JP5750456B2 - メムキャパシタ・デバイス、電解効果トランジスタ・デバイス、不揮発性メモリ・アレイ、および、プログラミング方法 - Google Patents
メムキャパシタ・デバイス、電解効果トランジスタ・デバイス、不揮発性メモリ・アレイ、および、プログラミング方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5750456B2 JP5750456B2 JP2012552889A JP2012552889A JP5750456B2 JP 5750456 B2 JP5750456 B2 JP 5750456B2 JP 2012552889 A JP2012552889 A JP 2012552889A JP 2012552889 A JP2012552889 A JP 2012552889A JP 5750456 B2 JP5750456 B2 JP 5750456B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- mobile dopant
- region
- mobile
- barrier dielectric
- dielectric material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 title description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 89
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 81
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 34
- 108091006146 Channels Proteins 0.000 description 19
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003574 free electron Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002367 SrTiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical group [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/7841—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate with floating body, e.g. programmable transistors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/56—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency
- G11C11/565—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency using capacitive charge storage elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0007—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements comprising metal oxide memory material, e.g. perovskites
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0021—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C13/0069—Writing or programming circuits or methods
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
- H01L27/04—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being a semiconductor body
- H01L27/06—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being a semiconductor body including a plurality of individual components in a non-repetitive configuration
- H01L27/0611—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being a semiconductor body including a plurality of individual components in a non-repetitive configuration integrated circuits having a two-dimensional layout of components without a common active region
- H01L27/0617—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being a semiconductor body including a plurality of individual components in a non-repetitive configuration integrated circuits having a two-dimensional layout of components without a common active region comprising components of the field-effect type
- H01L27/0629—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being a semiconductor body including a plurality of individual components in a non-repetitive configuration integrated circuits having a two-dimensional layout of components without a common active region comprising components of the field-effect type in combination with diodes, or resistors, or capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L28/00—Passive two-terminal components without a potential-jump or surface barrier for integrated circuits; Details thereof; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L28/40—Capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/401—Multistep manufacturing processes
- H01L29/4011—Multistep manufacturing processes for data storage electrodes
- H01L29/40114—Multistep manufacturing processes for data storage electrodes the electrodes comprising a conductor-insulator-conductor-insulator-semiconductor structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/401—Multistep manufacturing processes
- H01L29/4011—Multistep manufacturing processes for data storage electrodes
- H01L29/40117—Multistep manufacturing processes for data storage electrodes the electrodes comprising a charge-trapping insulator
