JP5043916B2 - 脂質小胞への荷電した治療剤の高率封入 - Google Patents
脂質小胞への荷電した治療剤の高率封入 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5043916B2 JP5043916B2 JP2009255730A JP2009255730A JP5043916B2 JP 5043916 B2 JP5043916 B2 JP 5043916B2 JP 2009255730 A JP2009255730 A JP 2009255730A JP 2009255730 A JP2009255730 A JP 2009255730A JP 5043916 B2 JP5043916 B2 JP 5043916B2
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Description
発明の要約
本発明に基づき、以下の段階から構成される方法を用いて荷電した治療剤を脂質−封入治療剤粒子の中に封入する:
(a)少なくとも第一の脂質成分と第二の種類の脂質成分から構成される脂質混合物を、荷電した治療剤の水性緩衝液と合わせ、脂質−封入治療剤粒子を含有する中間混合物を形成する、そして
(b)当該脂質―核酸粒子上の外側表面の電荷の少なくとも一部を中和するために中間混合物のpHを変化させ、表面が少なくとも部分的に中和された脂質−封入治療剤粒子を産生する。第一の脂質成分は、当該脂質があるpHにおいて荷電状態となり、別のpH(生理的pHに近いことが望ましい)において中性状態となるようなpKをもつプロトン付加可能な、あるいはプロトン除去可能な基を含有する脂質の中から選択する。緩衝溶液のpHは、第一の脂質成分が緩衝溶液中にある時に荷電状態となるようにし、第一の脂質成分はさらに、治療剤が緩衝溶液中でアニオン性である時に荷電状態がカチオン性となり、治療剤が緩衝溶液中でカチオン性である時にアニオン性となるものを選択する。第二の脂質成分は、脂質−核酸粒子が形成される間に粒子の凝集を防止することのできる脂質の中から選択する。本発明の方法は、脂質−封入核酸、例えばアンチセンス核酸あるいはリボザイムの調製のために特に有用である。
目 次
I. 用語解説
II. 全般
III.リポソーム/核酸複合体の調製方法
IV. 医薬用調製物
V. 脂質−封入治療剤を細胞に導入するための方法
VI. 例
VII.結論
I.用語解説
略語及び定義
本願では、次の略語を使用する:ATTA,N−(ω−N’−アセトキシ−オクタ(14’アミノ−3’,6’,9’,12’−テトラオキサテトラデカノイル));CHE,コレステリル−ヘキサデシルエーテル;CHOL,コレステロール;DODAPまたはAL-1,1,2-ジオレオイルオキシ−3−ジメチルアミノプロパン(及びこれにプロトン付加したアンモニウム型);DODMA,N−(1-(2,3−ジオレオイルオキシ)プロピル)−N,N,−ジメチル塩化アンモニウム;DSPC,ジステアロイルホスファチジルコリン;EPC,卵ホスファチジルコリン;HBS,HEPES−緩衝溶液;HEPES,N−2-ヒドロキシエチルピペラジン−N’−2-エタンスルホン酸;MES,2-(N−モルホリノ)エタンスルホン酸;PS 3082,次の配列をもつマウスICAM−1ホスホロチオエートオリゴデオキシヌクレオチド:TGCATCCCCCAGGCCACCAT(SEQ ID No.1);NaCl,塩化ナトリウム;OLIGREEN (登録商標),オリゴヌクレオチドと相互作用して蛍光を発する染色剤;PEG-CerC20,20個の炭素アシル鎖をもつセラミド誘導体と結合したポリエチレングリコール;POPC,パルミトイルオレオイルホスファチジルコリン;SM,スフィンゴミエリン。
II.全般
本発明は、荷電した治療剤を脂質層中に封入した脂質−封入治療剤分子を製造するための方法とその組成に関するものである。本発明は、ポリアニオン性核酸、ポリアニオン性タンパク質またはペプチド、サイトカイン及びヘパリン、そしてカチオン性タンパク質及びペプチドを含めて、アニオン性及びカチオン性の両方の治療剤に応用することができる。本発明は、ここでは原則として、封入物質として望ましいポリアニオン性核酸を引用したが、同じ原則を多のポリアニオン性またはカチオン性治療剤にも容易に応用することができる。
薬剤脂質比;
封入効率;
ヌクレアーゼ耐性/血清中での安定性;及び
粒子サイズ。
封入効率:原料となる混合物の薬剤脂質比をそのまま投与できる最終製剤の薬剤脂質比で割った値。これは相対的効率の目安である。絶対的効率の目安として、最終的にそのまま投与できる製剤中に入る原料混合物に治療剤(核酸)の総量を加えた値を算出することもできる。製剤製造工程中に消失した脂質の量も算出できる。効率は、製剤の消失及び損失の目安である。;
ヌクレアーゼ耐性/血清中での安定性:イン・ビトロでの試験、あるいは循環中のいずれかにおいて核酸治療薬をヌクレアーゼによる分解から防御し得る製剤の能力。本仕様書の中に数種類の標準試験の詳細を記載する。封入された粒子は、DODMA/DOPE(LIPOFECTIN(登録商標))製剤などの脂質−アンチセンス凝集体よりもはるかに高いヌクレアーゼ耐性及び血清中での安定性を示す;そして
サイズ:製剤化した粒子の大きさ。サイズの分布は、Nicomp Model 370サブミクロン粒子サイズ測定装置による準弾性光散乱分析(QELS)を用いて測定することができる。新生物及び炎症部位のような血管が新生した(漏出しやすい)組織に対しては、200nm未満の粒子分布が望ましい。
III.脂質/治療剤(核酸)製剤の調製方法
上記のように、本発明は脂質/核酸製剤を調製するための方法を提供する。ここに説明する方法においては、脂質の混合物が核酸の緩衝水溶液と結合し、脂質の中に封入された核酸を含有する中間混合物を形成する。この中で、封入された核酸は、約10%重量−約20%重量の核酸/脂質比で存在する。中間混合物のサイズは、脂質部分が望ましくは直径70−200nm、より望ましくは約90−130nmである大きい単層小胞となるような脂質−封入核酸粒子を得るために選択することが可能である。次に、脂質−核酸粒子の表面荷電の少なくとも一部を中和するためにpHを上昇させることにより、少なくとも表面が部分的に中和された脂質−封入核酸成分が得られる。
