JP2013060444A - 酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物、それを用いた電荷制御剤及びトナー - Google Patents
酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物、それを用いた電荷制御剤及びトナー Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013060444A JP2013060444A JP2012234467A JP2012234467A JP2013060444A JP 2013060444 A JP2013060444 A JP 2013060444A JP 2012234467 A JP2012234467 A JP 2012234467A JP 2012234467 A JP2012234467 A JP 2012234467A JP 2013060444 A JP2013060444 A JP 2013060444A
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- toner
- phenol sulfide
- cyclic phenol
- oxidized
- acid
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- FLPXNJHYVOVLSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloro(2-chloroethyl)silane Chemical compound ClCC[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl FLPXNJHYVOVLSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(methyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](C)(OCC)OCC CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- XYJRNCYWTVGEEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(2-methylpropyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CC(C)C XYJRNCYWTVGEEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZNOCGWVLWPVKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(phenyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZNOCGWVLWPVKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHOQXNHADJBILQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(sulfanyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)S KHOQXNHADJBILQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005051 trimethylchlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940096522 trimethylolpropane triacrylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PQDJYEQOELDLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylsilane Chemical compound C[SiH](C)C PQDJYEQOELDLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRPURDFRFHUDSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(prop-2-enyl) benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(=O)OCC=C)C(C(=O)OCC=C)=C1 GRPURDFRFHUDSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UJMBCXLDXJUMFB-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium;5-oxo-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]-4h-pyrazole-3-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=NN(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)C1N=NC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 UJMBCXLDXJUMFB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003828 vacuum filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019871 vegetable fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEVGKYBUANQAKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N victoria blue R Chemical compound [Cl-].C12=CC=CC=C2C(=[NH+]CC)C=CC1=C(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C)C)C1=CC=C(N(C)C)C=C1 JEVGKYBUANQAKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001018 xanthene dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001060 yellow colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001052 yellow pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、又、特にカラートナー用として有用であり、帯電の立ち上がり速度を高め、高い帯電量を有し、かつ優れた帯電特性を有し、しかも、廃棄物規制にも問題のない安全な電荷制御剤を提供することを目的とする。
本発明は、又、環境安定性に優れた電荷制御剤を提供することを目的とする。
