EP1141079B1 - Biodegradable low molecular weight triblock polyester polyethylene glycol copolymers having reverse thermal gelation properties - Google Patents

Biodegradable low molecular weight triblock polyester polyethylene glycol copolymers having reverse thermal gelation properties Download PDF

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EP1141079B1
EP1141079B1 EP99954698A EP99954698A EP1141079B1 EP 1141079 B1 EP1141079 B1 EP 1141079B1 EP 99954698 A EP99954698 A EP 99954698A EP 99954698 A EP99954698 A EP 99954698A EP 1141079 B1 EP1141079 B1 EP 1141079B1
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block
polymer
drug
biodegradable
tri
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EP1141079A4 (en
EP1141079A1 (en
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Ramesh C. Rathi
Gaylen M. Zentner
Byeongmoon Jeong
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BTG International Inc
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Protherics Salt Lake City Inc
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Priority claimed from US09/164,865 external-priority patent/US6117949A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/91—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/66—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups
    • C08G63/664—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups derived from hydroxy carboxylic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A61K9/0024—Solid, semi-solid or solidifying implants, which are implanted or injected in body tissue
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
    • A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L71/02—Polyalkylene oxides

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to water soluble, low molecular weight, thermosensitive, biodegradable block copolymers having an high weight percentage(at least 50 percent) of hydrophobic block(s), and their use for parenteral, ocular, topical, transdermal, vaginal, buccal, transmucosal, pulmonary, transurethral, rectal, nasal, oral, or aural administration of drugs.
  • This invention is made possible by the use of thermosensitive biodegradable triblock polymers based on biodegradable polyester and polyethylene glycol(PEG) blocks, which are described in detail hereinafter.
  • the system is based on the discovery that only a select subset of such block copolymers with relatively low molecular weights and relatively high hydrophobic block polymer content exist as clear solutions at, or about, 5 °C to 25 °C in water but, when the temperature is raised to about body temperature (typically 37°C for humans), they spontaneously interact to form semisolid hydrogels (i.e., gels) that contain a high percentage of water entrapped within the gel network and yet are substantially insoluble in water.
  • semisolid hydrogels i.e., gels
  • polypeptides or proteins with their high molecular weight, degradation by gastrointestinal tract enzymes, and short half-life in the body are limited to parenteral administration by such routes as intravenous or intramuscular and subcutaneous injection.
  • Many peptide drugs are of limited solubility and/or stability in conventional liquid carriers and are therefore difficult to formulate and administer.
  • numerous administrations are required to get the expected therapeutic effect for an extended period of time. Long-term, controlled delivery of such polypeptides or proteins is essential to provide for the practical application of these medications and to utilize advanced biotechnology derived drugs. Another problem is patient compliance.
  • biodegradability meaning that the polymer can break down or degrade within the body to nontoxic components either concomitant with the drug release, or, after all the drug has been released.
  • techniques, procedures, solvents and other additives used to fabricate the device and load the drug should result in dosage forms that are safe for the patient, minimize irritation to surrounding tissue, and be a compatible medium for the drug.
  • biodegradable implantable controlled release devices are fabricated from solid polymers such as polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, or copolymers of glycolic and lactic acid.
  • Lupron Depot TM An FDA-approved system for controlled release of leuprolide acetate, the Lupron Depot TM , is also based on PLGA copolymers.
  • the Lupron Depot TM consists of injectable microspheres, which release leuprolide acetate over a prolonged period (e.g., about 30 days) for the treatment of prostate cancer. Based on this history of use, PLGA copolymers have been the materials of choice in the initial design of parenteral controlled release drug delivery systems using a biodegradable carrier.
  • This poloxamer is a block copolymer comprising about 80% by weight of a relatively hydrophobic poly(oxypropylene) block and 20% by weight of a hydrophilic poly(oxyethylene) block. Copolymerization with the poloxamer resulted in a stronger and partly crystalline material which was mechanically stable at physiological temperatures (e.g. 37°C) in water. The half-life of this copolymer was slightly increased compared to the base polymer. However, it is known that poloxamer-type surfactants are not biodegradable.
  • An optimum material for use as an injectable or implantable polymeric drug delivery device should be biodegradable, compatible with hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs, and allow fabrication with simple, safe solvents, such as water, and not require additional polymerization or other covalent bond forming reactions following administration.