但し、R1はC12からC24までのアルキル基であり、枝分かれのあるものでもないものでもよく、飽和していても不飽和でもよい。R2は水素、あるいはC1からC24までのアルキル基であり、やはり枝分かれのあるものでもないものでもよく、飽和していても不飽和でもよい(3個以上の炭素が存在する場合)。R3は水素あるいはC1からC6までのアルキル基である。このようなアミノ脂質の例として、ステアリルアミン,オレイルアミン,ジオレイルアミン,N−メチル−N,N−ジオレイルアミン、及びN,N−ジメチルオレイルアミンが挙げられる。
但し、R11及びR12の少なくとも一方、望ましくは両方がC12からC24のアルキル基あるいはアシル基であり、枝分かれのあるものでもないものでもよく、飽和していても不飽和でもよい。R11またはR12のどちらか一方のみが長鎖のアルキル基あるいはアシル基である態様においては、もう一方のR11またはR12は水素もしくは炭素原子を1個から6個もつ短いアルキル基あるいはアシル基である。残りの基、R13とR14は、一般には水素またはC1からC4のアルキルである。この態様の場合、アミノ脂質は3−モノアルキルあるいはジアルキルアミノ−1,2−プロパンジオールの誘導体とみなすことができる。適切なアミノ脂質の例は、DODAP(1,2−ジオレオイルオキシ−3−ジメチルアミノ−プロパン、図2A参照)である。その他のアミノ脂質として、別の脂肪酸基や、アルキル置換基が異なるものを含めた他のジアルキルアミノ基(例えばN−エチル−N−メチルアミノ−、N−プロピル−N−エチルアミノ−など)が含まれる。R11及びR12が共に長鎖のアルキル基またはアシル基である態様の場合、同じでも異なっていてもよい。一般に、飽和度の低いアシル鎖をもつアミノ脂質は、特にろ過滅菌の目的で複合体の大きさを約0.3ミクロン以下にする必要がある場合に、サイズの調節が容易である。不飽和脂肪酸を含み炭素鎖の長さがC14からC22の範囲であるアミノ脂質が特に望ましい。アミノ基とアミノ脂質の脂肪酸または脂肪アルキル部分を分離するために、他の足場を利用することもできる。適切な足場に関しては、本分野においてよく知られている。
を適切なpKaが得られるよう修飾することが可能である。本発明において有用である適切な頭部基の修飾として次のものが挙げられる:
他の態様において、当該アミノ脂質は、スフィンゴシンなど、天然産アミノ脂質の誘導体であることもできる。スフィンゴシンの適切な誘導体としては、アミノ官能基に懸垂ヒドロキシル基またはアルキル基、好ましくは低級アルキル基に付加した脂肪酸鎖を有する誘導体がある。
種名: 遺伝子標的、化学構造及び配列
PS-3082 ネズミICAM-1(細胞間接着分子-1)(ホスホロチオエート)
TGCATCCCCCAGGCCACCAT (SEQ ID. No. 1)
PO-3082 ネズミICAM-1(ホスホジエステル)
TGCATCCCCCAGGCCACCAT (SEQ ID. No. 1)
PS-2302 ヒトICAM-1(ホスホロチオエート)
GCCCAAGCTGGCATCCGTCA (SEQ ID. No. 2)
PO-2302 ヒトICAM-1(ホスホジエステル)
GCCCAAGCTGGCATCCGTCA (SEQ ID. No. 2)
PS-8997 ヒトICAM-1(ホスホロチオエート)
GCCCAAGCTGGCATCCGTCA (SEQ ID. No. 2)
PO-8997 ヒトICAM-1(ホスホジエステル)
GCCCAAGCTGGCATCCGTCA (SEQ ID. No. 2)
US3 ヒトerb-B-2遺伝子(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
GGT GCT CAC TGC GGC (SEQ ID. No. 3)
LR-3280 ヒトc-myc遺伝子(ホスホロチオエート)
AAC GTT GAG GGG CAT (SEQ ID. No. 4)
Inx-6298 ヒトc-myc遺伝子(ホスホジエステル)
AAC GTT GAG GGG CAT (SEQ ID. No. 4)
Inx-6295 ヒトc-myc遺伝子(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
T AAC GTT GAG GGG CAT (SEQ ID. No. 5)
LR-3001 ヒトc-myb遺伝子(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
TAT GCT GTG CCG GGG TCT TCG GGC (SEQ ID. No. 6)
c-myb ヒトc-myb遺伝子(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
GTG CCG GGG TCT TCG GGC (SEQ ID. No. 7)
IGF-1R ヒトIGF-1R(インスリン成長因子1レセプター)
(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
GGA CCC TCC TCC GGA GCC (SEQ ID. No. 8)
LR-42 ヒトIGF-1R(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
TCC TCC GGA GCC AGA CTT (SEQ ID. No. 9)
EGFR ヒトEGFR(上皮成長因子レセプター)
(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
CCG TGG TCA TGC TCC (SEQ ID. No. 10)
VEGF ヒトVEGF(血管内皮成長因子)遺伝子
(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
