CN102170900B - 抗神经元和脑肿瘤等几种肿瘤的新型免疫疗法 - Google Patents
抗神经元和脑肿瘤等几种肿瘤的新型免疫疗法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于免疫治疗方法的肽、核酸和细胞。特别是,本发明涉及癌症的免疫疗法。本发明还涉及单独使用或与其他肿瘤相关肽(刺激抗肿瘤免疫反应疫苗复合物的活性药物成分)联合使用的肿瘤相关细胞毒性T辅助细胞(CTL)肽表位。本发明涉及30种肽序列及其变体,它们源自可用于引发抗肿瘤免疫反应的疫苗组合物中的人肿瘤HLA‑I类和II类分子。
Description
本发明涉及用于免疫治疗方法的肽、核酸和细胞。特别是,本发明涉及癌症的免疫疗法。本发明进一步涉及肿瘤相关细胞毒性T辅助细胞(CTL)肽表位,为单独或与其他肿瘤相关肽(刺激抗肿瘤免疫反应疫苗复合物的活性药物成分)联合。本发明涉及30种肽序列及其变体,它们源自可用于引发抗肿瘤免疫反应的疫苗组合物中的人肿瘤HLAI类和II类分子。
发明背景
神经胶质瘤是源自神经系统胶质细胞的脑肿瘤。神经胶质细胞(Glial cell),通常称为神经胶质(neuroglia)或简单地称为胶质(glia),是提供支持和营养、保持动态平衡、形成髓鞘和参与神经系统信号传输的非神经元细胞。神经胶质瘤的两个最重要的亚群为星形细胞瘤和少突胶质细胞瘤,根据其来源的正常胶质细胞类型(分别为星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞)而得名。多形性胶质母细胞瘤(以下简称胶质母细胞瘤)属于星形细胞瘤的亚群,是成人中最常见的恶性脑肿瘤,约占所有恶性脑肿瘤的40%,约占胶质瘤的50%。它对中枢神经系统有很强的侵袭性,是所有胶质瘤中恶性水平最高(IV级)的肿瘤。由于神经影像学、显微外科学、各种治疗方案(如替莫唑胺或放射)的进步,在该疾病的治疗方法上已经取得了稳步发展,虽然如此,胶质母细胞瘤仍无法治愈。该类型的脑肿瘤致死率非常高:自首次确诊后的预期平均存活时间为9至12个月。在1986年到1990年的观察期,5年存活率为8.0%。截至目前,侵入性治疗,包括肿瘤全切除,治疗后五年存活率仍然不足10%。因此,医学上强烈需要其它有效治疗方法。
胶质母细胞瘤的肿瘤细胞是脑肿瘤中分化最低的肿瘤细胞,所以,肿瘤细胞很可能迁移和增殖,并且具有高度的侵袭性,从而导致预后非常差。由于胶质母细胞瘤在大脑中呈快速、侵袭性及浸润性生长,因此会导致死亡。浸润性生长模式导致这些肿瘤具有不可切除的特性。同时,胶质母细胞瘤对放疗、化疗也具有相对的抗性,因此,治疗后复发率高。此外,在手术切除和放疗后,肿瘤细胞的免疫反应对彻底消除肿瘤细胞无效。
胶质母细胞瘤分为原发性胶质母细胞瘤(新肿瘤)和继发性胶质母细胞瘤,这取决于在未分化星形胶质细胞或胶质前体细胞的恶性转化期间基因机制上的差异。继发性胶质母细胞瘤发生在年龄最大为45岁的较年轻的人群中。平均在4到5年期间,继发性胶质母细胞瘤从低级别的星形细胞瘤发展为未分化的星形细胞瘤。相比之下,原发性胶质母细胞瘤主要发生在较年长的人群中,平均年龄为55岁。一般来说,原发性胶质母细胞瘤作为暴发性胶质母细胞瘤而发生,特点是在3个月内就可从无任何临床或病理异常状态进展为胶质母细胞瘤(Pathology and Genetics of the Nervous Systems.29-39(IARC Press,Lyon,France,2000))。
胶质母细胞瘤沿有髓神经迁移并在中枢神经系统中广泛扩散。在大多数情况下,手术治疗持续疗效有限。恶性胶质瘤细胞通过产生免疫抑制物、削弱T细胞的增殖以及免疫刺激因子IL-2的产生,从而逃逸宿主免疫系统的侦测。
颅内肿瘤可发生于CNS的任何结构或细胞类型,包括脑、脑膜、脑垂体、头骨、甚至残留的胚胎组织。在美国,原发性脑肿瘤的总体年发病率是每10万人中有14例。最常见的原发性脑肿瘤为脑膜瘤,占所有原发性脑肿瘤的27%,以及胶质母细胞瘤,占所有原发性脑肿瘤的23%(而成人中,胶质母细胞瘤占恶性脑瘤的40%)。这些肿瘤中,很多都具有侵袭性,并且级别高。原发性脑肿瘤是儿童中最常见的实体瘤,在儿童中,是仅次于白血病的第二位最常见癌症死亡原因。
如今,对胶质母细胞瘤患者有效治疗方法的探究工作仍在进行。已有研究对抗这些肿瘤细胞的免疫疗法或通过征募免疫系统的治疗方法。首先,在胶质母细胞瘤患者的免疫治疗方法中,Northwest Biotherapeutics使用“DCVax Brain”获得了令人鼓舞的成果,“DCVax Brain”是一种基于细胞的免疫接种方法,使用源自患者的树突状细胞载以自体肿瘤细胞裂解物,并通过Celldex(使用来自EGFRvIII的肽)诱导抗原特异性CTL反应,与使用标准治疗方法时的中位生存时间比较,这种方法延长了中位生存时间(Heimberger etal.,2006)。
结直肠癌
根据美国癌症协会的报道,在美国,结直肠癌(CRC)是排在第三位的最常见癌症,受罪的新患者每年超过175,000名。在美国、日本、法国、德国、意大利、西班牙和英国,每年有超过480,000例患者罹患该疾病。它是发达国家癌症死亡的最常见原因之一。结直肠癌患者的1年和5年相对存活率分别为84%和64%。确诊5年后存活率继续下降,10年时下降至57%。如果结直肠癌在早期未扩散阶段被发现,则5年存活率为90%;但是只有39%的结直肠癌患者会在此阶段得到确诊,主要原因是筛查率低。当癌细胞已发生区域扩散而累及邻近器官或淋巴结后,5年存活率下降至68%。有远处转移的患者5年存活率仅为10%。
研究表明,结直肠癌的发病是遗传和环境因素之间相互作用的结果。在大多数病例中,结直肠肿瘤似乎由腺瘤息肉演变而来;但是这个演变过程可能需要很多年。结直肠癌的主要风险因素是年龄,90%的病例在50岁之后诊断患有此病。根据美国癌症协会的报道,结直肠癌的其它风险因素包括饮酒、饮食中脂肪和/或红色肉类含量高、水果和蔬菜的摄取量不足。结直肠癌的发病率继续上升,特别是日本等地区,这些地区接受西化饮食,摄入过多的脂肪和肉类而纤维摄入量减少,这些因素可能是罪魁祸首。但是发病率的上升速度不如以前快,这可能是由于进行了更多的筛查和息肉切除从而防止了息肉发展成为癌症。
像大多数实体肿瘤的治疗,一线治疗为手术治疗,然而,手术受益者仍仅限于早期患者,而很大一部分患者在确诊时已是晚期。基于氟尿嘧啶的化疗方案是晚期结直肠癌的标准治疗。这些治疗方案的大多数为所谓的FOLFOX方案(输注5-FU/亚叶酸+奥沙利铂)和FOLFIRI(伊立替康、亚叶酸,团注和连续输注5-FU)方案。
第三代细胞毒素类药物的引入,如伊立替康和奥沙利铂,增加了显著改善疗效的希望,但预后仍较差,转移癌的存活率一般仍只有大约20个月,因此,治疗该疾病的需求仍远未满足。
最近出现了新一代药物,即靶向分子药物,如(贝伐单抗)和(西妥昔单抗),而且大约有40种针对不同阶段结直肠癌的化合物处于后期临床开发阶段。这些化合物中的几种相结合可增加未来潜在治疗选择的数量。绝大部分药物都处于2期阶段,在结直肠癌的临床研究中,与针对其它靶标相比,这些化合物更经常地针对表皮生长因子受体(EGFR),这是由于在约80%的结直肠癌患者中,EGRF表达都上调。
对II期患者采用化疗结合最近批准的单克隆抗体(mAb)(西妥昔单抗+伊立替康或FOLFOX4;贝伐单抗单药或与FOLFOX4联合)的临床试验目前正在进行。经过三至四年的观察,预计这些试验会得出有统计学意义的结果。
目前肿瘤科所用的单克隆抗体(mAb)一般都很可能不会干扰积极免疫治疗。事实上,有临床前(GABRILOVICH 1999)和临床证据表明,用贝伐单抗消耗VEGF可导致DC介导的T细胞激活的积极结果(Osada T,Chong G,Tansik R,Hong T,Spector N,Kumar R,HurwitzHI,Dev I,Nixon AB,Lyerly HK,Clay T,Morse MA.The effect of anti-VEGF therapyon immature myeloid cell and dendritic cells in cancer patients.CancerImmunol Immunother.2008Jan 10.)。
前列腺癌和其它肿瘤
据估计,2007年有27050人死于前列腺癌,它是男性癌症死亡的首要原因。虽然自20世纪90年代初以来,其死亡率在白人和非裔美国男性中一直下降,但是,非裔美国男性的死亡率仍然比白人男性高两倍以上。前列腺癌是男性中最常见的癌症。非裔美国男性的发病率显著高于白人男性,其原因不明。在过去20年里,前列腺癌的发病率发生了很大的变化:在1988-1992年期间迅速上升、1992-1995年期间急剧下降、自1995年以来略有增加。这些趋势在很大程度上反映了采用前列腺特异抗原(PSA)血液检查进行前列腺癌筛查的增加。过去10年中发病率增加趋缓最有可能是由于在65岁以上的男性中普遍开展PSA筛查。在65岁以上的男性中,前列腺癌的发病率趋于稳定。在白人男性中,发病率于1992年达到高峰(每100000人男性中有237.6人),而在非裔美国男性中,于1993年达到高峰(每100000人男性中有342.8人)。
前列腺癌的治疗包括观察等待、手术、放射治疗、高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)、化疗、冷冻手术、激素治疗、或一些组合疗法。哪种方案最佳取决于疾病的阶段、Gleason评分和PSA水平。其它重要因素是男性的年龄、一般健康状况、以及对潜在治疗及其可能副作用的感觉。由于所有的治疗均可能有一定的副作用,如:勃起功能障碍和尿失禁,因此治疗讨论往往注重于治疗目标与生活方式改变风险之间的平衡。
如果癌症已扩散出前列腺,治疗选择会发生明显的变化,因此,大多数治疗前列腺癌的医生使用各种诺模图来预测扩散概率。观察等待、HIFU、放射治疗、冷冻手术和外科手术一般在癌症仍然局限在前列腺内的男性中进行。激素疗法和化疗常常在疾病已经扩散出前列腺的患者中进行。但是,也有特例:对于一些晚期肿瘤,可使用放射治疗,对于一些早期肿瘤,可使用激素治疗。如果初始的治疗失败并且癌症进展,也可使用冷冻疗法、激素疗法、化疗。
在因临床怀疑器官有限生长而接受前列腺癌根治术的前列腺癌患者中,很多人的手术准备确诊性病理检验显示,局部扩展性肿瘤扩展超出器官的边界。这些患者有早期局部复发的高风险,就生化复发而言,由于PSA水平不断增高,通常可以检测。在这种情况下的治疗性选择包括外部放疗和激素治疗;然而,这些治疗方法的价值,特别是延长患者的长期存活率方面,不能认为已经得到证实。此外,可能的治疗相关并发症,如尿道狭窄的发展(放疗)、性欲丧失和阳痿、骨质疏松方面的骨骼中钙盐降低的风险、以及病理性骨折风险明显增加(激素消融),也必须予以考虑。
在所有前列腺癌中,有90%以上在发现时处于局部性和区域性阶段;肿瘤在此阶段确诊的患者5年相对存活率接近100%。在过去25年中,所有阶段肿瘤组合在一起的5年存活率从69%上升至接近90%。根据最新的数据,10年相对存活率为93%,15年相对存活率为77%。存活率,特别是5年存活率的巨大提升,部分归因于早期诊断和治疗的改进。但是,在肿瘤扩散至其它组织和器官后,患者的存活率显著下降。
肺癌
2007年美国预计新发病例为21万例,约占确诊癌症病例的15%。男性发病率显著下降,从1984年的每10万人102例高点,下降到2003年的78.5例。在女性中,这一发病率在一段长期的增长之后正趋向于平稳。为了治疗之目的,临床上肺癌分为小细胞肺癌(13%)和非小细胞肺癌(87%)。
在男性和女性中,癌症相关死亡的大多数均为肺癌。据估计,2007年有16.039万人死亡,约占所有癌症死亡人数的29%。自1987年以来,每年死于肺癌的女性多于乳腺癌患者。从1991年至2003年,男性的死亡率持续下降,每年约下降1.9%。女性肺癌死亡率在连续增长几十年后正趋于平稳。肺癌死亡率的这些趋势反映了过去30年吸烟率的下降。
治疗选择根据癌症的类型(小细胞和非小细胞肺癌)和阶段进行确定,包括手术、放疗、化疗、靶向生物治疗,如贝伐单抗和埃罗替尼对于局部癌,通常选择外科手术治疗。最近的研究表明,手术随后化疗可提高早期非小细胞肺癌的存活率。由于该疾病在发现时通常已经扩散,因此,常常使用放射和化疗,有时与手术联合使用。单一化疗或放化疗结合是治疗小细胞肺癌的通常选择;采用这一方案,有很大比例的患者获得缓解,在一些病例中,缓解为持久缓解。
肺癌的1年相对存活率在1975-1979年期间为37%,至2002年,略上升至42%,这主要是由于手术技术的改进和组合疗法的使用。然而,所有阶段的肺癌组合在一起,5年存活率仅为16%。对于疾病在检出时仍为局部性的病例,存活率为49%;但是仅有16%的肺癌在此早期得到确诊。
因此,对于胶质母细胞瘤、前列腺肿瘤、乳腺癌、食管癌、结直肠癌、透明细胞肾细胞癌、肺癌、中枢神经系统肿瘤、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤、胰腺癌、鳞状细胞癌、白血病和髓母细胞瘤以及表现出过度表达生存素和/或本发明其它蛋白的其它肿瘤仍然需要有效且安全的新治疗方案,从而在不使用化疗药物或其它可能导致严重副作用的药物的情况下,增强患者的安康。
发明摘要
本发明的第一方面,本发明涉及一种肽,包含选自SEQ ID No.1至SEQ ID No.30的组之中的一个序列、或该序列的一种与SEQ ID No.1至SEQ ID No.30具有至少85%同源性的变体、或该序列的一种诱导T细胞与所述变异肽发生交叉反应的变体;其中所述肽不是人类生存素的全长多肽。优选地,所述肽选自一种具有一个特异性HLA亚型如HLA-A*02或HLA-DR的肽。
本发明的第二个方面,本发明涉及一种核酸,编码根据本发明的一种肽或一种能表达所述核酸的表达载体。
本发明的第三方面,本发明涉及一种宿主细胞,包括根据本发明的核酸或表达载体,其中所述宿主细胞优选为抗原提呈细胞,特别是树突状细胞或抗原提呈细胞。
本发明的第四方面,本发明涉及一种体外制造激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的方法,包括将CTL与载有抗原的人I或II类MHC分子进行体外接触,该等分子在合适的抗原提呈细胞表面或人工构造的模拟抗原提呈细胞表面上表达一段足够的时间从而可以按抗原特异性方式激活所述的CTL,其中所述的抗原为根据本发明的肽。
本发明的第五方面,本发明涉及使用根据本发明的一种肽、根据本发明的核酸或表达载体、根据本发明的细胞或根据本发明制造的一种激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞,用以治疗癌症或用以制造抗癌药物,其中所述的药物优选为一种疫苗。优选地,所述的癌症系选自星形细胞瘤、毛细胞型星形细胞瘤、胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤、室管膜瘤、多形性胶质母细胞瘤、混合型胶质瘤、少突星形细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤、神经母细胞瘤、生殖细胞瘤、畸胎瘤、神经节细胞胶质瘤、神经节细胞瘤、中央神经节细胞瘤、原始神经外胚层肿瘤(PNET,如髓母细胞瘤、髓上皮瘤、神经母细胞瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤、管膜母细胞瘤)、松果体实质肿瘤(如松果体细胞瘤、成松果体细胞瘤)、室管膜细胞瘤、脉络丛肿瘤、来源不明的神经上皮肿瘤(如大脑胶质瘤病、星形母细胞瘤)、胶质母细胞瘤、前列腺肿瘤、乳腺癌、食道癌、结肠癌、结直肠癌、肾细胞癌、透明细胞肾细胞癌、肺癌、中枢神经系统肿瘤、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤、胰腺癌、鳞状细胞癌、白血病和髓母细胞瘤以及过度表达生存素和/或本发明的其它蛋白的其它肿瘤或癌症。
本发明的第六方面,本发明涉及一种药盒,包括:(a)一个容器,含有根据本发明的一种肽、根据本发明的核酸或表达载体、根据本发明的一种细胞或根据本发明的一种激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的溶液或冻干形式的药物组合物;(b)可选的第二个容器,含有冻干粉剂型的稀释剂或重组溶液;(c)可选的至少一种选自由根据SEQ ID 1至30的肽构成的组的肽,以及(d)可选的使用溶液和/或重组和/或使用冻干粉剂型的说明书。在一项优选实施方案中,肽选自SEQ ID NO 1至SEQ ID 24的组。
本发明的第七方面,本发明涉及生产特异性结合至与HLA限制性抗原络合的I或II类人主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)的一种重组抗体的方法,该方法包括:用可溶形式的与所述的HLA限制性抗原络合的(MHC)I或II类分子对包含表达所述的主要组织相容性说复合体(MHC)I或II类的基因工程非人哺乳动物进行免疫;将mRNA分子与产生所述的非人哺乳动物细胞的抗体分离;产生一个噬菌体显示库,显示由所述的mRNA分子编码的蛋白分子;以及将至少一个噬菌体与所述的噬菌体显示库分离,所述的至少一个噬菌体显示所述的抗体可特异性地结合至与HLA限制性抗原络合的所述人主要组织相容性说复合体(MHC)I或II类。
本发明的第八方面,本发明涉及一种抗体,其特异性结合至与一种HLA限制性抗原络合的I或II类人主要组织相容性说复合体(MHC),其中该抗体优选为多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体和/或嵌合抗体。
发明摘要
附图简要说明
图1展示了ESI液相色谱质谱从胶质母细胞瘤样本GB1006中确定了以MHC II类限制性方式存在的肿瘤相关肽(TUMAP)IGF2BP3-001。
图2描述了在胶质母细胞瘤样本中高度过度表达的本发明目标基因的mRNA表达谱。这些基因在正常组织不表达或表达很低,而在胶质母细胞瘤样本中大大增加。基因芯片分析法测定的几种正常组织和个体多形性胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)样本中显示有mRNA相对表达。数值与正常肾脏中的表达水平相关(数值常任意设定为1.0)。正常组织中的表达值从现有商业mRNA库获得。根据分析软件,括号内的字母表示“检测提示”。“检测提示”指明样本中是否明确有转录物检测出或是否不能观察到明显的检测值。可用“P”(有)、″A″(无)或″M″(少量检出)表示。
图3显示了健康供体外周血中CSP-001和NLGN4X-001特异性CD8+淋巴细胞微球促进增殖的四聚体技术分析结果。与抗CD28+高密度肿瘤抗原A*0201/CSP-001(左板)或抗CD28+高密度肿瘤抗原A*0201/NLGN4X-001(右板)耦合的微球每周对每孔中1x106CD8+浓缩PBMC进行了刺激。经过三次体外刺激,所有的细胞用抗体CD8FITC+荧光标记的四聚体A*0201/CSP-001和A*0201/NLGN4X-001进行染色。细胞在CD8+淋巴细胞上得到门控;数字代表CD8+淋巴细胞指定象限内的细胞百分比。
图4显示了HLA-A*0201等位基因编码的本发明HLA-I类肽对MHC分子的亲和性。本发明的IMA950HLA I类TUMAP和对照肽HBV-001(强力结合剂)的解离常数(KD)用基于ELISA的MHC重折叠检测法测得。
发明的详细说明
除非另有说明,否则本文使用的所有术语具有以下给定的定义。
本文所用“肽”这一术语,系指一系列氨基酸残基,通常以α-氨基酸与相邻氨基酸的羰基团之间的肽键相互连接。这些肽的长度通常为9个氨基酸,但至短可为8个氨基酸长度,至长可为16或10、11、12、13、14或15个氨基酸长度。
本文所用“寡肽”这一术语,系指一系列氨基酸残基,通常以α-氨基酸与相邻氨基酸的羰基团之间的肽键相互连接。寡肽的长度对于本发明来说并不十分关键,只要在寡肽中保持正确的表位即可。通常,寡肽长度约小于30个氨基酸残基,约长于14个氨基酸。
术语“多肽”系指一系列氨基酸残基,通常通过α-氨基酸与相邻氨基酸的羰基团之间的肽键相互连接。多肽的长度对于本发明来说并不十分关键,只要保持正确的表位即可。与术语肽或寡肽相对,“多肽”这一术语是指包含多于约30个氨基酸残基的分子。
肽、寡肽、蛋白质或编码此类分子的核苷酸如果能诱导免疫反应,则具有“免疫原性”(因此是本发明中的一种“免疫原”)。在本发明的情况下,免疫原性的更具体定义是诱导T细胞反应的能力。因此,“免疫原”是一种能够诱导免疫反应的分子,并且在本发明的情况下,是一种能诱导T细胞反应的分子。
T细胞“表位”要求的是一种结合至MHC I或II类受体上的短肽,从而形成一种三元复合体(MHC I类α链、β-2-微球蛋白和肽),其可由载有以相应亲和力结合至MHC/肽复合体的匹配T细胞受体的一种T细胞进行识别。结合至MHC I类分子的肽的典型长度为8-14个氨基酸,最典型为9个氨基酸长度。与MHC-II类分子结合的T细胞表位通常长度为12-30个氨基酸。对于表位结合至MHC II类分子的情况,同一个肽与相应的T细胞表位可共享一个共同的核心节段,但是由于核心序列的氨基末端上游和核心序列的羧基端下游的侧翼序列分别具有不同的长度,因而总体长度不同。MHC II类受体具有更开放的构造,结合至MHC II类受体上的肽相应地不完全埋于MHC II类分子的肽结合槽裂结构中,这是因为它们位于MHC I类分子的肽结合槽裂之中。出人意料的是,对于根据SEQ ID NO:1的肽,情况并非如此,因为肽长度的微小差异会导致活性的极度降低(见下文)。
在人类中,有三种编码MHC I类分子的不同基因位点(人MHC分子也是指定的人白细胞抗原(HLA)):HLA-A、HLA-B和HLA-C。HLA-A*01、HLA-A*02和HLA-A*11是可从这些基因位点表达的不同MHC I类等位基因的例子。
MHC II类基因的人基因组有三种不同基因位点:HLA-DR、HLA-DQ和HLA-DP。
MHC II类受体是异源二聚体,包含一个α链和一个β链,两者均通过跨膜区在细胞膜中锚定。HLA-DRB1*04和HLA-DRB1*07是两种不同的MHC II类β等位基因的例子,它们已知在这些位点被编码。II类等位基因具有很高的多态性,例如,已经描述的有数百种不同的HLA-DRB1等位基因。因此,为了治疗和诊断目的,与数种不同的HLA II类受体以合适的亲和力结合的肽是非常理想的。与数种不同的HLA II类分子结合的肽被称为混杂结合剂。
本文提到的DNA序列既包括单链DNA也包括双链DNA。因此,除非本文另有所指,否则具体的序列是该序列的单链DNA、该序列与其互补序列的双工(双链DNA)以及该序列的互补序列。术语“编码区”系指在自然基因组环境中自然或正常编码基因表达产物的那一基因部分,即,体内编码该基因的天然表达产物的区域。
编码区可来自正常基因、突变基因或异常基因,甚至还可以来自DNA序列,完全可在实验室中使用本领域熟知的DNA合成方法合成。
术语“核苷酸序列”系指脱氧核苷酸的杂聚物。
编码特定肽、寡肽或多肽的核苷酸序列可为天然核苷酸序列,也可为合成核苷酸序列。一般来说,编码肽、多肽以及本发明蛋白的DNA片段由cDNA片段和短寡核苷酸衔接物,或一系列寡核苷酸组成,以提供一种合成基因,该基因能够在包含源自微生物或病毒操纵子的调节元素的重组转录单元中被表达。
术语“表达产物”系指多肽或蛋白,它是基因序列和任何核酸序列的翻译产物,这些序列编码遗传密码退化所造成的同等物,从而编码同样的氨基酸。
术语“片段”当指的是一种编码序列时,表示包含非完整编码区的DNA的一部分,其表达产物与完整编码区表达产物基本上具有相同的生物学功能或活性。
