されている。CLIP2は微小管と樹枝状層状体と呼ばれるオルガネラの両方に、関連していることが示された(NCBIウェブページからの一般的情報)。
SLCO1C1は、脳血管バリアで選択的に発現される(Chu et al., 2008)。SLCO1C1は、選択的な基質優先を行い、脳および睾丸中の甲状腺ホルモンの性質に重要な役割りを果たしている可能性がある(Pizzagalli et al., 2002)。SLCO1C1 は、免疫蛍光法により特異的に検出されなかった。SLCO1A2 と SLCO2B1 は、血液脳関門と脳腫瘍関門を形成する内皮細胞の管腔膜中で免疫蛍光顕微鏡により検出可能であったが、神経膠腫細胞中では検出できなかった(Bronger et al., 2005)。
αジストロベレビンは、骨格筋細胞中のジストロフィン−糖タンパク質複合体の細胞質成分として最初に説明された。DTNAのアイソフォームは、細胞と組織中で別の場所に存在している。つまり、内皮細胞中の基底外側膜、ジストロブレビンが仲介する細胞外基質接触部、周辺タンパク質と膜貫通タンパク質、および繊維状アクチン細胞骨格などである。DTNAはその構造的役割以外に、細胞シグナリングと細胞分化で重要であると仮定され、さらのその再編成中の結合の堅さに関連している(Sjo et al., 2005)。DTNA は、シナプスの形成および安定性と、ニコチン性アセチルコリン受容体のクラスター形成に関与している可能性がある(Sjo et al., 2005)。
最近着目される領域は、上皮成長因子受容体(EGFR)についてである。理由は、その受容体の異常が神経膠芽細胞腫の最も一般的な分子異常の1つであるからである。特にEGFRvIII(上皮成長因子受容体の変異体III)は、神経膠芽細胞腫で一般的に発現される、EGFRの発癌性の構造的に活性な突然変異体型である(Zawrockiand Biernat, 2005)EGFR は、前駆細胞の表現型を調節する多数の経路の活性化に関与している。活性化されたEGFR チロシンキナーゼ活性は、神経幹細胞の移動、増殖、生存を促進する。EGFRシグナリングも、神経膠芽細胞腫で役割を果たしていることが知られているので、神経膠芽細胞腫は癌の幹細胞から由来しており、EGFR シグナルの多くがこれらの前駆体細胞変化を受けていると結論されうる(Yuso-Sacido et al., 2006)。
脂肪酸結合タンパク質(FABP)は14〜15kDaの細胞質タンパク質であり、脂肪酸(FA)の取り込み、輸送、標的化に関与していると想定されている。FABPは脂肪酸濃度を調節し、この方法で酵素、膜、イオンチャネルと受容体の機能、さらに遺伝子発現、細胞成長と分化に影響を与える可能性がある。9種のFABP タイプが特異的な組織分布から識別できる。これらは、アミノ酸配列の30〜70% が同一であるにもかかわらず、脂肪酸が結合する3級に類似するβクラム構造を有する。神経組織には、時空間的分布が異なる4種のFABPタイプ類が含まれる(Veerkamp and Zimmerman, 2001)。FABP7 は脳と隔膜発生時に多く発現され、その発現は成人 CNSで有意に減少する(Godbout et al., 1998)。
in vitroの結果を基に、FABP7は発達中の脳放射状グリア細胞の構築には必要であることが示唆されている。正常な脳では、FABP7タンパク質はどうにか検出可能であるが、数種のGBMでは中等度から強度の核と細胞質の発現を示す。FABP7形質転換細胞は、対照細胞よりも5倍遊走能が高いことが示されている。従って、特に神経膠芽細胞腫でFABP7の過剰発現により全体的な生存年数が短くなるのは、周囲の脳実質への腫瘍細胞の遊走および浸潤が亢進したためと考えられる(Liang et al., 2005)。FABP7 の核への移行は、特異的に EGFR 増幅とより浸潤な腫瘍に関連している(Kaloshi et al.,2007)。そのため、核FABP7は、EGFR 活性化により誘導され、GBM腫瘍細胞の移動を促進する可能性がある。
GFAP は、成熟星状膠細胞の主要な中間径フィラメントタンパク質の1つをコードする。それは、発達中に星状膠細胞を他のグリア細胞と識別するマーカーとして使用される。この遺伝子の突然変異は、中枢神経系内の星状膠細胞による希な疾患である、Alexander病の原因となる。別な転写変異体が説明されているが、全長配列は決定されていない。その異性体レベルの上昇が自閉症患者の脳で報告されおり、一方重度な欝病患者の脳ではGFAPの低下が見られた。
GPR56 は、異常に大きいN末端細胞外領域を伴う異型Gタンパク質共役受容体(GPCR)であり、それはムチン様ストークを形成するセリン/スレオニンが豊富な長領域を含み、この特徴故に、GPR56は細胞−細胞または細胞−基質相互作用で働いていると考えられている。mRNA の高い発現レベルとその広い分布が伴い、この受容体が細胞−細胞相互作用プロセスで役割を果たしている可能性が示唆されている(Liu et al., 1999)。GPR56 は、神経前駆体細胞の発生に役割を持つセクレチンファミリーのGPCRに属し、ヒト脳の発生障害に関与していた。GPR56のより高い発生は、正常な細胞形質転換表現型に比べ、数種の癌組織の対応する表現型と相関しており、これは発癌機能の可能性を暗示している。RNA妨害により仲介される GPR56 スライシングは、結果としてアポトーシスの誘導、アノイキスの増大による癌細胞の足場非依存性成長を軽減するGPR56 のサイレンシングは、細胞外基質への細胞粘着を軽減させる(Ke et al., 2007)。GPR56 のアップレギュレーションは、機能的ゲノミクスによる多形性神経膠芽細胞腫で認められた。