JP2021027802A - 農業用フィルム、農業用フィルム形成用樹脂組成物、及びそれを用いた植物の育成方法 - Google Patents
農業用フィルム、農業用フィルム形成用樹脂組成物、及びそれを用いた植物の育成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2021027802A JP2021027802A JP2019147141A JP2019147141A JP2021027802A JP 2021027802 A JP2021027802 A JP 2021027802A JP 2019147141 A JP2019147141 A JP 2019147141A JP 2019147141 A JP2019147141 A JP 2019147141A JP 2021027802 A JP2021027802 A JP 2021027802A
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- agricultural film
- sulfur
- agricultural
- film
- hindered amine
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Images
Classifications
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
Description
詳細なメカニズムは定かではないが、農業用フィルムに付着または内部に移動した硫黄が、酸化されることで酸性化し、ヒンダートアミン系光安定剤と塩を形成して、その光安定剤の機能を失活させてしまうため、耐候性を維持できない、と考えられる。
また、このような耐候性の低下の現象は、グリーンハウス内で硫黄燻蒸したときに顕著に観察される。
詳細なメカニズムは定かではないが、所定のベンゾエート化合物が、硫黄と所定のヒンダートアミン系光安定剤との塩形成を抑制するため、農業用フィルム中に硫黄が取り込まれる、吸収されることを抑制できる、と考えられる。
本発明者は、得られた知見を踏まえて鋭意検討した結果、農業用フィルム中のヒンダートアミン系光安定剤とベンゾエート化合物との含有比率を適切に制御することで、農業用フィルムにおける長期耐候性および透明性を向上できることが分かった。
以上より、ヒンダートアミン系光安定剤とベンゾエート化合物との含有比率を所定値以上とすることで、硫黄燻蒸または硫黄散布に用いたときの長期耐候性が高まり、その含有比率を所定値以下とすることにより、透明性が高まることが知見され、本発明を完成するに至った。
硫黄燻蒸または硫黄散布に用いられる農業用フィルムであって、
下記の化学式A1〜化学式A3で表される化合物からなる群から選ばれる一または二以上のヒンダードアミン系光安定剤と、
下記の化学式B1で表される化合物、および下記の化学式B2で表される化合物の少なくとも一方のベンゾエート化合物と、
ベンゾフェノン系紫外線吸収剤、ベンゾトリアゾール系紫外線吸収剤、およびトリアジン系紫外線吸収剤からなる群から選ばれる一または二以上を含む紫外線吸収剤と、
熱可塑性樹脂と、
を含み、
前記ヒンダードアミン系光安定剤の含有量をAとし、前記ベンゾエート化合物の含有量をBとしたとき、A、Bが、1.5/8.5≦A/B≦7.5/2.5を満たすように構成される耐候性層を有する、
農業用フィルムが提供される。
グリーンハウスに、上記の農業用フィルムを配置する工程と、
前記グリーンハウス内に植物を配置する工程と、
前記グリーンハウス内で、硫黄燻蒸する工程と、を含む、
植物の育成方法が提供される。
なお、本実施の形態では図示するように前後左右上下の方向を規定して説明する。しかし、これは構成要素の相対関係を簡単に説明するために便宜的に規定するものである。したがって、本発明を実施する製品の製造時や使用時の方向を限定するものではない。
本実施形態の農業用フィルムは、ヒンダートアミン系光安定剤、ベンゾエート化合物、紫外線吸収剤、および熱可塑性樹脂を含む。
ヒンダートアミン系光安定剤は、下記の化学式A1〜化学式A3で表される化合物からなる群から選ばれる一または二以上を含む。