本発明は、又、該電荷制御剤を使用する高い帯電性能を有する負帯電性トナーを提供することを目的とする。
(式中、Rは炭素原子数1ないし6の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基を表し、mは4ないし9の整数であり、nは1または2である。)
3.ナトリウム含有量が1000ppm以下である上記酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物又は特定の酸化型環状フェノール硫化物。
4.上記酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物又は特定の酸化型環状フェノール硫化物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とする電荷制御剤。
5.上記酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物又は特定の酸化型環状フェノール硫化物、着色剤および結着樹脂を含有することを特徴とするトナー。
本発明の酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を含有したトナーは、高湿あるいは低湿環境下においても帯電特性の変動が少なく、安定した現像特性を保持できる。
すなわち、電荷制御剤とはトナーに対して安定した静電荷を付与する働きを持つものと定義されるが該酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物の中に反応副生物として生じた無機塩類や未反応の有機塩類が一定量以上存在する場合、湿度環境下における塩類の影響が無視できなくなり、高湿度環境下ではもちろんのこと常湿環境下においても長期ランニングで画像の安定性を欠くことになる。
本発明では、酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物に含有されているナトリウムを直接測定し、ナトリウム含有量を一定範囲に制御することで優れた帯電性能を発現する電荷制御剤と該電荷制御剤を使用したトナーを提供することが可能となった。
又、一般式(1)において個々の分子内におけるnは同一でも異なってもよく、nの総数をNとしたときに1.5m≦N≦2mの関係を満足する個々の分子からなるのが好ましい。また更に好ましいNの範囲は1.7m≦N≦2mである。
本発明では、又、mが6、7、8又は9である酸化型環状フェノール硫化物を単独で用いるのが好ましく、特にmが8である酸化型環状フェノール硫化物を単独で用いるのが好ましい。ここで単独とは、酸化型環状フェノール硫化物の全量を100モル%とした時に、mが8である酸化型環状フェノール硫化物の含有量が90モル%以上、好ましくは95モル%以上、特に好ましくは実質的に100モル%である場合をいう。
上記酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物及び酸化型環状フェノール硫化物において、一般式(1)中のnが2であるのが好ましい。
また、塩酸等の鉱酸の水溶液中に再分散する方法と前記操作を組み合わせることがさらに有効である。
2価のアルコール成分としては、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、1,3−ブタンジオール、1,4−ブタンジオール、2,3−ブタンジオール、ジエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコール、1,5−ペンタンジオール、1,6−へキサンジオール、ネオペンチルグリコール、2−エチル−1,3−ヘキサンジオール、水素化ビスフェノールA、またはビスフェノールAにエチレンオキシド、プロピレンオキシドなどの環状エーテルが重合して得られるジオールなどがあげられる。
本発明において、結着樹脂の分子量分布は、THFを溶媒としたGPCによって測定される。
また、ポリエステル系重合体、ビニル重合体とその他の結着樹脂を併用する場合、全体の結着樹脂の酸価が0.1〜50mgKOH/gを有する樹脂を60質量%以上有するものが好ましい。
(1)試料は予め結着樹脂(重合体成分)以外の添加物を除去して使用するか、結着樹脂および架橋された結着樹脂以外の成分の酸価および含有量を予め求めておく。試料の粉砕品0.5〜2.0gを精秤し、重合体成分の重さをWgとする。例えば、トナーから結着樹脂の酸価を測定する場合は、着色剤または磁性体などの酸価および含有量を別途測定しておき、計算により結着樹脂の酸価を求める。
(2)300(ml)のビーカーに試料を入れ、トルエン/エタノール(体積比4/1)の混合液150(ml)を加え溶解する。
(3)0.1mol/LのKOHのエタノール溶液を用いて、電位差滴定装置を用いて滴定する。
(4)この時のKOH溶液の使用量をS(ml)とし、同時にブランクを測定し、この時のKOH溶液の使用量をB(ml)とし、以下の式(1)で算出する。ただしfはKOH濃度のファクターである。
酸価(mgKOH/g)=[(S−B)×f×5.61]/W (1)
前記顔料を単独で使用しても構わないが、染料と顔料と併用してその鮮明度を向上させた方がフルカラー画像の画質の点からより好ましい。
フタロシアニン染料の代表例としてはC.I.ソルベントブルー25、55、70、C.I.ダイレクトブルー25、86、アルカリブルーレーキ、ビクトリアブルーレーキなどがあげられる。
前記の着色剤の使用量は結着樹脂100量部に対して、0.1〜20質量部が好ましい。
可塑化作用を有するワックスの種類としては、例えば融点の低いワックス、または分子の構造上に分岐のあるものや極性基を有する構造のものであり、離型作用を有するワックスとしては、融点の高いワックス、分子の構造では、直鎖構造のものや、官能基を有さない無極性のものがあげられる。使用例としては、2種以上の異なるワックスの融点の差が10℃〜100℃のものの組み合わせや、ポリオレフィンとグラフト変性ポリオレフィンの組み合わせなどがあげられる。
本発明のトナーは、粉砕型トナーの場合の形状係数(SF−1)の平均値が100〜400が好ましく、形状係数2(SF−2)の平均値が100〜350が好ましい。
SF−1=((ML2×π)/4A)×100
(式中、MLは粒子の最大長、Aは一粒子の投影面積を示す。)
SF−2=(PM2/4Aπ)×100
(式中、PMは粒子の周囲長、Aは一粒子の投影面積を示す。)。
本発明のトナーのDSC測定において観測される吸熱ピークにおいて70〜120℃の領域に最大ピークのピークトップ温度があることが好ましい。
ナトリウム含有量は蛍光X線分析によっておこなった。蛍光X線の測定は以下のようにして行った。各実施例、比較例で得られた酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を直径40〜50mm、厚さ3mmのディスク状に圧力をかけて押し固め、蛍光X線分析装置(フィリップス製PW2400)で測定した。
得られた白色粉末の構造解析はLC/MS測定によって行った。LC/MSの測定条件は以下のとおりである。(1)HPLC測定条件、装置:ウォーターズ株式会社製2695、カラム:資生堂株式会社製カプセルパックC18ACR(5μ、内径4.6、カラム長250mm)、カラム温度:40℃、移動相;THF/アセトニトリル/水/トリフルオロ酢酸=350/350/300/2(v/v/v/v)、流速:1.0ml/分、注入量:1μL、サンプル濃度:2000ppm(2)MS測定条件、装置:マイクロマス株式会社製クワトロマイクロAPIマススペクトロメーター、イオン化法:ESI(ポジティブモード)、キャピラリ電圧:2.80KV、脱溶媒ガス流量:500L/時間、脱溶媒ガス温度:350℃、イオン源温度:120℃、コーン電圧:40〜60V。