免疫組織化学的試験では、GPR56の発現が、正常成人脳では検出不可能な発現レベルで、大部分の神経膠芽細胞腫/星状膠細胞腫試料中で確認された(Shashidhar et al., 2005)。膵臓癌細胞で、GPR56mRNAが高いレベルで発現される一方、GPR56 タンパク質はこれらの細胞では無視できるか、検出不可である。このことは、GPR56 タンパク質の発現がヒト膵臓癌細胞中で抑制されることを示唆している(Huang et al., 2008)。転移に関する早期研究では、GPR56 はヒトメラノーマ細胞株の転移率の高い変異体において著しくダウンレギュレートされることを示唆し、GPR56の過剰発現が腫瘍成長と転移を抑制することを暗示した。この成長抑制は、GPR56 と、組織と間質に広範囲に存在する成分であり、腫瘍進行の抑制に関与している、組織トランスグルタミナーゼ(TG2)との相互作用により仲介されると考えられている(Xuet al., 2006; Xu and Hynes, 2007)。GPR56の別の抑制影響は、神経前駆体細胞(NPC)の移動において報告されている。GPR56はNPCで高く発現され、おそらくGalpha(12/13)と Rho シグナリング経路を通じて NPC の移動調節に関与しており、GPR56 が中枢神経系の発生に重要な役割を果たしていることを示唆している(Iguchi et al., 2008)。
αアミノ-3-ヒドロキシ-5-メチル-4-イソキサゾールプロピオン酸(AMPA)-型グルタミン酸受容体(AMPAR)は中枢神経系興奮シナプスの迅速な神経伝達を仲介し、GluR1からGluR4までの4つのタンパク質セット(GRIA4)から得たサブユニットから構成される。
IGF2BP3はインスリン様成長因子II mRNA結合タンパク質ファミリーの一員であり、mRNAの局在化、代謝回転、翻訳調節に関係があるとされている。コードされたタンパク質にはいくつかのKHドメインが含まれ、RNA結合において重要であり、RNAの合成および代謝に関与していることが知られている。それは主に胚発生中に一部の腫瘍で発現される。そのため、IGF2BP3は癌胎児性タンパク質であると考えられている(Liao et al., 2005)。神経膠芽細胞腫でのIGF2BP3発現についての特異的情報は見出されていないが、IGF2BP3は他の数種の悪性腫瘍で過剰発現されると説明されている。そのため、IGF2BP3は、716件の分析された腎明細胞癌標本の30%で発現される。この試験では、発現が進行病期と原発性腫瘍グレード、腫瘍凝固壊死と肉腫様分化など他の有害特徴に関連していた。さらに、陽性IGF2BP3 の発現は、遠隔転移のリスクを5〜10倍増大させ、RCCによる死亡リスクを42%-50%増大させることに関連していた。このことは、IGF2BP3発現が、悪性腎明細胞癌の挙動の独立した予測因子であることを示唆している(Hoffmann et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2006; Jiang et al., 2008)。またIGF2BP3の発現は、異形成の特徴がある場合でも、発現が確定されてない良性の母斑と比較し、悪性メラノーマで検出された(Pryor et al., 2008)。子宮内膜癌では、IGF2BP3の発現はII型子宮内膜癌および子宮内膜腫瘍病変間の浸潤性組織表現型に密接に関連している(Zheng et al., 2008)。食道扁平上皮細胞癌に罹患している20症例で、TIL、局所リンパ節リンパ球、および末梢血リンパ球中の特異的T細胞のHLA-A2402限定エピトープペプチドに対する応答誘導が、全例の40%で観察される可能性があるかもしれない(Mizukami et al., 2008)。IGF2BP3は膵臓癌でも多く発現される。2研究では、膵臓組織試料の90%超で免疫染色後にIGF2BP3発現が示されたが、非腫瘍性膵臓組織はIGF2BP3が陰性であった。さらに、IGF2BP3mRNA は、非癌性組織試料に比べ膵臓癌で過剰発現され、その発現は腫瘍病期とともに徐々に増大した(Yantiss et al., 2005; Yantiss et al., 2008)。IGF2BP3発現は高グレードの尿路上皮腫瘍で有意に増加することも分かったが、良性の尿路上皮または低グレードの尿路上皮腫瘍では一般に発現されない。更に、IGF2BP3陽性腫瘍患者はIGF2BP3陰性腫瘍患者よりも、無増悪生存率および無病生存率がはるかに低い。初期診断で表在性浸潤尿路上皮癌と診断されたIGF2BP3陽性患者も進行して転移したが、IGF2BP3陰性患者では転移しなかった。さらに、これらの試験データは、IGF2BP3が、乳頭および平坦両病変のグレードが低→高に変化する、尿路上皮腫瘍増悪に関与している可能性を示唆していた(Li et al., 2008b; Sitnikova et al., 2008)。
皮質下嚢胞を伴う巨脳症性白質脳症(MLC)は、子供の常染色体劣性大脳白質障害である。MLCは、遺伝子MLC1の突然変異によって引き起こされる(Ilja Boor et al., 2006)。この研究者の理解に基づいた、脳腫瘍とMLC1 との関連に関する報告は文献では見あたらない。