ベンゾエート化合物は、下記の化学式B1で表される化合物、および下記の化学式B2で表される化合物の少なくとも一方を含む。
紫外線吸収剤は、ベンゾフェノン系紫外線吸収剤、ベンゾトリアゾール系紫外線吸収剤、およびトリアジン系紫外線吸収剤からなる群から選ばれる一または二以上を含む。
このような成分を含む農業用フィルムは、ヒンダードアミン系光安定剤の含有量をAとし、ベンゾエート化合物の含有量をBとしたとき、A、Bが、1.5/8.5≦A/B≦7.5/2.5を満たすように構成される耐候性層を有する。
この中でも、熱可塑性樹脂は、直鎖状低密度ポリエチレンまたは低密度ポリエチレンの少なくとも一方を含んでもよい。
このとき、耐候性層中のA/Bの上限は、7.5/2.5以下であり、好ましくは7.3/2.7以下、より好ましくは7.0/3.0以下である。これにより、硫黄燻蒸または硫黄散布に用いられたときの長期耐候性を向上できる。詳細なメカニズムは定かではないが、硫黄吸収抑制能を高めることによって、長期耐候性が得られると、考えられる。
一方、耐候性層中のA/Bの下限は、1.5/8.5以上であり、好ましくは2.0/8.0以上、より好ましくは3.0/7.0以上である。これにより、透明性や長期耐候性を向上できる。
紫外線吸収剤として、ベンゾフェノン系紫外線吸収剤、ベンゾトリアゾール系紫外線吸収剤、およびトリアジン系紫外線吸収剤が挙げられる。
また、その他の紫外線吸収剤として、化学式B1、B2以外のベンゾエート系紫外線吸収剤、サリチル酸エステル系紫外線吸収剤、及びシアノアクリレート系紫外線吸収剤等が挙げられる。
これらを単独で用いても2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
図1(a)の農業用フィルム100は、上述のヒンダートアミン系光安定剤およびベンゾエート化合物を含む層(耐候性層10)を少なくとも1層備える。農業用フィルム100は、厚み方向において内部に耐候性層10を単層または複数層備えてもよい。
多層フィルムにおいて、紫外線吸収剤は、どの層に含まれていてもよく、1または2以上の層に含まれていてもよく、最外層に含まれていてもよい。
この硫黄吸収抑制能については、農業用フィルム100における硫黄の吸収し難さ度合い(すなわち、硫黄取り込み量)を指標とて評価可能である。
<手順A>
手順A1:農業用フィルム100を用いて、下記の(1)、(2)、(4)、及び(5)の順番に従って、硫黄燻蒸処理前における農業用フィルム100中の硫黄元素の含有量(ppm)を測定し、この測定値をS0とする。
手順A2:手順A1で測定対象とする農業用フィルム100を用いて、下記の(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)、及び(5)の順番に従って、硫黄燻蒸処理後における農業用フィルム100中の硫黄元素の含有量(ppm)を測定し、この測定値をS1とする。ただし、S1は、4つの測定値の平均値とする。
手順A3:上記の手順A1で得られたS0および手順A2で得られたS1を用いて、以下の式(I)に基づいて、農業用フィルム100の硫黄取り込み量(ppm)を算出する。
|S1−S0| ・・・式(I)
農業用フィルム100を切出し、縦幅13cm×横幅2.5cmの短冊状フィルムの試験片Aを作製する。
農業用フィルム100Aを、液温25℃の蒸留水に浸漬し、蒸留水から取り出し後、乾燥させる。
縦幅50cm×横幅56cm×高さ60cmの略直方体形状の閉鎖空間を備えるビニールハウスを準備する。続いて、ビニールハウスの内部の天面に攪拌機を設置し、その内部の底面に加熱装置を設置し、加熱装置上にアルミニウム箔製のトレイを配置する。ビニールハウスの内部に吊り下げた状態で4枚の前記試験片Aを設置する。
その後、次の硫黄燻蒸操作を、繰り返し4回行う。
120mgのパウダー状の硫黄をトレイ内に投入する。続いて、攪拌機の回転数を180rpmに設定し、トレイを、190℃で4時間加熱する。
下記の条件で光照射を試験片Aに対して102分間行い、続いて、下記の条件で光照射とともに水のスプレーを試験片Aに対して18分間行う。この合計120分の操作を1サイクルとして、合計60サイクル行い、合計120時間の表面処理を試験片Aに対して行う。