CAG CCT GGC TCA CCG CCT TGG (SEQ ID. No. 11)
PS-4189 ネズミPKC−アルファ(ホフォキナーゼ C−アルファ)遺伝子
(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
CAG CCA TGG TTC CCC CCA AC (SEQ ID. No. 12)
PS-3521 ヒト PKC−アルファ(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
GTT CTC GCT GGT GAG TTT CA (SEQ ID. No. 13)
Bcl-2 ヒトbcl-2遺伝子(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
TCT CCC AgC gTg CgC CAT (SEQ ID. No. 14)
ATG-AS ヒトc-raf-1タンパク質キナーゼ
(ホスホジエステルまたはホスホロチオエート)
GTG CTC CAT TGA TGC (SEQ ID. No. 15)
VEGF-R1 ヒトVEGF-R-1(血管内皮成長因子レセプター1)リボザイム
GAG UUG CUG AUG AGG CCG AAA GGC CGA AAG UCU G (SEQ ID. No. 16)
これらの配列を使用することにより、本発明は、哺乳類の験体における遺伝子の異常表現により特徴付けられる腫瘍などの病気を治療する方法を提供する。当該方法は、脂質で封入した治療用核酸粒子を、本発明に記述した方法に従って調製する諸段階で構成される。ここに、当該治療用核酸成分は、特に異常表現された遺伝子をハイブリッド化し、粒子の形状で治療的有効量を哺乳類験体に投与する。これらの配列は、勿論、本発明を使用して得ることができる治療用オリゴヌクレチド化合物の代表例である。標的遺伝子の種類により、標的遺伝子のコード化領域,イントロン,5'未翻訳領域(5'UTR),翻訳開始領域または3'UTRなどの部分にハイブリッド化するアンチセンスが、治療に使用できることは良く知られている。したがって、上表に示した配列は、アンチセンスの単なる説明に過ぎない。さらに、提案されている代替化学構造(即ち、背景を見ること)は全て本発明により、全種類のリボザイムとともに、その効能を試験することができる。簡単に言えば、上表の化合物は、治療に使用され、かつ本発明で使用される、種々の化学構造を有する5−50量体オリゴヌクレオチドの広い分類を表している。使用できるその他オリゴヌクレオチドとしては、前に遊離形態で効用を示した全化合物がある。
IV. 医薬用調製物
上記方法により調製した脂質−核酸組成物は、これを単独で、または投与ルート及び標準医療慣行に従って選択された、生理的に問題の無い担体(例えば生理的食塩水またはリン酸塩緩衝溶液)との混合物として、これを投与することができる。
V.脂質封入治療剤を細胞中に導入する方法
本発明の脂質−治療剤組成物は、これらの治療剤を細胞中に導入する目的で使用することができる。核酸を含む組成物の場合、本発明の組成物を核酸、好ましくはプラスミド,アンチセンス及びリボザイムを、細胞の中へ導入する目的で使用することができる。したがって、本発明は、核酸などの治療剤を細胞の中へ導入する方法も提供する。当該方法は、先ず上記の方法で組成物を形成させ、次にこの組成物を標的細胞に移入するに充分な時間接触させることにより、生体外または生体内で実施される。
VI.例
材料及び方法
脂質
ジステアロイルホスファチジルコリン(DSPC),スフィンゴミエリン(SM)及びパルミトイルオレオイルホスファチジルコリン(POPC)はNorthern Lipids(Vancouver,Canada)から購入した。1,2−ジオレオイロキシ−3−ジメチルアンモニウムプロパン(DODAPもしくはAL−1)はSteven Ansell博士(Inex Pharmaceuticals)が合成したもの、あるいはAvanti Polar Lipidsより購入したものを用いた。コレステロールはSigma Chemical Company(St.Louis,Missouri, USA)から購入した。PEG−セラミドは、Inex PharmaceuticalsのZhao Wang博士が、参考文献にあげたPCT WO 96/40964に記載の方法を用いて合成した。[3H]-あるいは[14C]-CHEはNEN社(Boston,Massachusetts,USA)から購入した。脂質はすべて、99%を超える純度のものであった。
エタノール(95%),メタノール,クロロホルム,クエン酸,HEPES緩衝液及びNaClは全て、市販品を用いた。
PS 3082、即ち、20量体のホスホロチオエートアンチセンスオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドは、ISIS Pharmaceuticals(Carlsbad,California,USA)が合成、精製したものを供与された。このオリゴヌクレオチドの配列は、TGCATCCCCCAGGCCACCAT(Seq ID No 1)であった。合成及び精製に関する詳細は、他文献を参照のこと(Stepkowskiら,J.Immunol.153:5336-5346(1994))。