発生中、すべてのCNS部分で受胎後11週に、脳室層の神経上皮細胞で中間径フィラメントの拡大発現があり、一方、ネスチン免疫活性は妊娠第2期と第3期中に減少する(Takanoand Becker, 1997; Lendahl et al., 1990; Zimmerman et al., 1994; Tohyama et al.,1992)。増殖性脳質層から移動中または移動後、ネスチン発現は分裂後ニューロン中で急速にダウンレギュレートされる(Arnold andTrojanowski, 1996)。非腫瘍性ヒト成人脳組織のネスチン染色は、非常に少ない内皮細胞数の薄い色のみを示した(Dahlstrand et al.,1992)。ネスチンは腫瘍性転換中に発現されうる(Veselska et al., 2006)。神経膠腫組織で、ネスチン免疫反応が腫瘍細胞中でのみ起こり、生成したネスチン量は、神経膠腫のグレードがより悪性つまり神経膠芽細胞腫になるほど、増加する。神経膠芽細胞腫(グレードIV)は、ネスチン陽性細胞中で最も高い発生率と一般的に最も高いレベルのネスチン染色を発現するネスチン発現は、神経外胚葉が発生部位である様々なタイプの原発性CNS腫瘍細胞で検出されるが、転移癌細胞では検出されない。ネスチンは拡散性星状膠細胞種ではほとんど発現されず、未分化星状膠細胞種では様々に発現され、神経膠芽細胞腫では強く不規則に発言され、その分布はGFAPやビメンチンを伴う補体経路で様々に変化する(Schiffer et al., 2006)。臨床的には、ネスチン陰性 CNS 生殖細胞腫瘍は播種しなかったが、一方、播種したすべての腫瘍もネスチンタンパク質を強く発現した(Sakurada et al., 2007)。
NR2E1(TLX)は、神経幹細胞の増殖および、転写抑制のためその下流標的遺伝子にヒストン脱アセチル化酵素(HDAC)を集めることによる自己再生には、必須な転写因子であり、これにより順番に神経幹細胞の増殖を調節する。HDACの収集により、TLX標的遺伝子、サイクリン依存キナーゼ阻害剤であるp21(CIP1/WAF1)(p21)、および腫瘍抑制因子遺伝子であるPTENの転写抑制が起こる(Sun et al., 2007)。 分岐ホメオボックス遺伝子のTLX/HOX11 サブファミリーが、胚発生の色々な局面で関与しており、TLX1/HOX11 やTLX3/HOX11L2の例では、ヒトT細胞急性リンパ芽球性白血病の癌遺伝子として顕著に機能する(Dixonet al., 2007)。NR2E1は、網膜措置期の基本的な発生プログラムの基礎をなし、適切な数の網膜子孫の形成と、長期間の網膜発生中のグリア細胞の発生を制御する(Miyawaki et al., 2004)。神経膠芽細胞腫に特異な情報は見出されていない。
ヒトNRCAM(細胞接着分子に関連する神経膠)は、神経膠芽細胞腫多形組織(GMT)では正常脳組織(NBT)に比べ過剰発現される。NRCAMは、アンキリンと相互作用する1回貫通型膜タンパク質として説明されている。アンチセンス hNRCAM は天然型 hNRCAM 発現の減少、細胞形態学上の変化、細胞増殖速度の減少、および細胞サイクルの延長を引き起こした。さらにこれらの細胞中でのアンチセンスhNRCAM の過剰発現により、軟寒天コロニー数およびin vitro過剰細胞基質(ECM)ゲルを通じた浸潤をかなり軽減させた。アンチセンス hNRCAMの過剰発現神経膠芽細胞腫細胞をヌードマウスへ皮下注射すると、形質転換細胞のみを指示する場合に比較して、腫瘍形成が完全に阻害された。アンチセンスhNRCAM 発現プラスミドの腫瘍内接種もin vivoヌードマウスで腫瘍成長の遅延を引き起こした(Sehgal et al., 1999)。遺伝子特異的RT-PCR 解析は、hNRCAMが正常脳組織に比べ、高グレードの星状膠細胞腫、神経膠腫および神経膠芽細胞腫の腫瘍組織では過剰発現されることを示した(Sehgal et al., 199)。神経細胞の増殖や案内でその機能が既知である、免疫グロブイン様細胞接着分子ファミリーの細胞−細胞接着分子、NRCAMは、ヒトメラノーマと大腸癌細胞の組織中でβカテニンシグナリングの標的遺伝子として、最近同定された。NRCAMのレトロウイルスで仲介された線維芽細胞への形質移入は、細胞運動性と腫瘍形成を誘導する(Conacci-Sorrell et al., 2005)βカテニンまたはプラコグロビンによるNRCAM転写の誘導は、おそらく、細胞成長と運動性を促進することでメラノーマと大腸癌の腫瘍形成に役割を果たしている(Conacci-Sorrell et al., 2002)。βカテニンシグナリングでの他の標的もMYC(Liu et al., 2008)のように、アップレギュレートされるNrCAM は、ヒト甲状腺乳頭癌で腫瘍病期に関係なく、mRNAとタンパク質レベルで過剰発現される(Gorka et al., 2007)。
PDPNは、ヒト組織中の多様に分布するムチン様タイプI内在性膜糖タンパク質である。癌細胞の移動、浸潤、転移、および増悪に関与しており、血小板凝集に関与している。CLEC-2は最初に同定されたポドプラニン病態生理学受容体である(Kato et al., 2008)。115 件の神経膠芽細胞腫が抗PDPN抗体で免疫組織化学的に検討された。神経膠芽細胞腫の47%が表面細胞上で特に特に壊死領域で、内皮細胞を増殖しながら PDPN を発現した。さらに、PDPN mRNA とタンパク質の発現が、未分化の星状膠細胞腫よりも神経膠芽細胞腫でより顕著に高かく、これはPDPN発現が星状細胞のグレードに関連している可能性があるかもしれないことを示唆している(Mishima et al., 2006)。別の解析では、PDPN は 82.9%の神経膠芽細胞腫(29/35)で発現されることが示された(Shibahara et al.,2006)。PDPN発現と神経膠芽細胞腫細胞株の血小板凝集活性を検討する研究では、LN319 がPDPNを高く発現し血小板凝集を誘導した。高い反応性の抗PDPN抗体であるNZ-1は、LN319 による血小板凝集を中和し、誘導された血小板凝集の主な原因が PDPNであることを示唆した(Kato et al., 2006)。