試験片Aに対して、温度65℃、相対湿度50%の条件下で、照射強度60W/m2のキセノンランプを照射する。
5gの硝酸中に、試験片Aを板厚方向に切断して得られた200mgのサンプルを加えて硝酸溶液を得る。この硝酸溶液に対して、マイクロ波湿式分解法を用いて、サンプルを液化する前処理を行うことにより測定溶液を得る。得られた測定溶液中の硫黄元素の含有量について、ICP発光分析装置を用いて測定する。この測定溶液中の硫黄元素の含有量を、農業用フィルム100中の硫黄元素の含有量(ppm)とする。
このとき、農業用フィルム100は、(ΔW×(H2/H1))/H2の上限が、例えば、4.70ppm/μm以下、好ましくは4.60ppm/μm以下、より好ましくは4.50ppm/μm以下を満たすように構成されてもよい。(ΔW×(H2/H1))/H2の下限は、例えば、2.80ppm/μm以上となるように構成されてもよい。
ここで、H2/H1により農業用フィルム100全体に含まれる耐候性層10中の膜厚比率を算出する。1/H2により耐候性層10中の単位厚み当たりの硫黄取り込み量を算出する。
この樹脂組成物は、農業用フィルムを形成するため、より具体的には、農業用フィルムの耐候性層を形成するために用いることができる。
上記ハイドロタルサイト類化合物としては、天然物でも合成品でもよく、リチウムなどのアルカリ金属で変性されたものでもよい。一般式:ZnxMgyAl2(OH)2(x+y+2)CO3・nH2O(式中、xは0〜3、yは1〜6、また、x+yは4〜6を示す。nは0〜10を示す)で表される組成のものが好ましく、結晶水の有無や表面処理の有無によらず用いることができる。
ハイドロタルサイト類化合物は、結晶水を脱水したものであってもよく、ステアリン酸等の高級脂肪酸、オレイン酸アルカリ金属塩等の高級脂肪酸金属塩、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸アルカリ金属塩等の有機スルホン酸金属塩、高級脂肪酸アミド、高級脂肪酸エステル又はワックス等で被覆されたものであってもよい。
リチウムアルミニウム複合水酸化物の一例としては、例えば、OPTIMA−SS(戸田工業株式会社製)、ミズカラック(水澤化学工業株式会社製)等が挙げられる。
成形工程には、公知の方法が用いられるが、インフレーション法及びダイ法等の溶融押出成型法、溶液流延法、カレンダー法、インフレーション法及びダイ法等による共押出法、多層加工法、ラミネート法、内・外部加熱法等を用いてもよい。これにより、単層または複数層の農業用フィルムが得られる。
混合工程には、タンブラーやヘンシェルミキサ−等の各種混合機を用い予め混合した後、バンバリーミキサー、ロール、ブラベンダー、単軸混練押出機、二軸混練押出機、ニーダー等で溶融混練する方法が挙げられる。
また各成分を予め混合せずに、又は一部の成分のみ予め混合して、フィーダーを用いて押出機に供給し溶融混練して、樹脂組成物を製造してもよい。更には、一部の成分を予め混合し押出機に供給して溶融混練することで得られる樹脂組成物をマスターバッチとし、再度、他の成分と混合し溶融混練することによって樹脂組成物を製造することもできる。
また、上記の混合・混練工程に用いる合成樹脂は、粉状、ペレット状等の所定形状、または繊維状を有するものであってもよい。
(実施例1)
熱可塑性樹脂(直鎖状低密度ポリエチレン)100質量部、下記の化学式A1で表されるヒンダードアミン系光安定剤0.3質量部、下記の化学式B1で表されるベンゾエート化合物0.7質量部、紫外線吸収剤(ベンゾフェノン系UV吸収剤、株式会社ADEKA社製、製品名:アデカスタブ1413)0.1質量部、フェノール系酸化防止剤(ステアリル(3,5−ジ第三ブチル−4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオネート)0.05質量部、リン系酸化防止剤(トリス(2,4−ジ第三ブチルフェニル)ホスファイト)0.05質量部、及び金属石鹸(ステアリン酸カルシウム)0.05質量部を、ロッキングミキサー(愛知電機株式会社製)を用いて30分間混合後、二軸押出機(日鋼TPK商事株式会社製、TEX−28V)を用いて、押出温度190℃、スクリュー回転数150rpmの条件で造粒した。造粒したペレットを、熱風乾燥機(EYELA社製、WINDY OVEN WFO−1001SD)を用いて60℃、8時間乾燥させた。以上により、ペレット状の樹脂組成物を得た。