  • One system which can be fabricated in aqueous solution is a class of block copolymers referenced above and marketed under the Pluronic TM tradename. These copolymers are composed of two different polymer blocks, i.e. hydrophilic poly(oxyethylene) blocks and hydrophobic poly(oxypropylene) blocks to make up a triblock of poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene)-poly(oxyethylene).
  • the triblock copolymers absorb water to form gels which exhibit reverse thermal gelation behavior.
  • the Pluronic TM system is nonbiodegradable and the gel properties (water soluble gel) and drug release kinetics (very rapid) from those gels have not proven useful and are in need of substantial improvement.
  • the gels degrade upon hydrolysis of the oligo( ⁇ -hydroxy acid) regions into polyethylene glycol, the ⁇ -hydroxy acid, and oligo(acrylic acid), and their degradation rates can be tailored by appropriate choice of the oligo( ⁇ -hydroxy acid) from less than 1 day to up to 4 months.
  • an additional component a photoinitiator, is employed, as well as an additional covalent bond-forming photocrosslinking reaction. Highly variable person-to-person performance would result with this approach due to interperson differences in skin thickness and opacity.
  • This polymer is similar to the polymers described in the Churchill patents discussed below and is utilized as an aqueous suspension or molded into a solid block for implantation. There is no indication that this polymer exhibits properties of reverse thermal gelation and so has to be injected as a solution instead of as a colloidal suspension of polymer.
  • angiopeptin A prolonged slow release of angiopeptin from the polymer gel, consisting of 0.5g PLA-PEG and 0.5 mg angiopeptin, was observed in vitro over a few weeks when the gel was kept in a buffer solution maintained at 37°C. No early burst release of angiopeptin was observed. Based on these results, the local sustained angiopeptin release from the biodegradable polymeric gel that was coated onto the injured vessel in vivo was theorized to be effective.
  • the cloud points of 2 wt% aqueous solutions of the copolymers were 65°C and 55°C for PCL-PEG-PCL (450:4000:450) and PCL-PEG-PCL (680:4000:680), respectively.
  • Reversible gelation on cooling of the solutions of PCL-PEG-PCL (680:4000:680) was observed at critical concentrations and temperatures ranging from 13% at 25°C to 30% at 80°C. No lower gel/sol transition was observed on further cooling the solutions to 0°C.
  • the in vitro degradation rate of PCL-PEG-PCL (680:4000:680) was very slow. Only about a 20% decrease in molar mass (from GPC) was observed over a 16 week period. Such slow degradation is insufficient for a practical drug delivery vehicle.
  • these polymers must contain more than 50% by weight of hydrophilic (B-block) component as compared to hydrophobic (A block) component or, are copolymers where the hydrophobic component (A block) has an average molecular weight of less than 5,000.
  • B-block hydrophilic
  • a block hydrophobic component
  • polymers having an average molecular weight as low as 1000 are mentioned, there is no direct teaching of use of such polymers, or that ABA type polymers having a molecular weight polymers having a hydrophobic content of at least 50% by weight.
  • these block copolymers are soluble in aqueous solutions at any temperature, nor is there any indication that drug/polymers can be administered as a solution.
  • administration is disclosed as a colloidal suspension of the polymer, or, drug/polymer dispersions are freeze dried into a powder and processed by compression molding to form a solid suitable for use as an implantable depot formulation.
  • Aqueous drug/polymer suspensions or dispersions are two phase systems wherein the dispersed polymer phase is suspended in the continuous aqueous phase.
  • Such dispersions are not suitable for use in situations where sterile filtering processes are required to remove bacterial or other toxic particulates, as any such process would also remove the drug/polymer particles and result in sub-therapeutic doses.
  • ABA-type block copolymers that are water soluble and that gel thermally are not included in the Churchill, et al., patents.
  • thermally reversible gels e.g., Pluronics TM
  • Pluronics TM block copolymers that possess reverse thermal gelation properties
  • these gels lack critical characteristics necessary for control of drug release over a sustained period and present toxicity or bio-compatibility issues owing to their non-biodegradability.
  • the property of reverse thermal gelation is universally recognized as unique and potentially highly useful in the field of drug delivery, there has yet to be a system developed that possesses the properties necessary for a viable system.