PDPN遺伝子発現レベルは、非癌性白質よりも神経膠芽細胞腫のほうが有意に高く、これは免疫組織化学的に確認された(Scrideli et al., 2008)。PDPNは、リンパ管で特異的に発現されるが、培養および腫瘍関連リンパ管形成における血管内皮細胞では発現されない。PDPN は健常人の上皮細胞に主として存在しないが、その発現は、28個中の22の扁平上皮癌細胞で強く誘導され、腫瘍増悪でのPDPNの役割を示唆している(PDPN )。PDPN は多数のヒト癌細胞の浸潤前方にアプレギュレートされる。培養ヒト乳癌細胞、マウスの膵臓β細胞癌形成モデル、およびヒトの癌生検でのPDPN発現を検討した結果、PDPN はin vitro と in vivoで腫瘍細胞浸潤を促進させることが示された。PDPN は、小Rho ファミリー GTPアーゼ活性のダウンレギュレーションを通じて、糸状仮足形成による集団細胞移動を誘導する。結論として、PDPNは、上皮−間葉細胞転移なしで腫瘍細胞浸潤の別の経路を誘導し(Wicki et al., 2006)、PDPN 発現レベルは殆どの大腸直腸腫瘍患者で上昇し(Wicki et al., 2006)、TGFβは腫瘍細胞中のPDPN の生理学的調節因子であると考えられ(Suzuki et al., 2008)、PDPNは食道、肺、肝臓、大腸、および乳房由来、さらにリンパ節内皮細胞由来の癌細胞により発現される(Kono et al., 2007)。
正常脳ではなく神経膠芽細胞腫中の細胞外基質糖タンパク質 TNC の発現および、その発現と神経膠芽細胞腫増殖性内皮細胞基底膜との関連から、TNCが神経膠腫の有用なマーカーであることが1983年にすでに示唆されていた。腫瘍進行中に、腫瘍組織のECMは再形成され、その時点で腫瘍進行がより伝導される環境を提供する。その中で血管形成は不可欠なステップである(Carnemollaet al., 1999)。TNCは増殖指数が高い腫瘍血管で過剰発現されるが、増殖指数はTNCが腫瘍の血管形成に関係していることを示している(Kim etal., 2000)。腫瘍内で、TNC発現は低酸素状態により誘導される(Lal et al., 2001)。TNCの誘導は、TGFβ1によって仲介され、グレードの高い神経膠腫の健常な脳実質への浸潤メカニズムを提供している(Hau et al., 2006)。TNC 過剰発現も、ヒト神経膠芽細胞腫細胞の移動を有意に変化させることが知られているガストリンによる、テネイシンC遺伝子プロモーターの特異的活性化の結果である(Kucharczak et al., 2001)。TNCはトロポミオシン−1をダウンレギュレートするため、アクチンストレス線維を不安定化する。更に、TNCはWnt阻害因子Dickkopf1をダウンレギュレートさせる。トロポミオシン−1の発現低下とWntシグナル伝達の亢進は形質転換および腫瘍形成と密接な関連性があるため、TNCはこれらのシグナル伝達経路を特異的に調節し、神経膠腫細胞の増殖を増進する(Ruiz et al., 2004)。
アポトーシスタンパク質阻害剤(IAP)メンバーである、BIRC5(サービビン)の発現は、成人の正常分化組織で、特に増殖指数が低い場合は非常に低下すると共に、致死的組織と様々なヒトの癌組織内では上昇する。サービビンは、細胞増殖とアポトーシス細胞死の両方の調節が可能であると思われる。サービビンは通常細胞質領域に存在し、癌の予後の悪化に関与しているが、核転座つまり良好な予後の指標であるとも報告されている(O'Driscoll et al., 2003)。サービビン自身とそれを介する調節はいくつかのメカニズムによって説明されている。サービビンは分子シャペロンHsp60に関与しているようにみえる。Invivoで、Hsp60は、対応する正常組織に比べと、ヒト原発性腫瘍内に多量に発現される。小さい妨害RNAによるHsp60の急性除去は、サービビンのミトコンドリアプールを不安定化させ、ミトコンドリアの機能障害を誘導させ、カスパーゼ依存アポトーシスを活性化させる(Ghosh et al., 2008)。さらに、Rasの阻害によって、アポトーシス上でのサービビンの「ブレーキ」は放され、ミトコンドリアアポトーシス経路が活性化される。特に、神経膠芽細胞腫では、アポトーシスへの抵抗はサービビンを標的とするRas阻害剤によって無効となる(Blum et al., 2006)。神経膠腫内のNF-kappaB過剰活性とNF-kappaB標的遺伝子の1つであるサービビンの過剰発現との間に相関があるようにもみえる。そのため、NF-kappaB活性抗アポトーシス遺伝子は腫瘍試料中で過剰発現される。特に、神経膠芽細胞腫中では非常に高いレベルのサービビン発現が検出される。脳神経膠腫の生存過剰発現は、悪性増殖、抗アポトーシスおよび血管形成に重要な役割を果たしている可能性が示唆される。サービビン発現と神経膠芽腫内での生存への影響を試験するために、いくつかの分析が実施された。
要するに、サービビン発現、特に星状細胞腫瘍内の核と細胞質での同時発現は、サービビン陰性腫瘍患者に比べて、悪性グレード(神経膠芽腫でのサービビン発現が最も高い)および生存期間の短縮に有意に関与していた(Kajiwara et al., 2003; Saito et al., 2007; Uematsu et al., 2005; Mellai et al., 2008;Grunda et al., 2006; Xie et al., 2006; Sasaki et al., 2002; Chakravarti et al.,2002)。