脂質ストック溶液は、95%エタノール中、20mg/mLで調製した。(PEG−セラミドでは50mg/mLとした)。総脂質量が13μmolの、DSPC,CHOL,DODAP,PEG−CerC14(モル比 25:45:20:10)を、微量の[14C]−コレステリルヘキサデシルエーテルの入った13×100mm試験管に加えた。脂質混合物の最終容量は0.4mLであった。幾つかの実験においては、DSPCの代わりにSMもしくはPOPCを用いた。20量体のアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドPS 3082(2mg)及び微量の[3H]-PS 3082を、0.6mLの300mMクエン酸(pH3.8)の入った13×100mm分離試験管中で溶解した。アンチセンス溶液を65℃まで暖め、脂質(エタノール中)をゆっくりと加え、一定速度で混合した。得られた混合物の体積は1.0mLであり、総量13μmolの脂質、2mgのアンチセンスオリゴデオキシヌクレオチド及び38%エタノール(vol/vol)を含有していた。アンチセンス−脂質混合物は、5回凍結(液体窒素)及び融解(65℃)を繰り返した後、サーモバレルアタッチメント(thermobarrel attachment)をつけた加圧エクストルーダー(extruder)装置(Lipex Biomembranes)を用いて、3枚重ねの100nmフィルター(Poretics)に10回通した。ろ過時の温度は、65℃,圧力は300−400 psi(窒素)であった。ろ過溶液を300mMクエン酸(pH3.8)1.0mLで溶解し、エタノール濃度を20%まで下げた。得られた溶液を速やかにゲルろ過カラムに添加した。あるいは、ろ過後の試料を数リットルの300mMクエン酸緩衝液(pH3.8)で3−4時間透析し(カットオフ 12,000−14,000; SoectraPor)、過剰のエタノールを除去した。試料を更にHBS(pH7.5)にて12−18時間透析してDODAPを中和し、リポソーム表面に付着したアンチセンスを放出させた。遊離アンチセンスは、以下に示すゲルろ過クロマトグラフィーにて、リポソーム封入アンチセンスから除去した。
Biogel A15m及び100−200メッシュから構成される20×2.5cmのガラス製カラムを、HEPES生食緩衝液(HBS; 20mM HEPES,145mM NaCl,pH7.5)にて平衡化した。リポソーム封入アンチセンス試料2.0mLを上記カラムに添加し、重力下でゲルベットに引き入れた。カラムは、50mL/hrの流速でHBSにて溶出した。カラム分画(1.0mL)を回収し、放射能を標準的な液体シンチレーション計数法にて分析した。各分画は、分画中に存在する[14C]−CHEレベルをもとにプールした。プールしたリポソーム封入アンチセンスのサイズ分布をNICOMP Model 370 サブミクロン粒子径測定器にて求めたところ、典型的に、110±30nmであった。
ゲルろ過クロマトグラフィーの代わりに、試料を300mMクエン酸(pH3.80)で2−3時間透析して残留エタノールを除去してから、さらに12時間以上HBSで透析して、クエン酸をHBSに置換してから、残留エタノールを除去することも行った。試料は、HBSで平衡化した、1.5×8cm DEAE-Sepharose Rカラムに添加した。遊離アンチセンスは、きわめて高い親和性でDEAEに結合する。脂質含有ピークをプールし、濃縮し、以下の記述にしたがってアンチセンス含有量を分析した。
アンチセンス封入は、ゲルろ過クロマトグラフィーにて遊離アンチセンスと封入アンチセンスを分離した後、二重ラベル([3H]−アンチセンス及び[14C]−脂質)液体シンチレーション計数法にて評価した。アンチセンス封入は、脂質ピークに含まれる[3H]−アンチセンスの総放射能を合計したものを、[3H]−アンチセンスの総放射能で除して評価した。あるいは、ゲルろ過クロマトグラフィーの前と後(プールした脂質ピーク)で、[3H]/[14C]比を求めた。アンチセンス封入はまた、以下に述べる、Bligh及びDyerの方法による脂質からのアンチセンス抽出に先立ち、試料の260nm吸収によって評価した。
アンチセンスの脂質からの抽出は、Bligh及びDyerの方法(Blighら,Can.J.Biochem.Physiol.37:911-917 (1959))に従って行った。簡単に述べると、250μL以下の水性試料を、13×100mmのガラス試験管に加えた後、750μLのクロロホルム:メタノール溶液(1:2.1 vol/vol)、250μLのクロロホルム及び250μLの蒸留水を加えた。1種類加える毎に試料と混合した。試料を3,000rpmで10分間遠心すると、はっきりと二層に分離した。水層(上層)を別の13×100mmの試験管に取った。水層の一部(500μL)を500μLの蒸留水で希釈し、混合し、260nmの吸収をスペクトロフォトメーターで評価した。場合によっては、有機相(下層)を250μLのメタノールで洗浄し、3,000rpmで10分間遠心し、上層を廃棄した。この操作を3回繰り返した。洗浄した有機相のリン脂質含有量を、Fiske及びSubbarrow法(Fiskeら,J.Biol.Chem.66:375-400(1925))にて評価した。
Biolumin(登録商標)960蛍光プレートリーダー(Molecular Dynamics,Sunnyvale,California,USA)を用いた、水溶液中の1本鎖オリゴヌクレオチドを定量するための蛍光色素結合アッセイが確立された。簡単に説明すると、封入アンチセンスの一部をHEPES生食緩衝液(HBS;20mM HEPES,145mM NaCl,pH7.5)で希釈した。希釈試料10μLを、0.1%のTriton X-100界面活性剤存在下及び非存在下において、Oligreen(登録商標)試薬の1:200希釈溶液100μLに加えた。0.1% Triton X-100存在下及び非存在下における、アンチセンスの標準曲線を作成し、封入アンチセンスを定量した。OLIGREEN(登録商標)−アンチセンス複合体の蛍光を、485nmの励起波長及び520nmの放出波長を利用して測定した。界面活性剤存在下及び非存在下における蛍光の測定結果を比較して、アンチセンスの結合表面を決定した。
感作及び接触感受性の誘発
アセトン:オリーブ油(4:1)に溶解した0.5%の2,4−ジニトロ−1−フルオロベンゼン(DNFB)25μLを、剃毛したマウスの腹壁に塗布し、2日間感作した。二度目の塗布から4日後に左耳の背側表面に、10μLの0.2%DNFBアセトン:オリーブ油(4:1)溶液を塗布して、マウスを感作した。反対側(右)の耳には何ら処置を行わなかった。対照群のマウスの一部には、左耳の背側に溶媒10μLを塗布した。