上記の方法により得た本発明の酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物は、以下の混合物であることが判明した。
ピーク面積比 モル%
m=4 n=2: 58.0% 69.6モル%
m=6 n=2: 25.7% 20.6モル%
m=8 n=2: 16.3% 9.8モル%
比較化合物1として特開2003−295522号公報記載の化合物(化合物例B:一般式(1)においてR=tert−ブチル基、m=4、n=2に相当)を合成した。合成は特開2003−295522号公報記載の方法によって行った。すなわち、攪拌機、冷却管、温度計およびガス導入管を備えた1L4つ口フラスコに、4−tert−ブチルフェノール113g に、単体硫黄36g および水酸化ナトリウム7.5g 、テトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル19g を加え、窒素雰囲気下で攪拌しながら4時間かけて徐々に230℃まで加熱し、さらに2時間攪拌した。この間、反応で生成する水および硫化水素は除去した。この反応混合物を室温まで冷却し、ジエチルエーテルを加え溶解させた後、0.5mol/Lの硫酸水溶液で加水分解した。分液したジエチルエーテル層を水洗し硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥した。ジエチルエーテルを留去した後に得られる反応混合物を、さらにシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(ヘキサン/クロロホルム)によって分割し、粗生成物を得、これをクロロホルム/アセトンから再結晶することによって、無色透明の結晶として特開2003−295522号公報記載の化合物(化合物例A)を51g得た。
得られた酸化型環状フェノール硫化物のTICチャートを図6に示す。
比較化合物2として特開2003−295522号公報記載の化合物(化合物例E:下図参照)を合成した。合成は特開2003−295522号公報記載の方法によって行った。すなわち、攪拌機、冷却管および温度計を備えた2L4つ口フラスコに、20gの特開2003−295522号公報記載の化合物(化合物例A)、アセトン1L、K2 CO3 24gおよびブロモ酢酸エチル260mlを順次加え、窒素雰囲気下、6時間加熱還流した。放冷後、K2 CO3 をろ過し、アセトンを留去し、さらに減圧乾燥によりブロモ酢酸エチルを留去した。この反応混合物から、カラムクロマトグラフ(担体:シリカゲル、ヘキサン/酢酸エチル)および再結晶(エタノール)を行うことにより、白色粉状結晶(比較化合物2・化合物例E)を15g得た。
得られた環状フェノール硫化物のTICチャート及びMSチャートをそれぞれ図7と図8に示す。
同様に、前記黒色トナー4部、シリコンコート系のフェライトキャリア(パウダーテック株式会社製F96−150)100部の割合で混合して振とうし、トナーを負に帯電させた後、帯電立ち上がり性を示す時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。
環境安定性は高温高湿下における飽和帯電量の常温常湿下(25℃、50%RH)の飽和帯電量に対する低下率により以下の4段階で評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
◎:安定、○:やや安定、△:やや不安定、×:不安定
(◎<飽和帯電量低下率5%≦○<飽和帯電量低下率10%≦△<飽和帯電量15%≦15%<×)
同様に、前記黒色トナー4部、シリコンコート系のフェライトキャリア(パウダーテック株式会社製F96−150)100部の割合で混合して振とうし、トナーを負に帯電させた後、帯電立ち上がり性を示す時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。
環境安定性は高温高湿下における飽和帯電量の常温常湿下(25℃、50%RH)の飽和帯電量に対する低下率により以下の4段階で評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
◎:安定、○:やや安定、△:やや不安定、×:不安定
(◎<飽和帯電量低下率5%≦○<飽和帯電量低下率10%≦△<飽和帯電量15%≦15%<×)
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を比較例1で合成した比較化合物1(化合物例B)に代えて、実施例3と同様の条件でトナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を比較例2で合成した比較化合物2(化合物例E)に代えて、実施例3と同様の条件でトナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を置換サリチル酸亜鉛錯体からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例3と同様の条件で黒色トナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を置換サリチル酸亜鉛錯体からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例4と同様の条件でイエロートナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を置換サリチル酸亜鉛錯体からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例7と同様の条件で黒色トナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を置換サリチル酸亜鉛錯体からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例9と同様の条件でマゼンタトナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を置換サリチル酸アルミニウム錯体からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例3と同様の条件で黒色トナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を置換サリチル酸アルミニウム錯体からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例5と同様の条件でマゼンタトナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を置換サリチル酸アルミニウム錯体からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例7と同様の条件で黒色トナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を置換サリチル酸アルミニウム錯体からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例10と同様の条件でシアントナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物をカリックスアレーン化合物からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例3と同様の条件で黒色トナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物をカリックスアレーン化合物からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例6と同様の条件でシアントナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物をカリックスアレーン化合物からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例7と同様の条件で黒色トナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
