DE582121T1 - Verfahren zum Beizen und Passivieren von rostfreiem Stahl ohne Verwendung von Salpetersäure. - Google Patents
Verfahren zum Beizen und Passivieren von rostfreiem Stahl ohne Verwendung von Salpetersäure.Info
- Publication number
- DE582121T1 DE582121T1 DE0582121T DE93111528T DE582121T1 DE 582121 T1 DE582121 T1 DE 582121T1 DE 0582121 T DE0582121 T DE 0582121T DE 93111528 T DE93111528 T DE 93111528T DE 582121 T1 DE582121 T1 DE 582121T1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- bath
- process according
- pickling
- stainless steel
- acid attack
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract 10
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract 4
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005276 aerator Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000358 iron sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005226 mechanical processes and functions Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/02—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with acid solutions
- C23G1/08—Iron or steel
- C23G1/086—Iron or steel solutions containing HF
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/34—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- ing And Chemical Polishing (AREA)
Claims (7)
1. Verfahren zum Beizen von rostfreiem Stahl, das darin besteht, dass man das zu behandelnde Material in ein
Bad gibt, das bei einer Temperatur im Bereich von 3 0 bis 70°C, vorzugsweise von 45 bis 55°C, gehalten wird
und die folgende Anfangszusammensetzung hat:
(a) H2SO4: mindestens 150 g/l;
(b) Fe^+: mindestens 15 g/l;
(c) HF: mindestens 40 g/l;
(d) H2O2 mit 130 Vol. (versetzt mit bekannten
Stabilisatoren): 1 bis 20, vorzugsweise 2 bis
5 g/l;
Stabilisatoren): 1 bis 20, vorzugsweise 2 bis
5 g/l;
(e) Additive aus der Klasse der nicht-ionischen
Tenside (Emulgatoren, Benetzungsmittel,
Poliermittel) und der Säureangriff-Inhibitoren: insgesamt etwa 1 g/l;
Tenside (Emulgatoren, Benetzungsmittel,
Poliermittel) und der Säureangriff-Inhibitoren: insgesamt etwa 1 g/l;
wobei in das Bad kontinuierlich eingebracht werden:
ein Luftstrom von mindestens 3 m3/h pro m3 Bad
durch einen Belüfter, der den Strom in der flüssigen Masse verteilt;
eine Menge an stabilisiertem H2O2 (130 Vol.) im Bereich von 0,3 bis 2 g/l, die so eingestellt
wird, dass das Redoxpotential des Bads bei mindestens 250 mV gehalten wird,
und erforderlichenfalls Quantitäten der Bestandteile
(a), (c) und (e), die optimale Konzentrationswerte im Bad und einen Bad-pH von maximal 2, vorzugsweise von
0 bis 1, sicherstellen.
2. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 1, bei dem das Beizbad auf
ein Oxidationspotential von mindestens 300 mV, vorzugsweise 350 mV, eingestellt wird, was eine
geeignete Passivierung des gebeizten Materials sicherstellt.
3. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 1, bei dem Fe3+-Ionen in
das Anfangsbad in Form von Eisensulfat eingebracht werden.
4. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 1, bei dem ein mit Interox stabilisiertes H2O2 verwendet wird.
5. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 1, bei dem ein fluoriertes anionisches Tensid als Säureangriff-Inhibitor
verwendet wird.
6. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 1, bei dem ein nicht ionisches
Tensid, das zur Klasse der polyethoxylierten Alkanolderivate gehört und mindestens 10 C-Atome enthält, als Säureangriff-Inhibitor
verwendet wird.
7. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 1, kombiniert mit einer vorläufigen Teilentfernung von Oxiden durch ein
bekanntes mechanisches Verfahren.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ITMI921946A IT1255655B (it) | 1992-08-06 | 1992-08-06 | Processo di decapaggio e passivazione di acciaio inossidabile senza impiego di acido nitrico |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE582121T1 true DE582121T1 (de) | 1994-06-16 |
Family
ID=11363848
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE69328139T Expired - Fee Related DE69328139T2 (de) | 1992-08-06 | 1993-07-19 | Verfahren zum Beizen und Passivieren von rostfreiem Stahl ohne Verwendung von Salpetersäure |
DE0582121T Pending DE582121T1 (de) | 1992-08-06 | 1993-07-19 | Verfahren zum Beizen und Passivieren von rostfreiem Stahl ohne Verwendung von Salpetersäure. |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE69328139T Expired - Fee Related DE69328139T2 (de) | 1992-08-06 | 1993-07-19 | Verfahren zum Beizen und Passivieren von rostfreiem Stahl ohne Verwendung von Salpetersäure |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5908511A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0582121B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2819378B2 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE191017T1 (de) |
BR (1) | BR9400478A (de) |
CZ (1) | CZ285442B6 (de) |
DE (2) | DE69328139T2 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2143995T3 (de) |
FI (1) | FI101981B (de) |
HU (1) | HUT67521A (de) |
IT (1) | IT1255655B (de) |
RU (1) | RU2126460C1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (42)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE504733C2 (sv) * | 1994-06-17 | 1997-04-14 | Ta Chemistry Ab | Förfarande för betning |
AU3724095A (en) * | 1994-09-26 | 1996-04-19 | E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. | Stainless steel acid treatment |
IT1276955B1 (it) * | 1995-10-18 | 1997-11-03 | Novamax Itb S R L | Processo di decapaggio e passivazione di acciaio inossidabile senza impiego di acido nitrico |
IT1276954B1 (it) * | 1995-10-18 | 1997-11-03 | Novamax Itb S R L | Processo di decapaggio e di passivazione di acciaio inossidabile senza impiego di acido nitrico |
SE510298C2 (sv) | 1995-11-28 | 1999-05-10 | Eka Chemicals Ab | Sätt vid betning av stål |
IT1282979B1 (it) * | 1996-05-09 | 1998-04-03 | Novamax Itb S R L | Procedimento per il decapaggio dell'acciaio nel quale la ossidazione dello ione ferroso formatosi viene effettuata per via elettrochimica |
TW416996B (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 2001-01-01 | Armco Inc | Hydrogen peroxide pickling of stainless steel |
FR2772050B1 (fr) * | 1997-12-10 | 1999-12-31 | Imphy Sa | Procede de decapage d'acier et notamment d'acier inoxydable |
DE19755350A1 (de) * | 1997-12-12 | 1999-06-17 | Henkel Kgaa | Verfahren zum Beizen und Passivieren von Edelstahl |
GB9807286D0 (en) | 1998-04-06 | 1998-06-03 | Solvay Interox Ltd | Pickling process |
USH2087H1 (en) * | 1998-05-19 | 2003-11-04 | H. C. Starck, Inc. | Pickling of refractory metals |
IT1302202B1 (it) | 1998-09-11 | 2000-07-31 | Henkel Kgaa | Processo di decapaggio elettrolitico con soluzioni esenti da acidonitrico. |
DE19850524C2 (de) * | 1998-11-03 | 2002-04-04 | Eilenburger Elektrolyse & Umwelttechnik Gmbh | Nitratfreies Recycling-Beizverfahren für Edelstähle |