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/792—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate with charge trapping gate insulator, e.g. MNOS-memory transistors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B12/00—Dynamic random access memory [DRAM] devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
- G11C2213/50—Resistive cell structure aspects
- G11C2213/51—Structure including a barrier layer preventing or limiting migration, diffusion of ions or charges or formation of electrolytes near an electrode
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
- G11C2213/50—Resistive cell structure aspects
- G11C2213/53—Structure wherein the resistive material being in a transistor, e.g. gate
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
- G11C2213/70—Resistive array aspects
- G11C2213/77—Array wherein the memory element being directly connected to the bit lines and word lines without any access device being used
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Semiconductor Memories (AREA)
- Non-Volatile Memory (AREA)
Description
ただし、VTはデバイス閾値電圧、VFBはフラットバンド電圧、φBはチャネル・フェルミ・レベルと本来備わった固有のフェルミ・レベルとの電位差を電気素量で割ったもの、qは電気素量、εSはシリコンの誘電率、Naはチャネル受容体濃度、Cは単位面積当たりのゲート・キャパシタンスをF/m2で表したもの、Fはファラド、m2は平方メートルである。
Claims (1)
- 相対する導電性電極の対と、
前記相対する導電性電極の対の間で支持される、誘電体中に移動性ドーパントを含む半導体材料および移動性ドーパント・バリア誘電材料と、
を備えるメムキャパシタ・デバイスであって、
前記半導体材料と前記バリア誘電材料とが、少なくとも1つの異なる原子元により少なくとも特徴付けられる互いに異なる組成であり、
前記半導体材料および前記バリア誘電材料のうちの一方が、前記半導体材料および前記バリア誘電材料のうちの他方よりも、前記電極の対の一方のより近くに位置し、
前記半導体材料および前記バリア誘電材料のうちの前記他方が、前記半導体材料および前記バリア誘電材料のうちの前記一方よりも、前記電極の対の他方のより近くに位置し、
前記移動性ドーパント・バリア誘電材料が、第1の金属酸化物を含み、
前記半導体材料の前記誘電体は、前記移動性ドーパントを含む第1の誘電体と、前記第1の誘電体から自体の中に前記移動性ドーパントを受け取る第2の誘電体とを有し、前記自体の中に前記移動性ドーパントを受け取る前記第2の誘電体が、第2の金属酸化物を含み、
前記移動性ドーパント・バリア誘電材料の前記第1の金属酸化物の金属が、前記誘電体中に移動性ドーパントを含む前記半導体材料の前記第2の金属酸化物の金属とは異なる、メムキャパシタ・デバイス。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/705,928 US8437174B2 (en) | 2010-02-15 | 2010-02-15 | Memcapacitor devices, field effect transistor devices, non-volatile memory arrays, and methods of programming |
US12/705,928 | 2010-02-15 | ||
PCT/US2011/022390 WO2011100108A2 (en) | 2010-02-15 | 2011-01-25 | Memcapacitor devices, field effect transistor devices, non-volatile memory arrays, and methods of programming |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2013520012A JP2013520012A (ja) | 2013-05-30 |
JP5750456B2 true JP5750456B2 (ja) | 2015-07-22 |
Family
ID=44368374
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012552889A Active JP5750456B2 (ja) | 2010-02-15 | 2011-01-25 | メムキャパシタ・デバイス、電解効果トランジスタ・デバイス、不揮発性メモリ・アレイ、および、プログラミング方法 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US8437174B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2537184B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5750456B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101474088B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN102763219B (ja) |
SG (2) | SG183193A1 (ja) |
TW (2) | TWI416670B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2011100108A2 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2010144092A1 (en) * | 2009-06-12 | 2010-12-16 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Capacitive crossbar arrays |
US8750024B2 (en) * | 2009-06-18 | 2014-06-10 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Memcapacitor |
US8437174B2 (en) | 2010-02-15 | 2013-05-07 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Memcapacitor devices, field effect transistor devices, non-volatile memory arrays, and methods of programming |
US8416609B2 (en) * | 2010-02-15 | 2013-04-09 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Cross-point memory cells, non-volatile memory arrays, methods of reading a memory cell, methods of programming a memory cell, methods of writing to and reading from a memory cell, and computer systems |