耳介の厚さは、技術者用マイクロメーター(Mitutoyo,Tokyo,Japan)を用いて感作直前ならびにDNFBの感作後、経時的に測定した。耳介肥厚は、感作後の測定値から感作前の測定値を引いて求めた。
例1では、アンチセンス封入に対するエタノールの影響を示す。
本例では、DODAPのアンチセンス封入に対する影響ならびに成分に対するアンチセンスの初期濃度の影響を示す。
例 3
本例では、上述の材料及び方法で述べた、リポソーム封入アンチセンス製剤の特性について説明する。
本例では、リポソーム封入した、ネズミICAM-1ホスホロチオエートアンチセンスオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドのクリアランス、生体内分布及び生物学的活性について説明する。
「材料及び方法」で述べたエタノール−クエン酸法を用いてリポソーム封入アンチセンスを調製した。脂質及びアンチセンスの初期濃度はそれぞれ、9.9 及び2mg/mLであった。リポソームの組成は、X:CHOL:DODAP:PEG-CerC14(25:45:20:10)であった。Xは、ジステロイルホスファチジルコリン(DSPC),スフィンゴミエリン(SM),パルミトイルオレオイルホスファチジルコリン(POPC)のいずれかであった。標識した脂質([14C]−コレステリルヘキサデシルエーテル)及び[3H]−アンチセンスを含有するリポソーム製剤を、脂質用量として120mg/kg、雌のICRマウス(20−25mg)に経尾静脈的に静注した。血液は、マウスに麻酔をかけ、心臓穿刺にて回収した。脂質とアンチセンスの回収は、標準的なシンチレーション計数法にて測定した。
リポソーム封入アンチセンス製剤を調製し、先に述べた方法でマウスに投与した。マウスは頸椎脱臼にて屠殺し、臓器を摘出し、「材料及び方法」に述べたようにして処理した。脂質とアンチセンスの回収は、標準的なシンチレーション計数法にて測定した。
リポソーム封入アンチセンス製剤を調製し、先に述べた方法でマウスに投与した。血液は、マウスに麻酔をかけ、心臓穿刺にて回収した。脂質とアンチセンスの回収は、標準的なシンチレーション計数法にて測定した。[3H]/[14C]比を経時的に測定して放出率を求めた。
「材料及び方法」で述べたエタノール−クエン酸法を用いてリポソーム封入アンチセンスを調製した。脂質及びアンチセンスの初期濃度はそれぞれ、9.9 及び2mg/mLとした。リポソームの組成は、DSPC:CHOL:DODAP:PEG-CerC14あるいはC20(25:45:20:10)であった。脂質標識([14C]−コレステリルヘキサデシルエーテル)及び[3H]-アンチセンスを含有する製剤200μL、脂質用量として120mg/kgを、雌のICRマウス(20−25mg)に経尾静脈的に静注した。血液は、マウスに麻酔をかけ、心臓穿刺にて回収した。脂質とアンチセンスの回収は、標準的なシンチレーション計数法にて測定した。
種々のDOPDAP含有リポソームに封入されたPS-3082の有効性を、ICRマウスの耳介炎症モデルを用いて試験した。
本実験では、発明に準じて、ホスホジエステルアンチセンスオリゴデオキシヌクレオチド封入リポソームのイン・ビボにおける有効性を示す。特に、耳介炎症モデルのICAM-1遺伝子を、ホスホジエステルの標的とした。
本例では、erb-B-2遺伝子に対するアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドであるUS3をリポソームに封入し、イン・ビボにおけるヒト乳癌モデルにおいてその抗腫瘍活性を実証した。
リポソーム封入アンチセンスは、次の点を変更した上で、例2に則って調製した。アッセイ#1及び#2では、それぞれ、25% AL-1(DODAPの塩化水素塩)及び遊離塩基性DODAPを用い、これに伴って、DSPCを減量した。アッセイ#3,4及び#5では、それぞれ、30%、25%、及び20%の遊離塩基性DODMA(Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp.,Burnaby BCにて調製)を用い、これに伴って、DSPCを減量した。
リポソーム封入アンチセンスを、モル比を指定の如く変更した上で、既述のエタノール−クエン酸法にて調製した。脂質及びアンチセンスの初期濃度は、それぞれ9.9mg/ml及び2mg/mlであった。DODAP含有リポソームの薬剤:脂質比は、0.15±0.05であった。受動的封入系の場合、薬剤:脂質比は、0.03であった。以下のモル比を採用して標準法により、9種のリポソーム製剤を調製した。
PEG-CerC14は炭素数14のアシル鎖を持つPEG(分子量2000)−セラミドである。
PEG-CerC20は炭素数20のアシル鎖を持つPEG(分子量2000)−セラミドである。
PEG-DSPEはPEG(分子量2000)−1,2−ジスラアロイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ホスホエタノールアミンである。
ATTA8-DSPEはN−(w−N’−アセトキシ−オクタ(14’アミノ−3’,6’,9’,12’−テトラオクサテトラデカノイル)−1,2−ジステアロイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ホスホエタノールアミン(分子量約2660)である。ATTA8-DSPEの合成は米国暫定特許申請出願番号60/073,852、1997年12月23日提出、及び米国暫定特許申請、1998年2月2日提出(Attorney,Docket No.:TT & C 16303-005810)に完全に開示されており、両者は即時発明の譲受人に譲渡されており、参考資料として一緒に提出されている。
本発明の製剤を用いての反復注射のイン・ビボ有効性を図19のマウス腫瘍系で示す。本実験は本発明に従って処方したアンチセンスの有効性をヒト腫瘍モデルで示したものであり、又反復投与の有効性に関してPEG−アシル鎖長が重要であることを示している。
LR-3280: ヒトc-myc遺伝子ホスホロチオエート
