JP2011226644A - 真空断熱材 - Google Patents
真空断熱材 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2011226644A JP2011226644A JP2011076357A JP2011076357A JP2011226644A JP 2011226644 A JP2011226644 A JP 2011226644A JP 2011076357 A JP2011076357 A JP 2011076357A JP 2011076357 A JP2011076357 A JP 2011076357A JP 2011226644 A JP2011226644 A JP 2011226644A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- heat insulating
- metal oxide
- vacuum heat
- compound
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 151
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 151
- -1 phosphorus compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 149
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 146
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- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 241001122767 Theaceae Species 0.000 description 4
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明の真空断熱材は、ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂層(X)と層(Y)とをそれぞれ少なくとも1層含む外被材(E)で芯材を覆って前記外被材(E)の内部を減圧シールしてなる真空断熱材であって、前記層(Y)は、反応生成物(R)を含み、前記反応生成物(R)は、少なくとも金属酸化物(A)とリン化合物(B)とが反応してなる反応生成物である。
【選択図】なし
Description
[1]ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂層(X)および層(Y)を有する外被材(E)で芯材を覆って前記外被材(E)の内部を減圧シールしてなる真空断熱材であって、前記層(Y)は、反応生成物(R)を含み、前記反応生成物(R)は、少なくとも金属酸化物(A)とリン化合物(B)とが反応してなる反応生成物である、真空断熱材
[2]前記金属酸化物(A)は、加水分解可能な特性基が結合した金属原子(M)を含有する化合物(L)の加水分解縮合物であって、前記化合物(L)が、以下の式(I)で示される少なくとも1種の化合物(L1)を含む、上記[1]の真空断熱材
M1X1 mR1 (n−m) (I)
[式(I)中、M1は、Al、TiおよびZrからなる群より選ばれる。X1は、F、Cl、Br、I、R2O−、R3C(=O)O−、(R4C(=O))2CH−およびNO3からなる群より選ばれる。R1、R2、R3およびR4はそれぞれ、アルキル基、アラルキル基、アリール基およびアルケニル基からなる群より選ばれる。式(I)において、複数のX1が存在する場合には、それらのX1は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR1が存在する場合には、それらのR1は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR2が存在する場合には、それらのR2は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR3が存在する場合には、それらのR3は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR4が存在する場合には、それらのR4は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。nはM1の原子価に等しい。mは1〜nの整数を表す。]
[3]前記リン化合物(B)が、リン酸、ポリリン酸、亜リン酸、ホスホン酸およびそれらの誘導体からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物である、上記[1]または[2]の真空断熱材
[4]前記金属酸化物(A)を構成する金属原子のモル数(NM)と前記リン化合物(B)に由来するリン原子のモル数(NP)とが、0.8≦モル数(NM)/モル数(NP)≦4.5の関係を満たす、上記[1]〜[3]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[5]前記層(Y)の赤外線吸収スペクトルにおいて、800〜1400cm−1の範囲における最大吸収波数(n1)が1080〜1130cm−1の範囲にある、上記[1]〜[4]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[6]800〜1400cm−1の範囲における前記層(Y)の赤外線吸収スペクトルにおいて、前記金属酸化物(A)を構成する結合、前記リン化合物(B)を構成する結合、並びに、前記金属酸化物(A)と前記リン化合物(B)とがそれ自身でおよび/または互いに反応して形成された結合に由来する全ての赤外線吸収ピークの中で、前記金属酸化物(A)を構成する金属原子(M)と前記化合物(B)に由来するリン原子(P)とが、酸素原子(O)を介して結合したM−O−Pで表される結合に由来する赤外線吸収ピークが最大となり、前記最大となる赤外線吸収ピークの波数(n1)が1080〜1130cm−1の範囲にある、上記[1]〜[4]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[7]前記層(Y)の赤外線吸収スペクトルにおいて、前記最大吸収波数(n1)における吸光度(A1)と2500〜4000cm−1の範囲における水酸基の伸縮振動に基づく最大吸収波数(n2)における吸光度(A2)とが、吸光度(A2)/吸光度(A1)≦0.2の関係を満たす、上記[5]〜[6]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[8]前記波数(n1)の吸収ピークの半値幅が200cm−1以下である、上記[5]〜[7]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[9]前記外被材(E)において、樹脂層(X)が層(Y)よりも芯材側に位置する、上記[1]〜[8]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[10]層(Y)が、樹脂層(X)に直接積層されている、上記[1]〜[9]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[11]前記ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂が、エチレン含有量10〜60モル%、ケン化度90モル%以上のエチレン−ビニルアルコール共重合体樹脂である、上記[1]〜[10]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[12]前記外被材(E)が、さらに無機蒸着層(Z)を有する、上記[1]〜[11]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[13]前記無機蒸着層(Z)がアルミニウムの蒸着層である、上記[12]の真空断熱材
[14]前記外被材(E)において、樹脂層(X)および/または無機蒸着層(Z)が層(Y)よりも芯材側に位置する、上記[12]または[13]の真空断熱材
[15]前記無機蒸着層(Z)が、樹脂層(X)に直接積層されている、上記[12]〜[14]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[16]前記外被材(E)において、層(Y)、無機蒸着層(Z)、樹脂層(X)がこの順に直接積層されている、上記[12]〜[15]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[17]本発明の真空断熱材を85℃、85%RHの条件下で50日間保管した後における前記外被材(E)の酸素透過度(Of)が、保管前の酸素透過度(Os)に対して5.0倍以下である、上記[1]〜[16]のいずれか1つの真空断熱材
[18]前記保管前の酸素透過度(Os)が、40℃、90/0%RHの条件下において、0.10ml/(m2・day・atm)以下である、上記[17]の真空断熱材
に関する。
本発明の真空断熱材に用いられる外被材(E)は、ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂層(X)を有することによって、優れたガスバリア性を奏する。ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂としては、ビニルエステル単位がケン化されてなるビニルアルコール単位を有するものであればよく、例えば、ポリビニルアルコール(以下、PVAと略記することがある。)樹脂や、エチレンービニルアルコール共重合体(以下、EVOHと略記することがある。)樹脂が挙げられる。さらに、PVA樹脂としては、酢酸ビニルを単独重合し、それをケン化したPVA樹脂や、それを変性して得られる変性PVA樹脂が挙げられる。このような変性PVAは、共重合変性であっても後変性であってもよい。これらの樹脂について以下に説明する。なお、このようなポリビニルアルコール系樹脂は、それぞれ単独で用いることもできるし、2種以上を混合して用いることもできる。
本発明の真空断熱材に用いられる外被材(E)に含まれる層(Y)は、反応生成物(R)を含み、前記反応生成物(R)は、少なくとも金属酸化物(A)とリン化合物(B)とが反応してなる反応生成物である。層(Y)は、800〜1400cm−1の範囲における当該層(Y)の赤外線吸収スペクトルにおいて赤外線吸収が最大となる波数(n1)が1080〜1130cm−1の範囲にあることが好ましい。また、別の観点では、前記層(Y)は反応生成物(R)を含み、前記反応生成物(R)は、少なくとも金属酸化物(A)とリン化合物(B)とが反応してなる反応生成物であり、800〜1400cm−1の範囲における前記層(Y)の赤外線吸収スペクトルにおいて、前記金属酸化物(A)を構成する結合、前記リン化合物(B)を構成する結合、並びに、前記金属酸化物(A)と前記リン化合物(B)とがそれ自身でおよび/または互いに反応して形成された結合に由来する全ての赤外線吸収ピークの中で、前記金属酸化物(A)を構成する金属原子(M)と前記化合物(B)に由来するリン原子(P)とが、酸素原子(O)を介して結合したM−O−Pで表される結合に由来する赤外線吸収ピークが最大となり、前記最大となる赤外線吸収ピークの波数(n1)が1080〜1130cm−1の範囲にあることが好ましい。当該波数(n1)を、以下では、「最大吸収波数(n1)」という場合がある。金属酸化物(A)は、通常、金属酸化物(A)の粒子の形態でリン化合物(B)と反応する。
金属酸化物(A)を構成する金属原子(M)としては、原子価が2価以上(たとえば、2〜4価や3〜4価)の金属原子を挙げることができ、具体的には、例えば、マグネシウム、カルシウム等の周期表第2族の金属;亜鉛等の周期表第12族の金属;アルミニウム等の周期表第13族の金属;ケイ素等の周期表第14族の金属;チタン、ジルコニウム等の遷移金属などを挙げることができる。なおケイ素は半金属に分類される場合があるが、本明細書ではケイ素を金属に含めるものとする。金属酸化物(A)を構成する金属原子(M)は1種類であってもよいし、2種類以上であってもよい。これらの中でも、金属酸化物(A)を製造するための取り扱いの容易さや得られる複合構造体のバリア性がより優れることから、金属酸化物(A)を構成する金属原子(M)は、アルミニウム、チタンおよびジルコニウムからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種であることが好ましく、アルミニウムであることが特に好ましい。
[式(I)中、M1は、Al、TiおよびZrからなる群より選ばれる。X1は、F、Cl、Br、I、R2O−、R3C(=O)O−、(R4C(=O))2CH−およびNO3からなる群より選ばれる。R1、R2、R3およびR4はそれぞれ、アルキル基、アラルキル基、アリール基およびアルケニル基からなる群より選ばれる。式(I)において、複数のX1が存在する場合には、それらのX1は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR1が存在する場合には、それらのR1は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR2が存在する場合には、それらのR2は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR3が存在する場合には、それらのR3は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR4が存在する場合には、それらのR4は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。nはM1の原子価に等しい。mは1〜nの整数を表す。]
リン化合物(B)は、金属酸化物(A)と反応可能な部位を含有し、典型的には、そのような部位を複数含有する。好ましい一例では、リン化合物(B)は、そのような部位(原子団または官能基)を2〜20個含有する。そのような部位の例には、金属酸化物(A)の表面に存在する官能基(たとえば水酸基)と反応可能な部位が含まれる。たとえば、そのような部位の例には、リン原子に直接結合したハロゲン原子や、リン原子に直接結合した酸素原子が含まれる。それらのハロゲン原子や酸素原子は、金属酸化物(A)の表面に存在する水酸基と縮合反応(加水分解縮合反応)を起こすことができる。金属酸化物(A)の表面に存在する官能基(たとえば水酸基)は、通常、金属酸化物(A)を構成する金属原子(M)に結合している。
反応生成物(R)には、金属酸化物(A)およびリン化合物(B)のみが反応することによって生成される反応生成物が含まれる。また、反応生成物(R)には、金属酸化物(A)とリン化合物(B)とさらに他の化合物とが反応することによって生成される反応生成物も含まれる。反応生成物(R)は、後述する製造方法で説明する方法によって形成できる。
層(Y)において、金属酸化物(A)を構成する金属原子のモル数(NM)とリン化合物(B)に由来するリン原子のモル数(NP)との比率について、0.8≦モル数(NM)/モル数(NP)≦4.5の関係を満たすことが好ましく、1.0≦モル数(NM)/モル数(NP)≦3.6の関係を満たすことがより好ましく、1.1≦モル数(NM)/モル数(NP)≦3.0の関係を満たすことがさらに好ましい。モル数(NM)/モル数(NP)の値が4.5を超えると、金属酸化物(A)がリン化合物(B)に対して過剰となり、金属酸化物(A)の粒子同士の結合が不充分となり、また、金属酸化物(A)の表面に存在する水酸基の量が多くなるため、バリア性と耐水性が低下する傾向がある。一方、モル数(NM)/モル数(NP)の値が0.8未満であると、リン化合物(B)が金属酸化物(A)に対して過剰となり、金属酸化物(A)との結合に関与しない余剰なリン化合物(B)が多くなり、また、リン化合物(B)由来の水酸基の量が多くなりやすく、やはりバリア性と耐水性が低下する傾向がある。
層(Y)は、特定の重合体(C)をさらに含んでもよい。重合体(C)は、水酸基、カルボキシル基、カルボン酸無水物基、およびカルボキシル基の塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の官能基(f)を有する重合体である。層(Y)において重合体(C)は、それが有する官能基(f)によって金属酸化物(A)の粒子およびリン化合物(B)に由来するリン原子の一方または両方と直接的にまたは間接的に結合していてもよい。別の観点では、層(Y)において反応生成物(R)は、重合体(C)が金属酸化物(A)やリン化合物(B)と反応するなどして生じる重合体(C)部分を有していてもよい。なお、本明細書において、リン化合物(B)としての要件を満たす重合体であって官能基(f)を含む重合体は、重合体(C)には含めずにリン化合物(B)として扱う。
層(Y)の厚さ(外被材(E)が2層以上の層(Y)を有する場合には各層(Y)の厚さの合計)は、4.0μm以下であることが好ましく、2.0μm以下であることがより好ましく、1.0μm以下であることがさらに好ましく、0.9μm以下であってもよい。層(Y)を薄くすることによって、層(Y)を含む積層体の加工時における寸法変化を低減し、また、層(Y)を含む積層体の柔軟性が増すことができる。本発明に用いられる外被材(E)では、層(Y)の厚さの合計が1.0μm以下(例えば0.9μm以下)の場合でも、高温高湿条件(たとえば、85℃、85%RH)においても、良好なガスバリア性および水蒸気バリア性を維持することができる。また、層(Y)の厚さ(外被材(E)が2層以上の層(Y)を有する場合には各層(Y)の厚さの合計)は、0.1μm以上(例えば0.2μm以上)であることが好ましい。なお、層(Y)1層当たりの厚さは、本発明の外被材(E)のバリア性がより良好になる観点から、0.05μm以上(例えば0.15μm以上)であることが好ましい。層(Y)の厚さは、層(Y)の形成に用いられる後述するコーティング液(U)の濃度や、その塗布方法によって制御することができる。
本発明に用いられる層(Y)は、通常、基材(K)上に積層して使用される。基材(K)の材質に特に制限はなく、様々な材質からなる基材を用いることができる。基材(K)の材質としては、例えば、熱可塑性樹脂、熱硬化性樹脂等の樹脂;布帛、紙類等の繊維集合体;木材;ガラス;金属;金属酸化物などが挙げられる。なお、基材(K)は複数の材質からなる複合構成または多層構成のものであってもよい。
本発明に用いられる外被材(E)において、層(Y)は、基材(K)と直接接触するように積層されていてもよいが、基材(K)と層(Y)との間に配置された接着層(H)を介して層(Y)が基材(K)に積層されていてもよい。この構成によれば、基材(K)と層(Y)との接着性を高めることができる場合がある。接着層(H)は、接着性樹脂で形成してもよい。接着性樹脂からなる接着層(H)は、基材(K)の表面を公知のアンカーコーティング剤で処理するか、基材(K)の表面に公知の接着剤を塗布することによって形成できる。当該接着剤としては、ポリイソシアネート成分とポリオール成分とを混合し反応させる二液反応型ポリウレタン系接着剤が好ましい。また、アンカーコーティング剤や接着剤に、公知のシランカップリング剤などの少量の添加剤を加えることによって、さらに接着性を高めることができる場合がある。シランカップリング剤の好適な例としては、イソシアネート基、エポキシ基、アミノ基、ウレイド基、メルカプト基などの反応性基を有するシランカップリング剤を挙げることができる。基材(K)と層(Y)とを接着層(H)を介して強く接着することによって、本発明の真空断熱材の外被材(E)を製造する際や加工を施す際に、バリア性や外観の悪化をより効果的に抑制することができる。
本発明の真空断熱材に用いられる外被材(E)は、無機蒸着層(Z)を少なくとも1層含んでいてもよい。
以下、本発明に用いられる外被材(E)に含まれる層(Y)の製造方法について説明する。この方法によれば、層(Y)を容易に製造できる。層(Y)の製造方法に用いられる材料等は、上述したものと同様であるので、重複する部分については説明を省略する場合がある。たとえば、金属酸化物(A)、リン化合物(B)、および重合体(C)に対して、上記層(Y)の説明における記載を適用することが可能である。なお、層(Y)の製造方法について説明した事項については、層(Y)に適用できる。また、層(Y)について説明した事項については、層(Y)の製造方法に適用できる。
工程(I)で用いられる、金属酸化物(A)と反応可能な部位を含有する少なくとも1種の化合物を、以下では、「少なくとも1種の化合物(Z)」という場合がある。工程(I)では、金属酸化物(A)と、少なくとも1種の化合物(Z)と、溶媒とを少なくとも混合する。1つの観点では、工程(I)では、金属酸化物(A)と、少なくとも1種の化合物(Z)とを含む原料を、溶媒中で反応させる。当該原料は、金属酸化物(A)および少なくとも1種の化合物(Z)の他に、他の化合物を含んでもよい。典型的には、金属酸化物(A)は粒子の形態で混合される。
工程(a):金属酸化物(A)を含む液体(S)を調製する工程。
工程(b):リン化合物(B)を含む溶液(T)を調製する工程。
工程(c):上記工程(a)および(b)で得られた液体(S)と溶液(T)とを混合する工程。
工程(II)では、基材(K)上にコーティング液(U)を塗布することによって、基材(K)上に層(Y)の前駆体層を形成する。コーティング液(U)は、基材(K)の少なくとも一方の面の上に直接塗布してもよい。また、コーティング液(U)を塗布する前に、基材(K)の表面を公知のアンカーコーティング剤で処理したり、基材(K)の表面に公知の接着剤を塗布したりするなどして、基材(K)の表面に接着層(H)を形成しておいてもよい。
工程(III)では、工程(II)で形成された前駆体層(層(Y)の前駆体層)を、処理することによって層(Y)を形成する。前駆体層を処理する方法としては、熱処理、紫外線等の電磁波照射などが挙げられる。工程(III)で行われる処理は、金属酸化物(A)とリン化合物(B)とを反応させる処理であってもよい。たとえば、工程(III)で行われる処理は、金属酸化物(A)とリン化合物(B)とを反応させることによって、リン化合物(B)に由来するリン原子を介して金属酸化物(A)の粒子同士を結合させる処理であってもよい。通常、工程(III)は、前記前駆体層を110℃以上の温度で熱処理する工程である。なお、特に限定されるわけではないが、前記前駆体層の赤外線吸収スペクトルにおいては、800〜1400cm−1の範囲における最大吸光度(A1’)と、2500〜4000cm−1の範囲における水酸基の伸縮振動に基づく最大吸光度(A2’)とが、吸光度(A2’)/吸光度(A1’)>0.2の関係を満たす場合がある。
本発明の真空断熱材に用いられる外被材(E)は、樹脂層(X)および層(Y)のみによって構成されてもよいし、樹脂層(X)、層(Y)および無機蒸着層(Z)のみによって構成されていてもよいし、これらに加えて上記した基材(K)や接着層(H)を含んでもよい。また、外被材(E)は、これらの層をそれぞれ複数含んでもよい。さらに、外被材(E)は、樹脂層(X)、層(Y)、無機蒸着層(Z)、基材(K)および接着層(H)以外の他の部材(例えば熱可塑性樹脂フィルム層、紙層等の他の層など)をさらに含んでもよい。そのような他の部材(他の層など)を有する外被材(E)は、当該他の部材(他の層など)を直接または接着層を介して接着または形成することによって製造することができる。外被材(E)が、このような他の部材(他の層など)を備えることによって、外被材(E)の特性を向上させたり、新たな特性を付与したりすることができる。例えば、本発明の外被材(E)にヒートシール性を付与したり、バリア性や力学的物性をさらに向上させたりすることができる。
(1)層(Y)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(2)ポリエステル層//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(3)ポリエステル層//樹脂層(X)/層(Y)//PO層、
(4)ポリアミド層//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(5)ポリアミド層//樹脂層(X)/層(Y)//PO層、
(6)PO層//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(7)層(Y)/樹脂層(X)/層(Y)//PO層、
(8)ポリエステル層//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)/層(Y)//PO層、
(9)ポリアミド層//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)/層(Y)//PO層、
(10)PO層//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)/層(Y)//PO層、
(11)ポリエステル層/層(Y)//樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(12)ポリアミド層/層(Y)//樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(13)PO層/層(Y)//樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(14)ポリエステル層/層(Y)//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(15)ポリアミド層/層(Y)//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(16)PO層/層(Y)//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(17)ポリエステル層/層(Y)//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)/層(Y)//PO層、
(18)ポリアミド層/層(Y)//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)/層(Y)//PO層、
(19)PO層/層(Y)//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)/層(Y)//PO層、
(20)ポリエステル層/無機蒸着層(Z)//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(21)ポリアミド層/無機蒸着層(Z)//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(22)PO層/無機蒸着層(Z)//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(23)ポリエステル層/層(Y)//無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(24)ポリアミド層/層(Y)//無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(25)PO層/層(Y)//無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(26)層(Y)/無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(27)ポリエステル層//層(Y)/無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(28)ポリエステル層//層(Y)/樹脂層(X)/無機蒸着層(Z)//PO層、
(29)ポリアミド層//層(Y)/無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(30)PO層//層(Y)/無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(31)ポリエステル層/層(Y)//層(Y)/無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(32)ポリアミド層/層(Y)//層(Y)/無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(33)PO層/層(Y)//層(Y)/無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(34)ポリエステル層/無機蒸着層(Z)//層(Y)/無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(35)ポリアミド層/無機蒸着層(Z)//層(Y)/無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(36)PO層/無機蒸着層(Z)//層(Y)/無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)//PO層、
(37)ポリエステル層//無機蒸着層(Z)/樹脂層(X)/層(Y)//PO層、
(38)ポリエステル層//樹脂層(X)/無機蒸着層(Z)/層(Y)//PO層。
これらの中でも、高温高湿条件下で使用した場合にも外観に優れる真空断熱材を得るためには、上記層構成(1)、(2)、(4)、(6)〜(19)および(23)〜(33)が特に好ましい。
(1)少なくとも1層の樹脂層(X)が少なくとも1層の層(Y)よりも芯材側に位置する。
(2)少なくとも1層の層(Y)が、少なくとも1層の樹脂層(X)に直接積層されている。
(3)無機蒸着層(Z)を少なくとも1層含む。
(4)少なくとも1層の樹脂層(X)および/または少なくとも1層無機蒸着層(Z)が少なくとも1層の層(Y)よりも芯材側に位置する。
(5)少なくとも1層の無機蒸着層(Z)が、少なくとも1層の樹脂層(X)に直接積層されている。
(6)少なくとも1層の層(Y)、少なくとも1層の無機蒸着層(Z)、少なくとも1層の樹脂層(X)がこの順に直接積層されている。
(性能1)真空断熱材を85℃、85%RHの条件下で50日間保管した後における外被材(E)の酸素透過度(Of)が、保管前の酸素透過度(Os)に対して5.0倍以下である。
(性能2)外被材(E)の保管前の酸素透過度(Os)が、40℃、90/0%RHの条件下において、0.10ml/(m2・day・atm)以下である。
本発明の真空断熱材に使用される芯材は、断熱性を有するものである限り特に制限はない。たとえば、芯材として、パーライト粉末、シリカ粉末、沈降シリカ粉末、ケイソウ土、ケイ酸カルシウム、ガラスウール、ロックウール、および樹脂の発泡体(たとえばスチレンフォームやウレタンフォーム)などが例示できる。また、芯材として、樹脂や無機材料製の中空容器や、ハニカム状構造体などを使用してもよい。また、必要に応じて、水蒸気やガスなどを吸着するゲッター材を芯材に含んでもよい。
本発明の真空断熱材においては、外被材(E)内の空間部は真空状態にある。ここでいう真空状態とは必ずしも絶対的な真空状態を意味せず、外被材内の空間部の圧力が大気圧より充分に低いことを示す。内部圧力は、必要な性能と製造の容易さなどから決定されるが、通常、断熱性能を発揮させるためには2kPa(約15Torr)以下である。本発明の真空断熱材の断熱効果を充分に発現させるためには、外被材内部圧力は200Pa(約1.5Torr)以下であることが好ましく、20Pa以下であることがより好ましく、2Pa以下であることがさらに好ましい。外被材内の空間部の圧力の下限に限定はないが、圧力は0.001Pa〜2KPaの範囲にあってもよい。
(方法1)まず、少なくとも一方の表面にヒートシール層が配置された2枚の外被材(E)を用意する。その2枚の外被材(E)を、各々のヒートシール層が内側となるように重ね合わせ、任意の3辺をヒートシールする。次に、外被材の内部に芯材を充填する。次に、外被材の内部の空間を真空状態にし、そのままの状態で最後の辺をヒートシールする。このようにして真空断熱材が得られる。
(方法2)まず、1枚の外被材(E)をヒートシ−ル層が内側となるように折り曲げ、任意の2辺をヒートシールする。次に、外被材(E)の内部に芯材を充填する。次に、外被材(E)の内部の空間を真空状態にし、そのままの状態で最後の辺をヒートシールする。このようにして真空断熱材が得られる。
(方法3)まず、2枚の外被材(E)で芯材を挟むか、または外被材(E)を折り曲げるようにして芯材を挟む。次に、外被材(E)が重なっている周縁部を、真空排気口を残してヒートシールする。次に、外被材(E)の内部の空間を真空状態にし、そのままの状態で真空排気口をヒートシールする。このようにして真空断熱材が得られる。
本発明の真空断熱材は、保冷や保温が必要な各種用途に使用することができる。特に、本発明の真空断熱材は、高温高湿下で使用される場合にも、断熱性能の経時的な劣化が極めて起こり難いので、断熱材として充分な耐用期間を達成することが可能となり、給湯機用タンク、温水トイレ用タンク、自動販売機用タンク、燃料電池用タンク、自動車用タンク、食品などの保温用バッグ、温かいペットボトルや缶の保温用、洗濯機のドラムの保温用、コーヒーやお茶のサーバー、ジャーポットといった断熱性を必要とするあらゆる保温の用途にも有用である。
実施例で形成される層(Y)の赤外線吸収スペクトルは、以下の方法で測定した。
実施例または比較例で製造した真空断熱材から、10cm×10cmの大きさの外被材(E)を切り出し、測定用サンプルとした。酸素透過度(OTR)は、酸素透過量測定装置(モダンコントロール社製「MOCON OX−TRAN2/20」)を用いて測定した。具体的には、酸素供給側に層(Y)が向き、キャリアガス側に後述するCPPの層が向くように外被材をセットし、温度が40℃、酸素供給側の湿度が90%RH、キャリアガス側の湿度が0%RH、酸素圧が1気圧、キャリアガス圧力が1気圧の条件下で酸素透過度(単位:ml/(m2・day・atm))を測定した。キャリアガスとしては2体積%の水素ガスを含む窒素ガスを使用した。
実施例または比較例で製造した真空断熱材を、85℃、85%RHで50日間保管した後、10cm×10cmの大きさの外被材(E)を切り出し、測定用サンプルとした。酸素透過度(OTR)は、酸素透過量測定装置(モダンコントロール社製「MOCON OX−TRAN2/20」)を用いて測定した。具体的には、酸素供給側に層(Y)が向き、キャリアガス側に後述するCPPの層が向くように外被材をセットし、温度が40℃、酸素供給側の湿度が90%RH、キャリアガス側の湿度が0%RH、酸素圧が1気圧、キャリアガス圧力が1気圧の条件下で酸素透過度(単位:ml/(m2・day・atm))を測定した。キャリアガスとしては2体積%の水素ガスを含む窒素ガスを使用した。
85℃、85%RHで50日間保管した後の真空断熱材の外観変化を、目視によって下記のように評価した。
A:保管前とほとんど変化が見られない
B:外被材(E)に気泡、デラミ、ムラなどの変化が見られる
層(Y)を製造するために使用したコーティング液(U)の製造例を示す。
蒸留水90質量部に60質量%の硝酸水溶液0.28質量部を加え、撹拌しながら75℃に昇温した。得られた水溶液に、アルミニウムイソプロポキシド20質量部を1時間かけて滴下し、液温を徐々に95℃まで上昇させ、発生するイソプロパノールを留出させることによって加水分解縮合を行った。次いで、60質量%の硝酸水溶液2.2質量部を添加し、95℃で1時間撹拌することによって、解膠させた。こうして得られた分散液を、固形分濃度がアルミナ換算で10質量%になるように希釈し、分散液(S)を得た。
比較として、層(YC)を製造するために使用したコーティング液(V)の製造例を示す。
蒸留水980質量部にポリビニルアルコール20質量部添加し、低速攪拌下で95℃に昇温し、そのまま1時間攪拌して溶解させ、2質量%のポリビニルアルコール水溶液を得た。次に、蒸留水980質量部に合成スメクタイト(スメクトンSA;クニミネ工業(株)製)20質量部を粉末のまま添加し、高速攪拌を90分間行い、固形分濃度が2質量%のスメクタイト水溶液を得た。このようにして得た2質量%のポリビニルアルコール水溶液と2質量%のスメクタイト水溶液を1/2の重量比で混合および攪拌し、さらに、シリコーン系界面活性剤SH3746(東レ・ダウコーニング(株)製)をトータル液量に対し、0.01質量%添加し、コーティング液(V)を得た。
基材として、2軸延伸エチレンービニルアルコール共重合体フィルム(株式会社クラレ製「エバールEF−XL」(商品名)、厚さ12μm、「EVOH」と略記することがある)を準備した。その基材(EVOH)上に、乾燥後の厚さが0.5μmとなるようにバーコータによってコーティング液(U)をコートし、100℃で5分間乾燥することによって層(Y1)の前駆体層を形成した。得られた積層体に対して、乾燥機を用いて160℃で1分間の熱処理を施し、層(Y1)(0.5μm)/EVOH(12μm)という構造を有する積層体(A1)を得た。得られた積層体(A1)について、上記した方法によって、層(Y1)(層(Y))の赤外線吸収スペクトルを測定した。
外被材(E)の層構成、製造条件を表1に示す通りに変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様の方法により、実施例2〜13および比較例1〜9の真空断熱材を作製した。得られた真空断熱材を実施例1と同様の方法で評価した。評価結果を表2に示す。ここで、表1の外被材(E)に使用したフィルムは、下記の通りである。
PET:延伸ポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルム(東レ株式会社製「ルミラーP60」(商品名)、厚さ12μm)
ONY:延伸ナイロンフィルム(ユニチカ株式会社製「エンブレム ON−BC」(商品名)、厚さ15μm)
VM−PET:アルミ蒸着延伸ポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルム(東レ株式会社製「VM−PET1310」(商品名)、厚さ12μm)
VM−EVOH:アルミ蒸着2軸延伸エチレンービニルアルコール共重合体フィルム(株式会社クラレ製「エバールVM−XL」(商品名)、厚さ12μm)
PVA:2軸延伸ポリビニルアルコールフィルム(厚さ12μm)
なお、表1においてVM−EVOHのようなアルミ蒸着フィルムは、蒸着層であるVM層とEVOH層の層構成も考慮して「VM−EVOH」または「EVOH−VM」と表している。例えば、実施例8の外被材(E)においてはVM−EVOHのVM層(蒸着層)が層(Y)側に、EVOH層がCPP層側になるよう積層されていることを示す。このような表記は、VM−PETについても同様である。
また、基材上にコーティング液(U)を塗布することによって、形成された層(Y)の前駆体層を層(Y’)とした。
このような特性を活かし、本発明の真空断熱材は、保冷や保温が必要な各種用途に使用することができる。特に、本発明の真空断熱材は、高温高湿下で使用される場合にも、断熱性能の経時的な劣化が極めて起こり難いので、断熱材として充分な耐用期間を達成することが可能となり、給湯機用タンク、温水トイレ用タンク、自動販売機用タンク、燃料電池用タンク、自動車用タンク、食品などの保温用バッグ、温かいペットボトルや缶の保温用、洗濯機のドラムの保温用、コーヒーやお茶のサーバー、ジャーポットといった断熱性を必要とするあらゆる保温の用途にも有用である。
Claims (18)
- ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂層(X)および層(Y)を有する外被材(E)で芯材を覆って前記外被材(E)の内部を減圧シールしてなる真空断熱材であって、
前記層(Y)は、反応生成物(R)を含み、前記反応生成物(R)は、少なくとも金属酸化物(A)とリン化合物(B)とが反応してなる反応生成物である、真空断熱材。 - 前記金属酸化物(A)は、加水分解可能な特性基が結合した金属原子(M)を含有する化合物(L)の加水分解縮合物であって、前記化合物(L)が、以下の式(I)で示される少なくとも1種の化合物(L1)を含む、請求項1に記載の真空断熱材。
M1X1 mR1 (n−m) (I)
[式(I)中、M1は、Al、TiおよびZrからなる群より選ばれる。X1は、F、Cl、Br、I、R2O−、R3C(=O)O−、(R4C(=O))2CH−およびNO3からなる群より選ばれる。R1、R2、R3およびR4はそれぞれ、アルキル基、アラルキル基、アリール基およびアルケニル基からなる群より選ばれる。式(I)において、複数のX1が存在する場合には、それらのX1は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR1が存在する場合には、それらのR1は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR2が存在する場合には、それらのR2は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR3が存在する場合には、それらのR3は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。式(I)において、複数のR4が存在する場合には、それらのR4は互いに同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。nはM1の原子価に等しい。mは1〜nの整数を表す。] - 前記リン化合物(B)が、リン酸、ポリリン酸、亜リン酸、ホスホン酸およびそれらの誘導体からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物である、請求項1または2に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記金属酸化物(A)を構成する金属原子のモル数(NM)と前記リン化合物(B)に由来するリン原子のモル数(NP)とが、0.8≦モル数(NM)/モル数(NP)≦4.5の関係を満たす、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記層(Y)の赤外線吸収スペクトルにおいて、800〜1400cm−1の範囲における最大吸収波数(n1)が1080〜1130cm−1の範囲にある、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の真空断熱材。
- 800〜1400cm−1の範囲における前記層(Y)の赤外線吸収スペクトルにおいて、前記金属酸化物(A)を構成する結合、前記リン化合物(B)を構成する結合、並びに、前記金属酸化物(A)と前記リン化合物(B)とがそれ自身でおよび/または互いに反応して形成された結合に由来する全ての赤外線吸収ピークの中で、前記金属酸化物(A)を構成する金属原子(M)と前記化合物(B)に由来するリン原子(P)とが、酸素原子(O)を介して結合したM−O−Pで表される結合に由来する赤外線吸収ピークが最大となり、前記最大となる赤外線吸収ピークの波数(n1)が1080〜1130cm−1の範囲にある、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記層(Y)の赤外線吸収スペクトルにおいて、前記最大吸収波数(n1)における吸光度(A1)と2500〜4000cm−1の範囲における水酸基の伸縮振動に基づく最大吸収波数(n2)における吸光度(A2)とが、吸光度(A2)/吸光度(A1)≦0.2の関係を満たす、請求項5または6に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記波数(n1)の吸収ピークの半値幅が200cm−1以下である、請求項5〜7のいずれか1項に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記外被材(E)において、前記樹脂層(X)が前記層(Y)よりも芯材側に位置する、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記層(Y)が、前記樹脂層(X)に直接積層されている、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂が、エチレン含有量10〜60モル%、ケン化度90モル%以上のエチレン−ビニルアルコール共重合体樹脂である、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記外被材(E)が、さらに無機蒸着層(Z)を有する、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記無機蒸着層(Z)がアルミニウムの蒸着層である、請求項12に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記外被材(E)において、前記樹脂層(X)および/または前記無機蒸着層(Z)が前記層(Y)よりも芯材側に位置する、請求項12または13に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記無機蒸着層(Z)が、前記樹脂層(X)に直接積層されている、請求項12〜14のいずれか1項に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記外被材(E)において、外側から前記層(Y)、前記無機蒸着層(Z)、前記樹脂層(X)がこの順に直接積層されている、請求項12〜15のいずれか1項に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記真空断熱材を85℃、85%RHの条件下で50日間保管した後における前記外被材(E)の酸素透過度(Of)が、保管前の酸素透過度(Os)に対して5.0倍以下である、請求項1〜16のいずれか1項に記載の真空断熱材。
- 前記保管前の酸素透過度(Os)が、40℃、90/0%RHの条件下において、0.10ml/(m2・day・atm)以下である、請求項17に記載の真空断熱材。
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JP2011540255A Active JP4961054B2 (ja) | 2010-03-30 | 2011-03-30 | 複合構造体、それを用いた包装材料および成形品、複合構造体の製造方法、ならびにコーティング液 |
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EP (1) | EP2554367B1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP4961054B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101757180B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN102821945B (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2011233415B2 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2592510T3 (ja) |
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JP2018189189A (ja) * | 2017-05-09 | 2018-11-29 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 真空断熱材用外包材、真空断熱材、および真空断熱材付き物品 |
JP2018189188A (ja) * | 2017-05-09 | 2018-11-29 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 真空断熱材用外包材、真空断熱材、および真空断熱材付き物品 |
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WO2020262665A1 (ja) | 2019-06-27 | 2020-12-30 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 真空断熱材用外包材、真空断熱材、および真空断熱材付き物品 |
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JPWO2011122036A1 (ja) | 2013-07-04 |
AU2011233415B2 (en) | 2015-06-04 |
US9260622B2 (en) | 2016-02-16 |
US20160096194A1 (en) | 2016-04-07 |
WO2011122036A1 (ja) | 2011-10-06 |
JP5735835B2 (ja) | 2015-06-17 |
KR20130018282A (ko) | 2013-02-20 |
CN102821945A (zh) | 2012-12-12 |
JP4961054B2 (ja) | 2012-06-27 |
AU2011233415A1 (en) | 2012-10-25 |
CN102821945B (zh) | 2015-01-28 |
KR101757180B1 (ko) | 2017-07-12 |
US20130034674A1 (en) | 2013-02-07 |
EP2554367B1 (en) | 2016-06-29 |
EP2554367A1 (en) | 2013-02-06 |
EP2554367A4 (en) | 2013-09-18 |
US10814350B2 (en) | 2020-10-27 |
ES2592510T3 (es) | 2016-11-30 |
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