US20130009128A1 (en) * | 2010-03-31 | 2013-01-10 | Gilberto Ribeiro | Nanoscale switching device |
US8586959B2 (en) * | 2010-04-28 | 2013-11-19 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Memristive switch device |
WO2012009010A2 (en) * | 2010-07-13 | 2012-01-19 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Energy storage device with large charge separation |
US8634224B2 (en) | 2010-08-12 | 2014-01-21 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Memory cells, non-volatile memory arrays, methods of operating memory cells, methods of writing to and reading from a memory cell, and methods of programming a memory cell |
US8409915B2 (en) | 2010-09-20 | 2013-04-02 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods of forming memory cells |
US20130052790A1 (en) * | 2011-08-29 | 2013-02-28 | Elpida Memory, Inc. | Doping approach of titanium dioxide for dram capacitors |
US8536561B2 (en) | 2011-10-17 | 2013-09-17 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Memory cells and memory cell arrays |
DE102012209336A1 (de) * | 2012-06-01 | 2013-12-05 | Christian-Albrechts-Universität Zu Kiel | EEPROM-Speicherzelle als memristives Bauelement |
US9691981B2 (en) | 2013-05-22 | 2017-06-27 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Memory cell structures |
CN103559328B (zh) * | 2013-07-02 | 2017-06-06 | 华南理工大学 | 一种忆容器的实现电路及其实现方法 |
KR102074942B1 (ko) * | 2013-07-29 | 2020-02-10 | 삼성전자 주식회사 | 비휘발성 메모리 트랜지스터 및 이를 포함하는 소자 |
CN105119586A (zh) * | 2015-08-27 | 2015-12-02 | 华南理工大学 | 一种基于忆容器的串联谐振电路 |
WO2017044127A1 (en) * | 2015-09-11 | 2017-03-16 | Intel Corporation | Transistor with dynamic threshold voltage for low-leakage standby and high speed active mode |
KR102461082B1 (ko) * | 2015-09-22 | 2022-11-02 | 에스케이하이닉스 주식회사 | 반도체 장치 및 그 제조 방법 |
JP6602279B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-20 | 2019-11-06 | 株式会社東芝 | メムキャパシタ、ニューロ素子およびニューラルネットワーク装置 |
US10636552B2 (en) | 2017-03-20 | 2020-04-28 | Gwangju Institute Of Science And Technology | Multi-function electronic device having memristor and memcapacitor and method for manufacturing the same |
KR102013858B1 (ko) | 2017-03-20 | 2019-08-23 | 광주과학기술원 | 멤리스터 및 멤커패시터 다기능 전자소자 및 그 제조방법 |
EP3680906B1 (en) * | 2018-11-05 | 2022-08-31 | Shenzhen Goodix Technology Co., Ltd. | Memcapacitor and programming method for same and capacitive memory |
CN110957377B (zh) * | 2019-12-16 | 2021-05-28 | 南京大学 | 一种基于mos管的忆容器及其制备方法 |
US11647684B2 (en) | 2021-03-30 | 2023-05-09 | International Business Machines Corporation | Nonvolatile tunable capacitive processing unit |
TWI773596B (zh) * | 2021-11-24 | 2022-08-01 | 國立清華大學 | 無鉛金屬鹵化物憶阻器及其用途 |
CN116600632B (zh) * | 2023-07-14 | 2023-09-12 | 山东科技大学 | 一种稳定性忆容器件及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (120)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4094008A (en) * | 1976-06-18 | 1978-06-06 | Ncr Corporation | Alterable capacitor memory array |
US4242736A (en) | 1976-10-29 | 1980-12-30 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Capacitor memory and methods for reading, writing, and fabricating capacitor memories |
DE2855079A1 (de) * | 1978-12-20 | 1980-07-17 | Siemens Ag | Halbleiter-speicherschaltung |
JPS60146916U (ja) | 1984-03-09 | 1985-09-30 | シャープ株式会社 | 磁気ヘツドの取付装置 |
JPS6410493A (en) | 1987-07-02 | 1989-01-13 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Charge transfer type sense amplifier |
US5161121A (en) | 1988-06-27 | 1992-11-03 | Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. | Random access memory including word line clamping circuits |
JPH03104285A (ja) * | 1989-09-19 | 1991-05-01 | Casio Comput Co Ltd | 不揮発性半導体メモリ |
JPH03104285U (ja) | 1990-02-15 | 1991-10-29 | ||
US5736420A (en) * | 1993-08-20 | 1998-04-07 | National Semiconductor Corporation | Process for fabricating read only memories, with programming step performed midway through the fabrication process |