术语“DNA片段”系指一种DNA聚合物,以单独的片段形式或一种较大DNA结构的组分形式存在,它们至少从分离过一次的DNA中以基本纯净的形式获得,即,未污染内源性材料并且其数量或浓度使得能使用标准生化方法(如,使用克隆载体)识别、处理和回收片段及其组分核苷酸序列准。此等片段以开放阅读框架(未被内部非翻译序列打断)或内含子(通常提呈于真核基因中)的形式存在。非翻译DNA序列可能存在于开放阅读框架的下游,在那里其不会干预编码区的操纵或表达。
术语“引物”表示一种短核酸序列,可配有一个DNA链,并在DNA聚合酶开始合成脱氧核糖核酸链的地方含有一个游离的3′OH端。
术语“启动子”表示参与RNA聚合酶的结合从而启动转录的DNA区域。
“开放阅读框架(ORF)”这一术语是指编码无终密码子的氨基酸的一系列三联体,并且是一种(潜在地)可翻译成蛋白质的序列。
术语“分离”表示一种物质从其原来的环境(例如,如果是天然发生的则是天然环境)中被移走。例如,活体动物中的天然核苷酸或多肽不是分离的,但是,从天然系统中一些或所有共存物质中分离出来的核苷酸或多肽是分离的。此类多核苷酸可能是载体的一部分和/或此类多核苷酸和多肽可能是一种组合物的一部分,并且由于该载体或组合物不是其天然环境的一部分,因此它仍然是分离的。
本发明中披露的多核苷酸和重组或免疫原性多肽也可能以“纯化”的形式存在。术语“纯化”并非要求绝对的纯度;它只是一个相对的定义,可以包括高度纯化或部分纯化的制剂,相关领域技术人员能理解这些术语。例如,各个从已用传统方法纯化为具有电泳同质性的cDNA库中分离出的各种克隆物。明确考虑到将起始材料或天然物质纯化至少一个数量级,优选为两或三个数量级,更优选为四或五个数量级。此外,明确考虑到所述多肽的纯度优选为99.999%,或至少为99.99%或99.9%;甚而适宜为以重量计99%或更高。
根据本发明披露的核酸和多肽表达产物,以及包含此类核酸和/或多肽的表达载体可能以“浓缩的形式”存在。本文中所使用的术语“浓缩”系指材料的浓度至少是其自然浓度的大约2、5、10、100或1000倍,有优势的是按体重计0.01%,优选为按体重计至少约0.1%。也明确考虑到,按重量计约为0.5%、1%、5%、10%和20%的浓缩制剂。序列、构型、载体、克隆物以及包含本发明的其它材料可有优势地以浓缩或分离的形式存在。
术语“活性片段”是指产生免疫反应的片段(即具有免疫原性活性),不论是单独或可选地与合适的佐剂一起给予一种动物,比如哺乳动物,例如兔子或小鼠,也包括人;这种免疫反应采用的形式是在接受动物(如:人)体内刺激T细胞反应。或者,“活性片段”也可用于诱导体外T细胞反应。
本文中所使用的术语“部分”、“节段”、“片段”,如果与多肽相关,指的是残基的连续序列(如:氨基酸残基),其序列是构成较大序列的一部分。例如,如果一个多肽以任一种肽链内切肽酶(如胰蛋白酶或糜蛋白酶)进行处理,则该处理获得的寡肽会代表起始多肽的部分、节段或片段。这表示,任何此类片段必定包含与SEQ IDNO:1至30序列基本相同(如果不是完全相同)的一个节段、片段或部分作为其氨基酸序列的一部分,其对应于SEQ ID NO:1至30的天然蛋白或“亲本”蛋白。当与多核苷酸相关地使用时,这些术语系指用任何共同核酸内切酶处理所述多核苷酸产生的产物。
根据本发明,术语“百分比同一度”或“百分比同一”,如果指的是序列,则表示在拟对比序列(“对比序列”)与所述序列或权利要求的序列(“参考序列”)排队比对后,把一种序列与所述序列或权利要求的序列进行比较。然后根据下列公式计算等同度百分比:
等同度百分比=100[I-(C/R)]
其中C是参考序列与被对比序列之间对准长度上参考序列与被对比序列之间的差异数量,其中
(i)参考序列中每个碱基或氨基酸序列在被对比序列中没有对应的对准碱基或氨基酸;
(ii)参考序列中每个空隙,以及
(iii)参考序列中每个对准碱基或氨基酸与被比对比序列中对准碱基或氨基酸不同,即构成一个差异;
并且R是参考序列与被对比序列对准长度上在参考序列中产生任何空隙也计算为一个碱基或氨基酸的参考序列中的碱基或氨基酸数目。
如果“被对比序列”和“参考序列”之间存在的一个对准按上述计算的等同度百分比大致等于或大于指定的最低等同度百分比,则被对比序列与参考序列具有指定的最低等同度百分比,虽然可能存在按本文上述计算的等同度百分比低于指定等同度百分比的对准。
如果无另有说明,那么本文公开的原始肽可以通过在肽链内的不同(可能为选择性)位点上取代一个或多个残基而被修饰。此取代可能是保守性的,例如,其中一个氨基酸被具有类似结构和特点的另一个氨基酸所取代,比如其中一个疏水性氨基酸被另一个疏水性氨基酸取代。更保守的取代是具有相同或类似的大小和化学性质的氨基酸间的取代,例如,亮氨酸被异亮氨酸取代。在天然同源蛋白质家族序列变异的研究中,某些氨基酸的取代往往比其他氨基酸更具有耐受性,这些氨基酸往往表现出与原氨基酸的大小、电荷、极性和疏水性之间的相似性相关,这是确定“保守取代”的基础。在本文中,保守取代定义为在以下五种基团之一的内部进行交换:基团1-小脂肪族、非极性或略具极性的残基(Ala,Ser,Thr,Pro,Gly);基团2-极性、带负电荷的残基及其酰胺(Asp,Asn,Glu,Gln);基团3-极性、带正电荷的残基(His,Arg,Lys);基团4-大脂肪族非极性残基(Met,Leu,Ile,Val,Cys)以及基团5-大芳香残基(Phe,Tyr,Trp)。
较不保守的取代可能涉及一个氨基酸被另一个具有类似特点但在大小上有所不同的氨基酸所取代,如:丙氨酸被异亮氨酸残基取代。高度不保守的取代可能涉及一个酸性氨基酸被另一个具有极性或甚至具有碱性性质的氨基酸所取代。然而,这种“激进的”取代不能认为是无效的而不予考虑,因为化学作用是不完全可预测的,激进的取代可能会带来其简单化学原理中无法预见的偶然效果。
当然,这种取代可能涉及普通L-氨基酸之外的其它结构。因此,D-氨基酸可能被本发明的抗原肽中常见的L-氨基酸取代,也仍在本公开的范围之内。此外,具有非标准R基团的氨基酸(即,除了天然蛋白的20个常见氨基酸之外的R基团)也可以用于取代之目的,以生产根据本发明的免疫原和免疫原性多肽。
如果在一个以上位置上的取代发现导致肽的抗原活性基本上等于或大于以下定义值,则对这些取代的组合进行测试,以确定组合的取代是否产生对肽抗原性的叠加或协同效应。肽内被同时取代的位置最多不能超过4个。
术语“T细胞反应”是指由一种肽在体外或体内诱导的效应子功能的特异性扩散和激活。对于MHC I类限制性CTL,效应子功能可能为溶解肽脉冲的、肽前体脉冲的或天然肽提呈的靶细胞、分泌细胞因子,优选为肽诱导的干扰素γ、TNF-α或IL-2,分泌效应分子、优选为肽或脱颗粒作用诱导的颗粒酶或穿孔素。对于MHC II类限制辅助性T细胞效应子功能可能为肽诱导的细胞因子分泌,优选为,IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-4、IL5、IL-10或IL-2或肽诱导的脱颗粒作用。CTL和辅助性T细胞的可能效应子功能不仅限于此列表所述功能。
优选情况是,当SEQ ID NO:1至30任何序列的肽特异性CTL相比于取代肽受到检测时,如果取代肽在相对于背景肽溶解度增加达到最大值的一半,则该肽浓度不超过约1mM,优选为不超过约1μM,更优选为不超过约1nM,再而更优选为不超过约100pM,最优选为不超过约10pM。也优选为,取代肽被一个以上的CTL识别,最少为2个,更优选为3个。
因此,本发明所述的表位可能与天然肿瘤相关表位或肿瘤特异性表位相同,也可能包括来自参考肽的不超过4个残基的不同肽,只要它们有基本相同的抗原活性即可。
是否能刺激免疫反应取决于是否存在被宿主免疫系统视为异物的抗原。发现肿瘤相关抗原的存在增加了运用宿主免疫系统促进免疫反应的可能性,该免疫反应具有对表达于肿瘤细胞表面的靶向抗原的特异性并且通过该作用机制能够诱导肿瘤消退、生长停止或生长放缓。对于癌症免疫疗法,目前正在探索各种利用免疫系统的体液和细胞免疫作用的机制。
细胞免疫反应的特定元素能特异性地识别和破坏肿瘤细胞。从肿瘤浸润细胞群或外周血中分离出的细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)表明,这些细胞在癌症的天然免疫防御中发挥了重要作用(Cheever et al.,1993;Zeh,III et al.,1999)。根据对415份来自结直肠癌患者的样本的分析结果,Galon等人证明了肿瘤组织中免疫细胞的类型、密度和位置实际上是比广泛采用的肿瘤TNM分期更好的患者存活率预测因子(Galon et al.,2006)。
MHC I类分子提呈主要为内源性的蛋白、DRIPS和较大肽裂解生成的肽。MHC II类分子主要发现于专业抗原提呈细胞(APC)上,并且主要提呈在内吞作用过程中由APC占据并且随后被加工的外源性或跨膜蛋白的肽(Cresswell,1994)。肽和MHC I类分子的复合物由负载相应TCR(T细胞受体)的CD8阳性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞进行识别,肽和MHC II类分子的复合物由负载相应TCR的CD4阳性辅助T细胞进行识别。本领域已熟知TCR、肽和MHC由此按1∶1∶1的化学计算量而存在。
CD4阳性辅助T细胞在诱导和维持CD8阳性细胞毒性T细胞的有效反应中发挥重要作用(Wang and Livingstone,2003;Sun and Bevan,2003;Shedlock and Shen,2003)。最初,CTL在淋巴结中的启动和扩展由CD4+T细胞支持(Schoenberger et al.,1998)。因此,一个机制可能引导幼稚CD8+细胞至功能性CD4+T细胞所在的地方-APC相互作用(Castellinoet al.,2006)。最后,功能性CD8+记忆细胞的产生在大多数情况下依赖于CD4+T细胞的协助(Sun and Bevan,2003;Janssen et al.,2003)。由于这些原因,肿瘤相关抗原(TAA)衍生的CD4阳性T细胞表位的识别对开发能引发抗肿瘤免疫反应的药物产品可能非常重要(Kobayashi et al.,2002;Qin et al.,2003;Gnjatic et al.,2003)。在肿瘤部位,T辅助细胞维持着对CTL友好的细胞因子环境(Qin and Blankenstein,2000;Mortaraet al.,2006)并吸引效应细胞,如CTL、NK细胞、巨噬细胞、粒细胞(Marzo et al.,2000;Hwang etal.,2007)。
在没有炎症的情况下,MHC II类分子的表达主要局限于免疫系统细胞,尤其是专业抗原提呈细胞(APC),例如,单核细胞、单核细胞源性细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞。出人意料的是,在癌症患者的肿瘤细胞中发现有MHC II类分子的表达(Dengjel et al.,2006)。
哺乳动物(如小鼠)模型显示,即使没有细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)效应细胞(如,CD8阳性T淋巴细胞),CD4阳性T细胞也能通过分泌干扰素-γ(IFNγ)抑制血管生成从而抑制肿瘤的出现(Qin and Blankenstein,2000)。另外,有人提出以细胞毒性CD4+T细胞通过淋巴毒素和颗粒酶B直接杀死肿瘤细胞(Penna et al.,1992;Littaua et al.,1992)。
此外,研究还显示,由于CD4阳性T细胞可从由HLA II类分子提呈的肿瘤相关抗原中识别出肽,因此能够通过诱导抗体(Ab)反应而阻止肿瘤进展(Kennedy et al.,2003)。
与结合至HLA I类分子的肿瘤相关肽相反,迄今只有少量的肿瘤相关抗原(TAA)的II类配体获得描述。
由于HLA II类分子的组成性表达通常仅限于免疫系统的细胞(Mach et al.,1996),因此,直接从原发肿瘤中分离II类肽被认为是不可能的事。然而,Dengjel等人最近成功地在肿瘤中直接识别了多个MHC II类表位(WO 2007/028574,EP 1 760 088 B1;(Dengjel et al.,2006)。
肿瘤特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞所识别的抗原,即它们的表位,可以是源自所有蛋白类型的分子,如酶、受体、转录因子等,它们在相应肿瘤的细胞中被表达,并且与同源未变的细胞相比,其表达上调。
肿瘤相关抗原(TAA)的目前分类主要包括以下几组(Novellino et al.,2005):
1.癌-睾丸抗原:T细胞能够识别的最先确认的TAA(van der Bruggen et al.,1991)属于这一类抗原,由于其成员表达于组织学相异的人肿瘤中、正常组织中、仅在睾丸的精母细胞/精原细胞中、偶尔在胎盘中,因此,它最初被称为癌-睾丸(CT)抗原。由于睾丸细胞不表达HLA I类和II类分子,所以,在正常组织中,这些抗原不能被T细胞识别,因此在免疫学上可考虑为具有肿瘤特异性。CT抗原大家熟知的例子是MAGE家族成员或NY-ESO-1。
2.分化抗原:肿瘤和正常组织(肿瘤源自该组织)都含有TAA,大多数TAA发现于黑色素瘤和正常黑色素细胞中。许多此类黑色素细胞谱系相关蛋白参与黑色素的生物合成,因此这些蛋白不具有肿瘤特异性,但是仍然被广泛用于癌症的免疫治疗。例子包括,但不仅限于,黑色素瘤的酪氨酸酶和Melan-A/MART-1或前列腺癌的PSA。
3.过度表达的TAA:在组织学相异的肿瘤中以及许多正常组织中都检测到了基因编码被广泛表达的TAA,一般表达水平较低。有可能许多由正常组织加工和潜在提呈的表位低于T细胞识别的阈值水平,而它们在肿瘤细胞中的过度表达能够通过打破先前确立的耐受性而引发抗癌反应。这类TAA的典型例子为Her-2/neu、生存素、端粒酶或WT1。
4.肿瘤特异性抗原:这些独特的TAA产生于正常基因(如β-catenin、CDK4等)的突变。这些分子变化中有一些与致瘤性转化和/或进展相关。肿瘤特异性抗原一般可在不对正常组织带来自体免疫反应风险的情况下诱导很强的免疫反应。另一方面,这些TAA在多数情况下只与其上确认了有TAA的确切肿瘤相关,并且通常在许多个体肿瘤之间并不都共享TAA。
5.由异常翻译后修饰产生的TAA:此类TAA可能由肿瘤中既不具有特异性也不过度表达的蛋白产生,但仍然通过主要对肿瘤具有活性的翻译后加工而具有肿瘤相关性。此类TAA产生于变糖基化模式的改变,导致肿瘤产生针对MUC1的新型表位或在降解过程中导致诸如蛋白拼接的事件,这可能具有也可能不具有肿瘤特异性(Hanada et al.,2004;Vigneron et al.,2004)。
6.肿瘤病毒蛋白:这些TTA是病毒蛋白,可在致癌过程中发挥关键作用,并且由于它们是外源蛋白(非人源蛋白),所以能够激发T细胞反应。这类蛋白的例子有人乳头状瘤16型病毒蛋白、E6和E7,它们在宫颈癌中表达。
蛋白要被细胞毒性T淋巴细胞识别为具有肿瘤特异性抗原或相关性抗原并用于治疗,必须具备特殊的条件。该抗原应主要由肿瘤细胞表达,而不由正常健康组织表达,或表达数量相对较少。更为适宜的情况是,该相应抗原不仅出现于一种肿瘤中,而且浓度(即每个细胞的相应肽拷贝数目)高。肿瘤特异性抗原和肿瘤相关抗原往往是源自直接参与因细胞周期控制或凋亡抑制中的一项功能而发生的正常细胞向肿瘤细胞转化的蛋白。另外,这些直接导致转化事件的蛋白的下游靶标也可能会被上调,因此可能与肿瘤间接相关。这些间接肿瘤相关抗原也可能是预防接种方法的靶标(Singh-Jasuja et al.,2004)。在这两种情况中,至关重要的是,都要存在抗原氨基酸序列的表位,所以这种来自肿瘤相关抗原的肽(“免疫原性肽”)可导致体外或体内T细胞反应。
基本上,任何能与MHC分子结合的肽都可能充当一个T细胞表位。诱导体外或体内T细胞反应的前提是存在具有相应TCR的T细胞并且不存在对该特定表位的免疫耐受性。
因此,TAA是开发肿瘤疫苗的起点。识别和表征TAA的方法基于对患者或健康受试者CTL的使用情况,或基于肿瘤与正常组织肽之间差别转录特性或差别表达模式的产生(Lemmel et al.,2004;Weinschenk et al.,2002)。
然而,对肿瘤组织或人肿瘤细胞株中过度表达或选择性表达的基因的识别并不提供在免疫疗法中使用这些基因所转录抗原的准确信息。这是因为,有着相应TCR的T细胞必须要存在而且对这个特定表位的免疫耐受性必须不存在或为最低水平,因此,这些抗原的表位只有一部分适合这种应用。因此,只选择那些蛋白过度表达或选择性表达的肽,并且这些肽是与可找到对抗性功能性T细胞的MHC分子结合在一起被提呈,这一点非常重要。这种功能性T细胞被定义为在以特异性抗原刺激后能够克隆地扩展并能够执行效应子功能(“效应子T细胞”)的T细胞。
辅助T细胞在编排抗肿瘤免疫的CTL效应子功能中发挥着重要作用。触发TH1细胞反应的辅助T细胞表位支持CD8阳性杀伤T细胞的效应子功能,其中包括直接作用于肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性功能(该类肿瘤细胞表面显示有肿瘤相关肽/MHC复合物)。这样,肿瘤相关T辅助细胞表位单独使用或与其它肿瘤相关肽结合使用可作为刺激抗肿瘤免疫反应的疫苗化合物的活性药物成分。
由于CD8依赖型和CD4依赖型这两种反应共同并协同地促进抗肿瘤作用,因此,确定和表征由CD8+CTL(配体:MHC I类分子+肽表位)或CD4阳性T辅助细胞(配体:MHC II类分子)识别的肿瘤相关抗原对开发肿瘤疫苗非常重要。
考虑到治疗癌症相关的严重副作用和费用,迫切需要更好的预后和诊断方法。因此,有必要确定代表癌症生物标志物的其它因子,尤其是胶质母细胞瘤。此外,有必要确定可用于治疗癌症的因子,尤其是胶质母细胞瘤。
此外,还没有确立的治疗设计,可用于根治性前列腺切除术后生化性复发的前列腺患者,复发通常是由原发部位残留的肿瘤出现局部晚期肿瘤生长所致。需要会降低发病率且疗效与现有治疗方法相当的新型治疗方法。
本发明提出了有利于治疗胶质母细胞瘤、前列腺癌以及其它过度表达生存素和/或CSP的肿瘤的肽和/或本发明的其它肽。这些肽由质谱分析法部分直接显示,由HLA分子在人原发性胶质母细胞瘤样本上自然提呈(请参见实施例1和图1),或在SEQ ID 26的情况下,根据SYFPEITHI预测算法(Rammensee et al.,1995)预测为与HLA-DR等位基因HLA-DRB1*01、DRB1*03、DRB1*04、DRB1*11和DRB1*15结合的混杂结合剂。基于该数据和这些常出现的DRB1等位基因的出现频率,我们可以假设,92%的A*02阳性的白种人表达至少一种与根据SEQ ID NO:26的肽结合的DRB1等位基因。衍生SEQ ID NO:26至30序列的源基因-生存素-显示,其与正常细胞相比,在胶质母细胞瘤、前列腺肿瘤、乳腺癌、食管癌、结直肠癌、透明细胞肾细胞癌、肺癌、中枢神经系统肿瘤、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤(Tamm et al.1998)、胰腺癌、鳞状细胞癌、白血病和髓母细胞瘤中呈高度过度表达(请参见实施例2和图2),这表明该肽与肿瘤关联程度高,即这些肽在肿瘤组织上被强劲提呈,但不在正常组织上被提呈。WO2004/067023介绍了肿瘤相关抗原生存素衍生的MHC I类限制肽,这些肽能与HLA I类分子高亲和性结合。
HLA结合肽能够被免疫系统识别,特别是T淋巴细胞/T细胞。T细胞可破坏提呈被识别的HLA/肽复合物(如:提呈衍生肽的胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤细胞)的细胞。由生存素衍生肽激活的辅助T细胞能抑制肿瘤血管形成,能吸引免疫系统的效应子细胞并促进CTL的启动、增殖和持续的CD8+T细胞反应。
本发明的所有肽已被证明具有刺激T细胞反应的能力(参见实施例3和图3)。因此,该等肽可用于在患者中产生免疫反应,从而能够毁灭肿瘤细胞。患者的免疫反应能够通过直接给予患者所述肽或前体物质(如,加长肽、蛋白或编码这些肽的核酸),较理想是与加强免疫原性的制剂相结合,而进行诱导。源自该治疗性疫苗的免疫反应预期能够高度特异性地对抗肿瘤细胞,因为本发明的目标肽在正常组织上提呈的复制数目较少,防止患者发生对抗正常细胞的不良自体免疫反应的风险。
药品组合物包括游离形式或以一种药用盐形式存在的肽。
此处使用的“药用盐”系指所公开的肽的一种衍生物,其中该肽由制酸或药剂的碱盐进行改性。例如,酸性盐采用自由基(通常其中药物的中性形式具有一种中性-NH2基团)通过与合适酸发生反应而制得。适合制备酸盐的酸包括有机酸,如:乙酸、丙酸、羟基酸、丙酮酸、草酸、苹果酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、马来酸、富马酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苯甲酸酸、肉桂酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、甲磺酸、苯磺酸、水杨酸等等、以及无机酸,如:盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸和磷酸等。相反,可在一种肽上提呈的酸性基团的碱盐制剂使用药用碱基进行制备,如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化铵、氢氧化钙、三甲胺等等。
在特别优选的实施例中,药物组合物包括乙酸(醋酸盐)或盐酸(氯化物)形式的肽。
本发明的肽除了用于治疗癌症,也可用于诊断。由于肽由胶质母细胞瘤产生,并且已确定这些肽在正常组织中不存在,因此这些肽可用于诊断癌症是否存在。
组织切片上存在权利要求的肽可有助于病理师诊断癌症。用抗体、质谱或其它本领域内已知的方法检测某些肽可使病理师判断该组织为恶性的、炎症还是一般病变。肽基团的存在使得能对病变组织进行分类或子分类。
对病变标本中肽的检测使得能对免疫系统治疗方法的利益进行判断,特别是如果T淋巴细胞已知或预计与作用机制有关。MHC表达的缺失是一种机制,充分说明了哪些受感染的恶性细胞逃避了免疫监视。因此,肽的存在表明所分析的细胞并没有利用这种机制。
肽可用于分析淋巴细胞对肽的反应(如T细胞反应),或抗体对肽或MHC分子络合的肽发生的反应。这些淋巴细胞反应可以作为预后指标,决定是否采取进一步的治疗。这些反应也可以用作免疫疗法中的替代指标,旨在以不同方式诱导淋巴细胞反应,如接种蛋白疫苗、核酸、自体材料、淋巴细胞过继转移。基因治疗中,淋巴细胞对肽发生的反应可以在副作用的评估中考虑。淋巴细胞反应监测也可能成为移植疗法随访检查中的一种有价值的工具,如,用于检测移植物抗宿主和宿主抗移植物疾病。
肽可用于生成和开发出抗MHC/肽复合物的特异性抗体。这些抗体可用于治疗,将毒素或放射性物质靶向病变组织。这些抗体的另一用途是为了成像之目的(如PET)将放射性核素靶向病变组织。这可有助于检测小转移灶或确定病变组织的大小和准确位置。
此外,可用这些TUMAP在活检样本的基础上验证病理师对癌症的诊断。
表1显示了根据本发明的肽、它们各自的SEQ ID NO、各个肽所结合的HLA等位基因,以及产生这些肽的源蛋白。需要特别关注的一个事实是,根据SEQ ID:1所述的肽与HLA-DR以及HLA-A*02结合,从而引发两种不同的反应。
表1:本发明中的肽
硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖4(CSPG4)
CSPG4(硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖)是初生周细胞上的一种完整膜硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖,具有新生血管形成作用(Ozerdem,2006)。在胚胎发育中,CSPG4蛋白多糖在未成熟毛细血管上表达,但该表达随着血管成熟而消失。它被称为细胞表面黑色素瘤早期发展的标志物,刺激肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭。CSPG4在90%以上的人类黑色素瘤病变中呈强烈表达。虽然严格来说,CSPG4并不具有肿瘤特异性,但是在黑色素瘤患者和健康人群中的肿瘤反应性CD4+T细胞反应可识别表达黑色素瘤细胞并缺乏自体免疫的HLA-DR11上的CSPG4693-709(Erfurt et al.,2007)。