表1に示す配合比率に従って、熱可塑性樹脂、ヒンダートアミン系光安定剤、ベンゾエート化合物および紫外線吸収剤を用い、その他は実施例1と同様にして、混合および押出加工によってペレット状の樹脂組成物を得た。
(熱可塑性樹脂)
・直鎖状低密度ポリエチレン:日本ポリエチレン株式会社製NF464N、密度:0.918kg/m3
・低密度ポリエチレン:株式会社NUC社製NUC−8230、密度:0.928kg/m3
・エチレン−酢酸ビニル共重合樹脂:東ソー株式会社製ウルトラセン630、密度:0.936kg/m3
・紫外線吸収剤C1:ベンゾフェノン系UV吸収剤(アデカスタブ1413)
・紫外線吸収剤C2:ベンゾトリアゾール系UV吸収剤(アデカスタブLA−36)
・紫外線吸収剤C3:トリアジン系UV吸収剤(Cyasorb UV−1164)
各実施例・各比較例で得られたペレット状の樹脂組成物を用いて、インフレーション成形機を使用して、樹脂温度:190℃、トルク:50〜70N・m、押出量:1.5kg/hの条件で押出し、厚み:50μm、単層の農業用フィルムを作製した。このとき、農業用フィルムの厚みH1=50μm、ヒンダートアミン系光安定剤および相乗剤を含む層の厚みH2=50μmであった。厚みは、農業用フィルムを板厚方向に切断した切断面について、デジタル顕微鏡を用いて測定した。
ここで、詳細な農業用フィルムの作製条件を以下の通りとした。
得られたペレットを、φ20mm、L/D=25(フルフライトスクリュCR=2.0)の押出部を有する東洋精機社製LABO PLASTOMILL 4C150−01に直径25mm、スリット幅0.8mmのリングダイを用いたインフレーション成形により成膜して得られたフィルムはSUMTAK社製フィルム引取装置にて巻き取った。押出部の条件は、加工温度190℃、スクリュー回転数60rpmとし、巻き取り速度は膜厚が50μmの農業用フィルムになるように調整した。
(手順A1)
得られた農業用フィルムを用いて、下記の(1)、(2)、(4)、及び(5)の順番に従って、硫黄燻蒸処理前における農業用フィルム中の硫黄元素の含有量(ppm)を測定した。この測定値をS0とする。
(手順A2)
手順A1で硫黄燻蒸処理前における硫黄元素の含有量の測定対象とする農業用フィルムを用いて、下記の(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)、及び(5)の順番に従って、硫黄燻蒸処理後における農業用フィルム中の硫黄元素の含有量(ppm)を測定した。この測定値をS1とする。ただし、S1は、4つの測定値の平均値とした。
(手順A3)
その後、上記の手順A1で得られたS0および手順A2で得られたS1を用いて、以下の式(I)に基づいて、農業用フィルムの硫黄取り込み量ΔW(ppm)を算出した。
ΔW(ppm)=|S1−S0| ・・・式(I)
農業用フィルムを切出し、縦幅13cm×横幅2.5cmの短冊状フィルムの試験片Aを作製した。
試験片A、液温25℃、3Lの蒸留水、及びスターラーチップを、直径18cmのビーカーに入れ、5分間スターラーで攪拌した。蒸留水に浸漬させた試験片Aを取り出し、その表面の水分をキムワイプで拭き取った。その後、試験片Aを吊した状態で30分間保持することで乾燥させた。
図2には、硫黄燻蒸処理のために使用する燻蒸設備200の概要を示す。
まず、縦幅50cm×横幅56cm×高さ60cmの略直方体形状の閉鎖空間を備えるビニールハウス210(アズワン社製、ポータブルヒュームフード エコノフード)を準備した。