US6320782B1 (en) * | 1996-06-10 | 2001-11-20 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Semiconductor memory device and various systems mounting them |
EP0941552B1 (en) | 1997-07-08 | 2009-11-25 | Nxp B.V. | Semiconductor device with memory capacitor and method of manufacturing such a device |
NO309500B1 (no) * | 1997-08-15 | 2001-02-05 | Thin Film Electronics Asa | Ferroelektrisk databehandlingsinnretning, fremgangsmåter til dens fremstilling og utlesing, samt bruk av samme |
US5917744A (en) | 1997-12-18 | 1999-06-29 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Semiconductor memory having hierarchical bit line architecture with interleaved master bitlines |
US6380056B1 (en) * | 1998-10-23 | 2002-04-30 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company | Lightly nitridation surface for preparing thin-gate oxides |
DE19851866C1 (de) * | 1998-11-10 | 2000-03-23 | Siemens Ag | Speicherzellenanordnung |
US6559470B2 (en) | 2000-06-22 | 2003-05-06 | Progressed Technologies, Inc. | Negative differential resistance field effect transistor (NDR-FET) and circuits using the same |
US6518589B2 (en) | 2000-06-22 | 2003-02-11 | Progressant Technologies, Inc. | Dual mode FET & logic circuit having negative differential resistance mode |
US6317375B1 (en) | 2000-08-31 | 2001-11-13 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Method and apparatus for reading memory cells of a resistive cross point array |
US6682969B1 (en) * | 2000-08-31 | 2004-01-27 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Top electrode in a strongly oxidizing environment |
JP3709132B2 (ja) | 2000-09-20 | 2005-10-19 | シャープ株式会社 | 不揮発性半導体記憶装置 |
JP2002353419A (ja) | 2000-12-27 | 2002-12-06 | Seiko Epson Corp | 強誘電体メモリ装置 |
WO2003017282A1 (fr) | 2001-08-13 | 2003-02-27 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Cellule de memoire |
US6864529B2 (en) | 2001-08-23 | 2005-03-08 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Thin film transistor memory device |
DE10149737A1 (de) | 2001-10-09 | 2003-04-24 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Halbleiterspeicher mit sich kreuzenden Wort- und Bitleitungen, an denen magnetoresistive Speicherzellen angeordnet sind |
US6878980B2 (en) * | 2001-11-23 | 2005-04-12 | Hans Gude Gudesen | Ferroelectric or electret memory circuit |
US6887792B2 (en) | 2002-09-17 | 2005-05-03 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Embossed mask lithography |
US6762481B2 (en) | 2002-10-08 | 2004-07-13 | The University Of Houston System | Electrically programmable nonvolatile variable capacitor |
JP3791614B2 (ja) | 2002-10-24 | 2006-06-28 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 強誘電体膜、強誘電体メモリ装置、圧電素子、半導体素子、圧電アクチュエータ、液体噴射ヘッド及びプリンタ |
JP2005101512A (ja) | 2002-10-24 | 2005-04-14 | Seiko Epson Corp | 強誘電体膜、強誘電体メモリ、圧電素子、半導体素子、液体噴射ヘッド、プリンタ及び強誘電体膜の製造方法 |
JP2004311924A (ja) | 2003-03-26 | 2004-11-04 | Seiko Epson Corp | 強誘電体キャパシタおよびその製造方法、強誘電体メモリ、圧電素子。 |
JP2004303293A (ja) * | 2003-03-28 | 2004-10-28 | Seiko Epson Corp | 強誘電体記憶装置のデータ読み出し方法及び強誘電体記憶装置 |
US7177135B2 (en) * | 2003-09-23 | 2007-02-13 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | On-chip bypass capacitor and method of manufacturing the same |
US7009278B2 (en) | 2003-11-24 | 2006-03-07 | Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc. | 3d rram |
JP4322645B2 (ja) | 2003-11-28 | 2009-09-02 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 半導体集積回路装置 |
US20060171200A1 (en) | 2004-02-06 | 2006-08-03 | Unity Semiconductor Corporation | Memory using mixed valence conductive oxides |
US7102914B2 (en) * | 2004-02-27 | 2006-09-05 | International Business Machines Corporation | Gate controlled floating well vertical MOSFET |
US6999854B2 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2006-02-14 | International Business Machines Corporation | Medical infusion pump capable of learning bolus time patterns and providing bolus alerts |