AAC GTT GAG GGG CAT (SEQ ID. No 4)
c-myc SCR: GAA CGG AGA CGG TTT (SEQ ID. No 17)
PS-2302 ヒトICAM-I(ホスホロチオエート)
GCCCAAGCTGGCATCCGTCA (SEQ ID. No 2)
PS-3082 ネズミICAM-1(細胞内付着分子1)
(ホスホロチオエート)
TGCATCCCCCAGGCCACCAT (SEQ ID. No 1)
必要なアンチセンス用量を得るため製剤をろ過したHBS(pH7.6)で希釈した(脂質用量も減少する)。サンプルは注射前にろ過した。外部緩衝液はHBS(20mM Hepes,145mM NaCl,pH7.6)。遊離のアンチセンスをHBSに溶解し、A260(吸光係数:活性及び対象c-myc=3.06,PS-2302=32.8,PS-3082=33.6)によって必要容量に調製した。
#1 腫瘍容積(mm3)=(L×W2)/2
#2 腫瘍容積(mm3)=(L×W×H)×p/6
腫瘍容積が体重の10%に達したとき、または潰瘍化の最初の徴候が現れたときマウスを安楽死させた。試験の投与期間中毎日マウスの体重を記録した。終了日に腫瘍を全て摘出し、重量を秤り、FACS分析またはノーザン/ウェスタン分析により観察した。CO2吸入または全身麻酔後頸部脱臼によりマウスを安楽死させた。
本例は例2による有効性の高い製剤を具体的に説明するものであるが、但しホスホロチオエートの代わりに次のものを用いたものである。1)ヌクレオチド間にホスホジエステル結合のみを持つホスホジエステルアンチセンス化合物(PO-2302抗ヒトICAM-1 GCCCAAGCTGGCATCCGTCA (SEQ ID. No 1),Inex Pharmaceuticals (米国),Inc.,Hayward CA調製)または2)VEGF-R-1(ヒト血管内皮成長因子レセプター1)に対するリボゾーム分子,配列GAG UUG CUG AUG AGG CCG AAA GGC CGA AAG UCU G(SEQ ID. No 16)の修飾RNAからなる。
本実験は例5と同様に有効性の高い製剤を具体的に説明するものであるが、但しDODAPの代わりに別のプロトン付加可能な脂質を用いて行った。典型的な例として、別の調製物とはX : DSPC : CHOL : PEG-CerC14でそのモル比は20:25:45:10でXはDODAC、OA、DODMAまたは本発明に適切の他の脂質である。
DSPC,20mg/ml;CHOL,20mg/ml(この濃度以上ではさほど溶けない);DODMA,20mg/ml;PEG-CerC14;50mg/ml。
本例は例5と同様に有効性の高い製剤を具体的に説明するものであるが、但しDODAP:SM:CHOL:PGE-Cer14(モル比20:25:45:10)の調製物を作るためにDSPCの代わりにSMを用いて実施した。アンチセンスは1.0mL基準の処方で処理されており、必要な場合には比例的にスケールアップすることが出来る。
SM,20mg/ml;CHOL,20mg/ml(この濃度以上はさほど溶けない);DODAP,20ml/ml;PGE-CerC14;50mg/ml。
本例は例5と同様に有効性の高い製剤を具体的に説明するものであるが、但しアンチセンス製剤のDODAP:DSPC:CHOL:ATTA8-DSPE(モル比40:10:45:5)を調製するためPEG-CerC14の代わりにATTA8-DSPEを使用した。
DSPC,20mg/ml;CHOL,20mg/ml(この濃度以上はさほど溶けない);DODAP,20 mg/ml;ATTA8-DSPE;50mg/ml。
本実験は圧ろ過アンチセンス−脂質混合液の大規模(>50 ml)調製液を清澄化して投与可能な調製物を得るために、タンジェンシャルフロー透析の使用を具体的に説明するものである。タンジェンシャルフローダイアフィルトレーションは次の製剤工程において4つの機能で有用であることが示されている:1)緩衝液交換 2)エタノール除去 3)未封入のアンチセンスの除去 4)製剤の濃縮。TFを用いて、サンプル容量の10−15倍の単一緩衝液系を用いて、極めて短時間の工程時間でこれら成分の交換が効果的に出来ることが判明している。
例2及び5−9の方法に従って、封入ホスホジエステル及びホスホロチオエートアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドの血清またはSIヌクレアーゼによるヌクレアーゼ消化に対する相対感受性を調べた。ホスホジエステル結合オリゴヌクレオチドは、遊離の場合とは対照的に封入時では、血清中での防御は有意に高く、分解のT1/2は10分から少なくとも8時間に上昇した。遊離のホスホロチオエートオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドは血清中で30分以内に有意な分解を示したが、封入ホスホロチオエートオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドは血清中で24時間後でも分解の徴候を何ら示さなかった。イン・ビボのデータはこれらの知見と一致し、封入ホスホロチオエートアンチセンスの分解の徴候は8時間まで無いことを示している。
実験は仕様書に記載されているように、あるいは次のように修飾して実施した。
VII.結論
上記のように、本発明は脂質封入治療剤(核酸)組成物の調製方法を示すものである。治療薬が大きな単層小胞中に極めて効率よく封入されている。更に本発明は、本法によって調製される組成物、並びに治療剤(核酸)を細胞中に導入する方法を提示するものである。組成物はイン・ビボでもイン・ビトロでも、驚くほど効率よく細胞に移入される。
(1)一般情報
(i)申請者:
(A)氏名:Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation
(B)街:100 - 8900 Glenlyon Parkway
(C)市:Burnaby
(D)州:B.C.
