JP5352323B2 - 水素生成装置及び水素生成方法 - Google Patents
水素生成装置及び水素生成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5352323B2 JP5352323B2 JP2009093167A JP2009093167A JP5352323B2 JP 5352323 B2 JP5352323 B2 JP 5352323B2 JP 2009093167 A JP2009093167 A JP 2009093167A JP 2009093167 A JP2009093167 A JP 2009093167A JP 5352323 B2 JP5352323 B2 JP 5352323B2
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims description 129
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 129
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 123
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 435
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 219
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 86
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 82
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 76
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 72
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 72
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 etc. Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002926 oxygen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
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Description
上記アンモニア酸化部の供給ガス流れ下流側に、上記アンモニア分解部が配置されており;且つ
下記の(i)及び(ii)の条件のいずれか又は両方を満たす:
(i)上記アンモニア酸化触媒が貴金属触媒及び卑金属触媒の両方を含み、且つ上記アンモニア酸化部の供給ガス流れ上流側部分における貴金属触媒担持濃度が、上記アンモニア酸化部の供給ガス流れ下流側部分における貴金属触媒担持濃度よりも高い、
(ii)上記アンモニア分解触媒が貴金属触媒及び卑金属触媒の両方を含み、且つ上記アンモニア分解部の供給ガス流れ下流側部分における貴金属触媒担持濃度が、上記アンモニア分解部の供給ガス流れ上流側部分における貴金属触媒担持濃度よりも高い、
アンモニアから水素を生成する水素生成装置。
〈2〉上記(i)及び(ii)の条件の両方を満たす、上記〈1〉項に記載の水素生成装置。
〈3〉アンモニア及び酸素を含有する供給ガスを上記アンモニア酸化部に供給し、アンモニアを部分酸化させて、アンモニア含有部分酸化ガスを得、そして上記アンモニア含有部分酸化ガスを、上記アンモニア分解部に供給し、アンモニアを窒素と水素とに分解して、水素含有生成ガスを得ること、及び
上記供給ガスの温度、及び/又は上記供給ガスにおけるアンモニアと酸素との比を調節することによって、アンモニア酸化部及び/又はアンモニア分解部における反応を制御すること、
を含む、上記〈1〉又は〈2〉項に記載の水素生成装置によってアンモニアから水素を生成する水素生成方法。
〈4〉上記アンモニア分解部から出る水素含有生成ガスの温度が所定温度以上になるように、供給ガスの温度、及び/又は供給ガスにおけるアンモニアと酸素との比を調節する、上記〈3〉項に記載の方法。
〈5〉上記〈1〉又は〈2〉項に記載の上記水素生成装置、及び上記水素生成装置によって水素を供給される燃料電池又は内燃機関を有する、燃料電池又は内燃機関システム。
本発明の水素生成装置は例えば、図1に示す構成を有することができる。ここで、図1で示される本発明の水素生成装置の第1の態様(51)は、アンモニアを酸化させるアンモニア酸化触媒(11a、11b)を有するアンモニア酸化部(10)、及びアンモニアを分解して窒素と水素とを生成させるアンモニア分解触媒(21)を有するアンモニア分解部(20)を有する。この水素生成装置(51)は、矢印61で示すようにしてアンモニア及び酸素を含有する供給ガスを供給され、且つ矢印62で示すようにして水素を含有する生成ガスを得ており、したがってアンモニア酸化部(10)の供給ガス流れ下流側に、アンモニア分解部(20)が配置されている。
NH3 + 3/4O2
→ 1/2N2 + 3/2H2O + 91cal/mol (発熱反応)
… (式1)
NH3 → 1/2N2 + 3/2H2 − 46cal/mol (吸熱反応)
… (式2)
また、本発明の水素生成装置は例えば、図2に示す構成を有することができる。ここで、図2で示される本発明の水素生成装置の第2の態様(52)は、アンモニアを酸化させるアンモニア酸化触媒(11)を有するアンモニア酸化部(10)、及びアンモニアを分解して窒素と水素とを生成させるアンモニア分解触媒(21a、21b)を有するアンモニア分解部(20)を有する。この水素生成装置(52)は、矢印61で示すようにしてアンモニア及び酸素を含有する供給ガスを供給され、且つ矢印62で示すようにして水素を含有する生成ガスを得ており、したがってアンモニア酸化部(10)の供給ガス流れ下流側に、アンモニア分解部(20)が配置されている。
また、本発明の水素生成装置は例えば、図3に示す構成を有することができる。ここで、図3で示される本発明の水素生成装置(53)は、アンモニアを酸化させるアンモニア酸化触媒(11a、11b)を有するアンモニア酸化部(10)、及びアンモニアを分解して窒素と水素とを生成させるアンモニア分解触媒(21a、21b)を有するアンモニア分解部(20)を有する。この水素生成装置(53)は、矢印61で示すようにしてアンモニア及び酸素を含有する供給ガスを供給され、且つ矢印62で示すようにして水素を含有する生成ガスを得ており、したがってアンモニア酸化部(10)の供給ガス流れ下流側に、アンモニア分解部(20)が配置されている。
本発明の水素生成装置において用いるアンモニア酸化触媒としては、貴金属触媒である白金、ルテニウム、パラジウム、ロジウム等、特に白金、及び卑金属触媒である鉄、コバルト、ニッケル等、特に鉄を挙げることができる。
本発明の水素生成装置において用いるアンモニア分解触媒としては、貴金属触媒である白金、ルテニウム、パラジウム、ロジウム等、特にルテニウム等、及び卑金属触媒である鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、タングステン、モリブデン、バナジウム等、特にニッケルを挙げることができる。
本発明の水素生成装置は任意の用途に用いることができ、例えば、燃料電池又は内燃機関、特に自動車等の移動媒体のための燃料電池又は内燃機関と組み合わせて用いることができる。本発明の水素生成装置によれば、単純な構成でアンモニアから水素を発生させることができ、またアンモニア酸化部及び/又はアンモニア分解部において比較的高価な貴金属触媒の使用量を抑制しつつ、アンモニアの酸化反応及び/又は分解反応を効果的に進行させることができる。したがって、例えば本発明の水素生成装置を自動車に搭載する場合には、排ガスの熱量が小さく、充分な温度の熱源として使用できないときにも、アンモニアを酸化させて必要な熱を供給することができる。
本発明の水素生成装置によってアンモニアから水素を生成する本発明の方法では、アンモニア及び酸素を含有する供給ガスをアンモニア酸化部に供給し、アンモニアを部分酸化させて、アンモニア含有部分酸化ガスを得、そしてこのようにして得たアンモニア含有部分酸化ガスを、アンモニア分解部に供給し、アンモニアを窒素と水素とに分解して、水素含有生成ガスを得ることができる。また、この場合、供給ガスの温度、及び/又は供給ガスにおけるアンモニアと酸素との比を調節することによって、アンモニア酸化部及び/又はアンモニア分解部における反応を制御することができる。
鉄触媒:酸化用卑金属触媒、具体的には直径1mmのペレット状に成形したアルミナ粉末に対して酸化鉄を5質量%担持してなる触媒。
ニッケル触媒:分解用卑金属触媒、具体的には直径1mmのペレット状に成形したアルミナ粉末に対してニッケルを10質量%担持してなる触媒。
ルテニウム触媒:分解用貴金属触媒、具体的には直径1mmのペレット状に成形したアルミナ粉末に対してルテニウムを5重量%担持してなる触媒。
{水素収率(%)}=
{生成水素量(NL)}/{供給アンモニア量(NL)×1.5}×100
11、11a、11b アンモニア酸化触媒
20 アンモニア分解部
21、21a、21b アンモニア分解触媒
50、51、52、53 本発明の水素生成装置
61 供給ガス流れを示す矢印
62 生成ガス流れを示す矢印
71 アンモニア供給部
72 ヒーター
73 空気供給部
Claims (5)
- アンモニアを酸化させるアンモニア酸化触媒を有するアンモニア酸化部、及びアンモニアを分解して窒素と水素とを生成させるアンモニア分解触媒を有するアンモニア分解部を具備し;
前記アンモニア酸化部の供給ガス流れ下流側に、前記アンモニア分解部が配置されており;且つ
下記の(i)及び(ii)の条件のいずれか又は両方を満たす:
(i)前記アンモニア酸化触媒が貴金属触媒及び卑金属触媒の両方を含み、且つ前記アンモニア酸化部の供給ガス流れ上流側部分における貴金属触媒担持濃度が、前記アンモニア酸化部の供給ガス流れ下流側部分における貴金属触媒担持濃度よりも高い、
(ii)前記アンモニア分解触媒が貴金属触媒及び卑金属触媒の両方を含み、且つ前記アンモニア分解部の供給ガス流れ下流側部分における貴金属触媒担持濃度が、前記アンモニア分解部の供給ガス流れ上流側部分における貴金属触媒担持濃度よりも高い、
アンモニアから水素を生成する水素生成装置。 - 上記(i)及び(ii)の条件の両方を満たす、請求項1に記載の水素生成装置。
- アンモニア及び酸素を含有する供給ガスを前記アンモニア酸化部に供給し、アンモニアを部分酸化させて、アンモニア含有部分酸化ガスを得、そして前記アンモニア含有部分酸化ガスを、前記アンモニア分解部に供給し、アンモニアを窒素と水素とに分解して、水素含有生成ガスを得ること、及び
前記供給ガスの温度、及び/又は前記供給ガスにおけるアンモニアと酸素との比を調節することによって、アンモニア酸化部及び/又はアンモニア分解部における反応を制御すること、
を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の水素生成装置によってアンモニアから水素を生成する水素生成方法。 - 前記アンモニア分解部から出る水素含有生成ガスの温度が所定温度以上になるように、供給ガスの温度、及び/又は供給ガスにおけるアンモニアと酸素との比を調節する、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の前記水素生成装置、及び前記水素生成装置によって水素を供給される燃料電池又は内燃機関を有する、燃料電池又は内燃機関システム。
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