大腸癌では、サービビン発現は病理学的グレードとリンパ節転移にも関与している(Tan et al., 2005)腎明細胞癌の進行度はサービビン発現が関与していることが示されている。さらに、サービビン発現は癌に限った生存率と逆相関している(Kosari et al., 2005)サービビン発現はケラチノサイト腫瘍と過剰増殖皮膚病変のパネルで検出できるが、正常の皮膚では検出されない(Bowen et al.,2004)。膵臓癌の細胞株では、サービビンは試験した細胞株の58%で増幅された(Mahlamaki et al., 2002)。扁平上皮細胞癌では、サービビン発現はより高悪性で浸潤性の高い臨床表現型を伴う症例を同定するのに役立てることができる(Lo et al., 2001)。
さらに、サービビンは同一患者の末梢血リンパ球でCD4+T細胞の反応性を特異的に刺激した(Casati et al., 2003; Piesche et al., 2007)。
本発明は、被験者の神経膠芽細胞腫マーカー遺伝子として、BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAMおよび PDPN の発現レベルの増大を検出するキットを提供する。神経膠芽細胞腫マーカーポリペプチドの検出用キットは、好ましくは特異的に選択される神経膠芽細胞腫マーカーポリペプチド抗体を含む。神経膠芽細胞腫マーカーmRNAの検出用キットは、BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM および PDPNの mRNAで特異的にハイブリッドする1つ以上の核酸(例、1つ以上のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーまたはプローブ、DNAプローブ、RNAプローブ、またはRNAプローブ形成用テンプレート)を含んでいる。
本発明のモノクルナール抗体をコードするDNAは、従来手順(例、マウス抗体の重鎖と軽鎖をコードする遺伝子に特異的に結合する能力があるオリゴヌクレオチドプローブを用いる)によって容易に単離し配列決定されうる。
さらに、本発明の核酸またはベクターは、Genetronics, Inc.(SanDiego, Calif.)から購入可能な技法である電気穿孔法や、SONOPORATION マシン(ImaRx Pharmaceutical Corp.,Tucson, Ariz.)によって in vivoで送達されうる。
改変核酸をほ乳類の細胞に導入する確実な方法は、もちろんレトロウイルスベクターの使用だけに限定されない。アデノウイルスベクター、アデノ関連ウイルス(AAV)ベクター、レンチウイルスベクター、偽型レトロウイルスベクターなど、この手順に対して他の技法を広く利用できる。リポソーム送達、仲介受容体、および他のエンドサイトーシスなど、物理的な形質導入技法も使用できる。本発明は、これらのいずれかまたは他の一般的に使用される遺伝子転移方法と併用可能である。
好ましい実施形態では、ペプチドは、配列番号:1〜24の群または 配列番号:1〜24の配列と85%相同である変異体、または上記のペプチドとT細胞の交差反応を引き起こす変異体から選択された配列からなるペプチド群から選択される。
例えば、ペプチドは、HLA-A*02や-DRなどの適当なMHC分子の結合溝と相互作用したり、結合したりする能力を、改善しないまでも少なくとも維持するように改変され、そのようにして、ペプチドは活性化CTLのTCR との結合能力を改善しないまでも少なくとも維持する。これらのCTL は、実質上細胞と交差反応ができ、本発明の態様で定義されているように同族ペプチドの、天然のアミノ酸配列を含むポリペプチドを発現している細胞を殺傷できる。科学文献(Rammensee et al., 1997)や、データベース (Rammensee et al., 1999)から得られるように、HLA 結合ペプチドの特定な位置は、HLA受容体の結合モチーフに結合できるコア配列を持つアンカー残基であり、一般的に結合溝を構成するポリペプチド鎖のイオン性、電気物理性、疎水性、空間性といった性質により特徴づけられる。こうして、当業者は、既存のアンカー残基を保持しながら配列番号:1〜30のアミノ酸配列を修飾できるようになり、また、そのような変異体のMHCクラスIまたはII分子への結合能力を保持するかについて決定できることになる。本発明の変異体は、活性化TCLへのTCRとの結合能力を維持しており、実質的に交差反応が可能であり、また、本発明の態様で定義しているように、同族ペプチドの体内アミノ酸配列を含んだポリペプチドを発現する細胞を殺傷できる。
本発明のペプチドのアミノ酸残基数は 1,000 残基未満であり、好ましくは500 残基未満であり、より好ましく 100 残基未満であり、最も好ましくは 8 〜 30 残基である。更に、本発明でペプチドおよび変異体を提供するが、前記ペプチドまたは変異体は、全長のアミノ酸残基が8 〜100 残基、好ましくは8〜30残基であり、最も好ましくは8〜16 残基、すなわち 8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15または16残基である。
ウイルス性ベクターを使用する場合は、ポックスベクターあるいはアデノウイルスベクターが好ましい。
多数のMHCクラスII分子や同時刺激分子の核酸配列は、GenBankとEMBLのデータベースから入手可能である
(a)上述の医薬組成物(溶液または凍結乾燥物)を含む容器、
(b)任意で、凍結乾燥調製物の希釈剤あるいは再構成溶液を含む第2容器;
(c)任意で、(i)溶液の使用、または(ii)凍結乾燥調製物の構成および/または使用の説明書。
