JP2008507406A - テキスチャード膜およびカートリッジによる電気化学イオン交換 - Google Patents
テキスチャード膜およびカートリッジによる電気化学イオン交換 Download PDFInfo
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- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
- B01D61/445—Ion-selective electrodialysis with bipolar membranes; Water splitting
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Abstract
Description
式(3)により、それぞれが異なる総膜面積および/または異なる膜を有するセル102についての結果を正規化することができる。例えば、第1のセルが0.070m2の総膜面積を有するとすると、式(3)を使用するためには、最初に、全ての計算と比較について一貫して適用される面積Aを定義しなければならない。例えば、A=0.1m2(任意の値であって差し支えない)とする。この実例によるセルについて、N=0.70(実際のセルは0.070m2であり、それゆえ、所定の膜面積Aの0.7単位を含有する)。イオン除去または置換実験は、脱イオン化される溶液の容積、この実例については、1リットルを含む特定の条件下で完了する。実験では、処理済み溶液中に残留したイオンの分画Lを測定する。このセルについて、L=0.6(溶液中に60%のイオンが残留した)とすると、N=0.70であり、A=0.482と計算される。今では、1m2のこの膜により、任意のTDS減少レベルまで、この実例について、例えば、90%の減少まで処理できる供給水のリットル数を決定できる(90%のTDS減少および1平方メートルが、正規化因子として機能する)。L=0.1、A=0.482なので、N=3.16と計算できる。それゆえ、90%のTDS減少まで1リットルの水を処理するための膜の幾何学面積は0.316m2であり、特定の条件下で90%のTDS減少だけ減少できる水のリットル数は、3.16リットル/m2である。次いで、例として、1m2の膜当たり、90%のTDS減少まで処理できる水の容積によって、テキスチャーのあるものとないものの様々な膜を比較できる。
テキスチャーのない膜を有する従来の第1の電気化学セルの性能を、テキスチャード膜10により製造された第2の電気化学セル102の性能を比較するために、これらの具体例を実施した。両方のタイプのセルにおいて、一組の陽イオンおよび陰イオン交換層を一緒に貼り合わせることによって、膜を製造した。陽イオン交換層は、エクソン(Exxon)社からのSLX9090などのポリエチレン結合剤と混合された、レジンテック(Resintech)社から得られる商標名CG8−PWDの強酸性イオン交換樹脂粉末72質量%の混合物から製造した。陰イオン交換層12は、これもレジンテック社から得られる商標名SBG1P−PWDの強塩基性イオン交換樹脂粉末65質量%と同じポリエチレン結合剤との混合物から製造した。陰イオンおよび陽イオン交換材料は、各々別々にバンベリーミキサで混合した。次いで、混合組成物の各々を、別々にスラブにプレスし、水中で膨潤させ、次いで、7×14cmの小片に切断した。陰イオンおよび陽イオン交換スラブの対を、互いに積み重ねて膜シートを形成した。
これらの具体例において、螺旋状に巻かれたテキスチャーのない膜を有するセルの性能を、螺旋状に巻かれたテキスチャード膜10を有するセル102と比較した。両方のセルにおいて、膜10は、60質量%の強酸性イオン交換樹脂粉末(CG8−PWD、レジンテック社から)および40質量%のポリエチレン(SLX−9090、エクソン社から)のブレンドから作製された陽イオン交換層14、および65質量%の陰イオン交換樹脂粉末(SBG1P−PWD、レジンテック社)および34質量%の前記ポリエチレンから作製した陰イオン交換層12より製造した。イオン交換樹脂粉末は、150μm未満であり、2%未満の水を含む。イオン交換樹脂を熱分解させないように注意しながら、陽イオンおよび陰イオン交換物質をバンベリーミキサでそれぞれ混合した。膜シートは、25.4cm幅の押出ダイを用いて、シート押出しにより形成した。陽イオン交換層を最初に押し出して、0.025cm厚のシートを形成し、この層の上に陰イオン交換層を押し出して、水分解膜を製造した。押出ロール積層体を用いた第2の圧延工程を利用して、そのシートを0.028cm厚まで薄くし、水中での膨潤の際に、平らな水分解膜は、約0.038cm厚であった。
これらの具体例は、別個のスペーサ層により隔てられたテキスチャード膜10を持つカートリッジと比較して、インテグラル・スペーサ80を持つテキスチャード膜10を含むカートリッジの優れた性能を示す。具体例5において、カートリッジ100は、約50質量%の弱酸性陽イオン交換樹脂(ローム・アンド・ハース(Rohm and Haas)社からのHP333)および強塩基性陰イオン交換樹脂(レジンテック社からのSIR100)を含むテキスチャード膜10から作製した。各スリーブが約85cm長で約0.064cm厚の6枚の膜スリーブを構成し、6枚の0.0254cm(10ミル)厚のネットスペーサを巻き付け、全長13.8cmに切り取り、次いで、これに端部キャップを嵌めた。それゆえ、膜表面の全幾何学面積は0.70m2であり、直径は8.9cmであった。このカートリッジを、具体例3および4に記載したような電気化学セルにおいて特徴付けて、950μS/cmの初期導電率を持つ水の溶液流6.4リットルから90%のTDS減少を得た。0.60リットル/分・流量を提供するための圧力降下は6psi(約41.4kPa)であった。
12 陰イオン交換層
14 陽イオン交換層
100 カートリッジ
102 セル
104 ガスケット
106 コアチューブ
108 スペーサ
119 積層体
124,128 電極
129 ハウジング
134 電源
144 イオンセンサ
Claims (39)
- テキスチャーのある水分解膜であって、
(a) 間に複合型の水分解界面を形成する、陽イオン交換層に隣接した陰イオン交換層、および
(b) ピークと谷を間隔を置いて有するテキスチャー特徴構造のパターンを持つテキスチャード表面、
を有してなる膜。 - (i) 前記ピークが山の背であり、前記谷が、隣接する山の背の間の畝を含み、前記山の背と畝が、前記膜の使用中に溶液が該膜を横切って移動する方向に対して略平行である、または
(ii) 前記ピークが円錐状突出部またはメサを含み、該ピークが、前記谷を画成する実質的に平らな表面領域から延在している、
いずれかであることを特徴とする請求項1記載の膜。 - 前記テキスチャー特徴構造が:
(i) 前記膜の表面を横切って移動する溶液により該膜の表面で形成される停滞層の厚さより大きい寸法、
(ii) 少なくとも約2マイクロメートルの寸法、
(iii) 少なくとも約10マイクロメートルのピークからピークの距離dpp、
(iv) 少なくとも約10マイクロメートルのピークから谷の距離dpv、
(v) 少なくとも約0.1のアスペクト比dpv/dpp、および
(vi) 約0.1より大きいアスペクト比dpv/dpp、
の内の少なくとも1つを含むことを特徴とする請求項1記載の膜。 - 前記ピークを横切るチャンネルをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1記載の膜。
- 前記陰イオン交換層が−NR3A基を含み、前記陽イオン交換層が−SO3M基を含むことを特徴とする請求項1記載の膜。
- 前記テキスチャード表面上なインテグラル・スペーサをさらに含み、該インテグラル・スペーサが、
(i) 前記テキスチャード表面上のフィラメント、
(ii) 前記テキスチャー特徴構造のピーク上のコーティング、
(iii) 約1000マイクロメートル未満の厚さ、および
(iv) 約500マイクロメートル未満の厚さ、
の内の少なくとも1つにより特徴付けられることを特徴とする請求項1記載の膜。 - イオン交換電気化学セルのためのカートリッジであって、
(a) 互いに隣接した複数のテキスチャード膜であって、各々が、
(i) 間に複合型の水分解界面を形成する、陽イオン交換層に隣接した陰イオン交換層、および
(ii) ピークと谷を間隔を置いて有するテキスチャー特徴構造のパターンを持つテキスチャード表面、
を有する膜、
を備えたカートリッジ。 - (i) 前記ピークが山の背であり、前記谷が、隣接する山の背の間の畝を含み、前記山の背と畝が、前記膜の使用中に溶液が該膜を横切って移動する方向に対して略平行である、または
(ii) 前記ピークが円錐状突出部またはメサを含み、該ピークが、前記谷を画成する実質的に平らな表面領域から延在している、
いずれかであることを特徴とする請求項7記載のカートリッジ。 - 前記テキスチャー特徴構造が:
(i) 前記膜の表面を横切って移動する溶液により該膜の表面で形成される停滞層の厚さより大きい寸法、
(ii) 少なくとも約2マイクロメートルの寸法、
(iii) 少なくとも約10マイクロメートルのピークからピークの距離dpp、
(iv) 少なくとも約10マイクロメートルのピークから谷の距離dpv、
(v) 少なくとも約0.1のアスペクト比dpv/dpp、および
(vi) 約0.1より大きいアスペクト比dpv/dpp、
の内の少なくとも1つを含むことを特徴とする請求項7記載のカートリッジ。 - 前記テキスチャード表面上なインテグラル・スペーサをさらに含み、該インテグラル・スペーサが、
(i) 前記テキスチャード表面上のフィラメント、
(ii) 前記テキスチャー特徴構造のピーク上のコーティング、
(iii) 約1000マイクロメートル未満の厚さ、および
(iv) 約500マイクロメートル未満の厚さ、
の内の少なくとも1つにより特徴付けられることを特徴とする請求項7記載のカートリッジ。 - 前記テキスチャード膜がコアチューブの周りに螺旋状に巻き付けられており、端部キャップにより囲まれていることを特徴とする請求項7記載のカートリッジ。
- 前記端部キャップの少なくとも1つが、電極が通れる孔を有することを特徴とする請求項11記載のカートリッジ。
- 前記螺旋状に巻き付けられたテキスチャード膜が互いにずれていることを特徴とする請求項11記載のカートリッジ。
- 前記テキスチャード膜が互いに距離do=3.14×dc/nだけずれており、dcが、前記膜が上に巻かれる前記コアチューブの外径であることを特徴とする請求項13記載のカートリッジ。
- 前記ずれた膜の上端が互いに付着していることを特徴とする請求項13記載のカートリッジ。
- 両端の端部キャップがOリングシールを有することを特徴とする請求項11記載のカートリッジ。
- 溶液流からイオンを除去するまたは交換するための電気化学セルであって、請求項7記載のカートリッジ、および前記カートリッジの周りに第1と第2の電極を含むハウジングを有することを特徴とする電気化学セル。
- 請求項17記載の電気化学セルを含む電気化学イオン交換装置であって、
(a) 前記第1と第2の電極に電圧を供給するための電源、および
(b) 前記電気化学セルを通して溶液流を流すためのポンプ、
を含むことを特徴とする電気化学イオン交換装置。 - イオン交換電気化学セルのためのカートリッジを製造する方法であって、
(a) 各々が、(i)陰イオンおよび陽イオン交換物質、および(ii)互いに間隔が置かれたピークと谷を有するテキスチャー特徴構造のパターンを持つテキスチャード表面、を有する複数のテキスチャード膜を形成し、
(b) 互いにずれたテキスチャード膜のずれた膜積層体を形成し、
(c) コアチューブを提供し、該コアチューブの周りに前記ずれた膜積層体を巻き付けて、カートリッジロールを形成し、
(d) 前記カートリッジロールの上端と下端に端部キャップを取り付ける、
各工程を有してなる方法。 - (i) 前記膜の表面を横切って移動する溶液により該膜の表面で形成される停滞層の厚さより大きい寸法、
(ii) 少なくとも約2マイクロメートルの寸法、
(iii) 少なくとも約10マイクロメートルのピークからピークの距離dpp、
(iv) 少なくとも約10マイクロメートルのピークから谷の距離dpv、
(v) 少なくとも約0.1のアスペクト比dpv/dpp、および
(vi) 約0.1より大きいアスペクト比dpv/dpp、
の内の少なくとも1つを含むテキスチャー特徴構造を持つテキスチャード膜を形成する工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項19記載の方法。 - 工程(b)が、前記膜の上端が同じ方向に互いにずれているように、次々と前記膜を配置する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項19記載の方法。
- 前記膜の上端を、互いに距離do=3.14×dc/nだけずらす工程を含み、dcが、前記膜が上に巻かれる前記コアチューブの外径であることを特徴とする請求項21記載の方法。
- 工程(b)が、膜のサブアセンブリ積層体を1つ以上形成する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項19記載の方法。
- クリップ、接着剤、熱かしめ、縫い付け、リベット、ステープル、超音波接合または溶接により、前記ずらされた膜の上端を互いに付着させる工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項19記載の方法。
- 工程(c)が、前記コアチューブ上に前記ずらされた膜積層体の底面を位置決めし、前記膜積層体を引っぱるまたは半径方向の力を加えることによって、前記積層体に張力を維持しながら、前記コアチューブの周りに該積層体を巻き付ける工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項19記載の方法。
- 工程(c)が、前記カートリッジロールの上に外側スリーブを取り付ける工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項19記載の方法。
- 巻付けの前に、前記膜に外側スリーブを取り付け、該外側スリーブをそれ自体に、接着剤、溶接、または繊維により取り付ける工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項26記載の方法。
- 電気化学セルを形成する方法であって、溶液の入口と出口を有する電気化学セルのハウジングを提供し、前記コアチューブが前記溶液の出口と流体接続しているように前記ハウジング内に請求項16記載によるカートリッジを配置する各工程を有してなる方法。
- イオン交換電気化学セルのためのカートリッジを製造する方法であって、
(a) 各々が、(i)陰イオンおよび陽イオン交換物質、および(ii)互いに間隔が置かれたピークと谷を有するテキスチャー特徴構造のパターンを持つテキスチャード表面、を有する複数のテキスチャード膜を形成し、
(b) 前記膜の上端が同じ方向に互いからずれているように前記膜を互いに重ねることによって前記テキスチャード膜のずれた膜積層体を形成し、ずれた膜の上端を互いに付着させ、
(c) コアチューブを提供し、該コアチューブの周りに前記ずれた膜積層体を巻き付けて、カートリッジロールを形成し、
(d) 前記カートリッジロールの周りに外部スリーブを巻き付けて、それ自体で重複させ、
(e) 前記カートリッジロールの上端と下端に端部キャップを取り付ける、
各工程を有してなる方法。 - 電気化学セルを形成する方法であって、
(a) 溶液の入口と出口を有するハウジングを提供し、
(b) カートリッジを、
(1) 膜の上端が同じ方向に互いからずれているように前記膜を互いに重ねることによって膜積層体を形成し、ずれた膜の上端を互いに付着させ、
(2) コアチューブを提供し、該コアチューブの周りにずれた膜積層体を巻き付けて、カートリッジロールを形成し、
(3) 前記カートリッジロールの上端と下端に端部キャップを取り付ける、
ことによって形成し、
(c) 前記コアチューブが前記電気化学セルのハウジングの出口に流体接続しているように該ハウジング内に前記カートリッジロールを配置する、
各工程を有してなる方法。 - フランジを持つ端部キャップ延長部を有するカートリッジを含む電気化学イオン交換セルのためのハウジングであって、
(a) 底壁に連結された側壁、溶液の入口、および溶液の出口を有する容器、および
(b) 前記容器の側壁に取り外せるように取り付けられる取外し可能な蓋であって、該取外し可能な蓋が、その中を延在するキーホールを持つプレートを有し、前記キーホールが、前記端部キャップ延長部よりも大きい寸法を持つ第1の孔、および前記端部キャップ延長部の前記フランジよりも小さい寸法を持つ、前記第1の孔に開いた第2の孔を含むものである蓋、
を含むことを特徴とするハウジング。 - 前記キーホールが、円形である第1の孔、および半円形端を持つ細長い開口である第2の孔を含むことを特徴とする請求項31記載のハウジング。
- 前記プレートが、前記容器の側壁にある受容ネジ中にねじ込むためのネジ山を持つ側面を含むことを特徴とする請求項31記載のハウジング。
- 前記プレートが、作業者が前記蓋をねじ込むのを補助するハンドルを含むことを特徴とする請求項31記載のハウジング。
- 請求項31記載のハウジングを含む電気化学セルであって、テキスチャード表面を持つ、複数の螺旋状に巻かれた膜を有するカートリッジ、および前記膜の周りにある電極をさらに含むことを特徴とする電気化学セル。
- コアチューブを有するカートリッジを含む電気化学イオン交換セルのためのハウジングであって、
(a) 底壁に連結された側壁、溶液の入口、および溶液の出口を有する容器、および
(b) 前記容器の側壁に取り外せるように取り付けられる取外し可能な蓋であって、該取外し可能な蓋が、そこから外方に延在する中空ポストを持つプレートを含み、該中空ポストが、前記電気化学セルのカートリッジの端部キャップ延長部の内または外に摺動するようなサイズである取外し可能な蓋、
を含むことを特徴とするハウジング。 - 前記中空ポストの基部の周りの溝、および該溝にあるOリングをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項36記載のハウジング。
- 前記プレートが、そこから外方に延在する複数のピンを有する側面を含み、前記ピンが、前記容器の側壁にある窪んだ溝に嵌るようなサイズであることを特徴とする請求項36記載のハウジング。
- 請求項36記載のハウジングを含む電気化学セルであって、テキスチャード表面を持つ複数の螺旋状に巻かれた膜を有するカートリッジ、および前記膜の周りの電極をさらに含むことを特徴とする電気化学セル。
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JP5123662B2 (ja) | 2013-01-23 |
KR20070052285A (ko) | 2007-05-21 |
WO2006015034A2 (en) | 2006-02-09 |
BRPI0513753A (pt) | 2008-05-13 |
KR101359925B1 (ko) | 2014-02-10 |
WO2006015034A3 (en) | 2006-07-13 |
US20060016685A1 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
CN101001690B (zh) | 2011-04-06 |
EP1768768A2 (en) | 2007-04-04 |
EP1768768B1 (en) | 2014-05-14 |
US7959780B2 (en) | 2011-06-14 |
ES2473599T3 (es) | 2014-07-07 |
CN101001690A (zh) | 2007-07-18 |
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