  • the present invention relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising a biodegradeable ABA or BAB-type tri-block polymer that has reverse thermal gelation properties as defined in claim 1.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide a drug delivery system for the parenteral administration of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, peptide and protein drugs, hormones, genes/nucleic acids, oligonucleotides and anti-cancer agents.
  • Yet another object of this invention is to provide a method for the parenteral administration of drugs in a biodegradable polymeric matrix resulting in the formation of a gel depot within the body, from which the drugs are released at a controlled rate.
  • biodegradable ABA- or BAB-type block copolymer having an average molecular weight of between about 2000 and 4990 consisting of about 51 to 83% by weight of an hydrophobic A polymer block comprising a biodegradable polyester and about 17 to 49% by weight of a hydrophilic B polymer block consisting of polyethylene glycol(PEG).
  • the biodegradable polyester is synthesized from monomers selected from the group consisting of D,L-lactide, D-lactide, L-lactide, D,L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, L-lactic acid, glycolide, glycolic acid, ⁇ -caprolactone, ⁇ -hydroxy hexonoic acid, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -hydroxy butyric acid, ⁇ -valerolactone, ⁇ -hydroxy valeric acid, hydrooxybutyric acids, malic acid, and copolymers thereof More preferably, the biodegradable polyester is synthesized from monomers selected from the group consisting of D,L-lactide, D-lactide, L-lactide, D,L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, L-lactic acid, glycolide, glycolic acid, ⁇ -caprolactone, ⁇ -hydroxy hexonoic acid, and copolymers thereof.
  • the biodegradable polyester is synthesized from monomers selected from the group consisting of D,L-lactide, D-lactide, L-lactide, D,L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, L-lactic acid, glycolide, glycolic acid, and copolymers thereof.
  • Polyethylene glycol is also sometimes referred to as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or poly(oxyethylene) and the terms can be used interchangeably for the purposes of this invention.
  • the lactate content is between about 20 to 100, preferably between about 20 to 80 mole percent and most preferably between about 50 to 80 mole percent.
  • the glycolate content is between about 0 and 80 mole percent, preferably between about 20 to 80 mole percent and most preferably between about 20 to 50 mole percent.
  • the present invention is based on the discovery of ABA- or BAB-type block copolymers, where the A-blocks are relatively hydrophobic A polymer block comprising a biodegradable polyester, and the B-blocks are relatively hydrophilic B polymer block comprising polyethylene glycol (PEG), having a hydrophobic content of between about 51 to 83% by weight and an overall block copolymer molecular weight of between about 2000 and 4990,and which exhibit water solubility at low temperature and undergo reversible thermal gelation at mammalian physiological body temperatures.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • any polymer having a hydrophobic content in excess of 50% by weight is substantially insoluble in water and can only be made appreciably soluble in aqueous systems, if at all, when a certain amount of an organic co-solvent has been added.
  • block copolymer having hydrophobic or "A” block segments and hydrophilic or "B” block segments.
  • block copolymer will be ABA- or BAB-type tri-block copolymers.
  • block copolymer could also be a multiblock copolymer having repeating BA or AB units to make A(BA)n or B(AB)n copolymers where n is an integer of from 2 to 5.
  • Both ABA and BAB type triblock copolymers may be synthesized by ring opening polymerization, or condensation polymerization according to reaction schemes disclosed in U.S.Patent 5,702,717 , and copending U.S Patent application 08/943,167 , filed on 10/3/97, and 09/164,865 filed on 10/1/98.
  • the block copolymers that have utility as disclosed in this invention meet the criteria summarized in Table 1, namely having compositional make-up within the indicated ranges that result in block copolymers that demonstrate the desired reverse thermal gelling behavior.
  • Table 1 For purposes of disclosing molecular weight parameters, all reported molecular weight values are based on measurements by NMR or GPC (gel permeation chromatography) analytical techniques. The reported average molecular weights and number average molecular weights were determined by GPC and NMR respectively. The reported lactide/glycolide ratio was calculated from NMR data.
  • the biodegradable, hydrophobic A polymer block comprising a polyester synthesized from monomers selected from the group consisting of D,L-lactide, D-lactide, L-lactide, D,L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, L-lactic acid, glycolide, glycolic acid, ⁇ -caprolactone, ⁇ -hydroxy hexonoic acid, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -hydroxy butyric acid, ⁇ -valerolactone, ⁇ -hydroxy valeric acid, hydrooxybutyric acids, malic acid, and copolymers thereof Calculating from the values for total molecular weight and percent by weight of A and B polymer blocks as given in Table 1, and assuming that the weight average molecular weight of each of the A-blocks in an ABA triblock copolymer or the B-blocks in a BAB triblock copolymer are essentially the same, the average molecular weight of polymeric A block is between about 600 and 3000.
  • the hydrophilic B-block segment is preferably polyethylene glycol (PEG) having an average molecular weight of between about 500 and 2200.
  • Both ABA and BAB type triblock copolymers may be synthesized by ring opening polymerization, or condensation polymerization according to reaction schemes disclosed in U.S.Patent 5,702,717 and US patent application NO. 08/943,167 .
  • the B(PEG) blocks may be coupled to the A blocks(polyesters) by ester or urethane links and the like.
  • Condensation polymerization and ring opening polymerization procedures may be utilized as may the coupling of a monofunctional hydrophilic B block to either end of a difunctional hydrophobic A block in the presence of coupling agents such as isocyanates.
  • coupling reactions may follow activation of functional groups with activating agents such as carbonyl diimidazole, succinic anhydride, N-Hydroxy succinimide and p-nitrophenyl chloroformate and the like.
  • the hydrophilic B-block is formed from PEG of appropriate molecular weights.
  • PEG was chosen as the hydrophilic, water-soluble block because of its unique biocompatibility, nontoxicity, hydrophilicity , solubilization properties, and rapid clearance from a patient's body.
  • hydrophobic A-blocks are utilized because of their biodegradable, biocompatible, and solubilization properties.
  • the in vitro and in vivo degradation of these hydrophobic, biodegradable polyester A-blocks is well understood and the degradation products are naturally occurring compounds that are readily metabolized and/or eliminated by the patient's body.
  • the total weight percentage of the hydrophobic polyester A-block, relative to that of the hydrophilic PEG B-block, is high, e.g. between about 51 to 83% by weight, and most preferably between about 65 to 78% by weight, yet the resulting triblock polymer retains the desirable water solubility and reverse thermal gelation properties. It is an unexpected discovery that a block copolymer with such a large proportion of hydrophobic component would be water soluble below normal room temperatures, such as refrigerator temperatures (5°C). It is believed that this desirable solubility characteristic is made possible by maintaining an overall low molecular weight of the entire triblock copolymer of between about 2000 and 4990.
  • water soluble biodegradable block copolymers possessing thermally reversible gelation properties are prepared wherein the hydrophilic B-block or blocks make up about 17 to 49% by weight of the copolymer and the hydrophobic A-block or blocks make up about 51 to 83% by weight of the copolymer.
  • the A-blocks may comprise between about 65 to 78% by weight of the copolymer and the PEG B-blocks may comprise between about 22 to 35% by weight of the copolymer.
  • the preferred overall average molecular weight of the entire triblock copolymer will be between about 2800 and 4990.
  • the concentration at which the block copolymers are soluble at temperatures below the gelation temperature may be considered as the functional concentration.
  • block copolymer concentrations of as low as 3% and up to about 50% by weight can be used and still be functional. However, concentrations in the range of about 5 to 40% are preferred and concentrations in the range of about 10-30% by weight are most preferred.
  • a certain minimum concentration e.g. 3% by weight, is required. At the lower functional concentration ranges, phase transition may result in the formation of a weak gel. At higher concentrations, a strong gel network is formed.
  • the mixture of the biodegradable copolymer and peptide/protein drugs, and/or other types of drugs, may be prepared as an aqueous solution of the copolymer below the gelation temperature to form a drug delivery liquid where the drug may be either partially or completely dissolved.
  • the drug When the drug is partially dissolved, or when the drug is essentially insoluble, the drug exists in a colloidal state such as a suspension or emulsion.
  • This drug delivery liquid is then administered parenterally, topically, transdermally, transmucosally, inhaled, or inserted into a cavity such as by ocular, vaginal, transurethral, rectal, nasal, oral, buccal, pulmonary or aural administration to a patient, whereupon it will undergo a reversible thermal gelation since body temperature will be above the gelation temperature.
  • This system will cause minimal toxicity and minimal mechanical irritation to the surrounding tissue due to the biocompatibility of the materials and pliability of the gel, and will be completely biodegraded to lactic acid, glycolic acid, and other corresponding monomers within a specific time interval.
  • the drug release, gel strength, gelation temperature and degradation rate can be controlled by proper design and preparation of the various copolymer blocks, namely, through modifications of the weight percent of A-blocks and B-blocks, the mole percentages of lactate and glycolate, and the molecular weight and polydispersity of the ABA or BAB triblock copolymers. Drug release is also controllable through adjustment of the concentration of polymer in the drug delivery liquid.
  • a dosage form comprised of a solution of the block copolymer that contains either dissolved drug or drug as a suspension or emulsion is administered to the body.
  • This formulation spontaneously gels, due to the reverse thermal gelation properties of the block copolymer, to form a drug depot as the temperature of the formulation rises to body temperature.
  • the only limitation as to how much drug can be loaded into the formulation is one of functionality, namely, the drug load may be increased until the thermal gelation properties of the copolymer are adversely affected to an unacceptable degree, or until the properties of the formulation are adversely affected to such a degree as to make administration of the formulation unacceptably difficult.
  • the drug will make up between about 0.01 to 20% by weight of the formulation with ranges of between about 0.01 to 10% being highly common. These ranges of drug loading are not limiting to the invention. Provided functionality is maintained, drug loadings outside of these ranges fall within the scope of the invention.
  • a distinct advantage to the compositions of the subject of this invention lies in the ability of the block copolymer to increase the solubility of many drug substances.
  • the combination of the hydrophobic A-block(s) and hydrophilic B-block(s) renders the block copolymer amphiphilic in nature. In that regard it functions much as a soap or surfactant in having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. This is particularly advantageous in the solubilization of hydrophobic or poorly water soluble drugs such as cyclosporin and paclitaxel. What is surprising is the degree of drug solubilization of most, if not all, drugs since the major component of the block copolymer is the hydrophobic A-block content.
  • the block copolymer is water soluble and it has been found that there is an additional increase in drug solubility when combined in an aqueous phase of the block copolymer.
  • composition of the invention lies in the ability of the block copolymer to increase the chemical stability of many drug substances.
  • Various mechanisms for the degradation of drugs, that lead to a drug's chemical instability, have been observed to be inhibited when the drug is in the presence of the block copolymer.
  • paclitaxel and cyclosporin A are substantially stabilized in the aqueous polymer composition of the present invention relative to certain aqueous solutions of these same drugs in the presence of organic cosolvents. This stabilization effect on paclitaxel and cyclosporin A is but illustrative of the effect that can be achieved with many other drug substances.
  • the drug loaded polymer may be administered in the gel state instead of as a solution.
  • the gelation may be the result of raising the temperature of a drug laden polymer solution to above the gelation temperature of the polymer prior to administration, or may be caused by raising the concentration of the polymer in the solution to above the saturation concentration at the temperature of administration, or may be caused by addition of additives to the polymer solution which causes the solution to gel.
  • the gel thus formed may be administered parenterally, topically, transdermally, transmucosally, inhaled or inserted into a cavity such as by ocular, vaginal, buccal, transurethral, rectal, nasal, oral, pulmonary or aural administration.
  • This invention is applicable to bioactive agents and drugs of all types including nucleic acids, hormones, anticancer-agents, and it offers an unusually effective way to deliver polypeptides and proteins.
  • Many labile peptide and protein drugs are amenable to formulation into the block copolymers of the invention and can benefit from the reverse thermal gelation process described herein.
  • examples of pharmaceutically useful polypeptides and proteins may be selected from the group consisting of erythropoietin, oxytocin, vasopressin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), prolactin, luliberin, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), LHRH agonists, LHRH antagonists, growth hormone (human, porcine, bovine, etc.), growth hormone releasing factor, insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon- ⁇ , ⁇ , or ⁇ , gastrin, tetragastrin, pentagastrin, urogastrone, secretin, calcitonin, enkephalins, endorphins, angiotensins, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), granulocyte-colony
  • polypeptide or protein drug which may be utilized is one of functionality.
  • functionality or physical stability of polypeptides and proteins can also be increased by addition of various additives to aqueous solutions or suspensions of the polypeptide or protein drug.
  • Additives such as polyols (including sugars), amino acids, surfactants, polymers, other proteins and certain salts may be used. These additives can be readily incorporated into the block copolymers which will then undergo the reverse thermal gelation process of the present invention.
  • anti-cancer agents such as mitomycin, bleomycin, BCNU, carboplatin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, methotrexate, paclitaxel, taxotere, actinomycin D and camptothecin; antipsychotics such as olanzapine and ziprasidone; antibacterials such as cefoxitin; anthelmintics such as ivermectin; antivirals such as acyclovir; immunosuppressants such as cyclosporin A (cyclic polypeptide-type agent), steroids, and prostaglandins.
  • ABA block copolymers consisting of 51 to 83% by weight hydrophobic A-blocks (polyesters), and 17 to 49% by weight hydrophilic B-block (polyethylene glycol "PEG") were completed.
  • the object was the preparation of ABA or BAB triblock copolymers having average molecular weights of about 2000 to 4990, comprised of two A-blocks each with average molecular weights of about 600 to 2000, and a B-block having a average molecular weight of about 600 to 2200.
  • Each A-block consists of about 20 to 100 mole percent lactate and 0 to 80 mole percent glycolate.
  • GPC gel permeation chromatography
  • the residue was dissolved in cold water and heated to 70-80°C to precipitate the polymer formed.
  • the supernatant was decanted and the polymer residue was again dissolved in cold water and heated to induce precipitation. This process of dissolution followed by precipitation was repeated three times. Finally, the polymer was dissolved in a minimum amount of water and lyophilized.
  • the resulting PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer had an average molecular weight (Mw) of 3737, a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 2928 and an Mw/Mn ratio of 1.3.
  • Mw average molecular weight
  • Mn number average molecular weight
  • Mw/Mn ratio Mw/Mn ratio
  • Example ABA Block Copolymers with Reverse Thermal Gelation Properties GPC Weight Average Molecular Weight Weight %
  • LA:GA mole ratio Reverse Thermal Gelation 2052 67 75:25 yes 2800 64 30:70 yes 3672 73 75:25 yes 4000 75 100:0 yes 4133 76 75:25 yes 4323 77 50:50 yes 4920 80 75:25 yes 4990 80 40:60 yes
  • DL-lactic acid and glycolic acid (3:1 mole ratio, respectively).
  • the reaction mixture was heated at 160°C under nitrogen, with stirring, at atmospheric pressure for three hours and then under reduced pressure (5mm Hg).
  • the progress of the reaction was followed by GPC.
  • the reaction was stopped at the appropriate time and the polymer formed was purified by precipitation from a dichloromethane solution into a large excess of methanol.
  • the residue was triturated with methanol and dried under vacuum (0.05 mm Hg) at 23 °C.
  • the PLGA oligomer was characterized by GPC, IR and NMR.
  • the resulting PLGA oligomer had a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 9900, a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 5500 and an Mw/Mn ratio of 1.8.
  • the resulting PLGA-PEG-PLGA block copolymer had a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 4043, a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 2905 and an Mw/Mn ratio of 1.4.
  • the weight average molecular weights and number average molecular weights were determined by GPC and NMR, respectively.
  • the lactide/glycolide ratio was calculated from NMR data.
  • GPC analysis was performed on a Styragel HR-3 column calibrated with PEG using RI detection and chloroform as the eluent.
  • NMR spectra were taken in CDCl 3 on a Bruker 200 MHZ instrument. NMR peak assignments confirmed the triblock ABA structure.
  • the gelation behavior of aqueous solutions of the ABA triblock copolymer of Example 1 was studied at different concentrations. Polymer solutions of 9-30% by weight were prepared in water and the change in viscosity was observed at temperatures ranging between 10° and 60 °C. Gelation was defined as the physical state where the polymer solution did not readily flow upon inverting a vial of polymer solution.
  • the phase diagram (Fig. 1) of the polymer of Example 1 as a function of temperature and triblock copolymer concentration was generated.
  • the novel, reverse thermal gelation behavior was clearly apparent, and occurred as the triblock copolymer solutions were heated.
  • the gelation at physiologically relevant temperatures e.g., 37°C
  • the in vitro degradation of the PLGA-PEG-PLGA triblock copolymer of Example 1 was determined for a 23% by weight solution or gel (1 ml) of copolymer incubated at different temperatures (-10°C, 5°C, 23 °C and 37°C) and at different initial pH's (3.0, 5.0 and 7.4) over a 30 week period.
  • the degradation and biodegradation of this triblock copolymer was caused by hydrolysis and resulted in lactic acid, glycolic acid and PEG as the final degradation products.
  • the in vivo biodegradation of the polymer of Example 1 was determined over a four week period.
  • a 0.40 to 0.45 ml sample of a cold aqueous solution containing 23% by weight triblock copolymer was injected subcutaneously into rats. Upon reaching body temperature, which was above the gelation temperature of the polymer, a gel lump immediately formed which was visibly apparent. Samples were surgically retrieved and indicated that the gel became progressively smaller as a function of time over a two week period. Between two weeks and four weeks, the physical state of the injected triblock copolymer changed from a gel to a mixture of a gel in a viscous liquid, and finally to a viscous liquid containing no gel. This liquid was gradually completely resorbed. At the end of the four week period no formulation was visible at the injection site. Microscopically, small pockets of viscous liquid were observable that also resorbed completely over the following two week period.
  • Paclitaxel and cyclosporin A are hydrophobic drugs that are highly insoluble in water (solubilities were approximately 4 ⁇ g/ml). However, these drugs showed significantly higher solubilities when dissolved in aqueous solutions of PLGA-PEG-PLGA triblock copolymer. For example, in a 20% by weight aqueous copolymer solution (polymer of Example 3), paclitaxel was soluble up to 5 mg/ml and cyclosporin A was soluble up to 2 mg/ml.
  • Paclitaxel and cyclosporin A were highly unstable in aqueous cosolvent solutions (e.g. in water/acetonitrile solutions).
  • the paclitaxel contained in either 20% by weight aqueous PLGA-PEG-PLGA triblock copolymer solutions (i.e., below the gelation temperature of the copolymer) or gels (i.e., above the gelation temperature of the copolymer) was >85% intact after 120 days in storage (5 °C and 37°C), whereas cyclosporin A was stable over 100 days (5°C).
  • a 28% by weight aqueous solution of the PLGA-PEG-PLGA triblock copolymer of Example 1 was prepared.
  • Insulin zinc-free
  • a parenterally administered protein with proven beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetes mellitus was suspended in this aqueous solution of triblock copolymer to a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
  • Approximately 2 ml. of this composition were placed onto a watchglass equilibrated to 37°C.
  • the composition immediately gelled and adhered to the watchglass, whereupon it was placed directly into 10mM phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, 37°C, and the release kinetics of the insulin from the gel were monitored by reversed phase HPLC using UV detection and gradient elution (TFA/acetonitrile/water mobile phase).
  • Fig. 3 Insulin was released in a continuous fashion for approximately one week.
  • the utility of the triblock copolymer thermal gel in the controlled delivery of proteins and peptides for a substantial period was clearly established and illustrated by this Example.
  • aqueous solution of the PLGA-PEG-PLGA triblock copolymer of Example 1 was added sufficient paclitaxel to provide approximately 2.0 mg/ml of drug.
  • a 2 ml sample of this solution was put onto a watchglass and equilibrated at 37°C. Since the temperature was greater than the gelation temperature of the copolymer, a gel formed on the watchglass.
  • the watchglass was placed in a 200 ml beaker containing release media comprised of 150 ml of PBS (pH 7.4) containing 2.4% by weight Tween-80 and 4% by weight Cremophor EL equilibrated at 37°C. The solution in the beaker was stirred.
  • the top of the beaker was sealed to prevent evaporation.
  • the whole assembly was placed into an incubator at 37°C.
  • the release study was performed in triplicate. At different time periods a 5 ml aliquot of the release media was taken and analyzed for paclitaxel.
  • the PBS solution was replaced with fresh PBS after each aliquot removal. Samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 8, 18, and 24 hours, and thereafter at 24 hour intervals, and analyzed by HPLC.
  • the release profile of paclitaxel from the gel is shown in Fig. 4.
  • the gel formulation provided excellent control over the release of the paclitaxel for approximately 50 days.
  • the PEG and PLGA were coupled to each other via ester, urethane, or a combination of ester and urethane links.
  • the properties of these triblock copolymers are listed in the following table:
  • Example BAB Block Copolymers with Reverse Thermal Gelation Properties GPC Weight Average Molecular Weight Weight %
  • ABA e.g., PLGA-PEG-PLGA and PLA-PEG-PLA
  • BAB e.g., PEG-PLGA-PEG and PEG-PLA-PEG

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