比較のために、実施例1で合成した酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物をカリックスアレーン化合物からなる電荷制御剤に代えて、実施例8と同様の条件でイエロートナーを作製した後、時定数、飽和帯電量の測定と環境安定性を評価した。結果は表1にまとめて示した。
攪拌機、冷却管、温度計およびガス導入管を備えた1L4つ口フラスコに、4−tert−ブチルフェノール120.2g、単体硫黄51.3gおよび水酸化ナトリウム16.0gを入れ、ここにジフェニルエーテル360.5gを加えて窒素気流中攪拌しながら、130℃で1時間、続いて170℃で1時間、さらに230℃で18時間、反応で生成する水および硫化水素を除去しながら反応させた。この反応混合物を室温にまで冷却し、3モル/Lの硫酸水溶液80mlを加えて加水分解した後、イソプロピルアルコール/水(88/12、v/v)の混合溶媒200mlを加えて結晶を析出させた。結晶をろ過によって取り出し、得られた結晶をイソプロピルアルコール/水(88/12、v/v)の混合溶媒200ml、水240mlで2回、さらにイソプロピルアルコール/水(88/12、v/v)の混合溶媒200mlで洗浄した。120℃で一晩、減圧乾燥して粗晶113.2gを得た。得られた粗晶の純度、組成比などを以下の高速液体クロマトグラフ(以後、HPLCと略称する)測定条件によって分析を行った。装置:株式会社島津製作所製LC−6A、カラム:野村化学株式会社製Develosil ODS−HG−5(内径4.6、カラム長250mm)、カラム温度:40℃、移動相:THF/アセトニトリル/水/トリフルオロ酢酸=450/400/150/2(v/v/v/v)、流速:1.0ml/分、注入量:1μL、サンプル濃度:1000ppm。HPLCによる分析の結果、前記粗晶は一般式(1)においてRがtert−ブチルであり、mが4であり、nが0であるものに相当する環状4量体がピーク面積比96.1%、一般式(1)においてRがtert−ブチルであり、mが8であり、nが0であるものに相当する環状8量体がピーク面積比3.6%を示す混合物であることが分かった。
◎:安定、○:やや安定、△:やや不安定、×:不安定
(◎<飽和帯電量低下率5%≦○<飽和帯電量低下率10%≦△<飽和帯電量低下率15%≦×)
すなわち本発明の酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物はナトリウム含有量を1000ppm以下とすることによって当該化合物を電荷制御剤として使用するトナーに高い帯電性能と安定した環境性を付与することができる。
Claims (8)
- 一般式(1)で表される酸化型環状フェノール硫化物であって、mが4、6および8である酸化型環状フェノール硫化物が混合している請求項1記載の酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物。
- 混合物中、mが8である酸化型環状フェノール硫化物の含有量が1モル%以上である請求項1又は2記載の酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物。
- 混合物中、mが8である酸化型環状フェノール硫化物の含有量が1.5モル%〜35モル%、mが4である酸化型環状フェノール硫化物の含有量が65モル%〜98.5モル%である請求項1〜3のいずれか1項記載の酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物。
- 一般式(1)において個々の分子内におけるnは同一でも異なってもよく、nの総数をNとしたときに1.5m≦N≦2mの関係を満足する個々の分子からなることを特徴とする、請求項1記載の酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物。
- ナトリウム含有量が1000ppm以下である請求項1〜5のいずれか1項記載の酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物。
- 請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載の酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とする電荷制御剤。
- 請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載の酸化型混合環状フェノール硫化物、着色剤および結着樹脂を含有することを特徴とするトナー。
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JP2020007319A (ja) * | 2019-08-14 | 2020-01-16 | 株式会社リコー | 化合物、電極材料、及び電極 |
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KR101417790B1 (ko) | 2014-07-15 |
US7820832B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 |
KR20080111125A (ko) | 2008-12-22 |
WO2007119797A1 (ja) | 2007-10-25 |
EP2011793B1 (en) | 2014-09-10 |
EP2011793A4 (en) | 2009-07-01 |
KR101362828B1 (ko) | 2014-02-14 |
EP2011793A1 (en) | 2009-01-07 |
US7709172B2 (en) | 2010-05-04 |
JPWO2007119797A1 (ja) | 2009-08-27 |
JP5343560B2 (ja) | 2013-11-13 |
JP5532106B2 (ja) | 2014-06-25 |
KR20130115384A (ko) | 2013-10-21 |
US20090239169A1 (en) | 2009-09-24 |
US20090042120A1 (en) | 2009-02-12 |
CN101466697B (zh) | 2013-05-15 |
CN101466697A (zh) | 2009-06-24 |
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