US7110281B1 (en) * | 2004-06-08 | 2006-09-19 | Xilinx, Inc. | Memory cells utilizing metal-to-metal capacitors to reduce susceptibility to single event upsets |
KR100594716B1 (ko) | 2004-07-27 | 2006-06-30 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 공동부를 구비한 캡 웨이퍼, 이를 이용한 반도체 칩, 및그 제조방법 |
US7443710B2 (en) | 2004-09-28 | 2008-10-28 | Spansion, Llc | Control of memory devices possessing variable resistance characteristics |
JP2006133217A (ja) * | 2004-10-05 | 2006-05-25 | Seiko Epson Corp | 静電容量検出装置及びスマートカード |
US8344410B2 (en) | 2004-10-14 | 2013-01-01 | Daktronics, Inc. | Flexible pixel element and signal distribution means |
KR100593750B1 (ko) | 2004-11-10 | 2006-06-28 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 이성분계 금속 산화막을 데이터 저장 물질막으로 채택하는교차점 비휘발성 기억소자 및 그 제조방법 |
US7272060B1 (en) | 2004-12-01 | 2007-09-18 | Spansion Llc | Method, system, and circuit for performing a memory related operation |
JP2006176366A (ja) | 2004-12-22 | 2006-07-06 | Fujitsu Ltd | 強誘電体材料、その製造方法及び強誘電体メモリ |
US7482223B2 (en) | 2004-12-22 | 2009-01-27 | Sandisk Corporation | Multi-thickness dielectric for semiconductor memory |
US7365382B2 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2008-04-29 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Semiconductor memory having charge trapping memory cells and fabrication method thereof |
JP2006245280A (ja) * | 2005-03-03 | 2006-09-14 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 電界効果トランジスタ及びその動作方法 |
US7812404B2 (en) | 2005-05-09 | 2010-10-12 | Sandisk 3D Llc | Nonvolatile memory cell comprising a diode and a resistance-switching material |
US7426128B2 (en) | 2005-07-11 | 2008-09-16 | Sandisk 3D Llc | Switchable resistive memory with opposite polarity write pulses |
JP4231502B2 (ja) | 2005-11-02 | 2009-03-04 | シャープ株式会社 | クロスポイント構造の半導体記憶装置 |
US7599217B2 (en) | 2005-11-22 | 2009-10-06 | Macronix International Co., Ltd. | Memory cell device and manufacturing method |
JP2006093736A (ja) * | 2005-11-25 | 2006-04-06 | Nec Corp | 電子素子およびこの電子素子を用いた記録方法 |
US7209384B1 (en) * | 2005-12-08 | 2007-04-24 | Juhan Kim | Planar capacitor memory cell and its applications |
US7449354B2 (en) | 2006-01-05 | 2008-11-11 | Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation | Trench-gated FET for power device with active gate trenches and gate runner trench utilizing one-mask etch |
US7423906B2 (en) | 2006-03-14 | 2008-09-09 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Integrated circuit having a memory cell |
US20080048186A1 (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2008-02-28 | International Business Machines Corporation | Design Structures Incorporating Semiconductor Device Structures with Self-Aligned Doped Regions |
TWI462099B (zh) | 2006-03-31 | 2014-11-21 | Sandisk 3D Llc | 非揮發性記憶體單元、整體三維記憶體陣列及用於程式化所述記憶體陣列之方法 |
US7609086B2 (en) | 2006-04-03 | 2009-10-27 | Blaise Laurent Mouttet | Crossbar control circuit |
US20070231972A1 (en) | 2006-04-03 | 2007-10-04 | Mouttet Blaise L | Manufacture of programmable crossbar signal processor |
US7576565B2 (en) | 2006-04-03 | 2009-08-18 | Blaise Laurent Mouttet | Crossbar waveform driver circuit |
US7302513B2 (en) | 2006-04-03 | 2007-11-27 | Blaise Laurent Mouttet | Programmable crossbar signal processor |
US7564262B2 (en) | 2006-04-03 | 2009-07-21 | Blaise Laurent Mouttet | Crossbar comparator |
US8183554B2 (en) | 2006-04-03 | 2012-05-22 | Blaise Laurent Mouttet | Symmetrical programmable memresistor crossbar structure |
US7902867B2 (en) | 2006-04-03 | 2011-03-08 | Blaise Laurent Mouttet | Memristor crossbar neural interface |
US7755424B2 (en) | 2006-04-03 | 2010-07-13 | Blaise Laurent Mouttet | Operational amplifier with resistance switch crossbar feedback |