続いて、ビニールハウス210の内部の天面212に攪拌機220(新東科学社製、スリーワンモーター BL1200)を設置し、その内部の底面214に加熱装置(ホットプレート230)を設置した。そして、ホットプレート230(IKA製 C−mag ホットプレート HP4)上の中央にアルミニウム箔製のトレイ240(底面の面積:16cm2、幅:4cm、奥行き:4cm、高さ:2cm)を配置した。一方、ビニールハウス210の内部に吊り下げた状態で4枚の試験片A(試験片250)を設置した。4つの試験片250を、互いに適度に離間し、いずれもビニールハウス210の約半分の高さに位置するように配置した。
その後、次の硫黄燻蒸操作を、繰り返し4回行った。
(硫黄燻蒸操作)
まず、120mgのパウダー状の硫黄260をトレイ250内に投入した。続いて、180rpmの回転速度で攪拌機220を回転させ、その状態のまま、ホットプレート230を用いてトレイ240を190℃で4時間加熱した。このとき、ホットプレート230は、約4分で20℃から190℃に昇温した。その後、ホットプレート230を停止して加熱を終了し、約30分間かけて、室温まで自然冷却した。
下記の条件で光照射を試験片Aに対して102分間行い、続いて、下記の条件で光照射とともに水のスプレーを試験片Aに対して18分間行った。この合計120分の操作を1サイクルとして、合計60サイクル行い、合計120時間の表面処理を試験片Aに対して行った。
(光照射の条件)
試験片Aに対して、キセノン耐候試験装置を用いて、ブラックパネル温度65℃、相対湿度50%、ボロシリケートフィルターを使用した条件で、UV照射強度60W/m2、波長300〜400nmのキセノンランプを120時間照射した。
試験片Aを板厚方向に切断して得られたサンプル200mgを硝酸5gに加えて硝酸溶液を得た。この硝酸溶液に対して、マイクロ波湿式分解装置(Analytik jena社製、TOPwave)を用いて、温度230℃、圧力40Bar、1時間の条件下で、サンプルを液体化する前処理を行うことにより、測定溶液を得た。
得られた測定溶液中の硫黄元素の含有量について、ICP発光分析装置(SII Nano Technology社製、SPS3500)を用いて測定した。
各実施例・各比較例の農業用フィルムについて、ISO4892−2に準じて、ブラックパネル温度65℃、相対湿度50%、ボロシリケートフィルターを使用した条件で、UV照射強度60W/m2、波長300〜400nmのキセノンランプを120時間照射することで耐候促進試験を行った。この際、120分を1サイクルとし、1サイクルの照射時間中に102分の光のみの照射と18分間の光の照射とともに水のスプレーを行い、これを60サイクルの合計120h行った。
この耐候促進試験中、120h毎に、上記(3):硫黄燻蒸処理と同様にして(硫黄燻蒸操作)を1回行った。
そして、耐候促進試験の0h、840h、1200h、2040hにおいて、株式会社島津製作所社製AG−Xplusを用いて、JIS K7161−1に準じて、試験速度500mm/minで各フィルムの引張強度残率(%)を測定した。引張強度残率(%)とは、耐候促進試験前のフィルムの引張強度を100%としたときの、引張強度の低下率と定義した。
その結果、1200h時において、比較例2、3の引張強度残率が、実施例1〜11や比較例1と比べて小さい値を示し、2040h時において、比較例1〜3の引張強度残率が、実施例1〜11と比べて低い値を示した。よって、実施例1〜11の農業用フィルムは、比較例1〜3と比べて、長期耐候性が優れることが示された。
表1中、2040h時の引張強度残率が、実用上問題ない範囲の場合を○、実用上使用できない場合を×と評価した。
各実施例・各比較例の農業用フィルムについて、JIS K7136に準じてHaze(ヘイズ値:%)を測定した。
表1中、ヘイズ値が20%以下の場合を◎、ヘイズ値が20%超え30%以下の場合を○、ヘイズ値が30%超え50%以下の場合を△、ヘイズ値が50%超えの場合を×と記した。
表1中、ヘイズ値が実用上の問題がない範囲である場合を○、ヘイズ値が実用上使用できない場合を×と評価した。
実施例1〜11の農業用フィルムのヘイズ値は、実用上問題なく使用できる程度に低い値を示した。一方、比較例1の農業用フィルムのヘイズ値は、各実施例のものよりも著しく高い数値であった。
よって、比較例1の農業用フィルムにおいて、ヒンダートアミン系光安定剤およびベンゾエート化合物を含む層からのブルームによって、ヘイズ値が上昇したものと推察される。