CSPG4的表达增强了整合素介导的细胞扩散、FAK(焦点粘附激酶)磷酸化、以及ERK1/2(细胞外信号调节激酶)的激活(Yang et al.,2004)。此外,体外实验数据积累了CSPG4在肿瘤血管生成中发挥重要作用的证据。因此,CSPG4阳性肿瘤已经被发现血管新生率和血管量显著增加,并且CSPG4显示可吸收血管增生抑制素,从而抑制血管内皮细胞的增殖与血管新生。不成熟的血管还包含CSPG4阳性周细胞,这表明在血管发育过程中可通过阻滞血管抑制素的抑制作用而在此细胞群中发挥调节血管内皮细胞增殖的作用(Chekenyaet al.,2002b)。
除了激活的周细胞,CSPG4的表达也在一些正常组织中得到描述,如:内皮细胞、软骨细胞、平滑肌细胞、表皮内的某些基底角质形成细胞、以及毛囊内的细胞(Campoli etal.,2004)。
在血管生成和对CNS疾病反应过程中,高度能动CSPG4细胞迅速发生形态学变化,并被招募至发生血管生长和修复的地方。CSPG4在肿瘤细胞和恶性脑肿瘤血管上的周细胞中均呈过度表达(Chekenya and Pilkington,2002)。通过将CSPG4阳性人脑胶质瘤细胞中的细胞植入免疫缺陷的裸鼠大脑后,其显示,这些肿瘤与对照组相比具有较高的微血管密度,这意味着CSPG4的表达对源自宿主的肿瘤脉管系统的功能和结构均有调节作用(Brekkeet al.,2006)。在将GBM活检球状体植入裸鼠的异种移植实验中,CSPG4被确定为主要与周细胞的血管和肿瘤脉管系统的基膜成分相关,并且其表达也与细胞高度增殖区域相关(Chekenya et al.,2002a)。此外,CSPG4的表达与神经胶质瘤植入模型中的肿瘤发展相对应(Wiranowska et al.,2006)。肿瘤及其间质之间的交叉应答维持着恶性进展,其中激活的间质细胞通过形成新生血管、细胞外基质成分以及刺激性生长因子而为增殖和侵袭性肿瘤细胞提供营养。在这种情况下,CSPG4透过细胞黏附、迁移、增殖和血管形态的改变而发挥着主要的瘤间质活化作用(Chekenya and Immervoll,2007)。
在人脑胶质瘤中,CSPG4的表达不同,与低级别胶质瘤相比,在高级别胶质瘤中的表达较高(Chekenya et al.,1999)。CSPG4的高表达与α3β1整合素活化/PI3K信号及其下游靶标加强介导的多药耐药相关,从而促进了细胞的存活期(Chekenya et al.,2008)。
过去在以下器官/组织和癌症中发现有CSP-001:
脑:-胶质母细胞瘤;-继发性胶质母细胞瘤(由星形细胞瘤衍生)
结肠:-腺癌(不包括粘液型),原发性
直肠:-腺癌,转移
胃:-腺癌(不包括印戒细胞型),原发性
肾:-肾细胞癌,细胞系;-肾细胞癌,透明细胞型,转移,所有继发部位-肾细胞癌,透明细胞型,原发性;-肾细胞癌,原发性
肺:-腺癌,原发性;-腺癌,原发性;-原发癌;-小细胞癌,原发性;-鳞状细胞癌,原发性;
胰腺:-腺癌,原发性;-胰岛细胞瘤,恶性,转移
前列腺:-腺癌,原发性
皮肤:-转移性恶性黑色素瘤,淋巴结转移
因此,特别优选含有一种根据SEQ ID NO:1的肽的药物组合物来治疗
脑:-胶质母细胞瘤;-继发性胶质母细胞瘤(由星形细胞瘤衍生)
结肠:-腺癌(不包括粘液型),原发性
直肠:-腺癌,转移
胃:-腺癌(不包括印戒细胞型),原发性
肾:-肾细胞癌,细胞系;-肾细胞癌,透明细胞型,转移,所有继发部位;肾细胞癌,透明细胞型,原发性;-肾细胞癌,原发性
肺:-腺癌,原发性;I期-腺癌,原发性;-原发癌;-小细胞癌,原发性;-鳞状细胞癌,原发性;
胰腺:-腺癌,原发性;-胰岛细胞瘤,恶性,转移
前列腺:-腺癌,原发性
皮肤:-转移性恶性黑色素瘤,淋巴结转移
酰基辅酶A合成酶类脂素家族成员1(ACSBG1)
该基因编码的蛋白质具有长链酰基辅酶A合成酶的活性。它被认为在大脑激活特长链脂肪酸代谢和髓鞘生成中发挥着核心作用。通过硫酯化而激活脂肪酸至乙酰辅酶A是此类分子的大多数反应的先决条件。文献中尚没有关于癌症特异性功能或过度表达的描述。ACSBG1在大脑、肾上腺、睾丸、卵巢中的表达模式以及其功能表明了该蛋白在X-连锁肾上腺脑白质失养症(XALD)中的生化病理作用。XALD是一种严重的、往往致命的神经退行性疾病,特点为血浆和组织中饱和长链脂肪酸水平上升(Asheuer et al.,2005;Pei et al.,2003)。
短蛋白聚糖(BCAN)
短蛋白聚糖是一种细胞外基质蛋白,从出生到8岁整个期间呈高度表达,到20岁时下调至低水平,该水平在成人正常皮质中维持。GPI异构体在整个发育期间均一直处于低水平(Gary et al.,2000)。恶性胶质瘤对周围正常大脑中具有很强的侵袭性,这可能由组织或肿瘤特异性细胞外蛋白介导。因此,细胞外基质可部分调节组织对细胞运动的放任。因而,胶质瘤修饰中枢神经系统的ECM的能力可能介导了这些细胞的侵袭性。其中一个在胶质瘤中有很强上调作用的ECM分子是BCAN,这是一种脑特异性硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖。在发育过程中胶质细胞活动增加时以及脑组织损伤后,BCAN的表达也上调。在胶质瘤中,可检测到其表达上升超过正常水平的7倍(Gary et al.,2000;Gary et al.,1998)。BCAN除了在胶质瘤中上调,全长蛋白质的水解过程也可能导致侵袭(Gary et al.,1998;Nutt et al.,2001)。研究显示,ADAMTS家族的金属蛋白酶对BCAN的蛋白水解处理是胶质瘤中介导促侵袭作用性的必然步骤。BCAN的“不可裂解”形式的突变体无法增强胶质瘤细胞体外侵袭性以及肿瘤的体内进展(Viapiano et al.,2008)。BCAN的mRNA在正常成人皮质中或以任何非胶质瘤的肿瘤中检测不出,因此,BCAN被认为是胶质瘤中一个独特而有选择性的标志物(Jaworski etal.,1996)。此外,蛋白质分析显示了在胶质瘤中,不仅全长BCAN的表达增加,而且还存在其它独特的异构体。因此,B/bΔg是BCAN mRNA的一种全长产物,引起核心蛋白的糖基化不完全或降低。B/bΔg在正常成人大脑中不存在,但在高级别胶质瘤样本存在(Viapiano et al.,2005)。
BCAN被描述为在一种胶质母细胞瘤源性干细胞样肿瘤细胞中选择性过度表达(Gunther et al.,2008)。这种干细胞样细胞显示在体内具有最高多能性和致瘤性。
几丁质酶3样1(软骨糖蛋白39)(CHI3L1)
CHI3L1是“哺乳动物几丁质酶样蛋白”的一员,由几类实体瘤表达和分泌。它由肿瘤细胞和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞产生,对参与组织重塑过程的细胞显示出生长因子活性,并可能在癌症细胞增殖、分化、生存、侵袭、转移、血管生成、以及肿瘤周围细胞外基质的炎症和重塑中发挥着作用(Johansen et al.,2006;Johansen et al.,2007;Ringsholt et al.,2007)。此外,CHI3L1还是类风湿关节炎的一种候选自身抗原。来自健康人的CD4T细胞系直接针对表达CHI3L1的CD25、糖皮质激素诱导的肿瘤坏死因子受体和Foxp3分子,并可抑制抗原特异性T细胞反应。50%的类风湿关节炎患者有反应说明了其对促炎症T辅助1显型的极化作用,并且抑制抗原特异性回忆反应较弱(van Bilsen et al.,2004)。
CHI3L1由抑瘤素M上调,抑瘤素M已知可在神经系统中被诱导为细胞应激的结果,在大部分人脑肿瘤中表达,并活化JAK/STAT信号通路(Krona et al.,2007)。在胶质母细胞瘤中,CHI3L1的表达也与p-MAPK、p-mTOR和p-p70S6K的表达相关(Pelloski et al.,2006)。
在几项基因表达研究中,与正常脑组织相比,CHI3L1被证明在胶质母细胞瘤中高度表达,上升超过正常脑组织中的3至62倍(Saidi et al.,2007;Kroes et al.,2007;Shostak et al.,2003;Tanwar et al.,2002)。免疫组织化学研究显示,细胞核正常运作的所有细胞均可在其细胞质中表达CHI3L1,但CHI3L1表达强度依赖于细胞活性情况。因此,已知具有高度代谢活性的细胞往往显示出非常强的细胞质染色(Ringsholt et al.,2007)。此外,免疫组织化学还可显示,胶质母细胞瘤与多间变性少突胶质细胞瘤相比,明显表达更多的CHI3L1(Nutt et al.,2005)。对胶质瘤样本的CHI3L1蛋白水平进行的Western印迹法分析显示,65%的GBM中该水平有大幅升高,但在低级别胶质瘤(II和III级)或正常脑组织中该水平检测不出(Tanwar et al.,2002),与毛细胞型星形细胞瘤相比,该蛋白不扩散,并且肿瘤可通过手术治愈,只有胶质母细胞瘤表达CHI3L1(Colin et al.,2006)。
血清CHI3L1水平在各种恶性肿瘤中上升,并与较差的生存率相关。血清CHI3L1水平发现在转移癌患者中表达最高,并且无复发间隔最短、总生存期最短。具体来说,在胶质母细胞瘤患者的血清中,CHI3L1表达升高(Kim et al.,2007;Johansen et al.,2007;Johansen et al.,2006;Junker et al.,2005;Tanwar et al.,2002)。肿瘤处于活跃期的GBM患者与影像学未证实有疾病的患者相比,CHI3L1水平明显较高。此外,在GBM中,CHI3L1水平与生存期成明显负相关(Hormigo et al.,2006;Pelloski et al.,2005)。
此外,在乳腺癌中也可观察到CHI3L1表达升高,并与肿瘤增大、肿瘤分化差和无病生存较差相关(Kim et al.,2007;Coskun et al.,2007)。此外,在53%的头颈部鳞状细胞癌中,也检测到CHI3L1血清水平升高。血清CHI3L1水平高的患者的生存期短于血清CHI3L1水平正常的患者(33vs.84个月)(Roslind et al.,2008)。
前列腺癌患者的血清CHI3L1水平显著高于良性前列腺增生患者或健康人(Kucuret al.,2008)。
含CAP-GLY域连接蛋白2(CLIP2)
CLIP2编码的蛋白属于细胞质连接蛋白家族,已经被提出可介导特定膜细胞器官与微管之间的相互作用。CLIP2被发现与微管和称为树突状板层小体的细胞器官相关(来自NCBI网页的一般信息)。
CLIP2聚集至酪氨酸化微管的末端,但不在脱酪氨酸化微管的末端聚集。微管蛋白酪氨酸连接酶(TTL)是在微管蛋白酪氨酸化周期内将C-末端酪氨酸残基增加物催化为α-微管蛋白的一种酶,它参与肿瘤进展,并在神经组织中发挥重要作用(Peris et al.,2006)。在30例原发性胶质母细胞瘤患者的一项研究中,来自患者冷冻切片的基因组DNA用GenoSensor Array 300检测后,表现了全基因组的基因扩增、基因删除和染色体资料的特点。被经常扩增的基因包括=CLIP2(63.3%)、EGFR(53.3%)、IL6(53.3%)、ABCB1(MDR1)(36.7%)和PDGFRA(26.7%)(Suzuki et al.,2004)。
溶质载体有机阴离子转运蛋白家族,成员1C1(SLCO1C1)
SLCO1C1在血脑屏障处呈选择性表达(Chu et al.,2008).SLCO1C1具有基质选择性偏好,并可能在大脑和睾丸的甲状腺激素处置中起到重要作用(Pizzagalli et al.,2002)。SLCO1C1用免疫荧光并不能明确检测到。SLCO1A2和SLCO2B1在形成血脑屏障和血肿瘤屏障的内皮细胞腔膜中可由免疫荧光显微镜检测到,但在神经胶质瘤细胞中检测不到(Bronger et al.,2005)。
小肌营养蛋白,α(DTNA)
α-小肌营养蛋白主要被描述为骨骼肌肉细胞中一种抗肌萎缩蛋白-糖蛋白复合物的细胞质组成部分。DTNA异构体在细胞和组织中位置不同;在上皮细胞基侧膜中,小肌营养蛋白介导与细胞外基质、外周和跨膜蛋白和丝状肌动蛋白细胞骨架的接触。除了构造作用,DTNA还被认为在细胞信号传导和细胞分化起着重要作用,并在它们重组时与紧密连接相关(Sjo et al.,2005)。DTNA可能参与突触的形成和稳定性以及烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的聚集。
表皮生长因子受体(红白血病病毒(v-erb-b)致癌基因同源物,禽类)(EGFR)
最近引人注目的领域是表皮生长因子受体(EGFR),因为它的异常是胶质母细胞瘤中一种最常见的分子异常之一。特别是EGFRvIII(表皮生长因子受体突变体III)是胶质母细胞瘤中常表达的EGFR的一种致癌性、组成性活性突变形式(Zawrocki and Biernat,2005)。EGFR参与激活许多调节祖细胞显型的途径。活化EGFR酪氨酸激酶活性增强了神经干细胞迁移、增殖和生存。由于EGFR信号通路也已知在胶质母细胞瘤中发挥作用,因此,可得出这样的结论:胶质母细胞瘤源自癌症干细胞并且EGFR的信号通常在这些前体细胞中发生改变(Yuso-Sacido et al.,2006)。
原发性胶质母细胞瘤新发于老年患者中,往往过度表达EGFR。EGFR过度表达与血管生成、水肿和侵袭增加相关(Aghi et al.,2005)。此外,EGFR扩增胶质母细胞瘤可以耐放射(Barker et al.,2001),在治疗后更快复发(Schlegel et al.,1994)。
GBM是在EGFR过度激活时与肿瘤生长和患者生存期相关的唯一的一种非上皮细胞人类肿瘤,并且EGFR的激活促进GBM体外浸润(Penar et al.,1997)。
EGFR是erbB的原癌基因。由于EGFR过度表达增加活性配体:受体复合物的形成,所以可增加细胞生长。基因扩增是EGF受体在GBM肿瘤中形成过度表达的机制(Thompson andGill,1985)。7号染色体上的EGFR基因已知经常在高级别胶质瘤中增加拷贝数(Okada etal.,2007)。短小干扰RNA对EGFR的删除可消除胶质瘤细胞肿瘤的致瘤性(Huang et al.,2007)。
在40-70%的GBM中检测到EGFR过度表达,而毛细胞型、低级别或间变性星形细胞瘤总是为EGFR阴性(Agosti et al.,1992;Schwechheimer et al.,1995;Eppenberger andMueller,1994;Huncharek and Kupelnick,2000;Liu et al.,2006a)。血清中高水平EGFR提示生存期下降(Quaranta et al.,2007)。此外,研究结果表明,高级别星形细胞瘤生存时间长的患者呈EGFRvIII阴性(Liang et al.,2008)。
Notch-1基因上调EGFR表达,并与EGFR的水平呈相关性,而且Notch-1mRNA可发现于高级别人脑胶质瘤中(Purow et al.,2008)。EGFR本身参与c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)的组成性活化,这有助于有些肿瘤(包括胶质瘤)的细胞增殖、存活和肿瘤发生(Li et al.,2008a)。
虽然只有一小部分胶质瘤细胞表达EGFRvIII,但是大部分这些细胞均表现出转化表型。研究结果表明,EGFRvIII在生长缓慢的胶质瘤细胞中的表达刺激微泡相关的脂筏形成,而微泡包含的EGFRvIII可释放到细胞周围,并可与缺乏EGFRvIII的癌症细胞的血浆膜结合,从而导致致癌活性转移(Al-Nedawi et al.,2008)。
脂肪酸结合蛋白7,脑(FABP7)
脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)为细胞质14-15kDa蛋白,应该参与脂肪酸(FA)吸收、传输和定位。FABP蛋白可调节脂肪酸的浓度,并以这种方式影响各种酶、膜、离子通道、受体的功能,以及基因表达、细胞生长与分化。九类FABP基因可发现有特定的组织分布。虽然30-70%的氨基酸序列同源,但是它们具有类似的三级β-蛤结构,脂肪酸在此结合。神经组织含有四种FABP,并且具有独特的时空分布(Veerkamp and Zimmerman,2001)。FABP7在大脑和视网膜发育中呈高度表达,并在成人中枢神经系统中明显下降(Godbout et al.,1998)。根据体外实验结果表明,FABP7是正在发育的大脑建立放射状胶质系统所需的(Mita et al.,2007)。在正常大脑中,FABP7蛋白不易检测到,但在几种GBM细胞核和细胞质中显示有中度到强度的表达。FABP7转染的细胞与对照细胞相比,显示了5倍以上的迁移程度。因此,FABP7过度表达特别是在胶质母细胞瘤中表达所导致的整体生存期较短可能是肿瘤细胞向周围脑实质的迁移和侵袭增加所致(Liang et al.,2005)。FABP7核迁移特别与EGFR扩增以及更具侵袭性的肿瘤相关(Kaloshi et al.,2007)。因此,细胞核FABP7可能由EGFR激活诱导促进GBM肿瘤细胞的迁移(Liang et al.,2006)。
FABP7表达也被证明为肾细胞癌的一个标志物。FABP7表达只能发现于癌症组织,但在非癌性肾脏样本中检测不到(Teratani et al.,2007)。FABP7在肾细胞癌中的表达比在正常肾脏组织中高出20倍(Domoto et al.,2007;Buchner et al.,2007)。研究还表明,FABP7常表达于黑色素瘤中,可能参与细胞增殖和侵袭(Goto et al.,2006)。
胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)
GFAP编码成熟星形胶质细胞的一种主要中间丝蛋白。它用作一种标志物,以在发育过程中将星形胶质细胞与其它胶质细胞区分开来。这种基因的突变导致亚历山大病,这是中枢神经系统中星形胶质细胞的一种罕见疾病。另外一种转录物的变体已经做过描述,但其全长序列尚未确定。GFAP水平在自闭症患者大脑中已报告有增加,而在严重抑郁症患者的大脑中降低。
出现新发肿瘤10年后接受全脑放射的灵长类动物的大脑曾进行了分析。肿瘤前体细胞证明了细胞的异型度和发生了有丝分裂,并且肿瘤相关标志物GFAP、EGFR和p53为阴性(Lubensky et al.,2006)。
在星形细胞肿瘤中,GFAP阳性细胞数量和染色强度与恶性程度成正比。3例少突胶质细胞瘤患者均对GFAP表现出阴性反应(Reyaz et al.,2005)。从免疫组织学上来看,纯少突胶质细胞瘤中GFAP为阴性(Mokhtari et al.,2005)。高级别胶质瘤患者的血清GFAP水平与肿瘤体积表现出线性相关性(Brommeland et al.,2007)。即使在GB患者中,肿瘤体积、肿瘤坏死体积、GFAP阳性细胞坏死量与血清GFAP水平也可检测出明显相关性(Jung et al.,2007)。
在以组蛋白去乙酰酶抑制剂4苯基丁酸盐治疗胶质母细胞瘤细胞系后,发现到非磷酸化GFAP浓度上升,而磷酸化异构体仍保持完好(Asklund et al.,2004)。
在得到TGF-α治疗的胶质母细胞瘤细胞系中,GFAP基因转录、mRNA水平和特定蛋白质的合成下降了约50%(Zhou and Skalli,2000)。
从技术上讲,GFAP启动子经常在小鼠模型用作诱导所需蛋白表达的工具,特别是在神经系统中。
郎格罕氏胰岛被表达GFAP的岛周雪旺氏细胞(pSC)包裹。胰腺神经系统组织分子的自身免疫性靶向作用似乎是自然1型糖尿病早期组成部分(Winer et al.,2003)。Immatics公司或来自大量组织的基因表达外部数据并未反映这种胰腺表达。在发表资料中,GFAP-001作为一种表位,其所针对的1型糖尿病患者及其抗体与糖尿病自身抗原产生对抗反应(糖尿病风险增加)的非糖尿病亲戚和健康供体相比,均表现出颗粒酶B-分泌CTL的反应性增强(体外ELISPOT法)(Standiferet al.,2006)。
令人关注的是,自身免疫性疾病,尤其是糖尿病的出现与胶质瘤风险之间似乎呈负相关(Aronson and Aronson,1965;Schlehofer et al.,1999;Brenner et al.,2002;Schwartzbaum et al.,2003;Schwartzbaum et al.,2005)。
G蛋白-偶联受体56(GPR56)
GPR56是一种非典型G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR),通常具有较大的N-末端胞外区,其中包含一个长丝氨酸/苏氨酸富集区,形成一个粘液素状茎,由于这一特性,GPR56被认为在细胞-细胞,或细胞-基质相互作用中发挥着作用。再加上mRNA高水平表达及广泛分布,表明该受体可能在细胞-细胞相互作用过程中发挥作用(Liu et al.,1999)。GPR56属于分泌素家族中的GPCR,其在神经元祖细胞发育过程中发挥作用,并且与人类大脑的发育畸形相关。GPR56较高表达与几种癌症组织的细胞转化显型呈相关性(与其正常配对物比较),这意味着可能有致癌作用。RNA干扰介导的GPR56沉默导致诱导细胞凋亡,并通过失巢凋亡的增加而导致癌症细胞锚定依赖性生长减少。GPR56沉默还也减少细胞粘附到细胞外基质(Ke etal.,2007)。GPR56上调已使用功能性基因组在多形性胶质母细胞瘤中得到证实。免疫组织化学研究证实在大部分胶质母细胞瘤/星形细胞肿瘤样本中有GPR56表达,并且在正常成人大脑中检测不到表达水平(Shashidhar et al.,2005)。在胰腺癌细胞中,GPR56mRNA表达水平高,而GPR56蛋白在这些细胞中的水平要么可忽略不计、要么检测不到,这表明,GPR56蛋白表达在人胰腺癌细胞中被抑制(Huang et al.,2008)。早先关于转移癌的研究显示,GPR56在人黑色素瘤细胞系的高度转移性变体中明显下调,这提示GPR56的过度表达抑制了肿瘤生长和转移。这种生长抑制被认为由GPR56与组织谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG2)之间的相互作用介导,其中TG2是一种广泛分布的组织和基质组成部分,提示抑制肿瘤本身的发展(Xu etal.,2006;Xu and Hynes,2007)。GPR56的另一抑制影响报告为针对神经祖细胞(NPC)的迁移。GPR56在NPC中高度表达,可能通过Galpha(12/13)和Rho信号通路调节NPC运动,着表明GPR56在中枢神经系统的发展中起着重要作用(Iguchi et al.,2008)。
谷氨酸受体,离子型,AMPA 4(GRIA4)
α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异唑丙酸(AMPA)型谷氨酸受体(AMPAR)在中枢神经系统的兴奋性突触中介导快速神经传递,并由取自一组4种蛋白(即GluR1至GluR4(GRIA4))的亚基组成。
GRIA4亚基在人脑胶质瘤细胞中广泛表达,以Ca2+-渗透型AMPAR发挥作用。转换至Ca2+-非渗透型受体抑制细胞运动,并诱导细胞凋亡,而Ca2+-渗透型AMPA受体的过度表达促进了肿瘤细胞的迁移和增殖。因此,Ca2+-渗透型AMPA受体似乎在胶质母细胞瘤生长中起到了关键作用(Ishiuchi et al.,2002)。
胰岛素样生长因子2mRNA结合蛋白3(IGF2BP3)