KR101206034B1 (ko) | 2006-05-19 | 2012-11-28 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 산소결핍 금속산화물을 이용한 비휘발성 메모리 소자 및 그제조방법 |
US7696506B2 (en) | 2006-06-27 | 2010-04-13 | Macronix International Co., Ltd. | Memory cell with memory material insulation and manufacturing method |
US7569459B2 (en) | 2006-06-30 | 2009-08-04 | International Business Machines Corporation | Nonvolatile programmable resistor memory cell |
US7435648B2 (en) | 2006-07-26 | 2008-10-14 | Macronix International Co., Ltd. | Methods of trench and contact formation in memory cells |
US8766224B2 (en) * | 2006-10-03 | 2014-07-01 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Electrically actuated switch |
US7778063B2 (en) * | 2006-11-08 | 2010-08-17 | Symetrix Corporation | Non-volatile resistance switching memories and methods of making same |
US7703505B2 (en) * | 2006-11-24 | 2010-04-27 | Dana Canada Corporation | Multifluid two-dimensional heat exchanger |
US7723771B2 (en) | 2007-03-30 | 2010-05-25 | Qimonda Ag | Zirconium oxide based capacitor and process to manufacture the same |
JP5422552B2 (ja) | 2007-05-09 | 2014-02-19 | インターモレキュラー, インコーポレイテッド | 抵抗性スイッチング不揮発性メモリ要素 |
US7777215B2 (en) * | 2007-07-20 | 2010-08-17 | Macronix International Co., Ltd. | Resistive memory structure with buffer layer |
JP5634002B2 (ja) | 2007-07-25 | 2014-12-03 | ピーエスフォー ルクスコ エスエイアールエルPS4 Luxco S.a.r.l. | 相変化型不揮発性メモリ及び半導体装置 |
US8294219B2 (en) | 2007-07-25 | 2012-10-23 | Intermolecular, Inc. | Nonvolatile memory element including resistive switching metal oxide layers |
KR101358752B1 (ko) | 2007-08-06 | 2014-02-06 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 비휘발성 메모리 장치, 그것을 포함하는 메모리 시스템 및그것의 프로그램 방법 |
US7626878B1 (en) | 2007-08-14 | 2009-12-01 | Nvidia Corporation | Active bit line charge keeper |
CN101568971B (zh) | 2007-09-28 | 2012-11-07 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | 非易失性存储元件和半导体存储装置及其读写方法 |
JP5172269B2 (ja) | 2007-10-17 | 2013-03-27 | 株式会社東芝 | 不揮発性半導体記憶装置 |
US8405124B2 (en) | 2008-01-09 | 2013-03-26 | International Business Machines Corporation | Logic element, and integrated circuit or field programmable gate array |
US7742324B2 (en) | 2008-02-19 | 2010-06-22 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Systems and devices including local data lines and methods of using, making, and operating the same |
US8183553B2 (en) | 2009-04-10 | 2012-05-22 | Intermolecular, Inc. | Resistive switching memory element including doped silicon electrode |
JP4719233B2 (ja) | 2008-03-11 | 2011-07-06 | 株式会社東芝 | 不揮発性半導体記憶装置 |
US8134865B2 (en) | 2008-05-06 | 2012-03-13 | Macronix International Co., Ltd. | Operating method of electrical pulse voltage for RRAM application |
US7977722B2 (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2011-07-12 | Seagate Technology Llc | Non-volatile memory with programmable capacitance |
US8094485B2 (en) | 2008-05-22 | 2012-01-10 | Panasonic Corporation | Variable resistance nonvolatile storage device with oxygen-deficient oxide layer and asymmetric substrate bias effect |
WO2010000020A1 (en) | 2008-06-30 | 2010-01-07 | Cathrx Ltd | A catheter |
US20100034010A1 (en) | 2008-08-06 | 2010-02-11 | Seagate Technology Llc | Memory devices with concentrated electrical fields |
US7969771B2 (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2011-06-28 | Seagate Technology Llc | Semiconductor device with thermally coupled phase change layers |
CN102272899B (zh) | 2008-10-29 | 2014-06-04 | 惠普开发有限公司 | 电致动器件和控制电致动器件中的掺杂剂的形成的方法 |
US8547727B2 (en) | 2008-12-12 | 2013-10-01 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Memristive device |
WO2010082928A1 (en) | 2009-01-15 | 2010-07-22 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Silicon-based memristive device |
US7983065B2 (en) | 2009-04-08 | 2011-07-19 | Sandisk 3D Llc | Three-dimensional array of re-programmable non-volatile memory elements having vertical bit lines |