(E)国:カナダ
(F)郵便番号:V5J 5J8
(G)電話:
(H)ファックス:
(I)テレックス:
(ii)発明の名称:脂質小胞への電荷医薬品の高率封入
(iii) 配列数:17
(iv)通信の宛先
(A)受信人:Smart & Biggar
(B)街:Box 11560, Vancouver Centre 2200 - 650 West Georgia Street
(C)市:Vancouver
(D)州:B.C.
(E)国:カナダ
(F)郵便番号:V6B 4N8
(v)コンピューターの読込み形式
(A)媒体のタイプ:フロッピーディスク
(B)コンピューター:IBM PC コンバーティブル
(C)操作システム:PC-DOS/MS-DOS
(D)ソフトウエア:Word Perfect
(vi)現行出願データ
(A)出願番号
(B)出願日
(C)分類
(vii)原出願データ
(A)出願番号:US 08/856,374
(B)出願日:1997年5月14日
(viii)弁護士/弁理士情報
(A)名称:Smart & Biggar
(C)参照/名簿番号:80472-2
(ix)遠距離通信情報
(A)電話:(604) 682-7295
(B)ファックス:(604) 682-0274
(2)配列番号:1の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:20
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(ix)配列:配列番号:1
TGCATCCCCC AGGCCACCAT
(2)配列番号:2の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:20
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(ix)配列:配列番号:2
GCCCAAGCTG GCATCCGTCA
(2)配列番号:3の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:15
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(ix)配列:配列番号:3
GGTGCTCACT GCGGC
(2)配列番号:4の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:15
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(ix)配列:配列番号:4
AACGTTGAGG GGCAT
(2)配列番号:5の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:16
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(ix)配列:配列番号:5
TAACGTTGAG GGGCAT
(2)配列番号:6の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:24
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(ix)配列:配列番号:6
TATGCTGTGC CGGGGTCTTC GGGC
(2)配列番号:7の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:18
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(ix)配列:配列番号:7
GTGCCGGGGT CTTCGGGC
(2)配列番号:8の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:18
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(xi)配列:配列番号:8
GGACCCTCCT CCGGAGCC
(2)配列番号:9の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:18
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(xi)配列:配列番号:9
TCCTCCGGAG CCAGACTT
(2)配列番号:10の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:15
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(xi)配列:配列番号:10
CCGTGGTCAT GCTCC
(2)配列番号:11の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:21
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(ix)配列:配列番号:11
CAGCCTGGCT CACCGCCTTG G
(2)配列番号:12の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:20
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(xi)配列:配列番号:12
CAGCCATGGT TCCCCCCAAC
(2)配列番号:13の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:20
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(ix)配列:配列番号:13
GTTCTCGCTG GTGAGTTTCA
(2)配列番号:14の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:18
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(xi)配列:配列番号:14
TCTCCCAGCG TGCGCCAT
(2)配列番号:15の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:15
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(xi)配列:配列番号:15
GTGCTCCATT GATGC
(2)配列番号:16の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:34
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(ix)配列:配列番号:16
GAGUUGCUGA UGAGGCCGAA AGGCCGAAAG UCUG
(2)配列番号:17の情報
(i)配列の特徴:
(A)長さ:15
(B)型:核酸
(C)鎖の数:1本鎖
(D)トポロジー:直鎖状
(ii)配列の種類:他の核酸
(iii)ハイポセティカル配列:いいえ
(iv)アンチセンス:はい
(ix)配列:配列番号:17
GAACGGAGAC GGTTT
Claims (40)
- 脂質−核酸粒子を含む組成物を調製する方法であって、該方法は、
(a)少なくとも第一の脂質成分及び第二の脂質成分を含む脂質の混合物を、核酸の緩衝水溶液と混合して脂質封入核酸粒子を含有する中間混合物を形成する工程であって、
該緩衝液は、第一の脂質成分が、式
(R11とR12はそれぞれ、枝分かれのある又はない、飽和又は不飽和である、C12からC24のアルキル基あるいはアシル基であり、R13及びR14はそれぞれ水素又はC1〜C4のアルキル基である)
を有するアミノ脂質であり;
該緩衝液は、緩衝液中にあるとき第一の脂質成分が荷電型となるようなpHを有しており;
該第二の脂質成分がポリエチレングリコール修飾した又はポリアミドオリゴマー修飾した脂質である工程;及び
(b)該脂質封入核酸粒子上の少なくとも部分的な外表面荷電を中和するように、中間混合物のpHを変更して、少なくとも部分的に表面が中和された脂質封入核酸粒子を提供する工程、
を含む、上記方法。 - 前記核酸がRNAである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記核酸がアンチセンス核酸を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記核酸が、ホスホジエステル,ホスホロチオエート,ホスホロジチオエート,ボラノホスフェート,ホスホロセレネート及びアミデート結合からなる群より選択される結合を含む、請求項1〜3いずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記核酸がホスホジエステル結合のみを含有する、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記緩衝液が10−50mMのクエン酸緩衝液またはリン酸緩衝液を含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記核酸が少なくとも幾つかのホスホロチオエート結合を含有する、請求項2〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記緩衝液が10−300mMのクエン酸緩衝液またはリン酸緩衝液を含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記核酸がリボザイムである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が本質的に脂質−核酸粒子からなり、該粒子