IGF2BP3是胰岛素样生长因子-II mRNA结合蛋白家族中的一员,涉及mRNA定位、转换及翻译控制。编码的蛋白包含数个KH域,这些域在RNA结合中起着重要作用,并已知参与RNA合成和代谢。其主要在胚胎发育期间和某些肿瘤中表达。因此,IGF2BP3被认为是一种癌胚蛋白(Liao et al.,2005)。关于IGF2BP3在胶质母细胞瘤中表达的具体资料尚未发现,但IGF2BP3被描述为在其它数种恶性肿瘤中过度表达。因此,在经分析的716份透明肾细胞癌标本中,30%有IGF2BP3表达。在本研究中,其表达与原发肿瘤的高分期和高级别以及其他不良特性(包括凝固性肿瘤坏死和肉瘤分化)相关。此外,IGF2BP3阳性表达与远处转移风险增加5-10倍以及肾细胞癌死亡风险增加42%-50%相关,这表明,IGF2BP3表达表现为肾透明细胞癌侵袭性行为的独立预测因子(Hoffmann et al.,2008;Jiang et al.,2006;Jianget al.,2008)。与良性痣相比,IGF2BP3在恶性黑色素瘤中也可检测到,但即使存在发育不良的特点,也不确定有此蛋白表达(Pryor et al.,2008)。在子宫内膜癌中,子宫内膜的肿瘤病灶中的IGF2BP3表达与II型子宫内膜癌和侵袭性组织学显型密切相关(Zheng et al.,2008)。在所有20名食道鳞状细胞癌患者中,有40%患者的TIL、区域淋巴结淋巴细胞和外周血淋巴细胞中可观察到来自IGF2BP3的HLA-A*2402限制表位肽的特异性T细胞诱导(Mizukami et al.,2008)。IGF2BP3在胰腺癌中也呈高度表达。在2项研究中,>90%的胰腺肿瘤组织样本在免疫染色后显示IGF2BP3表达,而非肿瘤胰腺组织的IGF2BP3为阴性。此外,与非肿瘤组织样本相比,IGF2BP3mRNA在胰腺癌中过度表达,并且此表达逐渐增加了肿瘤的分期(Yantiss et al.,2005;Yantiss et al.,2008)。IGF2BP3表达在高级别尿道上皮肿瘤中也发现有显著上升,而在良性尿道上皮或低级别尿道上皮肿瘤中一般没有表达。此外,IHD2BP3阳性肿瘤患者的无进展生存率和无疾病生存率比IGF2BP3阴性肿瘤患者低得多。患有浅表侵袭性尿路上皮癌的IGF2BP3阳性患者在初步诊断时也持续发生转移,而在IGF2BP3阴性患者中没有发现转移。此外,从这些研究数据表明,IGF2BP3可能参与乳突状和扁平型的尿路上皮肿瘤病灶从低级别向高级别发展(Li et al.,2008b;Sitnikova et al.,2008)。
伴皮层下囊肿的巨脑型脑白质病1(MLC1)
伴皮层下囊肿的巨脑型脑白质病(MLC)是一种儿童常染色体隐性脑白质疾病。MLC由MLC1基因突变引起(Ilja Boor et al.,2006)。据发明人所知,文献中目前没有关于MLC1与脑肿瘤相关的报道。
一篇论文研究了小鼠大脑中MLC1的细胞内和区域分布情况(Schmitt et al.,2003)。在产前和围产期,发现MLC1在多潜能神经前体细胞中呈最高表达。MLC1 mRNA仅在成年小鼠大脑的胶质细胞中检测到。与正在发育和成熟的星形胶质细胞相反,少突胶质细胞缺乏MLC1的表达。
巢蛋白(NES)
在发育过程中,受孕后11周时,在所有部分的中枢神经系统室层的神经上皮细胞中均有中间纤维巢蛋白广泛表达,而巢蛋白免疫反应在妊娠第二和第三期减少(Takanoand Becker,1997;Lendahl et al.,1990;Zimmerman et al.,1994;Tohyama et al.,1992)。巢蛋白从增殖性室层迁移期间或之后,其在有丝分裂后的神经元内表达大量下调(Arnold and Trojanowski,1996)。对非肿瘤性成人脑组织的巢蛋白染色结果显示,只有极少数血管内皮细胞有很弱的染色(Dahlstrand et al.,1992)。巢蛋白可在致瘤性转化过程中再次表达(Veselska et al.,2006)。在胶质瘤组织中,巢蛋白免疫反应只发生于肿瘤细胞中,并且随着胶质瘤的恶性分级增加变为胶质母细胞瘤,巢蛋白的产生量也增加。胶质母细胞瘤(恶性度IV级)表达最常出现的巢蛋白阳性细胞,一般情况下,也具有最高水平的巢蛋白染色。巢蛋白表达可在来源于神经外胚层的不同类型原发性中枢神经系统肿瘤细胞中检测到,但在在转移性肿瘤细胞中检测不到,肿瘤细胞(Dahlstrand et al.,1992;Tohyamaet al.,1992)。巢蛋白几乎不表达于间变性星形细胞瘤中,不定地表达于间变性星形细胞瘤中,不规则地强烈表达于胶质母细胞瘤中,其以互补方式多样化分布,且含有GFAP和波形蛋白(Schiffer et al.,2006)。临床上,巢蛋白阴性中枢神经系统生殖细胞肿瘤并不扩散,而所有表现出扩散的肿瘤也强烈表达巢蛋白(Sakurada et al.,2007)。
强烈表达巢蛋白的肿瘤细胞往往靠近血管(Dahlstrand et al.,1992),(Kurihara et al.,2000;Sugawara et al.,2002;Florenes et al.,1994;Strojnik etal.,2007),而通过活化内皮细胞的巢蛋白表达提示为血管生成的一种标志(Teranishi etal.,2007;Maderna et al.,2007;Amoh et al.,2005;Mokryet al.,2004)。
GBM包括具有干细胞全部预期功能特征(包括肿瘤生成能力)的转化前体细胞。这些细胞可在连续移植后形成GBM,因此可确认为肿瘤神经干细胞(Galli et al.,2004)。这些细胞属于人脑肿瘤CD133+细胞亚群,并共同表达NSC标志巢蛋白,但不表达分化的神经系标志物(Singh et al.,2004b;Singh et al.,2003;Singh et al.,2004a;Mao et al.,2007)。脑肿瘤中存在CD133+/巢蛋白+群表明,正常的神经干细胞可能是胶质瘤细胞的源细胞(Shiras et al.,2007)。由于Notch信号在脑肿瘤活性和干细胞中传导活跃,表明巢蛋白启动子在培养过程中通过Notch活性被激活(Shih and Holland,2006)。
用巢蛋白siRNA双工转染大鼠星形细胞瘤C6细胞系后显示,巢蛋白siRNA对培养的星形细胞瘤细胞生长以剂量依赖性方式产生有效的抑制(Wei et al.,2008)。
在前列腺癌(Gu et al.,2007;Gipp et al.,2007)、胰腺癌(Carriere et al.,2007)以及黑色素瘤(Klein et al.,2007)的癌干细胞中均报告有巢蛋白表达。此外,巢蛋白还表达于以下肿瘤中:GIST(Tsujimura et al.,2001;Sarlomo-Rikala et al.,2002)、黑色素瘤(Florenes et al.,1994;Brychtova et al.,2007)、结直肠癌(Teranishi etal.,2007)和胰腺肿瘤(Ohike et al.,2007;Kleeberger et al.,2007)。
巢蛋白还可在各种正常组织中发现:巢蛋白已报告表达于正常成熟人体肾脏小球的足细胞中。在正常情况下,巢蛋白表达于发育早期的几类肾小球细胞中,并且在成熟的肾小球中只限表达于足细胞中(Ishizaki et al.,2006),这表明,巢蛋白对足细胞功能的某方面非常关键。成人肾小球在表达波形蛋白且具有足细胞形态的细胞中显示出免疫反应性(Bertelli et al.,2007)。巢蛋白可能通过与波形蛋白的相互作用以加强在肾小球过滤过程中承受高拉伸应力的足细胞的机械强度(Perry et al.,2007)。因此,在人的肾脏中,从形成肾小球的前几个步骤开始,巢蛋白就在足细胞、系膜和内皮细胞内表达。此表达仅限于成熟肾小球的足细胞,在成人肾脏的其它结构内检测(Su et al.,2007)。免疫组织化学显示,在正常人体肾上腺皮质中巢蛋白呈常量表达。表达巢蛋白的细胞普遍位于网状带组织,而肾上腺癌显示巢免疫反应细胞数为可变量(Toti et al.,2005)。
在正常胃肠道的Cajal间质细胞(ICC)也报告有巢蛋白表达。因此,胃窦的大多数肌肉内ICC和小肠的所有肠肌层ICC均具有免疫反应性,有些肠肌层ICC和结肠环肌组织中的大部分ICC也是如此(Vanderwinden et al.,2002)。在胰腺的胰岛和外分泌部分,也可发现巢蛋白免疫反应细胞。在较胰管部位,巢蛋白阳性细胞表现为胰管上皮细胞周围结缔组织中分散的小毛细血管。因此,在人胰腺中,巢蛋白由血管内皮细胞表达(Klein et al.,2003)。在胰岛中,可发现表达巢蛋白的胰岛祖细胞。据推测,这些巢蛋白阳性胰岛祖细胞是位于胰岛内的一群不同的细胞并可能参与胰岛分泌细胞再生(Zulewski et al.,2001)。在成人正常肝脏中,可分离出一群波形蛋白和巢蛋白阳性的人肝脏干细胞(Herrera et al.,2006)。在细胞培养实验中,针对细胞骨架和基质组成的免疫染色分析结果显示,胎儿肺和成人骨髓衍生的细胞在中间纤维中表达波形蛋白和巢蛋白(Sabatini et al.,2005)。在新出恒牙中,巢蛋白发现于功能性成牙本质细胞。其表达下调,并且在老恒牙中巢蛋白缺失,但是如果龋齿和牙齿受损后表达又上调(About et al.,2000)。
在成熟表达巢蛋白的成人干细胞也可发现于成熟垂体前叶的导管外围部位,并利用基因诱导性预定命运图证实,它们用于生成脑垂体的所有六种末端分化的内分泌细胞的亚群。这些干细胞在器官形成中不发挥重要作用,在产后扩张并开始产生分化后代细胞,它们定殖于最初完全由来自胚胎前体的分化细胞组成的器官(Gleiberman et al.,2008)。
细胞核受体亚族2,E组,成员1(NR2E1)
NR2E1(TLX)是神经干细胞增殖必需的一种转录因子,并通过招募组蛋白去乙酰酶(HDAC)至其下游靶基因抑制其转录而进行自我更新,从而调节神经干细胞增殖。招募HDAC导致转录性抑制TLX靶基因、周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制因子p21(CIP1/WAF1)(p21)和肿瘤抑制基因PTEN(Sun et al.,2007)。歧异同源盒基因的TLX/HOX11亚族参与胚胎发育的各个方面,对于TLX1/HOX11和TLX3/HOX11L2,明显具有人类T细胞急性淋巴细胞性白血病癌基因的特点(Dixon et al.,2007)。NR2E1构成视网膜组织的基本发育计划的基础,并且在较长的视网膜形成过程中控制适量视网膜后代细胞的和胶质细胞的产生(Miyawaki et al.,2004)。关于胶质母细胞瘤的信息,尚没有发现。
神经细胞粘附分子(NRCAM)
人类NRCAM(神经胶质相关细胞粘附分子)在多形性胶质母细胞瘤组织(GMT)中与正常脑组织(NBT)相比呈过度表达。NRCAM被描述为与锚定蛋白产生相互作用的单次I型跨膜蛋白。反义hNRCAM导致原生hNRCAM表达的降低,细胞形态的改变、细胞增殖率的下降以及细胞周期的延长。此外,这些细胞中反义hNRCAM过度表达造成了软琼脂定殖区数量大量减少以及通过体外细胞外基质(ECM)凝胶的侵袭。与只有载体转染的细胞相比,向裸鼠皮下注射过度表达胶质母瘤细胞的反义hNRCAM导致对肿瘤形成的彻底抑制。表达质粒的反义hNRCAM瘤内接种也可使裸鼠体内肿瘤生长缓慢(Sehgal et al.,1999)。基因特异性RT-PCR分析结果提示,与正常脑组织相比,hNRCAM在高级别星形细胞瘤、胶质瘤和胶质母细胞瘤组织中呈过度表达(Sehgal et al.,1998)。NRCAM是免疫球蛋白样细胞粘附分子家族中的一种细胞-细胞粘附分子,已知在神经元过快生长和引导中发挥功能,最近被确定为人黑色素瘤和结肠癌细胞和组织中β-连接素信号传导的靶基因。逆转录介导的NRCAM转导入成纤维细胞诱导了细胞运动性和致瘤性(Conacci-Sorrell et al.,2005)。由β-连接素或斑珠主蛋白诱导的NRCAM转录在黑素瘤和结肠癌发生中发挥着作用,这可能是通过促进细胞生长和运动而达成(Conacci-Sorrell et al.,2002)。β-连接素信号传导中的其它靶标也上调-如MYC基因(Liu et al.,2008)。NrCAM在人乳头状甲状腺癌中在mRNA和蛋白质水平上均呈过度表达,无论肿瘤处于何种期别(Gorka et al.,2007)。
NRCAM mRNA在肿瘤中过度表达与高增殖指数以及室管膜瘤预后较差(Zangen etal.,2007)相关。
平足蛋白(PDPN)
PDPN是一种粘液样I型整合膜糖蛋白,在人组织中呈多样化分布。它参与肿瘤细胞迁移、侵袭、转移及恶性进展,并参与血小板聚集。CLEC-2是首个得到确认的平足蛋白的病理生理受体(Kato et al.,2008)。115种胶质母细胞瘤使用免疫组化方法以抗PDPN抗体行了研究。47%的胶质母细胞瘤在细胞表面表达了PDPN,特别是坏死区周围已经正在增殖的血管内皮细胞。此外,PDPN mRNA和蛋白在胶质母细胞瘤中的表达明显高于间变性星形细胞瘤,这表明PDPN的表达可能与星形细胞瘤的恶性程度相关(Mishima et al.,2006)。另一项分析还显示,PDPN在82.9%(29/35)的胶质母细胞瘤中表达(Shibahara et al.,2006)。在一项调查PDPN表达和胶质母细胞瘤细胞株的血小板聚集活性的研究中,LN319高度表达PDPN并诱导血小板聚集。NZ-1是一种高反应性抗PDPN抗体,通过LN319压制血小板聚集,这表明,PDPN是诱导血小板聚集的主要原因(Kato et al.,2006)。胶质母细胞瘤中的PDPN基因表达水平明显高于非肿瘤性白质,这由免疫组化得到证实(Scrideli et al.,2008)。PDPN由淋巴细胞表达,而不是由培养和肿瘤相关淋巴管形成过程中的血管内皮细胞表达。虽然PDPN主要在正常人表皮中缺失,但是其在28例鳞状细胞癌的22例中强烈表达,这表明PDPN在肿瘤进展中发挥作用(Schacht et al.,2005)。PDPN在许多侵袭性人类癌中上调。在经过培养的人乳腺癌细胞、胰腺β细胞癌形成小鼠模型、以及人癌症活检组织中对PDPN的研究表明,PDPN可促进体内外肿瘤细胞侵袭。PDPN通过丝状伪足形成经下调较小Rho家族GTP酶的活性而诱导细胞集体迁移。总之,PDPN在无上皮间质转化时诱导肿瘤瘤细胞侵袭的替代途径(Wicki et al.,2006),PDPN表达水平在大多数结直肠肿瘤患者中增强(Kato etal.,2003),TGF-β被认为是肿瘤细胞中的PDPN生理性调节剂(Suzuki et al.,2008),PDPN表达于来自食道、肺、肝、结肠和乳腺癌以及淋巴管内皮细胞的癌细胞(Kono et al.,2007)。
细胞粘合素C(健生蛋白)(TNC)
细胞外基质糖蛋白在胶质母细胞瘤中表达,但不在正常脑大脑中表达,并且其与胶质母细胞-增殖性内皮基底膜相关,在1983年的研究已显示,TNC可能是胶质瘤的一种有用的标志物(Bourdon et al.,1983)。在肿瘤进展过程中,肿瘤组织ECM重组并且提供了更利于肿瘤进展的环境,其中血管生成是关键的一步(Carnemolla et al.,1999)。TNC在具有高增殖指数的肿瘤血管中过度表达,这表明,TNC参与瘤血管生成(Kim et al.,2000)。在肿瘤中,缺氧可诱导TNC表达(Lal et al.,2001)。TGF-β1介导TNC的诱导,从而形成了高级别胶质瘤侵袭健康实质的(Hau et al.,2006)。此外,TNC过度表达是胃泌素特异性激活细胞粘合素-C基因启动子的后果,已知可显著调节人胶质母细胞瘤细胞的迁移(Kucharczak etal.,2001)。TNC下调原肌球蛋白-1,从而破坏肌动蛋白应力纤维的稳定性。另外,它还导致Wnt抑制剂Dickkopf1的下调。由于原肌球蛋白-1表达下降以及Wnt信号增强与转化和肿瘤发生有密切联系,因此,TNC特异性调节这些信号通路以增加胶质瘤细胞的增殖(Ruiz etal.,2004)。
在胶质母细胞瘤组织中发现到肿瘤供血血管附近有TNC周围血管染色,但在WHOII级和III级胶质瘤中TNC周围血管染色并不常见,这表明TNC染色强度与肿瘤分级相关并且最强的染色表明预后不良(Herold-Mende et al.,2002;Zukiel et al.,2006)。在结缔组织周围肿瘤中观察到了最高程度的TNC表达(Chiquet-Ehrismann and Tucker,2004)。TNC还使室下区(SVZ)内产生干细胞巢,协调生长因子信号以加快神经干细胞的发育。TNC对于神经干细胞中EGFR及时表达很重要,并增强FGF2的信号。TNC对SVZ内的细胞主要作用为调节发育进程(Garcion et al.,2004)。TNC是人NSC定向迁移的最强诱导剂(趋触性)。因此,肿瘤产生的ECM为NSC定向至传播肿瘤细胞提供了不受约束的环境(Ziu et al.,2006)。
TNC的途径也在乳腺肿瘤的生长和转移中发挥着重要作用。因此,TNC信号传导在MDA-MB-435细胞中阻塞或停止导致了细胞迁移收到重大影响以及锚定依赖性细胞增殖。接受克隆MDA-MB-435细胞注射且TNC表达下降的小鼠表现出原发肿瘤生长的明显下降,以及原发肿瘤手术切除后肿瘤复发减少、并且肺转移发生率下降(Calvo et al.,2008)。
生存素(BIRC5)
在胎儿组织和各种人癌症组织中,BIRC5(生存素)-细胞凋亡抑制蛋白(IAP)家族中的一员-表达升高,在成熟的正常分化组织中,尤其当其增殖指数低时,表达大大降低。生存素似乎具有同时调节细胞增殖和凋亡的能力。虽然生存素通常位于细胞胞质区内并与癌症预后较差有关,但是,也层有报告预示着有利预后(O′Driscoll et al.,2003)的核局部化。几种机制已经描述了生存素的调控和通过生存素的调控。生存素似乎与分子伴侣Hsp60有关。在体内与相应的正常组织相比,Hsp60大量表达于人原发肿瘤中。小的干扰性RNA对Hsp60的急性消融扰乱了生存素的线粒体库,诱导线粒体功能障碍,并激活了半胱天冬酶依赖的细胞凋亡(Ghosh et al.,2008)。此外,对Ras的抑制在细胞凋亡后导致生存素释放“刹车”,并激活了线粒体凋亡通路。特别是在胶质母细胞瘤中,靶向生存素的Ras抑制剂可消除抗细胞凋亡作用(Blum et al.,2006)。胶质瘤中NF-κB过度活跃似乎与生存素(一种NF-κB靶基因)超高表达之间具有相关性。因此,NF-κB激活的抗凋亡基因在肿瘤样本中呈超高表达。特别是在胶质母细胞瘤中,可检测到非常高水平的生存素表达(Angileri et al.,2008)。这表明,生存素在脑胶质瘤中的过度表达可能在恶性增殖、抗凋亡和血管生成中起着重要作用(Zhen et al.,2005;Liu et al.,2006b)。有人已经进行数次分析研究了生存素的表达及其对胶质母细胞瘤患者生存的影响。总之,与罹患生存素阴性肿瘤的患者相比,生存素的表达,尤其是在星形细胞瘤细胞核和细胞质中的同时表达,与恶性程度(在胶质母细胞瘤中生存素表达最高)和较短的总存活时间显著相关(Kajiwara et al.,2003;Saitoet al.,2007;Uematsu et al.,2005;Mellai et al.,2008;Grunda et al.,2006;Xie etal.,2006;Sasaki et al.,2002;Chakravarti et al.,2002)。
对于其它肿瘤,也报告过生存素过度表达。在乳腺癌中,生存素表达与较高级别和较短的无病存活率相关(Yamashita et al.,2007;Al-Joudi et al.,2007;Span et al.,2004)。在食管癌细胞系中,生存素的启动子活性被证明高于正常组织的28.5倍(Sato etal.,2006)。在结直肠癌中,生存素表达也与病理分级和淋巴结转移相关(Tan et al.,2005)。对透明细胞肾细胞癌的侵袭性被证明与生存素的表达有关。此外,生存素的表达与特定癌症存活率呈反相关(Kosari et al.,2005)。生存素的表达在所有角化细胞肿瘤和高增殖细胞病灶中均可检测到,但在正常皮肤中检测不到(Bowen et al.,2004)。在胰腺癌细胞株中,检测的细胞株58%有生存素扩增(Mahlamaki et al.,2002)。在鳞状细胞癌中,生存素的表达可以帮助确定更具侵袭性和浸润性临床表型的病例(Lo et al.,2001)。
由于生存素是很有希望成为癌症治疗的一个靶标,因此,使用生存素衍生肽的研究表明,生存素通过引发CD8+T细胞介导的反应而在肿瘤患者中具有免疫原性。此外,生存素特异性地刺激了取自相同患者的外周血淋巴细胞中的CD4+T细胞的反应性(Casati etal.,2003;Piesche et al.,2007)。
生存素(SVN、BIRC)在众多癌症中呈过度表达。因此,在一般情况下,生存素的过度表达被认为与较短的总体生存期和更高的恶性级别相关。
本发明进一步涉及可用作胶质母细胞瘤预后的特殊标志物蛋白。此外,本发明还涉及这些供癌症治疗使用的新靶标。
正如本文所述,与正常脑组织和其它重要组织(如肝脏、肾脏、心脏)相比,胶质母细胞瘤高度过度表达GFAP、FABP7、DTNA、NR2E1、SLCO1C1、CHI3L1、ACSBG1、IGF2BP3、NLGN4X、MLC1、NRCAM、BCAN、EGFR、PDPN、NES、以及CLIP2。蛋白质GRP56、CSPG4、NRCAM、TNC、BIRC5、CLIP2、NES、PDPN、EGFR、BCAN、GRIA4显示在肿瘤发生中发挥重要作用,因为它们参与恶性转化、细胞生长、增殖、血管生成或侵袭入正常组织。
蛋白质NES、TNC、BIRC5、EGFR与胶质母细胞瘤中的癌干细胞或干细胞巢相关。癌症干细胞是一种肿瘤细胞亚群,具有肿瘤持续生长所需的自我更新潜能。这些细胞存在于专门的和高度组织的结构中,即所谓的癌症干细胞巢,它们是维持干细胞自我更新潜能所必需的。肿瘤中蛋白BIRC5、NRCAM、IGF2BP3过度表达显示与疾病期别较晚期以及患者预后较差相关。
BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN显示在神经系统中肿瘤生长所需的组织重组中发挥重要作用。因此,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN可用作区分胶质母细胞瘤与其它形式肿瘤的标志物。
因此,本发明提出了识别动物的方法,优选为可能有胶质母细胞瘤的人类。在一实施方案中,该可能性确定为80%至100%。一个此种方法包括测定来自受试动物肿瘤样本中的蛋白BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN中至少一种蛋白的水平。在一实施方案中,样本通过根治性手术获得。在另一实施方案中,样本通过针刺活检获得。
当BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN测定的水平相对于同一标本的良性上皮细胞中的测定水平上调20%或以上时,则该受试动物被确定为可能有胶质母细胞瘤。
包含BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN的基团的不同蛋白属上调的越多,受试动物越有可能被确定为具有胶质母细胞瘤。
在一实施方案中,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN水平在原位测定。在另一实施方案中,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN水平在体外测定。还是在另一实施方案中,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN水平在体内测定。在一优选实施方案中,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN水平采用激光捕获显微镜结合Western印迹法测定。