WO2010144092A1 (en) | 2009-06-12 | 2010-12-16 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Capacitive crossbar arrays |
US7989902B2 (en) | 2009-06-18 | 2011-08-02 | International Business Machines Corporation | Scavenging metal stack for a high-k gate dielectric |
US8750024B2 (en) * | 2009-06-18 | 2014-06-10 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Memcapacitor |
WO2010151260A1 (en) | 2009-06-25 | 2010-12-29 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Switchable junction with intrinsic diodes with different switching thresholds |
US7927947B2 (en) * | 2009-06-30 | 2011-04-19 | Intermolecular, Inc. | Methods for depositing high-K dielectrics |
CN102484129B (zh) | 2009-07-10 | 2015-07-15 | 惠普发展公司,有限责任合伙企业 | 具有本征整流器的忆阻结 |
US8575585B2 (en) | 2009-07-13 | 2013-11-05 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Memristive device |
US8493138B2 (en) * | 2009-08-26 | 2013-07-23 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Memcapacitive devices |
US8199556B2 (en) | 2009-09-22 | 2012-06-12 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods of reading and using memory cells |
US8249838B2 (en) | 2009-11-17 | 2012-08-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Method and apparatus for modeling memristor devices |
US8223539B2 (en) | 2010-01-26 | 2012-07-17 | Micron Technology, Inc. | GCIB-treated resistive device |
US9184213B2 (en) | 2010-01-29 | 2015-11-10 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Nanoscale switching device |
US8416609B2 (en) | 2010-02-15 | 2013-04-09 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Cross-point memory cells, non-volatile memory arrays, methods of reading a memory cell, methods of programming a memory cell, methods of writing to and reading from a memory cell, and computer systems |
US8437174B2 (en) | 2010-02-15 | 2013-05-07 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Memcapacitor devices, field effect transistor devices, non-volatile memory arrays, and methods of programming |
JP2011204852A (ja) * | 2010-03-25 | 2011-10-13 | Elpida Memory Inc | キャパシタおよびその製造方法、半導体装置 |
US8427859B2 (en) | 2010-04-22 | 2013-04-23 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Arrays of vertically stacked tiers of non-volatile cross point memory cells, methods of forming arrays of vertically stacked tiers of non-volatile cross point memory cells, and methods of reading a data value stored by an array of vertically stacked tiers of non-volatile cross point memory cells |
US8586959B2 (en) | 2010-04-28 | 2013-11-19 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Memristive switch device |
US8634224B2 (en) | 2010-08-12 | 2014-01-21 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Memory cells, non-volatile memory arrays, methods of operating memory cells, methods of writing to and reading from a memory cell, and methods of programming a memory cell |
US8619457B2 (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2013-12-31 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Three-device non-volatile memory cell |
WO2012036685A1 (en) | 2010-09-16 | 2012-03-22 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Nanoscale switching device |
US20120104346A1 (en) | 2010-10-29 | 2012-05-03 | Wei Yi | Semiconductor device for providing heat management |
WO2012067661A1 (en) | 2010-11-19 | 2012-05-24 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Method and circuit for switching a memristive device in an array |
US20130082229A1 (en) | 2011-09-30 | 2013-04-04 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Mixed ionic-electronic conduction memory cell |
US8872246B1 (en) | 2012-01-26 | 2014-10-28 | Sandia Corporation | Memristor using a transition metal nitride insulator |
-
2010
- 2010-02-15 US US12/705,928 patent/US8437174B2/en active Active
-
2011
- 2011-01-25 CN CN201180009465.8A patent/CN102763219B/zh active Active