また、ヒンダードアミン系光安定剤とベンゾエート化合物と適当に配合することによって、農業用フィルムの硫黄吸収抑制能を向上できる。このため、実施例の農業用フィルムは、植物や農作物の育成時に行う硫黄燻蒸・硫黄散布等に好適に用いることができる。
20 基層
100 農業用フィルム
200 燻蒸設備
210 ビニールハウス
212 天面
214 底面
220 攪拌機
230 ホットプレート
240 トレイ
250 試験片
250 トレイ
260 硫黄
300 分光光度計
310 試験片
320 流動パラフィン
330 光源
340 検出器
350 セルホルダ
360 光線
370 入射開口
380 出口開口
硫黄燻蒸または硫黄散布に用いられる農業用フィルムであって、
下記の化学式A1〜化学式A3で表される化合物からなる群から選ばれる一または二以上のヒンダードアミン系光安定剤と、
下記の化学式B1で表される化合物、および下記の化学式B2で表される化合物の少なくとも一方のベンゾエート化合物と、
ベンゾフェノン系紫外線吸収剤、ベンゾトリアゾール系紫外線吸収剤、およびトリアジン系紫外線吸収剤からなる群から選ばれる一または二以上を含む紫外線吸収剤と、
熱可塑性樹脂と、
を含み、
前記ヒンダードアミン系光安定剤の含有量をAとし、前記ベンゾエート化合物の含有量をBとしたとき、A、Bが、3.0/7.0≦A/B≦7.0/3.0を満たすように構成される耐候性層を有する、
農業用フィルムが提供される。
Claims (8)
- 硫黄燻蒸または硫黄散布に用いられる農業用フィルムであって、
下記の化学式A1〜化学式A3で表される化合物からなる群から選ばれる一または二以上のヒンダードアミン系光安定剤と、
下記の化学式B1で表される化合物、および下記の化学式B2で表される化合物の少なくとも一方のベンゾエート化合物と、
ベンゾフェノン系紫外線吸収剤、ベンゾトリアゾール系紫外線吸収剤、およびトリアジン系紫外線吸収剤からなる群から選ばれる一または二以上を含む紫外線吸収剤と、
熱可塑性樹脂と、
を含み、
前記ヒンダードアミン系光安定剤の含有量をAとし、前記ベンゾエート化合物の含有量をBとしたとき、A、Bが、1.5/8.5≦A/B≦7.5/2.5を満たすように構成される耐候性層を有する、
農業用フィルム。
- 請求項1に記載の農業用フィルムであって、
前記紫外線吸収剤の含有量が、前記熱可塑性樹脂100質量%に対して、0.01質量%以上1質量%以下である、農業用フィルム。 - 請求項1又は2に記載の農業用フィルムであって、
前記ヒンダードアミン系光安定剤および前記ベンゾエート化合物の含有量の合計値が、前記熱可塑性樹脂100質量%に対して、0.01質量%以上10質量%以下である、農業用フィルム。 - 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の農業用フィルムであって、
前記耐候性層と、熱可塑性樹脂を含む他の層と、を含む多層構造を有する、農業用フィルム。 - 請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の農業用フィルムであって、
前記熱可塑性樹脂が、直鎖状低密度ポリエチレンまたは低密度ポリエチレンを含む、農業用フィルム。 - 請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の農業用フィルムであって、
グリーンハウスの形成に用いられる農業用フィルム。 - 請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の農業用フィルムを形成するために用いる、農業用フィルム形成用樹脂組成物。
- グリーンハウスに、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の農業用フィルムを配置する工程と、
前記グリーンハウス内に植物を配置する工程と、
前記グリーンハウス内で、硫黄燻蒸する工程と、を含む、
植物の育成方法。
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