在一特别实施方案中,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN水平以BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN的特定抗体测定。在另一实施方案中,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN水平以含引物的PCR方法测定,其中引物为编码BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN的mRNA的特定引物。还是在另一实施方案中,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN水平以含引物的核苷酸探针测定,其中探针为编码BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN的mRNA的特定探针。在一实施方案中,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN水平使用Northern印迹法测定。在另一实施方案中,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN水平使用核糖核酸酶保护法测定。在其它实施方案中,如酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)、放射性免疫测定(RIA)以及Western印迹法等免疫学测试可能用于检测体液样本(如血液、血清、痰液、尿液或腹腔液)中的BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN多肽。检体、组织样本和细胞样本(如卵巢、淋巴结、卵巢表面上皮细胞碎屑、肺检体,肝检体、以及任何含有细胞的液体样本(如腹腔液、痰液和胸腔积液)均可通过分解和/或溶解组织或细胞样本以及使用免疫法(如:ELISA、RIA或Western印迹法)检测多肽而进行测试。此类细胞或组织样本也可使用基于核酸的方法分析,例如,反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增、Northern杂交、或槽或点印迹法。为了可看到肿瘤细胞在组织样本中的分布,可能分别使用保存样本组织结构的诊断测试(例如,免疫组织化学染色、RNA原位杂交或原位RT-PCR技术)来检测胶质母细胞瘤标志物多肽或mRNA。对于肿瘤的体内定位,可能使用影像学检查,如磁共振成像(MRI),向受试者导入一种与BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN多肽(尤其是局限于细胞表面的多肽)特异性结合的抗体,其中所述抗体共价结合或以其他方式耦合到顺磁示踪剂(或其他合适的可检测基元,这取决于所使用的影像技术);另外,未标记的肿瘤标志物特异性抗体的位置可使用与可检测到的基元耦合的二抗检测。
另外,本发明进一步提出了组成BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和/或PDPN多肽、及其片段(包括功能性、蛋白裂解性和抗原性片段)的嵌合/融合蛋白/肽。
杂合分子的融合伙伴或片段提供了刺激CD4+T细胞的适当表位。CD4+刺激表位为本领域所熟知、并包括破伤风类毒素中确定的表位。在进一步优选的实施方案中,所述肽为融合蛋白,尤其包含HLA-DR抗原相关不变链(Ii)的N端氨基酸。在一实施方案中,本发明的肽为一蛋白片段和另一多肽部分(如果人体多肽部分含有一个多个发明的氨基酸序列)的一种截短型人蛋白或融合蛋白。
本发明还包括BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN多肽的抗体,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN多肽组成的嵌合/融合蛋白的抗体,以及BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN多肽片段(包括蛋白裂解性和抗原性片段)的抗体和组成这些片段的嵌合/融合蛋白/肽的抗体。此外,针对癌症、特别是针对胶质母细胞瘤预后的这些抗体的使用方法也是本发明的一部分。
本发明的抗体可为多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体和/或嵌合抗体。产生本发明单克隆抗体的永生细胞株也是本发明的一部分。
本领域的普通技术人会明白,在某些情况下,作为肿瘤标志物基因的BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN较高表达提示患有胶质母细胞瘤的受试者预后较差。例如,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN较高水平的表达可能提示肿瘤体积相对较大、肿瘤负荷较高(例如,更多转移)、或者肿瘤表性恶性程度相对较高。
包含BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN的基团的不同蛋白其过度表达越高,患者的预后越差。
本发明的诊断和预后方法涉及使用已知的方法,例如:基于抗体的方法,以检测BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN多肽,以及核酸杂交和/或基于扩增的方法来检测BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和/或PDPN的mRNA。
此外,由于肿瘤细胞快速破坏往往导致自身抗体产生,本发明的胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤标志物可用于血清学检测(例如,受试者血清的ELISA测试),以检测受试者中抗BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN的自身抗体。BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN多肽特异性抗体的水平比对照样本至少约高3倍(优选为至少5倍或7倍,最优选为至少10倍或20倍),该水平提示有胶质母细胞瘤。
细胞表面局部、细胞内、和分泌的BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN多肽都可能用于活组织切片分析,例如,组织或细胞样本(包括诸如从腹腔液中获得的液体样品)以确定含有胶质母细胞瘤细胞的组织或细胞检体。检体可作为完整的组织或整个细胞样本进行分析,组织或细胞样本也可能按特定类型诊断测试所需被分解和/或溶解。例如,检体或样本可能对BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN多肽或mRNA水平进行整个组织或整个细胞分析,方法为原位法、免疫组织化学法、原位杂交mRNA法或原位RT-PCR。技术人员知道如何处理组织或细胞进行多肽或mRNA水平进行分析,使用方法为免疫方法(如ELISA、免疫印迹或等效方法),或使用基于核酸的分析方法(如RT-PCR、Northern杂交或槽或斑点印迹法)分析mRNA水平。
测量BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN表达水平的药盒。
本发明提出了检测作为受试者胶质母细胞瘤标志物基因的BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN表达水平所用的药盒。一种检测胶质母细胞瘤标志物多肽的药盒优选包含一种特异性结合选定的胶质母细胞瘤标志物多肽的抗体。一种检测胶质母细胞瘤标志物mRNA的药盒最好包含可特异性与BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPNmRNA杂交的一个或多个核酸(例如,一个或多寡核苷酸引物或探针、DNA探针、RNA探针、或产生RNA的探针模板)。
特别地,基于抗体的药盒可用于检测是否存在、和/或测量被抗体或其免疫反应性片段特异性结合的BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和/或PDPN的水平。该药盒可包含与抗原反应的抗体以及检测含抗原的抗体的反应。该药盒可为ELISA试剂盒,可包含对照(例如,指定量的特定胶质母细胞瘤标志物多肽)、一抗和二抗(适当时)、任何其它上文所述必需的试剂,如:可检测基元、酶底物和显色剂。另外,诊断药盒可为一般由本文所述的成分和试剂组成的试剂盒。
基于核酸的药盒可用于通过检测和/或测量样本中(如组织或细胞检体)中的BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN的mRNA,而检测和/或测量出BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN的表达水平。例如,检测BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN表达升高的RT-PCR药盒优选为包含足够的寡核苷酸引物以将胶质母细胞瘤mRNA反转录为cDNA以及对胶质母细胞瘤标志物cDNA进行PCR扩增,还优选为包含对照PCR模板分子和引物以对量化进行适当的阴性和阳性对照以及内部对照。本领域的普通技术人会明白如何选择合适的引物以进行反转录和PCR反应,以及合适的对照反应。该指导可发现于,例如,F.Ausubel等所著的《Current Protocols in Molecular Biology》,New York,N.Y.,1997。RT-PCR的许多突变体为本领域熟知。将免疫毒素靶向性地传递至BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN可以用作治疗靶,以治疗或预防胶质母细胞。例如:一种特异性结合细胞表面局限性BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN多肽的抗体分子可与放射性同位素或其它有毒化合物共价结合。给予受试者抗体共轭物以便该抗体与其同源胶质母细胞瘤多肽的结合导致治疗性化合物向胶质母细胞瘤细胞靶向传递,从而治疗卵巢癌。
治疗成分可以是毒素、放射性同位素、药物、化学物质或蛋白质(参见,例如,Beraet al.″Pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of a bivalent disulfide-stabilized Fv immunotoxin with improved antigen binding to erbB2″CancerRes.59:4018-4022(1999))。例如,该抗体可链接或共价结合至一种细菌毒素(如:白喉毒素、绿脓杆菌外毒素A、霍乱毒素)或植物毒素(如蓖麻毒素),以将毒素靶向传递至表达BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN的细胞。这种免疫毒素可被传递至细胞,并且一旦与细胞表面局限性胶质母细胞瘤标志物多肽结合,共轭至胶质母细胞瘤标志物特异性抗体的毒素将被传递至该细胞。
本发明的另一个方面涉及一种抗体,其特异性结合至与HLA限制性抗原络合的I或II类人主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)(以下也称为“复合物特异性抗体”)。此外,本发明的另一个方面涉及产生特异性结合至与HLA限制性抗原络合的I或II类人主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)的所述抗体的方法,该方法包括:用可溶形式的与HLA限制性抗原络合的(MHC)I或II类分子对包含表达所述的主要组织相容性说复合体(MHC)I或II类的基因工程非人哺乳动物进行免疫;将mRNA分子与产生所述非人哺乳动物细胞的抗体分离;产生一个噬菌体显示库,显示由所述mRNA分子编码的蛋白分子;以及将至少一个噬菌体与所述噬菌体显示库分离,所述的至少一个噬菌体显示所述抗体可特异性地结合至与HLA限制性抗原络合的所述人主要组织相容性说复合体(MHC)I或II类。产生这种抗体和单链I类主要组织相容性复合物的相应方法,以及产生这些抗体的其它工具在WO 03/068201、WO 2004/084798、WO 01/72768、WO 03/070752以及Cohen CJ,Denkberg G,Lev A,Epel M,Reiter Y.Recombinantantibodies with MHC-restricted,peptide-specific,T-cell receptor-likespecificity:new tools to study antigen presentation and TCR-peptide-MHCinteractions.J Mol Recognit.2003Sep-Oct;16(5):324-32.;Denkberg G,Lev A,Eisenbach L,Benhar I,Reiter Y.Selective targeting of melanoma and APCs usinga recombinant antibody with TCR-like specificity directed toward amelanomadifferentiation antigen.J Immunol.2003Sep 1;171(5):2197-207;以及Cohen CJ,Sarig O,Yamano Y,Tomaru U,Jacobson S,Reiter Y.Direct phenotypic analysis ofhuman MHC class I antigen presentation:visualization,quantitation,and in situdetection of human viral epitopes using peptide-specific,MHC-restricted humanrecombinant antibodies.JImmunol.2003 Apr 15;170(8):4349-61中进行了披露,为了本发明之目的,所有参考文献通过引用被完整地并入本文。
优选地,该抗体与复合体的结合亲和力低于20纳摩尔,优选为低于10纳摩尔,这在本发明情况下被视为具有“特异性”。
本文中术语“抗体”意义广泛,既包括多克隆也包括单克隆抗体。除了完整的免疫球蛋白分子,“抗体”这一术语还包括这些免疫球蛋白分子和人源化免疫球蛋白分子的片段或聚合物,只要它们表现出本文所述的任何期望属性(例如,以上所述的作为复合体特异性抗体、将毒素传递给癌症(优选为胶质母细胞瘤)标志物基因表达水平增加的癌症细胞和/或抑制生存素等癌症标志物多肽的活性)。
此外,对于任何含有特定配体(例如:与细胞表面局限性蛋白结合的配体)的任何BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN多肽,该配体均可取代抗体以将毒性化合物靶向作用于胶质母细胞瘤细胞,如上文所述。
只要有可能,本发明的抗体可从商业来源购买。本发明的抗体也可能使用已知的方法制得。技术人员会了解全长胶质母细胞瘤标志物多肽或其片段可用于制备本发明的抗体。用于产生本发明抗体的多肽可部分或全部地由天然源经纯化而得,也可利用重组DNA技术生产。例如,编码BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN多肽的cDNA或其中一个片段,可在原核细胞中(如:细菌)或真核细胞(如:酵母、昆虫或哺乳动物细胞)中表达,之后,可纯化重组蛋白,并用于产生一种特异性结合用于产生该抗体的胶质母细胞瘤标志物多肽的单克隆或多克隆抗体制剂。
本领域的技术人员将会知道,两种或两种以上不同集合的单克隆抗体或多克隆抗体能最大限度地增加获得一种含预期用途所需的特异性和亲和力(例如,ELISA法、免疫组织化学、体内成像、免疫毒素疗法)的抗体的可能性。根据抗体的用途,用已知的方法对其可取活性进行测试(例如,ELISA法、免疫组织化学、免疫治疗等;要获取产生和测试抗体的进一步指导,请参阅,例如,Harlow and Lane,Antibodies:ALaboratory Manual,ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press,Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.,1988)。例如,该抗体可用ELISA法、免疫印迹法、免疫组织化学染色福尔马林固定的胶质母细胞瘤或冰冻的组织切片进行检测。在初次体外表征后,用于治疗或体内诊断用途的抗体根据已知的临床测试方法进行检测。
此处使用的术语“单克隆抗体”系指从大量同质抗体中获得的一种抗体,即,由相同的抗体组成的抗体群,但可能少量提呈的自然突变除外。本文所述的单克隆抗体具体包括“嵌合”抗体,其中一部分重链和/或轻链与从特定物种中获得的抗体或属于特定抗体类型和分类型抗体的相应序列相同(同质),同时,剩余链与从其它物种中获得的抗体或属于特定抗体类型和子类型抗体的相应序列以及这些抗体的片段相同(同质),只要他们表现出预期的拮抗活性(美国4816567号专利)。
本发明的单克隆抗体可能使用杂交瘤方法制得。在杂交瘤方法中,老鼠或其它适当的宿主动物,通常用免疫制剂以引发产生或能产生将特异性结合至免疫制剂的抗体。或者,淋巴细胞可在体外进行免疫。
单克隆抗体也可由DNA重组方法制得,如:美国4816567号专利所述。编码本发明单克隆抗体的DNA可很容易地使用传统程序进行分离和测序(例如:通过使用能与编码鼠抗体重链和轻链的基因特异性结合的寡核苷酸探针)。
体外方法也适用于制备单价抗体。抗体消化以产生抗体的片段,尤其是Fab片段,可以通过使用本领域已知的常规技术完成。例如,可以通过使用木瓜蛋白酶完成消化。木瓜蛋白酶消化的例子在1994年12月22日公布的WO 94/29348和美国4342566号专利中有描述。抗体的木瓜蛋白酶消化通常产生两种相同的抗原结合性片段,称为Fab片段(每个片段都有一个抗原结合点)和残余Fe片段。胃蛋白酶处理产生一个片段,它有两个抗原结合位点,并仍具有交联抗原的能力。
抗体片段,不论其是否附着于其它序列,均可包括特定区域或特定氨基酸残基的插入、删除、替换、或其它选择性修饰,但前提是,片段的活性与非修饰的抗体或抗体片段相比没有显著的改变或损害。这些修饰可提供一些额外的属性,如:删除/添加可与二硫键结合的氨基酸,以增加其生物寿命、改变其分泌特性等。在任何情况下,抗体片段必须拥有生物活性的特性,如:结合活性、调节结合域的结合力等。抗体的功能性或活性区域可通过蛋白特定区域的基因突变、随后表达和测试所表达的多肽进行确定。这些方法为本行业技术人员所熟知,可包括编码抗体片段的核酸的特定位点基因突变。
本发明的抗体可进一步包括人源化抗体或人抗体。非人(如:鼠)抗体的人源化形式为嵌合抗体免疫球蛋白、免疫球蛋白链或其片段(如:Fv、Fab、Fab′或抗体的其它抗原结合序列),其中包含从非人免疫球蛋白中获得的最小序列。人源化抗体包括人免疫球蛋白(受体抗体),其中来自受体互补决定区(CDR)的残基被来自非人物种(供体抗体)(如具有与其特异性、亲和力和能力的小鼠、大鼠或兔子)CDR的残基取代。在某些情况下,人类免疫球蛋白的Fv框架(FR)残基被相应的非人残基取代。人源化抗体可能还包括既非受体抗体、也非输入CDR或框架序列中发现的残基。一般来说,人源化抗体将包括几乎所有的至少一个、通常为二个可变域,其中,全部或几乎全部的CDR区域均对应于非人免疫球蛋白的区域并且全部或几乎全部的FR区域均为人免疫球蛋白相同序列的区域。理想情况是,人源化抗体还将包括至少免疫球蛋白恒定区(Fc)的一部分,通常是人免疫球蛋白的恒定区的一部分。
人源化非人抗体的方法为本行业所熟知。一般来说,人源化抗体具有一个或多个从非人源头引入的氨基酸残基。这些非人氨基酸残基往往被称为“输入”残基,通常从“输入”可变域中获得。人源化基本上可以通过将啮齿动物CDR或CDR序列取代为相应的人抗体序列而完成。因此,这种“人源化”抗体为嵌合抗体(美国4816567号专利),其中大大少于完整的人可变域被来自于非人物种的相应序列取代。在实践中,人源化抗体通常为人抗体,其中有些CDR残基以及可能的一些FR残基被来自啮齿动物抗体中的类似位点的残基取代。
可使用免疫后在内源性免疫球蛋白产生缺失时能产生完整人抗体的转基因动物(如:小鼠)。例如,它被描述为,嵌合和种系突变小鼠中的抗体重链连接区域基因的纯合性缺失导致内源性抗体生成的完全抑制。在此种系变种小鼠中人种系免疫球蛋白基因阵列的转移在抗原挑战后将导致人抗体的生成。人抗体也可在噬菌体展示库中产生。
本发明的抗体优选为通过药用载体的形式给予受试者。通常,在制剂中使用适量的药用盐,以使制剂等渗。药用载体的例子包括生理盐水、林格氏液和葡萄糖溶液。溶液的pH值优选为约5至8,更优选为约7至7.5。此外,载体还包括缓释制剂,如:含有抗体的固体疏水性聚合物半透性基质,其中基质为有形物品形式,如:薄膜、脂质体或微粒。本行业的技术人员熟知,某些载体可能为更优选,取决于例如,抗体的给药途径和浓度。
该抗体可通过注射(如:静脉内、腹腔内、皮下、肌肉内)或通过输注等其它方法给予受试者、患者或细胞,确保其以有效的形式传输到血液中。这些抗体也可以通过瘤内或瘤周途径给予,从而发挥局部和全身的治疗作用。局部或静脉注射为优选。抗体给药的有效剂量和时间表可根据经验确定,并且作出此类决定属本行业的技术范围内。本行业的技术人员会明白,必须给予的抗体剂量根据以下因素会有所不同,例如:接受抗体的受试者、给药途径、使用的抗体以及其它正在使用的药物的特定类型。Antibodies in Human Diagnosisand Therapy,Haber et al,eds.Raven Press,New York(1977)pp.365-389.单独使用的抗体的通常日剂量可能为约1μg/kg至最多100mg/kg体重或更多,这取决于上述因素。给予抗体治疗胶质母细胞瘤后,治疗抗体的疗效可通过技术人员熟知的不同方法评估。例如:接受治疗的受试者胶质母细胞瘤的大小、数量和/或分布可使用标准肿瘤成像技术进行监测。因治疗而给予的抗体与不给予抗体时的病程相比,可阻止肿瘤生长、导致肿瘤缩小、和/或阻止新肿瘤的发展,这样的抗体是一种有效治疗胶质母细胞瘤的抗体。
由于本发明的胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤标志物BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN在胶质母细胞瘤细胞中呈高度表达而在正常细胞中呈极低表达,因此,防治胶质母细胞瘤的任何治疗性策略均可能结合抑制BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN表达或多肽活性。
反义治疗的原理是基于这样的假设:基因表达的序列特异性抑制(通过转录或翻译)可能是通过基因组DNA或mRNA与互补反义种类之间的杂交而实现。这种杂交核酸双工的形成干扰目标肿瘤抗原编码基因组DNA的转录,或目标肿瘤抗原mRNA的加工/运输/翻译和/或稳定性。
反义核酸可用各种方法传递。例如,反义寡核苷酸或反义RNA可以让肿瘤细胞吸收的方式直接给予(例如,通过静脉注射)受试者。另外,编码反义RNA(或RNA片段)的病毒或质粒载体可导入体内细胞。还可通过有义序列诱发反义效果;然而,表型变化的程度大不相同。通过有效的反义治疗诱导的表型变化可根据,例如,靶mRNA水平、靶蛋白水平、和/或靶蛋白活性水平的变化进行评估。
在一个具体的实施例中,可通过直接向受试者给予反义胶质母细胞瘤标志物RNA而实现反义基因治疗抑制胶质母细胞瘤标志物的功能。肿瘤标志物反义RNA可通过任何标准技术制造和分离,但最容易的制造方法是在控制高效启动子(例如,T7启动子)的情况下使用肿瘤标志物反义cDNA经体外转录制得。肿瘤标志物反义RNA给到细胞可通过下文所述的核酸直接给药方法中的任何一种进行。
使用基因治疗方法抑制BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和/或PDPN的可选策略涉及抗-BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN抗体或抗-BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN抗体一部分的细胞内表达。例如,编码特异性结合至BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN多肽和抑制其生物活性的单克隆抗体的基因(或基因片段)其特异性(例如:组织特异性或肿瘤特异性)基因调节序列在核酸表达载体内被置于转录控制之下。然后,载体给予受试者,以便被胶质母细胞瘤细胞或其它细胞吸收,之后,这些细胞分泌抗-BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN抗体而且阻滞BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN多肽的生物活性。优选情况是,BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN出现于胶质母细胞瘤细胞的细胞外表面。
在上述的方法中,其中包括将外源性DNA给入受试者的细胞并被其吸收(即,基因转导或转染),本发明的核酸可为裸露DNA形式或核酸可位于载体中将核酸传递至细胞以抑制胶质母细胞瘤标志物蛋白的表达。该载体可以是一种市售的制剂,如腺病毒载体(量子生物技术公司,Laval,Quebec,Canada)。核酸或载体可通过多种机制传递至细胞中。例如,可使用市售的脂质体,如:LIPOFECTIN、LIPOFECTAMINE(GIBCO-25BRL公司,Gaithersburg,Md.)、SUPERFECT(Qiagen公,Hilden,Germany)和TRANSFECTAM(Promega Biotec公司,Madison,Wis.)以及根据本领域标准程序开发的其它脂质体,通过这些脂质体传递。此外,本发明的核酸或载体可通过体内电穿孔传递,该技术可从Genetronics公司(San Diego,Calif.)获得,以及通过SONOPORATION机器(ImaRx制药公司,Tucson,Ariz.)的方式传递。
例如,载体可通过病毒系统(如可包裹重组逆转录病毒基因组的逆转录病毒载体系统)传递。重组逆转录病毒可用于感染,从而传递至抑制BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN表达的受感染细胞反义核酸。当然,将改变的核酸准确地导入至哺乳动物细胞细胞内并不限于使用逆转录病毒载体。对于这以程序有广泛的其它技术可供使用,包括使用腺病毒载体、腺相关病毒(AAV)载体、慢病毒载体、假型逆转录病毒载体。也可使用物理转导技术,如脂质体传递和受体介导的及其它内吞作用机制。本发明可与这些技术或其它常用基因转移方法中的任何方法配合使用。
该抗体也可用于体内诊断实验。一般来说,抗体用放射性核素标记(如:111In、99Tc、14C、131I、3H、32P或35S),从而可免疫闪烁扫描法使肿瘤局限化。在一实施方案中,其中的抗体或片段与两个或两个以上BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN靶标的细胞外域结合,并且亲和力值(Kd)低于1x10μM。诊断用抗体可通过各种影像学方法使用适合检测的探针进行标记。探针检测方法包括但不限于,荧光、光、共聚焦和电镜方法;磁共振成像和光谱学技术;透视、电脑断层扫描和正电子发射断层扫描。合适的探针包括但不限于,荧光素、罗丹明、曙红及其它荧光团、放射性同位素、黄金、钆和其它稀土、顺磁铁、氟-18和其它正电子发射放射性核素。此外,探针可能是双功能或多功能的,并且用一种以上的上述方法可进行检测。这些抗体可用所述的探针直接或间接进行标记。抗体探针的连接,包括探针的共价连接、将探针融合入抗体、以及螯合化合物的共价连接从而结合探针、以及其它本行业熟知的方法。对于免疫组织化学方法,疾病组织样本可能是新鲜或冷冻或可能包埋于石蜡中以及用福尔马林等防腐剂固定。固定或包埋的切片包括与标记一抗和二抗接触的样本,其中该抗体用于原位或体外检测BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM或PDPN蛋白的表达。
本发明的另一优选方面,提出了一种肽,包含选自SEQ ID No.:1至SEQ ID No.:30的组的一个序列、或该序列的一种与SEQ ID No.:1至SEQ ID No.:30具有85%同源性的变体、或该序列的一种会诱导与所述的肽发生T细胞交叉反应的变体。
在一优选实施方案中,该肽选自一组肽,肽包含一个选自SEQ ID No.:1至SEQIDNo.:24的组的序列、或该序列的一种与SEQ ID No.:1至SEQ ID No.:24具有85%同源性的变体、或该序列的一种会诱导与所述的肽发生T细胞交叉反应的变体。
本发明所述的肽具有与主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)I或II类分子结合的能力。
在本发明中,术语“同源性”系指两个氨基酸序列之间的同一度,如肽或多肽序列。前文所述的“同源”是通过将理想条件下调整的两个序列与待比较序列进行比对后确定的。此处,待比较序列可能在两个序列的最佳对准中有增加或删除(例如,空隙等)。此类序列同源性可通过使用ClustalW等算法创建一个对准而进行计算(Nucleic Acid Res.,22(22):46734680(1994).也可用使用一般序列分析软件,更具体地说,是Vector NTI、GENETYX或由公共数据库提供的分析工具。
本领域技术人员能评估特定肽变体诱导的T细胞是否可与该肽本身发生交叉反应(Fong et al.,2001);(Zaremba et al.,1997;Colombetti et al.,2006;Appay et al.,2006)。
发明人用给定氨基酸序列的“变体”表示,一个或多个氨基酸残基等的侧链通过被另一个天然氨基酸残基的侧链或其它侧链取代而发生改变,这样,这种肽仍然能够以含有给定氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:1至30的肽大致同样的方式与HLA分子结合。例如,一种肽可能被修饰以便至少维持(如没有提高)其能与HLA-A*02或-DR等合适MHC分子的结合槽相互作用和结合,以及至少维持(如没有提高)其与激活CTL的TCR结合的能力。随后,这些CTL可与细胞和杀伤细胞发生交叉反应,这些细胞表达多肽(其中包含本发明中定义的同源肽的天然氨基酸序列)。正如科学文献(Rammensee et al.,1997)和数据库(Rammensee et al.,1999)中所述,HLA-A结合肽的某些位点通常为锚定残基,可形成一种与HLA结合槽的结合模序相称的核心序列,其定义由构成结合槽的多肽链的极性、电物理、疏水性和空间特性确定。因此,本领域技术人员能够通过保持已知的锚残基来修饰SEQ ID No:1至30提出的氨基酸序列,并且能确定这些变体是否保持与MHC I或II类分子结合的能力。本发明的变体保持与激活CTL的TCR结合的能力,随后,这些CTL可与表达一种包含本发明定义的同源肽的天然氨基酸序列的多肽的细胞发生交叉反应并杀死该等细胞。
这些基本不与T细胞受体互动的氨基酸残基可通过取代另一个几乎不影响T细胞反应并不妨碍与相关MHC结合的氨基酸而得到修饰。因此,除了特定限制性条件外,本发明的肽可能为任何包括给定氨基酸序列或部分或其变体的肽(发明人所用的这个术语包括寡肽或多肽)。
表2:根据SEQ ID NO:1至25的肽的变体和基序
提呈MHC II类的肽更为大家熟知,这些肽由含有一个“核心序列”,该序列含有一种与某种HLA特异性模序相配的氨基酸序列,视情况还含有不干扰肽核心序列功能的N端和/或C端延伸段(即,它们被视为与肽和所有或部分能识别其天然配对物的T细胞克隆物之间的相互作用无关)。N端和/或C端可分别延伸1至10个氨基酸的长度。这些肽可直接用于加载MHC II类分子或其序列可克隆入下文所述载体。由于这些肽构成细胞内加工较大肽的最终产物,因此,也可使用较长的肽。本发明的肽的大小不限,但通常它们的分子量可能小于100000,优选为小于50000,更优选为小于10000,通常约为5000。对于氨基酸残基数目,本发明中的肽可能少于1,000个残基,优选为少于500个残基,更优选为少于100个残基,最优选为30至8个残基。因此,本发明还提出了肽或其变体,其中所述的肽或变体的总长度为8至100个、优选为8至30个、最优选为8至16个(即8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15或16个)氨基酸。
较长的肽也可能合适,表2中所述的9-mer或10-mer肽优选为MHC I类肽,而12-mer至15-mer肽优选为MHC II类肽。
对于MHC II类限制性肽,MHC分子可能提呈具有相同核心序列的几种不同的肽。由于于识别T(辅助)细胞的相互作用由9至11个氨基酸的核心序列界定,因此几种长度变体可能由相同的T(辅助)细胞克隆物识别。因此,核心结合序列的几个不同长度变体可能用于MHC II类分子的直接加载而不需要在N端或C端进行进一步的加工和修饰。相应地,诱导T细胞与本发明中的肽发生交叉反应的天然或人工变体往往为长度可变的变体。
如果长度约为12个氨基酸残基的肽直接与MHC II类分子结合,那么,侧翼有核心HLA结合区、且不会对该肽与MHC II类分子的结合槽特异性结合能力或该肽提呈至T(辅助)细胞的能力产生重大影响的残基则为优选。但是,正如上所述,应了解,可使用较大的肽(例如,核苷酸进行编码时),因为这些较大的肽可被适当的抗原提呈细胞分成片段。然而,已经表明在相同情况下,与具有相同核心序列的参考肽相比,核心序列侧翼区能影响该肽与MHCII类分子的结合或两个方向上二聚MHC肽复合体与TCR的相互作用。该肽内的分子内三级结构(如环形成)通常会降低对MHC或TCR的亲和力。肽结合槽旁有部分MHC或TCR的侧翼区之间的相互作用可稳定这种相互作用。亲和性的这些变化能够对诱导T(辅助)细胞反应的MHCII类肽的电位产生巨大影响。
MHC I类表位(通常长度为8至10个氨基酸)也可能由肽从较长的肽或包含实际表位的蛋白中加工而产生。两侧有实际表位的残基优选为在加工过程中几乎不影响暴露实际表位所需蛋白裂解的残基。
因此,优选的情况是,这些肽含有一个核心序列,其选自由SEQ ID NO 1至SEQIDNO 30构成的组并且C端和/或N端上有1至10个氨基酸的延伸,更优选的情况是,这些侧翼氨基酸的总数为1至12个,更优选为1至10个,更优选为1至8个,更优选为1至6个,更优选为1至4个,甚而更优选为1至2个,其中侧翼氨基酸可在C端和N端以任意比例分布(例如所有侧翼氨基酸可以被添加至一个末端,或氨基酸可均等地或以任何其它比例加入两种末端),但前提是,该肽仍然能根据SEQ ID NO 1至SEQ ID NO 30任何一个序列的所述肽的同样方式与HLA分子结合。
侧翼氨基酸也可降低体内肽降解速度,以使提供给CTL的肽实际量高于无侧翼氨基酸的肽,从而当作一种前体药。
因此,本发明还提出了MHC I类表位的肽和变体,其中所述肽或抗体的总长度为8至100个、优选为8至30个、最优选为8至16个(即8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15或16个)氨基酸。
当然,本发明的肽或变体能与人主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)I或II类分子结合。肽或变体与MHC复合物的结合可用本领域内的已知方法进行测试,例如,文献中所述的检测不同MHC II类等位基因的方法(例如,(Vogt et al.,1994;Malcherek et al.,1994;Manici et al.,1999;Hammer et al.,1995;Tompkins et al.,1993;Boyton et al.,1998))。
在本发明的一个特别优选实施例中,肽系由或基本系由根据SEQ ID NO:1至SEQIDNO:30的氨基酸序列构成。
“基本由...构成”系指本发明的肽,除了根据SEQ ID No.1至SEQ ID No.30中的任一序列或其变体之外,还含有位于其它N端和/或C端伸展段的氨基酸,而它们不一定能形成作为MHC分子表位的肽。
但这些伸展段对有效将本发明中的肽引进细胞具有重要作用。在本发明的一实施例中,肽为融合蛋白,含来自NCBI、GenBank登录号X00497的HLA-DR抗原相关不变链(p33,以下称为“Ii”链)的80个N端氨基酸等(Strubin,M.et al 1984)。
此外,该肽或变体可进一步修饰以提高稳定性和/或与MHC分子结合,从而引发更强的免疫反应。肽序列的该类优化方法是本领域内所熟知的,包括,例如,反式肽键和非肽键的引入。
在反式肽键氨基酸中,肽(-CO-NH-)并未连接其残基,但是其肽键是反向的。这种逆向反向模拟肽(retro-inverso peptidomimetics)可通过本领域已知的方法制备,例如:Meziere等在《免疫学杂志》((1997)J.Immunol.159,3230-3237)中所述的方法,以引用的方式并入本文。这种方法涉及制备包含骨架(而并非侧链)改变的模拟肽。Meziere等人(1997年)的研究显示,这些模拟肽有利于MHC的结合和辅助性T细胞的反应。以NH-CO键替代CO-NH肽键的逆向反向肽大大地提高了抗水解性能。
非肽键为-CH2-NH、-CH2S-、-CH2CH2-、-CH=CH-、-COCH2-、-CH(OH)CH2-和-CH2SO-等。美国4897445号专利提出了多肽链中非肽键(-CH2-NH)的非固相合成法,该方法涉及按标准程序合成的多肽以及通过氨基醛和一种含NaCNBH3的氨基酸相互作用而合成的非肽键。
含上述序列的肽可与其氨基和/或羧基末端的其它化学基团进行合成,从而提高肽的稳定性、生物利用度、和/或亲和力等。例如,苄氧羰基、丹酰基等疏水基团或叔丁氧羰基团可加入肽的氨基末端。同样,乙酰基或9-芴甲氧羰基可能位于肽的氨基末端。此外,疏水基团、叔丁氧羰基团或氨基团都可能被加入肽的羧基末端。
另外,本发明中的所有肽都可能经合成而改变其空间构型。例如,可能使用这些肽的一个或多个氨基酸残基的右旋体,通常不是其左旋体。更进一步地,本发明中肽的至少一个氨基酸残基可被熟知的一个非天然氨基酸残基取代。诸如此类的改变可能有助于增加本发明肽的稳定性、生物利用度和/或结合作用。
同样,本发明中的肽或变体可在合成肽之前或之后通过特异氨基酸的反应而进行化学修饰。此类修饰的实施例为本领域所熟知,例如,在R.Lundblad所著的《ChemicalReagents for Protein Modification》(3rd ed.CRC Press,2005)中有概述,以参考文献的方式并入本文。虽然氨基酸的化学修饰方法无限制,但其包括(但不限于)通过以下方法修饰:酰基化、脒基化、赖氨酸吡哆基化、还原烷基化、以2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)三硝基苯基化氨基团、通过将半胱氨酸过甲酸氧化为磺基丙氨酸而对羧基团和巯基进行氨基修饰、形成易变衍生物、与其它巯基化合物形成混合二硫化合物、与马来酰亚胺反应,与碘乙酸或碘乙酰胺羧甲基化、在碱性pH值下与氰酸盐甲氨酰化。在这方面,技术人员参考了《Current Protocols In Protein Science》(Eds.Coligan et al.(John Wiley&Sons NY1995-2000))中第15章所述的在蛋白质化学修饰相关的广泛方法。
当蛋白与戊二醛、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯和甲醛的交联用于配制水凝胶时,治疗性蛋白和含聚乙二醇的肽的成功修饰往往可延长循环半衰期。针对免疫治疗的变态反应原化学修饰往往通过氰酸钾的氨基甲酰化实现。
一种肽或变体,其中肽被修饰或含非肽键,优选为本发明的实施例。一般来说,肽和变体(至少含氨基酸残基之间的肽联接)可使用Lu等人(1981年)以及此处列出的参考文献所披露的固相肽合成Fmoc-聚酰胺模式进行合成。芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)团对N-氨基提供临时保护。使用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的20%二甲基哌啶中对这种碱高度敏感的保护基团进行重复分裂。由于它们的丁基醚(在丝氨酸苏氨酸和酪氨酸的情况下)、丁基酯(在谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸的情况下)、叔丁氧羰基衍生物(在赖氨酸和组氨酸的情况下)、三苯甲基衍生物(在半胱氨酸的情况下)及4-甲氧基-2,3,6-三甲基苯磺酰基衍生物(在精氨酸的情况下),侧链功能可能会受到保护。只要谷氨酰胺和天冬酰胺为C-末端残基,侧链氨基功能保护所使用的是由4,4′-二甲氧基二苯基团。固相支撑基于聚二甲基丙烯酰胺聚合物,其由三个单体二甲基丙烯酰胺(骨架单体)、双丙烯酰乙烯二胺(交联剂)和N-丙烯酰肌胺酸甲酯(功能剂)构成。使用的肽-树脂联剂为酸敏感的4-羟甲基苯氧乙酸衍生物。所有的氨基酸衍生物均作为其预制对称酸酐衍生物加入,但是天冬酰胺和谷氨酰胺除外,它们使用被逆转的N,N-二环己基碳二亚胺/1-羟基苯并三唑介导的耦合程序而加入。所有的耦合和脱保护反应用茚三酮、硝基苯磺酸或isotin测试程序监测。合成完成后,用浓度为95%含50%清道夫混合物的三氟醋酸,从伴随去除侧链保护基团的树脂支承物中裂解肽。常用的清道夫混合物包括乙二硫醇、苯酚、苯甲醚和水,准确的选择依据合成肽的氨基酸组成。此外,固相和液相方法结合使用对肽进行合成是可能的(例如,请参阅Bruckdorfer等人(2004)所用的方法以及本文引用的参考文献)。
三氟乙酸用真空中蒸发、随后用承载粗肽的二乙基乙醚滴定进行去除。用简单萃取程序(水相冻干后,该程序制得不含清道夫混合物的肽)清除任何存在的清道夫混合物。肽合成试剂一般可从Calbiochem-Novabiochem(英国)公司(NG72QJ,英国)获得。
纯化可通过以下技术的任何一种或组合方法进行,如:再结晶法、体积排阻色谱法、离子交换色谱法、疏水作用色谱法以及(通常)反相高效液相色谱法(如使用乙腈/水梯度分离)。
肽分析可使用以下方法进行:薄层色谱法、电泳法、特别是,毛细管电泳法、固相萃取法(CSPE)、反相高效液相色谱法、酸水解后的氨基酸分析、快原子轰击(FAB)质谱分析法以及MALDI、ESI-Q-TOF质谱分析法。
另一方面,本发明提出了一种编码本发明中肽或肽变体的核酸(如多聚核苷酸)。多聚核苷酸可能为,例如,DNA、cDNA、PNA、CNA、RNA或其组合物,它们可为单链和/或双链、或多聚核苷酸的原生或稳定形式(如:具有硫代磷酸骨架的多聚核苷酸),并且只要它编码肽,就可能包含也可能不包含内含子。当然,多聚核苷酸只能编码加入天然肽键并含有天然氨基酸残基的肽。另一个方面,本发明提出了一种可根据本发明表达多肽的表达载体。
对于连接多核苷酸,已经开发出多种方法,尤其是针对DNA,可通过向载体补充可连接性末端等方法进行连接。例如,可向DNA片段加入补充性均聚物轨道,之后DNA片段被插入到载体DNA。然后,通过补充性均聚物尾巴的氢键结合,将载体和DNA片段结合,从而形成重组DNA分子。
含有一个或多个酶切位点的合成接头为DNA片段与载体连接提供了另一种方法。含各种限制性核酸内切酶的合成接头可通过多种渠道购得,其中包括从国际生物技术公司(International Biotechnologies Inc,New Haven,CN,美国)购得。
编码本发明多肽的DNA理想修饰方法是使用Saiki等人(1988年)所采用的聚合酶链反应方法。此方法可用于将DNA引入合适的载体(例如,通过设计合适的酶切位点),也可用于本领域已知的其它有用方法修饰DNA。如果使用病毒载体,痘病毒载体或腺病毒载体为优选。
之后,DNA(或在逆转录病毒载体情况下,RNA)可能表达于合适的宿主,从而制成含本发明肽或变体的多肽。因此,可根据已知技术使用编码本发明肽或变体的DNA,用本文所述方法适当修饰后,构建表达载体,然后表达载体用于转化合适宿主细胞,从而表达和产生本发明中的多肽。这些方法包括下列美国专利中披露的方法:4,440,859、4,530,901、4,582,800、4,677,063、4,678,751、4,704,362、4,710,463、4,757,006、4,766,075和4,810,648。
编码含本发明化合物多肽的DNA(或在逆转录病毒载体情况下,RNA)可能被加入到其它多种DNA序列,从而引入到合适的宿主中。同伴DNA将取决于宿主的性质、DNA引入宿主的方式、以及是否需要保持为游离体还是要相互结合。
一般来说,DNA可以适当的方向和正确的表达阅读框架附着到一种表达载体(如质粒)中。如有必要,该DNA可能与所需宿主所识别的相应转录和翻译调节控制核苷酸序列连接,尽管表达载体中一般存在此类控制功能。然后,该载体通过标准方法被引入宿主。一般来说,并不是所有的宿主都会被载体转化。因此,有必要选择转化过的宿主细胞。选择方法包括用任何必要的控制元素向表达载体插入一个DNA序列,该序列对转化细胞中的可选择性属性(如抗生素耐药性)进行编码。
另外,有这种选择属性的基因可在另外一个载体上,该载体用来协同转化所需的宿主细胞。
然后,本发明中的重组DNA所转化的宿主细胞在本文中所述本领域技术人员熟悉的合适条件下培养足够长的时间,从而表达之后可回收的肽。
有许多已知的表达系统,包括细菌(如大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌)、酵母(如酵母菌)、丝状真菌(如曲霉菌)、植物细胞、动物细胞及昆虫细胞。该系统可优选为哺乳动物细胞,如来自ATCC细胞生物学库(Cell Biology Collection)中的CHO细胞。
典型的哺乳动物细胞组成型表达载体质粒包括CMV或含一个合适的多聚A尾巴的SV40启动子以及抗性标志物(如新霉素)。一个实例为从Pharmacia公司(Piscataway,新泽西,美国)获得的pSVL。一种可诱导型哺乳动物表达载体的例子是pMSG,也可以从Pharmacia公司获得。有用的酵母质粒载体是pRS403-406和pRS413-416,一般可从StratageneCloning Systems公司(La Jolla,CA 92037,美国)获得。质粒pRS403、pRS404、pRS405和pRS406是酵母整合型质粒(YIp),并插入了酵母可选择性标记物HIS3、TRP1、LEU2和URA3。pRS413-416质粒为酵母着丝粒质粒(Ycp)。基于CMV启动子的载体(如,来自于Sigma-Aldrich公司)提供了瞬时或稳定的表达、胞浆表达或分泌,以及FLAG、3xFLAG、c-myc或MATN不同组合物中的N端或C端标记。这些融合蛋白可用于检测、纯化及分析重组蛋白。双标融合为检测提供了灵活性。
强劲的人巨细胞病毒(CMV)启动子调控区使得COS细胞中的组成蛋白表达水平高达1mg/L。对于较弱的细胞株,蛋白水平一般低于0.1mg/L。SV40复制原点的存在将导致DNA在SV40复制容纳性COS细胞中高水平复制。例如,CMV载体可包含细菌细胞中的pMB1(pBR322的衍生物)复制原点、细菌中进行氨苄青霉素抗性选育的β-内酰胺酶基因、hGH polyA和f1的原点。含前胰岛素原引导(PPT)序列的载体可使用抗FLAG抗体、树脂和板引导FLAG融合蛋白分泌到进行纯化的培养基中。其它与各种宿主细胞一起应用的载体和表达系统是本领域熟知众所周知的。
本发明还涉及一种宿主细胞,其以本发明的多核苷酸载体构建转化而来。宿主细胞可为原核细胞,也可为真核细胞。在有些情况下,细菌细胞为优选原核宿主细胞,典型为大肠杆菌株,例如,大肠杆菌菌株DH5(从Bethesda Research Laboratories公司(Bethesda,MD,美国)获得)和RR1(从美国菌种保藏中心(ATCC,Rockville,MD,美国),ATCC编号31343获得)。首选的真核宿主细胞包括酵母、昆虫和哺乳动物细胞,优选为脊椎动物细胞,如:小鼠、大鼠、猴子或人成纤维细胞和结肠癌细胞株中的细胞。酵母宿主细胞包括YPH499、YPH500和YPH501,一般可从Stratagene Cloning Systems公司(La Jolla,CA92037,美国)获得。首选哺乳动物宿主细胞包括中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞为ATCC中的CCL61细胞、NIH瑞士小鼠胚胎细胞NIH/3T3为ATCC中的CRL 1658细胞、猴肾源性COS-1细胞为ATCC中的CRL 1650细胞以及人胚胎肾细胞的293号细胞。首选昆虫细胞为Sf9细胞,可用杆状病毒表达载体转染。有关针对表达选择合适宿主细胞的概要,可从教科书(PaulinaandArgelia Lorence“Methods in Molecular Biology Recombinant Gene Expression,Reviews and Protocols”,Part One,Second Edition,ISBN 978-1-58829-262-9)和本领域技术人员知道的其它文献中查到。
含本发明DNA结构的适当宿主细胞的转化可使用大家熟知的方法完成,通常取决于使用载体的类型。对于原核宿主细胞的转化,可参阅,如:Cohen等人(1972)在Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 1972,69,2110中以及Sambrook等人(1989)所著《MolecularCloning,A Laboratory Manual》Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor,NY中使用的方法。酵母细胞的转化在Sherman等人(1986)在Methods In Yeast Genetics,ALaboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor,NY中有描述。Beggs,Beggs(1978)Nature275,104-109中所述方法也很有用。对于脊椎动物细胞,转染这些细胞的试剂等,例如,磷酸钙和DEAE-葡聚糖或脂质体配方,可从Stratagene Cloning Systems公司或Life Technologies公司(Gaithersburg,MD 20877,美国)获得。电穿孔也可用于转化和/或转染细胞,是本领域用于转化酵母细胞、细菌细胞、昆虫细胞和脊椎动物细胞大家熟知的方法。
被成功转化的细胞(即含本发明DNA结构的细胞)可用大家熟知的方法(如PCR)进行识别。另外,上清液中存在的蛋白可使用抗体进行检测。
应了解,本发明中的某些宿主细胞用于制备本发明中的肽,例如细菌细胞、酵母细胞和昆虫细胞。但是,其它宿主细胞可能对某些治疗方法有用。例如,抗原提呈细胞(如树突状细胞)可用于表达本发明中的肽,使他们可以加载入相应的MHC分子中。因此,本发明提出了含本发明中核酸或表达载体的一种宿主细胞。
在一个优选实施方案中,宿主细胞为抗原提呈细胞,尤其是树突状细胞或抗原提呈细胞。目前,载有含前列腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP)的重组融合蛋白正在针对用于治疗前列腺癌(Sipuleucel-T)进行研究(Small EJ et al 2006;Rini et al 2006)。
另一方面,本发明提出了一种配制一种肽及其变体的方法,该方法包括培养宿主细胞和从宿主细胞或其培养基中分离肽。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明中的肽、核酸或表达载体用于药物中。例如,肽或其变体可制备为静脉(i.v.)注射剂、皮下(s.c.)注射剂、皮内(i.d.)注射剂、腹腔(i.p.)注射剂、肌肉(i.m.)注射剂。肽注射的优选方法包括s.c.、i.d.、i.p.、i.m.和i.v.注射。DNA注射的优选方法为i.d.、i.m.、s.c.、i.p.和i.v.注射。例如,给予50μg至1.5mg,优选为125μg至500μg的肽或DNA,这取决于具体的肽或DNA。上述剂量范围在以前的试验中成功使用(Brunsvig et al 2006;Staehler et al 2007)。
本发明的另一方面包括一种体外制备激活的T细胞的方法,该方法包括将T细胞与载有抗原的人I或II类MHC分子进行体外连接,这些分子在合适的抗原提呈细胞表面表达足够的一段时间从而以抗原特异性方式激活T细胞,其中所述抗原为根据本发明所述的一种肽。优选情况是足够量的抗原与抗原提呈细胞一同使用。
当MHC-II类表位用作一种抗原时,T细胞为CD4阳性辅助细胞,优选为TH1型。MHC II类分子可表达于任何合适细胞的表面。优选为不自然表达MHC II类分子的细胞(在这种情况下,转染细胞表达此类分子)。或者,如果该细胞自然表达MHC II类分子,则优选情况是该细胞在抗原加工或抗原提呈途径中有缺陷。这样,表达MHC-II类分子的细胞有可能在激活T细胞之前就完全载入选定肽抗原。
抗原提呈细胞(或刺激因子细胞)通常在其表面有一个MHC II类分子,优选为其本身基本上不能以选定抗原加载所述MHC II类分子。MHC II类分子可很容易在体外载入选定抗原。
优选情况是,哺乳动物细胞的TAP肽转运载体缺乏或水平下降或功能降低。缺乏TAP肽转运载体的适合细胞包括T2、RMA-S和果蝇细胞。TAP表示转运载体相关的抗原加工。
人体肽载入的缺陷细胞株T2从属美国菌种保藏中心(ATCC,12301 ParklawnDrive,Rockville,Maryland 20852,美国)目录号CRL1992;果蝇细胞株Schneider 2号株从属ATCC目录CRL 19863;小鼠RMA-S细胞株Karre等人在1985年描述过。
优选情况是,宿主细胞在转染前基本上不表达MHC I类分子。刺激因子细胞还优选为表达对T细胞共刺激信号起到重要作用的分子,如,B7.1、B7.2、ICAM-1和LFA 3中的任一种分子。大量MHC II类分子和共刺激分子的核酸序列可从GenBank和EMBL数据库中公开获得。
同样,当MHCI类表位用作一种抗原时,T细胞为CD8阳性CTL。
如果抗原提呈细胞受到转染而表达这种表位,则优选的细胞包括一个表达载体,该载体有能力表达含SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:30的肽或其变体氨基酸序列。
可使用其他一些方法来体外生成CTL。例如,可使用Peoples等人(1995)描述的方法和Kawakami等人(1992)使用自体肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞生成CTL的方法。Plebanski等人在(1995)使用自体外周血淋巴细胞(PLB)制得CTL。Jochmus等人(1997)描述了用肽或多肽脉冲处理树突状细胞或通过与重组病毒感染而制成自体CTL。Hill等人(1995)和Jerome等人(1993)使用B细胞制成自体CTL。此外,用肽或多肽脉冲处理或用重组病毒感染的巨噬细胞可用于配制自体CTL。Walter等人在2003年描述了通过使用人工抗原提呈细胞(aAPC)体外启动T细胞,这也是生成作用于所选肽的T细胞的一种合适方法。在这项研究中,根据生物素:链霉素生物化学方法通过将预制的MHC:肽复合物耦合到聚苯乙烯颗粒(微球)而生成aAPC。该系统实现了对aAPC上的MHC密度进行精确调节,这使得可以在血液样本中选择地引发高或低亲合力的高效抗原特异性T细胞反应。除了MHC:肽复合物外,aAPC还应携运含共刺激活性的其它蛋白,如耦合至表面的抗-CD28抗体。此外,此类基于aAPC的系统往往需要加入适当的可溶性因子,例如,诸如白细胞介素-12的细胞因子。
也可用同种异体细胞制得T细胞,在WO 97/26328中详细描述了一种方法。例如,除了果蝇细胞和T2细胞,也可用其它细胞来提呈肽,如CHO细胞、杆状病毒感染的昆虫细胞、细菌、酵母、牛痘感染的靶细胞。此外,也可使用植物病毒(例如,参阅Porta等人(1994)描述了将豇豆花叶病毒开发为一种提呈外来肽的高产系统。
被激活的T细胞直接针对本发明中的肽,有助于治疗。因此,本发明的另一方面提出了用本发明前述方法制得的激活T细胞。
按上述方法制成的激活T细胞将会有选择性地识别异常表达含SEQ ID NO:1至30中提出的氨基酸序列。
优选情况是,T细胞通过与其含HLA/肽复合物的TCR相互作用(如,结合)而识别该细胞。T细胞是杀伤患者靶细胞方法中有用的细胞,其靶细胞异常表达含本发明中氨基酸序列的多肽。此类患者给予有效量的激活T细胞。给予患者的T细胞可能源自该患者,并按上述方法激活(即,它们为自体T细胞)。或者,T细胞不是源自该患者,而是来自另一个人。当然,优选情况是该供体为健康人。发明人使用健康人摂系指一个人一般状况良好,优选为免疫系统合格,更优选为无任何可很容易测试或检测到的疾病。
根据本发明,CD4阳性T细胞的体内靶细胞可为肿瘤细胞(有时表达MHC-II类抗原)和/或肿瘤周围的基质细胞(肿瘤细胞)(有时也表达MHC-II类抗原;(Dengjel et al.,2006))。
本发明所述的T细胞可用作治疗性组合物中的活性成分。因此,本发明也提出了一种杀伤患者靶细胞的方法,其中患者的靶细胞异常表达含本发明中氨基酸序列的多肽,该方法包括给予患者上述有效量的T细胞。
发明人所用的“异常表达”的意思还包括,与正常表达水平相比,多肽过度表达,或该基因在源自肿瘤的组织中未表达,但是在该肿瘤中却表达。“过度表达”系指多肽水平至少为正常组织中的1.2倍;优选为至少为正常组织中的2倍,更优选为至少5或10倍。
T细胞可用本领域已知的方法制得(如,上述方法)。
T细胞继转移方案为本领域所熟知的方案并可在以下参考文献中找到,例如:(Rosenberg et al.,1987;Rosenberg et al.,1988;Dudley et al.,2002;Yee et al.,2002;Dudley et al.,2005);综述(Gattinoni et al.,2006)和(Morgan et al.,2006)。
本发明的任一分子(即肽、核酸、表达载体、细胞,激活CTL、T细胞受体或编码核酸)都有益于治疗疾病,其特点在于细胞逃避免疫反应的打击。因此,本发明的任一分子都可用作药剂或用于制造药剂。这种分子可单独使用也可与本发明中的其它分子或已知分子联合使用。
本发明中所述的药剂优选为一种疫苗。该疫苗可直接给到患者的受影响器官,也可i.d.、i.m.、s.c.、i.p.和i.v.注射方式全身给药,或体外应用到来自患者或其细胞株的细胞(随后再将这些细胞注入到患者中),或体外用于从来自患者的免疫细胞的一个细胞亚群(然后再将细胞重新给予患者)。如果核酸体外注入细胞,可能有益于细胞转染,以共同表达免疫刺激细胞因子(如白细胞介素-2)。肽可完全单独给药,也可与免疫刺激佐剂相结合(见下文)、或与免疫刺激细胞因子联合使用、或以适当的输送系统给药(例如脂质体)。该肽也可共轭形成一种合适的载体(如钥孔虫戚血蓝蛋白(KLH)或甘露)到合适的载体(参阅WO95/18145及Longenecker等人(1993))。该肽也可进行标记、或可能是一种融合蛋白或是杂合分子。本发明中给出肽序列的肽预期会刺激CD4或CD8T细胞。但是,在有CD4T辅助细胞提供帮助时,对CD8CTL的刺激更为有效。因此,对于刺激CD8 CTL的MHC I类表位,一种杂合分子的融合伙伴或片段提供了刺激CD4阳性T细胞的适当表位。CD4-和CD8刺激表位为本领域所熟知、并包括本发明中确定的表位。
一方面,疫苗包括至少含有SEQ ID NO:1或20中提出的一种肽以及至少另外一种肽,优选为2至50个、更优选为2至25个、再优选为2至15个、最优选为2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12或13个肽。肽可能从一个或多个特定TAA中衍生,并且可能与MHC I类和/或II类分子结合。
多聚核苷酸可为基本纯化形式,也可包被于载体或输送系统。核酸可能为DNA、cDNA、PNA、CNA、RNA,也可能为其组合物。这种核酸的设计和引入方法为本领域所熟知。例如,下列文献中有其概述:Pascolo S.2006;Stan R.2006或A Mahdavi2006。多核苷酸疫苗很容易制备,但这些载体诱导免疫反应的作用模式尚未彻底了解。合适的载体和输送系统包括病毒DNA和/或RNA,如基于腺病毒、牛痘病毒、逆转录病毒、疱疹病毒、腺相关病毒或含一种以上病毒元素的混合病毒的系统。非病毒输送系统包括阳离子脂质体和阳离子聚合物,是DNA输送所属领域内熟知的系统。也可使用物理输送系统,如通过“基因枪”。肽或核酸编码的肽可以是一种融合蛋白,例如,含刺激T细胞进行上述CDR的表位。
本发明的药剂也可能包括一种或多种佐剂。佐剂是那些非特异性地增强或加强免疫反应的物质(例如,通过CTL和辅助T(TH)细胞介导的对一种抗原的免疫应答,因此被视为对本发明的药剂有用。适合的佐剂包括(但不仅限于)1018ISS、铝盐、Amplivax、AS15、BCG、CP-870,893、CpG7909、CyaA、dSLIM、鞭毛蛋白或鞭毛蛋白衍生的TLR5配体、FLT3配体、GM-CSF、IC30、IC31、咪喹莫特(ALDARA)、resimiquimod、ImuFact IMP321、白细胞介素IL-2、IL-13、IL-21、干扰素α或β或其聚乙二醇衍生物、IS Patch、ISS、ISCOMATRIX、ISCOMs、JuvImmune、LipoVac、MALP2、MF59、单磷酰脂A、Montanide IMS 1312、Montanide ISA 206、Montanide ISA 50V、Montanide ISA-51、水包油和油包水乳状液、OK-432、OM-174、OM-197-MP-EC、ONTAK、OspA、载体系统、PLG和做旋糖苷微粒、resiquimod、SRL172、病毒颗粒和其它病毒样颗粒、YF-17D、VEGF trap、R848、β-葡聚糖、Pam3Cys、源自皂角苷、分支杆菌提取物和细菌细胞壁合成模拟物的Aquila公司的QS21刺激子,以及其它专有佐剂,如:Ribi′sDetox。优选佐剂如:弗氏佐剂或GM-CSF。前人对一些树突状细胞特异性免疫佐剂(如MF59)及其制备方法进行了描述(Dupuis M et al 1998;Allison 1998)。也可使用细胞因子。一些细胞因子直接影响树突状细胞向淋巴组织迁移(如,TNF-α),加速树突状细胞成熟为T淋巴细胞的有效抗原提呈细胞(如,GM-CSF、IL-1和IL-4)(美国5849589号专利,特别以其完整引用形式并入本文),并充当免疫佐剂(如IL-12、IL-15、IL-23、IL-7、IFN-α、IFN-β)(Gabrilovich et al 1996)。
据报告,CpG免疫刺激寡核苷酸可提高佐剂在疫苗中的作用。如果没有理论的约束,CpG寡核苷酸可通过Toll样受体(TLR)(主要为TLR9)激活先天(非适应性)免疫系统从而起作用。CpG引发的TLR9活化作用提高了对各种抗原的抗原特异性体液和细胞反应,这些抗原包括肽或蛋白抗原、活病毒或被杀死的病毒、树突状细胞疫苗、自体细胞疫苗以及预防性和治疗性疫苗中的多糖结合物。更重要的是,它会增强树突状细胞的成熟和分化,导致TH1细胞的活化增强以及细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)生成加强,甚至CD4T细胞帮助的缺失。甚至有疫苗佐剂的存在也能维持TLR9活化作用诱发的TH1偏移,这些佐剂如:正常促进TH2偏移的明矾或弗氏不完全佐剂(IFA)。CpG寡核苷酸与以下其它佐剂或配方一起制备或联合给药时,表现出更强的佐剂活性,如微粒、纳米粒子、脂肪乳或类似制剂,当抗原相对较弱时,这些对诱发强反应尤为必要。他们还能加速免疫反应,使抗原剂量减少约两个数量级,在有些实验中,对不含CpG的全剂量疫苗也能产生类似的抗体反应(Krieg et al 2006)。美国6406705B1号专利对CpG寡核苷酸、非核酸佐剂和抗原结合使用促使抗原特异性免疫反应进行了描述。一种CpG TLR9拮抗剂为Mologen公司(德国柏林)的dSLIM(双干环免疫调节剂),这是本发明药物组合物的优选成分。也可使用其它如TLR结合分子,如:RNA结合TLR7、TLR8和/或TLR9。
其它有用的佐剂例子包括(但不限于)化学修饰性CpG(如CpR、Idera)、dsRNA模拟物,如,Poly(I:C)和AmpliGen、非CpG细菌性DNA或RNA以及免疫活性小分子和抗体,如:环磷酰胺、舒尼替单抗、贝伐单抗、西乐葆、NCX-4016、西地那非、他达拉非、伐地那非、索拉非尼、替莫唑胺、temsirolimus、XL-999、CP-547632、帕唑帕尼、VEGF Trap、ZD2171、AZD2171、抗-CTLA4和SC58175,这些药物都可能有治疗作用和/或充当佐剂。技术人员无需过度进行不当实验就很容易确定本发明中有用的佐剂和添加剂的数量和浓度。优选佐剂为dSLIM、干扰素-α、干扰素-β、CpG7909、IC31、咪喹莫特、resimiquimod、PeviTer、RNA、他达拉非,替莫唑胺和JuvImmune。
优选佐剂为dSLIM、BCG、OK432、咪喹莫特、resimiquimod、GMCSF、干扰素-α、PeviTer和JuvImmune或其组合物。
本发明药物组合物的一个优选实施方案中,佐剂从含集落刺激因子制剂中选择,如粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF,沙格司亭)、咪喹莫特、resiquimod和干扰素-α。
在本发明药物组合物的一个更优选实施方案中,佐剂为咪喹莫特或resimiquimod。在本发明药物组合物的一个再优选实施方案中,佐剂为GM-CSF和咪喹莫特的组合物。
此组合药物为非肠道注射使用,如皮下、皮内、肌肉注射,也可口服。为此,肽和其他选择性分子在药用载体中分解或悬浮,优选为水载体。此外,组合物可包含辅料,如:缓冲剂、结合剂、冲击剂、稀释剂、香料、润滑剂等。这些肽也可与免疫刺激物质合用,如:细胞因子。可用于此类组合物的更多辅料可在从A.Kibbe所著的Handbook of PharmaceuticalExcipients(第3版,2000年,美国医药协会和制药出版社)等书中获知。此组合药物可用于阻止、预防和/或治疗腺瘤或癌性疾病。
本发明提供了一种用于治疗癌症、特别是神经胶质瘤和脑癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、食道癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、肾癌、胰腺癌、皮肤鳞状细胞癌和角化细胞肿瘤、白血病、肺癌、卵巢癌和黑色素瘤的药剂。
本发明的一个药盒药盒包括:
(a)一个容器,包含上述溶液或冻干粉形式的药物组合物;
(b)可选的第二个容器,其含有冻干粉剂型的稀释剂或重组溶液;和
(d)可选项,(i)使用溶液或(ii)重组和/或使用冻干粉剂型的说明书。
该药盒可进一步包括一个或多个(iii)缓冲剂,(iv)稀释剂,(v)过滤液,(vi)针,或(v)注射器。容器优选为瓶子、西林瓶、注射器或试管;也可为多用途容器。药物组合优选为冻干粉剂。
本发明中的药盒优选包含一种置于合适容器中的冻干制剂以及重组和/或使用说明。适当的容器包括,例如瓶子、西林瓶(如双室瓶)、注射器(如双室注射器)和试管。该容器可能由多种材料制成,如玻璃或塑料。优选情况是,药盒和/或容器上有说明,表明重组和/或使用的指示。例如,标签可能表明冻干剂型将重组为上述肽浓度。该标签可进一步表明制剂用于皮下注射。
存放制剂的容器可使用多用途西林瓶,使得可重复给予(例如,2-6次)重组剂型。该药盒可进一步包括装有合适稀释剂(如碳酸氢钠溶液)的第二个容器。
稀释液和冻干制剂混合后,重组制剂中的肽终浓度优选为至少0.15mg/mL/肽(=75μMg),不超过3mg/mL/肽(=1500μMg)。该药盒还可包括商业和用户角度来说可取的其它材料,包括其它缓冲剂、稀释剂,过滤液、针头、注射器和带有使用说明书的包装插页。
本发明中的药盒可能有一个单独的容器,其中包含本发明所述的药物组合物制剂,该制剂可有其它成分(例如,其它化合物或及其药物组合物),也可无其它成分,或者每种成分都有其不同容器。
优选情况是,本发明的药盒包括与本发明的一种制剂,包装后与第二种化合物(如佐剂(例如GM-CSF)、化疗药物、天然产品、激素或拮抗剂、抗血管生成剂或抑制剂、凋亡诱导剂或螯合剂)或其药物组合物联合使用。该药盒的成分可进行预络合或每种成分在给予患者之前可放置于单独的不同容器。该药盒的成分可以是一种或多种溶液,优选为水溶液,更优选为无菌水溶液。该药盒的成分也可为固体形式,加入合适的溶剂后转换为液体,最好放置于另一个不同的容器中。
治疗药盒的容器可能为西林瓶、试管、烧瓶、瓶子、注射器、或任何其它盛装固体或液体的工具。通常,当成分不只一种时,药盒将包含第二个西林瓶或其它容器,使之可以单独定量。该药盒还可能包含另一个装载药用液体的容器。优选情况是,治疗药盒将包含一个设备(如,一个或多个针头、注射器、滴眼器、吸液管等),使得可注射本发明的药物(本药盒的组合物)。
本发明的药物配方适合以任何可接受的途径进行肽给药,如口服(肠道)、鼻内、眼内、皮下、皮内、肌内,静脉或经皮给药。优选为皮下给药,最优选为皮内给药,也可通过输液泵给药。
由于源自BCA、CLIP2、DTNA、NLGNAX、NR2E1、NRCAM和PDPN的本发明中的肽从胶质母细胞瘤分离而得,因此,本发明的药剂优选用于治疗胶质母细胞瘤。
下列描述优选方案的实施例和图表将对本发明进行说明(但是不仅限于此)。为了本发明之目的,所有参考文献均以完整引用的形式并入本文。
图1:证实IGF2BP3-001提呈于原发性肿瘤样本GB6010的代表性质谱。NanoESI-LCMS在从GBM样本GB6010中洗脱所得的肽库上进行。质量色谱m/z 536.3238±0.001Da、z=2显示肽在保留时间49.89分钟时达到峰值。B)质量色谱中在48.76分钟时检测到峰值显示,信号在MS谱中为m/z 536.3239。C)nanoESI-LCMS实验中指定保留时间时所记录的选定前体的碰撞诱导衰变质谱为m/z 536.3239,证实了GB6010肿瘤样本中存在IGF2BP3-001。D)合成IGF2BP3-001参考肽的破碎模式进行了记录,并且与C所示的自然TUMAP破碎模式以验证序列。
图2a显示了选定蛋白的mRNA在正常组织和19份胶质母细胞瘤样本中的表达谱。
图2b显示了选定蛋白的mRNA在正常组织和19份胶质母细胞瘤样本中的表达谱.