- 2011-01-25 SG SG2012058160A patent/SG183193A1/en unknown
- 2011-01-25 KR KR1020127023945A patent/KR101474088B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2011-01-25 WO PCT/US2011/022390 patent/WO2011100108A2/en active Application Filing
- 2011-01-25 SG SG2014014666A patent/SG2014014666A/en unknown
- 2011-01-25 EP EP11742607.2A patent/EP2537184B1/en active Active
- 2011-01-25 JP JP2012552889A patent/JP5750456B2/ja active Active
- 2011-02-14 TW TW100104801A patent/TWI416670B/zh active
- 2011-02-14 TW TW102136626A patent/TWI506736B/zh active
-
2013
- 2013-04-08 US US13/858,141 patent/US8867261B2/en active Active
-
2014
- 2014-05-14 US US14/277,134 patent/US9236473B2/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20120116509A (ko) | 2012-10-22 |
CN102763219B (zh) | 2016-02-10 |
WO2011100108A2 (en) | 2011-08-18 |
TW201203465A (en) | 2012-01-16 |
US8867261B2 (en) | 2014-10-21 |
SG183193A1 (en) | 2012-09-27 |
US9236473B2 (en) | 2016-01-12 |
CN102763219A (zh) | 2012-10-31 |
EP2537184A2 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
US8437174B2 (en) | 2013-05-07 |
KR101474088B1 (ko) | 2014-12-17 |
SG2014014666A (en) | 2014-07-30 |
TW201403761A (zh) | 2014-01-16 |
US20130221419A1 (en) | 2013-08-29 |
EP2537184A4 (en) | 2013-07-24 |
TWI506736B (zh) | 2015-11-01 |
US20110199815A1 (en) | 2011-08-18 |
EP2537184B1 (en) | 2018-06-27 |
TWI416670B (zh) | 2013-11-21 |
WO2011100108A3 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
US20140246671A1 (en) | 2014-09-04 |
JP2013520012A (ja) | 2013-05-30 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP5750456B2 (ja) | メムキャパシタ・デバイス、電解効果トランジスタ・デバイス、不揮発性メモリ・アレイ、および、プログラミング方法 | |
US10796744B2 (en) | Cross-point memory cells, non-volatile memory arrays, methods of reading a memory cell, methods of programming a memory cell, methods of writing to and reading from a memory cell, and computer systems | |
US8295074B2 (en) | Memory cell | |
US7643328B2 (en) | Method of writing into semiconductor memory device | |
US7215567B2 (en) | Ferroelectric memory device | |
US8634224B2 (en) | Memory cells, non-volatile memory arrays, methods of operating memory cells, methods of writing to and reading from a memory cell, and methods of programming a memory cell | |
US7592659B2 (en) | Field effect transistor and an operation method of the field effect transistor | |
JP2017168661A (ja) | 半導体記憶装置 | |
US8675381B2 (en) | Transistor having an adjustable gate resistance and semiconductor device comprising the same | |
US8467223B2 (en) | Non-volatile memory device and sensing method for forming the same | |
US20240324238A1 (en) | Storage device | |
TWI466271B (zh) | 具有可調整閘極電阻值之電晶體及具有可調整閘極電阻值之電晶體之半導體元件 | |
TWI443662B (zh) | 非揮發性記憶裝置 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20131203 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A821 Effective date: 20140303 |
|
A601 | Written request for extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601 Effective date: 20140303 |
|
A602 | Written permission of extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A602 Effective date: 20140313 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A821 Effective date: 20140401 Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20140401 |
|
A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20141202 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20150401 Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A821 Effective date: 20150401 |
|
A911 | Transfer to examiner for re-examination before appeal (zenchi) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A911 Effective date: 20150408 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20150512 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20150518 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 5750456 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |