JP2009221086A - 水素生成装置、アンモニア燃焼内燃機関、及び燃料電池 - Google Patents
水素生成装置、アンモニア燃焼内燃機関、及び燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009221086A JP2009221086A JP2008070360A JP2008070360A JP2009221086A JP 2009221086 A JP2009221086 A JP 2009221086A JP 2008070360 A JP2008070360 A JP 2008070360A JP 2008070360 A JP2008070360 A JP 2008070360A JP 2009221086 A JP2009221086 A JP 2009221086A
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- ammonia
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 718
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 360
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 282
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 282
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 263
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 119
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 187
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium hydride Chemical compound [LiH] SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- NTTOTNSKUYCDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium hydride Chemical compound [KH] NTTOTNSKUYCDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012312 sodium hydride Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000105 potassium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000102 alkali metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000008046 alkali metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 19
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AEHYRSFAEUPFTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ru].[Ba] Chemical compound [Ru].[Ba] AEHYRSFAEUPFTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000005056 cell body Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- FZKDURCLMTYEER-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lanthanum Chemical compound [Co].[Co].[Co].[La] FZKDURCLMTYEER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
【解決手段】第1の温度範囲においてアンモニアと反応して水素を生成する水素生成物質を有する、第1のアンモニア転化部10;第2の温度範囲においてアンモニアを水素及び窒素に分解するアンモニア分解触媒を有する、第2のアンモニア転化部20;アンモニアを供給する、アンモニア供給部30;及びアンモニア供給部から第1及び第2のアンモニア転化部にアンモニアを供給する、アンモニア供給流路31を有し、第1の温度範囲が、第2の温度範囲よりも低い温度を含み、且つ第1及び第2のアンモニア転化部を切り替えて用いて、アンモニアから水素を生成する、水素生成装置とする。また、この水素生成装置を有するアンモニア燃焼内燃機関及び燃料電池とする。
【選択図】図1
Description
第2の温度範囲においてアンモニアを水素及び窒素に分解するアンモニア分解触媒を有する、第2のアンモニア転化部;
アンモニアを供給する、アンモニア供給部;及び
前記アンモニア供給部から第1及び第2のアンモニア転化部にアンモニアを供給する、アンモニア供給流路;
を有し、第1の温度範囲が、第2の温度範囲よりも低い温度を含み、且つ第1及び第2のアンモニア転化部を切り替えて用いて、アンモニアから水素を生成する、水素生成装置。
ここで示される水素生成装置は、第1の温度範囲においてアンモニアと反応して水素を生成する水素生成物質を有する、第1のアンモニア転化部;第2の温度範囲においてアンモニアを水素及び窒素に分解するアンモニア分解触媒を有する、第2のアンモニア転化部;アンモニアを供給する、アンモニア供給部;及びアンモニア供給部から第1及び第2のアンモニア転化部にアンモニアを供給する、アンモニア供給流路を有する。
水素生成装置の1つの態様では、水素生成装置は、第2のアンモニア転化部で得た水素を第1のアンモニア転化部に供給する再生用水素流路を有する。この再生用水素流路によれば、第2のアンモニア転化部で得た水素を、第1のアンモニア転化部に供給して、水素生成反応後の水素生成物質を再生することができる。すなわち、この態様では、比較的高い温度範囲を必要とする第2のアンモニア転化部での水素の生成が可能になった段階で、第1のアンモニア転化部の水素生成物質を再生し、それによって第2のアンモニア転化部での水素生成ができない状態、第2のアンモニア転化部での水素生成に加えて第1のアンモニア転化部での水素の生成が必要な状態等に備えることができる。
水素生成装置の1つの態様では、第2のアンモニア転化部に熱を供給する熱源を有することができる。第2のアンモニア転化部においてアンモニアを水素及び窒素に分解する分解反応は、比較的高い温度を必要とし、またこの分解反応は吸熱反応であるので、熱エネルギーの供給を必要とする。したがって第2のアンモニア転化部に熱を供給することは、アンモニアを水素及び窒素に分解する分解反応を促進するために好ましいことがある。
水素生成装置の1つの態様では、第2のアンモニア転化部で得た水素を全て、第1のアンモニア転化部に供給する。
水素生成装置において用いることができる水素生成物質は、第2の温度範囲よりも低い温度を含む第1の温度範囲においてアンモニアと反応して水素を生成する任意の物質であってよい。
MIH + NH3 (吸熱) ←→ MINH2 + H2 (発熱)…式(1)
MIIH2 + 2NH3 (吸熱)
←→ MII(NH2)2 + 2H2 (発熱) …式(2)
2MI + 2NH3 (吸熱)
←→ 2MINH2 + H2 (発熱) …式(3)
2MII + 4NH3 (吸熱)
←→ 2MII(NH2)2 + 2H2 (発熱) …式(4)
水素生成装置において用いることができるアンモニア分解触媒は、アンモニアを水素及び窒素に分解する反応を促進する任意の物質であってよい。
2NH3 → 3H2 + N2 (吸熱) …式(5)
ここで示されるアンモニア燃焼内燃機関は、上記の水素生成装置及び内燃機関本体を有し、且つ内燃機関本体が、アンモニアに加えて、水素生成装置から供給される水素を燃焼させて動力を発生させるものである。ここでこの内燃機関本体としては、アンモニアを燃焼させて動力を発生させることができる任意の内燃機関本体を挙げることができ、これは例えば、特許文献1で示されているようなものである。
2NH3 + 3/2O2 → N2 + 3H2O + (発熱) …式(6)
アンモニア燃焼内燃機関は、内燃機関本体からの排ガスによって第1及び/又は第2のアンモニア転化部に熱を供給する熱交換用排ガス流路を更に有することができる。
アンモニア燃焼内燃機関の1つの態様では、第2のアンモニア転化部で得た水素を全て、第1のアンモニア転化部に供給する。
ここで示される燃料電池は、上記の水素生成装置及び燃料電池本体を有し、且つ水素生成装置から供給される水素を酸化させて電力を発生させるものである。ここで、この燃料電池本体としては、水素を燃料として用いる任意の燃料電池本体を挙げることができ、これ自体は当該技術分野で既知である。
以下では、水素生成物質の水素生成特性及び再生特性について評価する。
LiH + NH3 ←→ LiNH2 + H2 + 43kcal/mol
NaH + NH3 ←→ LiNH2 + H2 + 21kcal/mol
KH + NH3 ←→ LiNH2 + H2 + 25kcal/mol
以下では、水素生成装置において用いることができるアンモニア分解触媒によるアンモニアの分解特性について評価する。
15 第1の熱交換器
20 第2のアンモニア転化部
21 再生用水素流路
25 第2の熱交換器
30 アンモニア供給部
31 アンモニア供給流路
40 内燃機関本体
41 熱交換用排ガス流路
42 バイパス流路
50 燃料電池本体
100、200、310、410、510、610、710 水素生成装置
300、400、500、600 アンモニア燃焼内燃機関
700 燃料電池
M1〜M7 流量計
V1〜V4 バルブ
Claims (18)
- 第1の温度範囲においてアンモニアと反応して水素を生成する水素生成物質を有する、第1のアンモニア転化部;
第2の温度範囲においてアンモニアを水素及び窒素に分解するアンモニア分解触媒を有する、第2のアンモニア転化部;
アンモニアを供給する、アンモニア供給部;及び
前記アンモニア供給部から第1及び第2のアンモニア転化部にアンモニアを供給する、アンモニア供給流路;
を有し、第1の温度範囲が、第2の温度範囲よりも低い温度を含み、且つ第1及び第2のアンモニア転化部を切り替えて用いて、アンモニアから水素を生成する、水素生成装置。 - 前記水素生成物質が、大気温のもとで、加熱をしなくてもアンモニアと反応して水素を生成する物質であり、且つ前記アンモニア分解触媒が、大気温のもとで、加熱をしたときにのみアンモニアを水素及び窒素に分解することができる金属を含有する、請求項1に記載の水素生成装置。
- 第2のアンモニア転化部で得た水素を第1のアンモニア転化部に供給する再生用水素流路を有する、請求項1又は2に記載の水素生成装置。
- 第1及び/又は第2のアンモニア転化部に熱を供給する熱源を有する、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の水素生成装置。
- 前記熱源が、第1及び/又は第2のアンモニア転化部において生成した水素の燃焼/酸化によって発生する燃焼/酸化熱である、請求項4に記載の水素生成装置。
- 第2のアンモニア転化部で得た水素を全て、第1のアンモニア転化部に供給する、請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の水素生成装置。
- 前記アンモニア供給部から供給されるアンモニアを、第2のアンモニア転化部を介してのみ、第1のアンモニア転化部に供給する、請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の水素生成装置。
- 前記水素生成物質が、少なくとも0〜30℃を含む温度範囲においてアンモニアと反応して水素を生成する物質である、請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の水素生成装置。
- 前記水素生成物質が、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、アルカリ金属水素化物、及びアルカリ土類金属水素化物、及びそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される物質である、請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の水素生成装置。
- 前記水素生成物質が、アルカリ金属水素化物、及びアルカリ土類金属水素化物、及びそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される物質である、請求項9に記載の水素生成装置。
- 前記水素生成物質が、水素化リチウム、水素化ナトリウム、水素化カリウム、及びそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される物質である、請求項10に記載の水素生成装置。
- 前記アンモニア分解触媒が、遷移金属からなる群より選択される金属を含有する、請求項1〜11のいずれかに記載の水素生成装置。
- 前記アンモニア分解触媒が、ルテニウム、ニッケル、コバルト、及び鉄からなる群より選択される金属を含有する、請求項12に記載の水素生成装置。
- 請求項1〜13のいずれかに記載の水素生成装置及び内燃機関本体を有し、且つ前記内燃機関本体が、アンモニアに加えて、前記水素生成装置から供給される水素を燃焼させて動力を発生させる、アンモニア燃焼内燃機関。
- 前記内燃機関本体からの排ガスによって第1及び/又は第2のアンモニア転化部に熱を供給する熱交換用排ガス流路を更に有する、請求項14に記載のアンモニア燃焼内燃機関。
- 前記熱交換用排ガス流路が、前記排ガスを第1のアンモニア転化部からバイパスさせるバイパス流路を有する、請求項15に記載のアンモニア燃焼内燃機関。
- 前記内燃機関本体で燃焼させるアンモニアと水素のモル比(アンモニア:水素)が、100:0〜50:50の範囲である、請求項14〜16のいずれかに記載のアンモニア燃焼内燃機関。
- 請求項1〜13のいずれかに記載の水素生成装置及び燃料電池本体を有し、且つ前記燃料電池本体が、前記水素生成装置から供給される水素を酸化させて電力を発生させる、燃料電池。
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JP2012255420A (ja) * | 2011-06-10 | 2012-12-27 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | ガスタービンシステム |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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IL208201A (en) | 2016-03-31 |
ZA201006441B (en) | 2011-06-29 |
US9506400B2 (en) | 2016-11-29 |
MA32222B1 (fr) | 2011-04-01 |
JP5365037B2 (ja) | 2013-12-11 |
AU2009226379A1 (en) | 2009-09-24 |
CN102089237B (zh) | 2013-11-13 |
ES2375136B1 (es) | 2013-01-09 |
US20140238316A1 (en) | 2014-08-28 |
ES2375136A1 (es) | 2012-02-27 |
US20110008694A1 (en) | 2011-01-13 |
CN102089237A (zh) | 2011-06-08 |
AU2009226379B2 (en) | 2012-02-23 |
WO2009116679A1 (ja) | 2009-09-24 |
IL208201A0 (en) | 2010-12-30 |
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