图3显示了IMA950I类TUMAP的典型体外免疫原性
图4显示了本发明的HLA-I类肽与A*02的代表性结合亲和力
SEQ ID No 1至SEQ ID No 24显示了根据本发明的优选肿瘤相关肽的序列。
实施例
所有肽FTELTLGEF(HLA-Al,PolyPeptide Laboratories公司,德国沃尔芬比特尔)、LMLGEFLKL(HLA-A2;Clinalfa公司,瑞士Sissach)和EPDLAQCFY(HLA-B35;PolyPeptideLaboratories公司)获得了药用质量。
实施例1:
细胞表面提呈的肿瘤相关肽的识别
组织样本
患者肿瘤组织由Cantonal Universitaire de Gen¨¨ve(医学肿瘤学(肿瘤免疫学)实验室)和Neurochirurgische-Klinik Heidelberg(Molekularbiologisches Labor)提供。所有患者在手术前都获得了书面知情同意。手术后立即用液态氮对组织进行冷休克处理,在分离TUMAP前储存于下。
从组织样本中分离HLA肽
根据方案(Falk,K.et al 1991;Seeger,F.H.et al.T 1999)略加修改,使用HLA-A*02特异性抗体BB7.2或HLA-A、-B、-C特异性抗体W6/32、CNBr活化的琼脂糖凝胶、酸处理和超滤方法以固体组织的免疫沉淀法获得了冷休克组织样本的HLA肽库。
方法:
获得的HLA肽库根据其疏水性用反相色谱(Acquity UPLC system,Waters)分离,洗脱肽用装有电喷雾源的LTQ-Orbitrap杂交质谱(ThermoElectron)进行了分析。肽库被直接载入填充有1.7μm C18反相材料(Waters)的分析用熔炼石英微毛细管柱(75μm内径x250mm),应用流速为400nL每分钟。随后,使用来自流速为300nL每分钟、浓度为10%至33%溶剂B中的两步180分钟二元梯度法对肽进行分离。梯度由溶剂A(含0.1%甲酸的水)和溶剂B(含0.1%甲酸的乙腈)。金镀膜玻璃毛细管(PicoTip,New Objective)用于引入到微电喷雾源。使用前5(TOP5)策略在数据依赖模式下操作LTQ-Orbitrap质谱仪。简言之,首先以高精确质量完全扫描在orbitrap开始一个扫描周期(R=30,000),之后用先前选定离子的动态排除技术在orbitrap中对5种含量最为丰富的前体离子进行MS/MS扫描(R=7500)。串联质谱以SEQUEST和另一种手动控制器进行解读。生成的自然肽破碎模式与合成序列相同参考肽的破碎模式进行比较后,确保了被识别的肽序列。图1显示了从肿瘤组织中获得的MHCI类相关肽IGF2BP3-001的一个典型谱及其在UPLC系统中的洗脱谱。
实施例2:
编码本发明肽的基因的表达谱
并不是所有确定为由MHC分子提呈于肿瘤细胞表面的肽都适合用于免疫治疗,这是因为这些肽大部分都由许多类型细胞表达的正常细胞蛋白衍生而来。这些肽只有很少一部分具有肿瘤相关性,并可能能够诱导对其来源肿瘤识别有高特异性的T细胞。为了确定这些肽并最大限度地降低这些肽接种所诱导的自身免疫风险,发明人主要采用从过度表达于肿瘤细胞上(与大多数正常组织相比)的蛋白中所获得的肽。
理想的肽来源于对该肿瘤独一无二且不出现于其它组织中的蛋白中。为了确定具有与理想基因相似表达谱的基因所产生的肽,确定的肽被分别分配到蛋白和基因中,从中获得基因并生成这些基因的表达谱。
RNA来源与制备
手术切除组织标本由两个不同的临床中心(参见实施例1)在获得每名患者的书面知情同意后提供。手术后立即在液态氮中速冻肿瘤组织标本,之后在液态氮中用杵臼匀浆。使用TRIzol(Invitrogen公司,Karlsruhe,德国),再接着用RNeasy(QIAGEN公司,Hilden,德国)进行清理,从这些样本中制备总RNA;这两种方法都按制造商的方案进行应用。
健康人体组织中的总RNA从商业途径获得(Ambion公司,Huntingdon,英国;Clontech公司,海德堡,德国;Stratagene公司,阿姆斯特丹,荷兰;BioChain公司,Hayward,CA,美国)。混合数个人(2至123个人)的RNA,从而使每个人的RNA得到等加权。白细胞从4个健康志愿者的血液样本中分离获得。
所有RNA样本的质量和数量都在Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer分析仪(Agilent公司,Waldbronn,德国)上使用RNA 6000 Pico LabChip Kit试剂盒(Agilent公司)进行评估。
微阵列实验
所有肿瘤和正常组织的RNA样本都使用Affymetrix Human Genome(HG)U133A或HG-U133Plus 2.0Affymetrix寡核苷酸芯片(Affymetrix公司,Santa Clara,CA,美国)进行基因表达分析。所有步骤都根据Affymetrix手册进行。简言之,如手册中所述,使用SuperScript RTII(Invitrogen公司)以及oligo-dT-T7引物(MWG Biotech公司,Ebersberg,德国)从5-8μg RNA中合成双链cDNA。用BioArray High Yield RNA TranscriptLabelling Kit(ENZO Diagnostics公司,Farmingdale,NY,美国)进行U133A测定或用GeneChip IVT Labelling Kit(Affymetrix公司)进行U133Plus 2.0测定,之后用链霉亲和素-藻红蛋白和生物素化抗链霉素蛋白抗体(Molecular Probes公司,Leiden,荷兰)进行破碎、杂交和染色,这样完成体外转录。用Agilent 2500AGeneArray Scanner(U133A)或Affymetrix Gene-Chip Scanner 3000(U133 Plus 2.0)对图像进行扫描,用GCOS软件(Affymetrix公司)在所有参数默认设置情况下对数据进行分析。为了实现标准化,使用了Affymetrix公司提供的100种管家基因(housekeeping gene)。相对表达值用软件给定的signal log ratio进行计算,正常肾组织样本的值任意设置为1.0。
本发明的源基因在本发明的胶质母细胞瘤中高度过度表达的表达谱如图2所示。
实施例3:
IMA950MHC-I类提呈肽的体外免疫原性
为了获知关于本发明的TUMAP免疫原性方面的信息,我们使用了Walter,S、Herrgen,L、Schoor,O、Jung,G、Wernet,D、Buhring,HJ、Rammensee,HG和Stevanovic,S等人2003年在Cutting edge:predetermined avidity of human CD8 T cells expanded oncalibrated MHC/anti-CD28-coated microspheres,J.Immunol.,171,4974-4978一文中所述的被广为接受的体外刺激平台进行了研究。用这种方法,本发明13种种HLA-A*0201限制肽显示出高度免疫原性(在多于50%以上的受测供体中,可检测到TUMAP特异性CTL),这表明这些肽为人CD8+前体T细胞的T细胞表位(见表3)。
CD8+T细胞体外启动
为了用载有肽-MHC复合物(pMHC)和抗CD28抗体的人工抗原提呈细胞(aAPC)进行体外刺激,我们首先运用标准密度梯度分离介质(德国科尔贝PAA公司)从新鲜HLA-A*02+血沉棕黄层中分离出PBMC(外周血单核细胞)。血沉棕黄层从T¨1bingen或Katharinenhospital Stuttgart的血库获得。分离出的PBMC在T细胞培养基(TCM)中培养过夜,在体外填装,包括RPMI-Glutamax(Invitrogen公司,卡尔斯鲁厄,德国)并补充10%热灭活人AB血清(PAA公司,科尔贝,德国),100U/ml青霉素/100μg/ml链霉素(Cambrex公司,韦尔维耶,比利时),1mM丙酮酸钠(CC Pro公司,Neustadt,德国)和20μg/ml庆大霉素(Cambrex公司)。CD8+淋巴细胞根据制造商的说明使用CD8+MACS阳性选择药盒(Miltenyi公司,Bergisch Gladbach,德国)进行分离。获得的CD8+T细胞培养,直到TCM补充了2.5ng/ml的IL-7(PromoCell公司,海德堡,德国)和10U/ml的IL-2(Chiron公司,慕尼黑,德国)后才使用。pMHC/抗-CD28涂层珠的生成、T细胞的刺激和读出方法如前所述(Walter et al.,2003)并作微小改动。简言之,缺乏跨膜域和在重链羧基端中生物素化的生物素化重组HLA-A*0201分子用以下所述方法制成((Altman et al.,1996))。纯化的共刺激小鼠IgG2a抗人CD28抗体9.3(Jung et al.,1987)使用制造商(Perbio公司,波恩,德国)推荐的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺生物素进行化学生物素化处理。所用珠为5.60μm的大链霉抗生物素蛋白包裹的多聚苯乙烯颗粒(Bangs Labooratories,伊利诺伊州/美国)。作为阳性和阴性对照的pMHC分别为A*0201/MLA-001(从Melan-A/MART-1中修饰制得的肽ELAGIGILTV)和A*0201/DDX5-001(从DDX5中获得的YLLPAIVHI)或A*0201/HBV-001(FLPSDFFPSV)。
在有600ng生物素抗CD28+200ng相关生物素pMHC(高密度珠)或2ng相关+200ng不相关(pMHC库)MHC(低密度珠)存在时,以800.000珠/200μl涂覆96孔板。在37℃下,在含5ng/ml IL-12(PromoCell)的200μl TCM中共培养1x106 CD8+T细胞与2x105的清洗涂层珠3至4天,从而在96孔板中启动刺激。之后,一半培养基与补充80U/ml IL-2的新鲜TCM进行交换,并且在37℃下持续培养3至4天。这种刺激周期总共进行3次。最后,在四色流式细胞仪(BD公司)上用荧光MHC四聚体(如(Altman et al.,1996))+抗体CD8-FITC克隆SK1(BD公司,海德堡,德国)进行四聚体分析。肽特异性细胞以占总CD8+T细胞的百分比形式进行计算。四聚体分析结果用FCS Express软件(De Novo Software公司)进行评估。特定四聚体+CD8+淋巴细胞的体外填装用适当的门控技术以及与阴性对照刺激组比较而进行检测。如果健康供体中的至少一个可评价的体外刺激孔在体外刺激后发现含有特异性CD8+T细胞株(即该孔包含至少1%特定四聚体+CD8+细胞,并且特定四聚体+的百分比至少为阴性对照刺激中位数的10倍),则检测给定抗原的免疫原性。
IMA950肽的体外免疫原性
对于受到测试的HLA-I类肽,可通过肽特异性T细胞株的生成证明其体外免疫原性。TUMAP特异性四聚体对本发明的两种肽染色后流式细胞仪检测的典型结果如图3所示。本发明的13种肽的结果汇总于表3。
表3:本发明的高度免疫原性HLA I类肽的体外免疫原性
除了来自健康献血者的这些结果外,肽BCA-002、CHI3L1-001和NLGN4X-001还在少数胶质母细胞瘤患者中进行了测试。与健康供体相比,所有的肽均被证实具有相似程度的免疫原性,这证实,在相关目标人群中存在疫苗所需的前体T细胞。
实施例4:
将本发明中的HLA-I类限制肽与HLA-A*0201结合
目的和摘要
本分析的目的是评价HLA-I类肽对HLA-A*0201等位基因编码的MHC分子的亲和力,因为这是肽作用模式作为癌症免疫疗法一部分的一项重要参数。对于本发明所有受测的HLA-I类限制肽0都对HLA-A*0201具有中度至高度的亲和力,其解离常数在阳性对照肽HBV-001(一种已知来自乙肝病毒核心抗原的A*02强结合剂)的范围内。这些结果确认了所有受测的本发明的HLA-I类肽均具有很强的结合亲和力。
测试原理
稳定HLA/肽复合物包括三种分子:HLA重链、β-2微球蛋白(b2m)和肽类配体。变性重组HLA-A*0201重链分子的活性便可进行保存,使之功能与“空载HLA-A*”相当。被稀释为包含b2m和相应肽的水缓冲液后,这些分子以完全肽依赖方式迅速有效地折叠。这些可用的分子用于基于ELISA的检测方法中,来衡量肽和HLA-I类分子相互作用间的亲和力(Sylvester-Hvid等,2002)。
纯化的重组HLA-A*0201分子与b2m、不同等级剂量的肽一起培养。从头折叠HLA/肽复合物的量用定量ELISA法测定。解离常数(KD值)使用从校准HLA/肽复合物稀释液中记录的标准曲线进行计算。
结果
结果如图4所示。较低的KD值反映了对HLA-A*0201具有较高的亲和力。所有得到试的本发明的肽都对HLA-A*0201都具有相似的较强亲和力,KD大致与阳性对照肽HBV-001(A*02的一种已知强力结合剂)相当。因而,本发明中所有的I类TUMAP均对MHC分子A*02具有较强的亲和力。
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Claims (15)
1.一种肽,包含一个选自SEQ ID No.1、2、4、5、7、10、14、16及20-25的组的序列,其中所述肽维持其与人类主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)I类或II类分子结合的能力,其中所述肽能够刺激CD4和/或CD8T细胞,其中所述肽的总长度为8至30个氨基酸。
2.根据权利要求1所述的肽,其中所述肽被修饰和/或包含非肽键。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的肽,其中所述肽为融合蛋白,包含HLA-DR抗原相关不变链(Ii)的N端氨基酸。
4.一种编码根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的肽的核酸。
5.一种能表达根据权利要求4所述的核酸的表达载体。
6.一种宿主细胞,包括根据权利要求4所述的核酸或根据权利要求5所述的表达载体,其中所述宿主细胞为抗原提呈细胞。
7.根据权利要求6所述的宿主细胞,所述宿主细胞为树突状细胞。
8.一种制备根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的肽的方法,该方法包括培养根据权利要求6所述的表达权利要求4所述核酸或权利要求5所述表达载体的宿主细胞,以及从该宿主细胞或其培养基中分离出该肽。
9.一种体外制备激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的方法,该方法包括将CTL与载有抗原的人I或II类MHC分子进行体外接触,这些分子在合适的抗原提呈细胞表面或人工模拟的抗原提呈细胞结构表面上表达一段足够的时间从而以抗原特异性方式激活所述CTL,其中所述抗原为根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的一种肽。
10.采用根据权利要求9所述的方法制成的一种激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL),其会选择性地识别一种细胞,即异常表达一种包含权利要求1至3任一项所给定的一种氨基酸序列的多肽的细胞。
11.根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的一种肽、根据权利要求4所述的一种核酸、根据权利要求5所述的一种表达载体、根据权利要求6所述的一种细胞或根据权利要求10所述的一种激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞在制备用于抗癌药剂中的用途。
12.根据权利要求11所述的用途,其中所述药剂为一种疫苗。
13.根据权利要求11所述的用途,其中所述癌症选自星形细胞瘤、毛细胞型星形细胞瘤、胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤、室管膜瘤、多形性胶质母细胞瘤、混合型胶质瘤、少突星形细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤、神经母细胞瘤、生殖细胞瘤、畸胎瘤、神经节细胞胶质瘤、神经节细胞瘤、中央神经节细胞瘤、原始神经外胚层肿瘤(PNET,例如髓母细胞瘤、髓上皮瘤、神经母细胞瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤、管膜母细胞瘤)、松果体实质肿瘤(例如松果体细胞瘤、成松果体细胞瘤)、室管膜细胞瘤、脉络丛肿瘤、来源不明的神经上皮肿瘤(例如大脑胶质瘤病、星形母细胞瘤)或胶质母细胞瘤、前列腺肿瘤、乳腺癌、食道癌、结直肠癌、透明肾细胞癌、肺癌、中枢神经系统癌、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤、胰腺癌、鳞状细胞癌、白血病、髓母细胞瘤、结肠、直肠、胃、肾、肺、胰腺、前列腺、皮肤以及其它显示过度表达生存素和/或CSPG4和/或其它源自SEQ ID No.1、2、4、5、7、10、14、16及20-25肽的蛋白的肿瘤。
14.一种药盒,包括:
(a)一个容器,含有一种药物组合物,所述药物组合物含有根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的肽、根据权利要求4所述的核酸、根据权利要求5所述的表达载体、根据权利要求6所述的细胞、或根据权利要求10所述的激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞,所述药物组合物为溶液或冻干形式;
(b)可选的第二个容器,其含有冻干粉剂型的稀释剂或重组溶液;
(c)可选的至少另一种肽,其选自由根据SEQ ID No.1、2、4、5、7、10、14、16及20-25的肽构成的组,以及
(d)可选的(i)使用溶液或(ii)重组和/或使用冻干粉剂型的说明书。
15.根据权利要求14所述的药盒,进一步包括一个或多个(iii)缓冲剂、(iv)稀释剂、(v)过滤器、(vi)针头或(v)注射器。
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