B) 質量分析クロマトグラムで検出された48.76min でのピークは、質量スペクトルの m/z 536.3239を明らかにした。C) 特定の保持時間でのnanoESI-LCMS 実験で記録された、選択した前駆体m/z 536.3239 から衝突誘導された減衰質量スペクトルで、GB6010 腫瘍試料中の IGF2BP3-001 の存在が確認された。D) 合成IGF2BP3-001のフラグメンテーションパターンが記録され、配列確認のためにCで示した、得られた天然 TUMAPのフラグメンテーションパターンと比較された。
図2a は、選択したタンパク質の正常組織と19個の神経膠芽細胞腫試料おけるmRNA の発現プロフィールを示す。
図2bは、選択したタンパク質の正常組織と19個の神経膠芽細胞腫試料おけるmRNA の発現プロフィールを示す。
図3は、IMA950クラスIのTUMAPの典型的な in vitro 免疫原性を示す。
図4は、本発明のHLA クラスI ペプチドのA*02への典型的な結合親和性を示す。
配列番号:1〜24は、本発明に記載のペプチドに関連する好ましい腫瘍配列を示す。
細胞表面に提示された腫瘍関連ペプチドの同定
組織試料
患者の腫瘍組織は、Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire de Genève(腫瘍免疫学癌治療研究室)とNeurochirurgische Universitäts-Klinik Heidelberg(分子生物学研究室)から提供された。手術前に全ての患者から書面でインフォームドコンセントを得た。組織は、術後直ちに液体窒素で衝撃冷凍し、TUMAPを単離するまで−80℃で保存した。
衝撃冷凍した組織試料のHLAペプチドプールは、わずかに改変したプロトコール(Falk,K. et al 1991;Seeger, F.H. et al.T 1999)に従い、HLA-A*02特異抗体BB7.2またはHLA−A、−B、−C特異抗体W6/32、CNBr-活性化セファロース、酸処理、および限外ろ過により、固体組織から免疫沈降によって得た。
得られたHLAペプチドプールをその疎水性に従い逆相クロマトグラフィー(AcquityUPLC system、Waters)により分離し、溶出したペプチドは、ESI源付きLTQオービトラップ型ハイブリッド質量分析計(ThermoElectron)で分析した。ペプチドプールを1.7μmの逆相C18充填剤(Waters)が詰まった分析用溶融石英マイクロキャピラリーカラム(75μm i.d. x 250 mm)に、流速400nL/分とし、直接装填した。Subsequently, the peptides were separatedusing a two-step 180 minute-binary gradient from 10% to 33% B at flow rates of300 nL per minute.勾配は、溶媒A(0.1%蟻酸水溶液)と溶媒B(0.1%蟻酸アセトニトリル溶液)からなる。金被覆ガラスキャピラリー(PicoTip、NewObjective)をマイクロESI源への導入に使った。LTQオービトラップ型質量分析計をTOP5戦略により、データ依存モードで操作した。手短に言えば、オービトラップで(R=30,000)、高い質量精度の全スキャンからスキャンサイクルを開始し、続いて、以前に選択したイオンを動的排除した5つの最も多量に存在する前駆イオンについて、オービトラップ内で(R=7500)MS/MSスキャンを実施した。タンデム質量スペクトルは、SEQUESTおよび別の手動コントロールにより解釈した。同定したペプチド配列は、発生した天然ペプチドの断片化パターンを、合成配列の同一参照ペプチドの断片化パターンと比較して確認した。図1は、ペプチドIGF2BP3-001関連MHC クラス I の腫瘍、および UPLC 系のその溶出プロフィールから得られた典型的なスペクトルを示す。
本発明のペプチドをコードする遺伝子発現プロフィール
MHC分子による腫瘍細胞表面に提示されて同定されたペプチドすべてが、免疫療法に適しているとはいえない。その理由は、多くのペプチドが多数の細胞タイプにより発現された正常の細胞タンパク質に由来しているからである。これらのペプチドのほんの僅かだけが、腫瘍に関連しており、由来する腫瘍を認識するのに高い特異性を有するT細胞を誘導できる傾向を有している。このようなペプチドを同定し、ワクチン接種により誘導される自己免疫のリスクを最小限にするため、本発明者は多数の正常組織と比較して、腫瘍細胞で過剰発現されるタンパク質に由来するこれらのペプチドに焦点を当てた。
手術で取り除いた組織標本は、各患者から書面でインフォームドコンセントを得た後、2ヶ所の別な臨床施設(実施例1を参照)から提供された。腫瘍組織標本は、術後直ちに液体窒素でスナップ冷凍し、その後液体窒素下で乳鉢と乳棒を使い均質化した。RNAは,TRIzo1(Invitrogen,Karlstuhe, Germany)を用いてこれらの試料から調製し,続いてRNeasy(QIAGEN, Hilden , Germany)でクリーンアップした.両方法とも製造業者プロトコールに従って実施した。
腫瘍および正常組織のRNA試料すべての遺伝子発現解析は、AffymetrixHuman Genome (HG) U133A または HG-U133 Plus 2.0 オリゴヌクレオチドマイクロアレイ(Affymetrix, SantaClara, CA, USA)で実施した。すべてのステップは Affymetrix マニュアルにしたがって実施された。簡単にいうと、二本鎖cDNAは、取扱説明書の記載通り、SuperScriptRTII (Invitrogen) と oligo-dT-T7 primer (MWG Biotech, Ebersberg, Germany) を用いて、合計5〜8 μg のRNAから合成した。in vitro転写は、U133A アレイにはBioArrayHigh Yield RNA Transcript Labelling Kit (ENZO Diagnostics, Inc., Farmingdale,NY, USA)で、U133 Plus 2.0 アレイにはGeneChip IVT Labelling Kit (Affymetrix)で実施し、続いてcRNA のハイブリダイゼーション、および染色は、ストレプタビジン−フィコエリスリンとビオチン化抗ストレプタビジン抗体を用いて実施した。 画像はAgilent2500A 遺伝子アレイスキャナー (U133A)またはAffymetrix 遺伝子チップスキャナー 3000 (U133 Plus 2.0) でスキャンし、データは全パラメータの初期設定値を用いてGCOSソフトウェア(Affymetrix)で解析した。正規化は、Affymetrixにより提供された100 個のハウスキーピング遺伝子を使った相対的発現値は、ソフトウェアで得たシングルログ比から計算し、正常腎試料は適宜1.0に設定した。
IMA950MHCクラスI 提示ペプチドのin vitro免疫原性
本発明のTUMAPの免疫原性について情報を得るため、すでに(Walter,S, Herrgen, L, Schoor, O, Jung, G, Wernet, D, Buhring, HJ, Rammensee, HG, andStevanovic, S; 2003, Cutting edge: predetermined avidity of human CD8 T cellsexpanded on calibrated MHC/anti-CD28-coated microspheres, J.Immunol., 171,4974-4978)により報告され、十分確立されたin vitro刺激プラットフォームを用いて検討を行った。本発明の13 HLA-A*0201拘束性TUMAPに対しかなり高い免疫原性を示し得るこの方法は(試験ドナー 50 %以上で、 TUMAP-特異的 CTLの検出可能性あり)、CD8+ 前駆体T細胞がヒトに存在することに対し、これらのペプチドがT-細胞エピトープであることを明示している(表3)。
本発明の13HLA-A*0201拘束性 TUMAP
ペプチド−MHC複合体(pMHC)と抗CD28抗体を載せた人工抗原提示細胞(aAPC)によるinvitro刺激を実行するために、発明者はまず、標準的な密度勾配分離用溶媒(PAA、Coelbe、ドイツ)を使って、新しいHLA-A*02+バフィーコートからPBMC(末梢血単核細胞)を単離した。バフィーコートは血液バンクのTuebingenまたはKatharinenhospitalStuttgartから入手した。単離されたPBMCは、10%熱不活性化ヒトAB血清(PAA、Coelbe、ドイツ)が補充されたRPMI−グルタマックス(Invitrogen、Karlsruhe、ドイツ)、100U/mlペニシリン/100μg/mlストレプトマイシン(Cambrex、Verviers、ベルギー)、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム(CCPro、Neustadt、ドイツ)、および20μgml/ゲンタマイシン(Cambrex)で構成される、ヒトin vitroプライミング用T細胞培地(TCM)で一晩インキュベートした。CD8+リンパ球は、製造業者の指示に従い、CD8+MACS陽性分離キット(Miltenyi、Bergisch Gladbach、ドイツ)を用いて単離した。得られたCD8+細胞は、2.5ng/ml IL-7(PromoCell、Heidelberg、ドイツ)および10U/mlIL-2(Chiron、Munich、ドイツ)が補充されたTCM中で使用するまで、インキュベートした。pMHC/抗-CD28 被覆ビーズ、T細胞刺激および読み出しなどの生成は、僅かな改変をして前述した通り(Walteret al., 2003)に実施した。簡単に言うと、膜貫通型ドメインを欠き重鎖のカルボキ末端でビオチン化された、ビオチン化組み換えHLA-A*0201分子は、(Altmanet al., 1996)が報告した方法に従い生成した。精製した共刺激マウス IgG2a 抗ヒト CD28 Ab 9.3(Jung et al., 1987)は、製造業者が推奨するように、スルホ−N−ヒドロキシサクシンイミドビオチンで化学的にビオチン化された。使用したビーズは、5.60μmの大きいサイズのストレプタビジン被覆ポリスチレン粒子(BangsLaboratories、米国イリノイ州)である。陽性および陰性コントロールとして使用したpMHCは、それぞれ、A*0201/MLA-001(修飾Melan-A/MART-1から得たペプチドELAGIGILTV)とA*0201/DDX5-001(DDX5から得たYLLPAIVHI)である。
続いて、培地の半分を80U/ml IL-2が補充された新しいTCMと交換し、インキュベーションは37°Cで3〜4日間続けた。この刺激サイクルを合計3回実施した。最後に、四量体分析は、蛍光MHC四量体(Altmanet al., 1996)に報告されている通り作製)+ 抗体CD8-FITCクローンSK1(BD、Heidelberg、ドイツ)を用い、4色FACSCalibur(BD)にて実施した。ペプチド特異的細胞をCD8+T細胞の合計パーセンテージとして計算した。四量体分析の評価は、ソフトウェアFCS Express(De Novo Software)を用いて行った。特定の四量体+CD8+リンパ球のin vitroプライミングは、適切なゲート開閉と陰性コントロール刺激との比較によって、検出した。一例の健常ドナーについてin vitroで刺激された評価可能な少なくとも1つのウェルに、in vitro刺激後、特異的なCD8+ T細胞株が含まれることが発見された場合(すなわち、このウェルがCD8+ T細胞中に少なくとも1%の特異的四量体+を含んでおり、特異的四量体+細胞のパーセンテージが陰性コントロール刺激の中央値の少なくとも10倍であった場合)、特定抗原の免疫原性が検出された。
検討したHLAクラスIペプチドについて、in vitro免疫原性はペプチド特異的T細胞株を生成させることにより証明できた。本発明の2つのペプチドに対する、TUMAP-特異的四量体染色後の典型的なフロサイトメトリーの結果を図3に示す。
本発明13個のペプチドの結果を表3に要約する。
本発明のHLAクラスI拘束性ペプチドのHLA-A*0201への結合
目的および概要
本分析の目的は、癌免疫療法の一部としてのペプチドの作用機序の重要なパラメータであるため、HLA-A*0201対立遺伝子によってコードされるMHC分子へのHLAクラスIペプチドの親和性を評価することであった。試験したHLA クラスI-拘束性ペプチド0のHLA-A*0201 への親和性は、B型肝炎コア抗原由来の既知で強いA*02結合因子である、陽性コントロールペプチド HBV-001の解離定数の範囲で、中等度から強度であった。これらの結果から、本発明で試験したすべての HLA クラスI ペプチドは強い結合親和性を有することが確認された。
Stable HLA/peptide complexesconsist of three molecules: HLA heavy chain, beta-2 microglobulin (b2m) and thepeptidic ligand 変性組み換えHLA-A*0201重鎖分子単独の活性は、その重鎖分子に「空のHLA-A*0201分子」と同等な機能を与えながら保存することができる。これらの分子は、b2mと適切なペプチドを含む水性緩衝剤に希釈すると、完全にペプチド依存的に迅速に効率よく折り畳まれる。これらの分子の有用性は、ペプチドとHLAクラスI分子間の相互作用の親和性を測定する、ELISAに基づくアッセイで利用されている(Sylvester-Hvidet al., 2002)。
結果は、図4に示している。KD値が低いほどHLA-A*0201への親和性は高い。本発明のすべての試験ペプチドは、既知の強いA*02 結合因子である、陽性コントロールペプチドHBV-001の解離定数付近で、HLA-A*0201 と強い親和性を有している従って、全ての本発明のクラスITUMAPはMHC分子A*02に対して中等度から強度の結合親和性を持つ。
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Claims (12)
- 配列番号14に記載の配列を含む単離ペプチドを含む神経膠腫の治療のための薬剤であって、前記ペプチドは、全長9〜30アミノ酸残基であり、HLA−A*02に結合することができ、かつCD8+T細胞を刺激することができる、薬剤。
- 前記単離ペプチドが配列番号14に記載のアミノ酸配列からなるペプチドである、請求項1に記載の薬剤。
- 前記単離ペプチドが非ペプチド結合を含む、請求項1または2に記載の薬剤。
- 前記単離ペプチドの代わりに、前記単離ペプチドとHLA-DR 抗原関連変異体鎖(p33)の80N-末端アミノ酸を含む融合ペプチドを含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の前記単離ペプチド又は請求項4に記載の前記融合ペプチドをコードする核酸、または該核酸を発現する能力のある発現ベクターを含む薬剤。
- 請求項1または2に記載の薬剤を含む神経膠腫ワクチン。
- 請求項5に記載の薬剤を含む宿主細胞を培養し、該宿主細胞またはその培地からペプチドを単離することを含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤を生成する方法。
- 抗原特異的方法で細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)を活性化するのに十分な期間、in vitroでCTLを、適当な抗原提示細胞表面上で発現された抗原負荷ヒトクラスIのMHC分子と接触させるか、または抗原提示細胞を模倣する人工構築物と接触させることを含み、前記抗原が請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤である、in vitroで活性化CTLを生成する方法。
- 神経膠腫治療剤の製造における、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤、請求項6に記載の神経膠腫ワクチンの使用。
- (a)請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤を含有する医薬組成物を溶液または凍結乾燥状態で含む容器;
(b)任意で、凍結乾燥調製物用の希釈剤あるいは再構成溶液を含む第2容器;
(c)任意で、配列番号1〜13および15〜30に記載のペプチドからなる群から選択される1つ以上のペプチド、および
(d)任意で、(i)溶液の使用、または(ii)凍結乾燥調製物の構成および/または使用のための指示書、を含むキット。 - (iii)緩衝剤、(iv)希釈剤、(v)フィルタ、(vi)針、または(vii)注射器の1つもしくは複数をさらに含む、請求項10に記載のキット。
- ペプチドが配列番号2および配列番号20からなる群から選択される、請求項10または11に記載のキット。
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