の大きさが70nm−200nmである、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記工程(a)における脂質の混合物が、アルコール中の脂質の混合物である、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- R13及びR14が共にC1〜C4アルキル基である、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- R13及びR14が共にCH3である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記脂質混合物中に存在する前記脂質が、アミノ脂質、中性脂質、Chol、及びPEG修飾した又はポリアミドオリゴマー修飾した脂質を含む、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記脂質が、中性脂質が20〜45%、Cholが35〜55%、アミノ脂質が10−40%、PEG修飾した又はポリアミドオリゴマー修飾した脂質が0.5−15%のモル百分率で存在する請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記第二の脂質がPEG−セラミドである、請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前期pHを変更する工程が、タンジェンシャルフロー(tangential flow)透析を用いて行われる、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記粒子が、核酸/脂質比が少なくとも10質量%であり、大きさが70nm−200nmである、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも幾つかの、粒子の外表面に配置されているプロトン付加可能な又はプロトン遊離可能な基が中和されている、請求項18又は19に記載の組成物。
- 前記核酸がRNAである、請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記核酸がアンチセンス核酸を含む、請求項18〜21のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記核酸がホスホジエステル結合のみを含む、請求項18〜22のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物中の核酸の少なくとも50%が粒子の中に封入されている、請求項18〜23のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物中の核酸の少なくとも90%が粒子の中に封入されている、請求項24に記載の組成物。
- 前記核酸がリボザイムである、請求項18に記載の組成物。
- R13及びR14が共にC1〜C4アルキル基である、請求項18〜26のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- R13及びR14が共にCH3である、請求項27に記載の組成物。
- 前記脂質核酸粒子が、アミノ脂質、中性脂質、Chol、及びPEG修飾した又はポリアミドオリゴマー修飾した脂質を含む、請求項18〜28のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記脂質が、中性脂質が20〜45%、Cholが35〜55%、アミノ脂質が10〜40%、PEG修飾した又はポリアミドオリゴマー修飾した脂質が0.5−15%のモル百分率で存在する請求項29に記載の組成物。
- 前記第二の脂質がPEGセラミドである、請求項18〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 更に医薬的に許容される担体を含む、請求項18〜31のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 核酸をインビトロで細胞に導入する方法であって、細胞を、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項にしたがって調製された組成物又は請求項18〜23のいずれか一項に記載の組成物に、細胞に核酸を導入するのに十分な時間接触させることを含む、上記方法。
- 哺乳類の対象における疾病の治療又は予防のための、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項にしたがって調製された脂質封入核酸粒子又は請求項18〜32のいずれか一項に記載の組成物であって、前記核酸が疾病関連遺伝子の相補配列を含み、疾病関連遺伝子の遺伝子産物の産生を減少させる、上記脂質封入核酸粒子又は組成物。
- 前記疾病関連遺伝子がICAM−1,c−myc,c−myb,ras,raf,erb−B,PKC−α,IGF−1R,EGFR,VEGF,及びVEGF−R−1から選択される、請求項34に記載の脂質封入核酸粒子又は組成物。
- 前記疾患が腫瘍、炎症、感染疾患から選択される、請求項34又は35に記載の脂質封入核酸粒子又は組成物。
- 静脈注射による投与に適している、請求項34〜36のいずれか一項に記載の脂質封入核酸粒子又は組成物。
- R13及びR14が共にC1〜C4アルキル基である、請求項34〜37のいずれか一項に記載の脂質封入核酸粒子又は組成物。
- R13及びR14が共にCH3である、請求項34〜38のいずれか一項に記載の脂質封入核酸粒子又は組成物。
- 請求項1〜17にしたがって調製された脂質核酸粒子及び医薬的に許容される担体を含む医薬組成物。
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1998
- 1998-05-14 US US09/078,954 patent/US6287591B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-14 WO PCT/CA1998/000485 patent/WO1998051278A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-05-14 DE DE69841002T patent/DE69841002D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-14 CA CA002289702A patent/CA2289702C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-14 EP EP98921310A patent/EP1027033B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-14 JP JP54864698A patent/JP4656675B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-14 AU AU74221/98A patent/AU733310C/en not_active Ceased
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- 2001-06-29 US US09/895,480 patent/US6858225B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2003-09-09 US US10/658,947 patent/US7341738B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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EP1027033B1 (en) | 2009-07-22 |
US8021686B2 (en) | 2011-09-20 |
US20120114831A1 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
AU7422198A (en) | 1998-12-08 |
US20080200417A1 (en) | 2008-08-21 |
WO1998051278A2 (en) | 1998-11-19 |
CA2289702C (en) | 2008-02-19 |
US20050008689A1 (en) | 2005-01-13 |
US20030129221A1 (en) | 2003-07-10 |
AU733310B2 (en) | 2001-05-10 |
JP2010031046A (ja) | 2010-02-12 |
JP2002501511A (ja) | 2002-01-15 |
US20050255153A1 (en) | 2005-11-17 |
US7341738B2 (en) | 2008-03-11 |
JP4656675B2 (ja) | 2011-03-23 |
AU733310C (en) | 2001-11-29 |
WO1998051278A3 (en) | 2000-06-15 |
EP1027033A2 (en) | 2000-08-16 |
US6858225B2 (en) | 2005-02-22 |
CA2289702A1 (en) | 1998-11-19 |
US6287591B1 (en) | 2001-09-11 |
DE69841002D1 (de) | 2009-09-03 |
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