IT1312556B1 (it) * | 1999-05-03 | 2002-04-22 | Henkel Kgaa | Processo di decapaggio di acciaio inossidabile in assenza di acidonitrico ed in presenza di ioni cloruro |
CA2300492A1 (en) | 2000-03-13 | 2001-09-13 | Henkel Corporation | Removal of "copper kiss" from pickling high copper alloys |
JP4549547B2 (ja) * | 2001-01-25 | 2010-09-22 | 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 | ステンレス鋼の耐食性の評価用試験液および評価方法 |
WO2002081380A1 (en) | 2001-04-09 | 2002-10-17 | Ak Properties, Inc. | Apparatus and method for removing hydrogen peroxide from spent pickle liquor |
CA2443687C (en) | 2001-04-09 | 2009-08-11 | Vijay N. Madi | Hydrogen peroxide pickling of silicon-containing electrical steel grades |
AU2002252617B2 (en) | 2001-04-09 | 2007-05-31 | Ak Steel Properties, Inc. | Hydrogen peroxide pickling scheme for stainless steel grades |
DE10160318A1 (de) | 2001-12-07 | 2003-06-18 | Henkel Kgaa | Verfahren zum Beizen von martensitischem oder ferritischem Edelstahl |
ITRM20010747A1 (it) * | 2001-12-19 | 2003-06-19 | Ct Sviluppo Materiali Spa | Procedimento a ridotto impatto ambientale e relativo impianto per descagliare, decapare e finire/passivare, in modo continuo, integrato e fl |
US6803354B2 (en) | 2002-08-05 | 2004-10-12 | Henkel Kormanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Stabilization of hydrogen peroxide in acidic baths for cleaning metals |
AU2003233062A1 (en) | 2002-10-15 | 2004-05-04 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Pickling or brightening/passivating solution and process for steel and stainless steel |
US20050234545A1 (en) * | 2004-04-19 | 2005-10-20 | Yea-Yang Su | Amorphous oxide surface film for metallic implantable devices and method for production thereof |
JP4556952B2 (ja) | 2004-12-07 | 2010-10-06 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | 油井用マルテンサイト系ステンレス鋼管 |
KR100650887B1 (ko) | 2005-12-26 | 2006-11-28 | 주식회사 포스코 | 저크롬 페라이트 스테인레스강의 고속전해 산세방법 |
US8153057B2 (en) * | 2007-07-24 | 2012-04-10 | Nalco Company | Method and device for preventing corrosion in hot water systems |
ES2391870T3 (es) * | 2007-02-12 | 2012-11-30 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Procedimiento para tratar superficies metálicas |
WO2010056825A2 (en) * | 2008-11-14 | 2010-05-20 | Ak Steel Properties, Inc. | Ferric pickling of silicon steel |
KR101289147B1 (ko) * | 2010-12-28 | 2013-07-23 | 주식회사 포스코 | 표면품질이 우수한 저크롬 페라이트계 스테인리스 냉연강판을 제조하기 위한 친환경 고속 산세 프로세스 |
BR112014007132A2 (pt) | 2011-09-26 | 2017-04-04 | Ak Steel Properties Inc | decapagem de aço inoxidável em um banho de ácido ele-trolítico, oxidante |
WO2014021639A1 (ko) * | 2012-07-31 | 2014-02-06 | 주식회사 포스코 | 오스테나이트계 스테인리스 냉연강판을 제조하기 위한 고속 산세 프로세스 |
GB2508827A (en) | 2012-12-11 | 2014-06-18 | Henkel Ag & Co Kgaa | Aqueous compositions and processes for passivating and brightening stainless steel surfaces |
CN103882455A (zh) * | 2014-03-18 | 2014-06-25 | 浙江大学 | 一种不含硝酸的不锈钢酸洗液及其制备方法 |
CN105369266A (zh) * | 2015-12-14 | 2016-03-02 | 浙江大学 | 一种基于Fenton氧化反应的钢材酸洗液及酸洗工艺 |
CN105862049B (zh) * | 2016-06-06 | 2018-07-13 | 滨中元川金属制品(昆山)有限公司 | 螺钉防发黑处理工艺 |
CN108300998B (zh) * | 2018-02-02 | 2020-06-09 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | 显示p91和p92钢原奥氏体晶界的侵蚀剂、制备方法及应用 |
JP6605066B2 (ja) * | 2018-03-30 | 2019-11-13 | 日鉄ステンレス株式会社 | Fe−Cr合金およびその製造方法 |
RU2712875C1 (ru) * | 2019-05-28 | 2020-01-31 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" (Госкорпорация "Росатом") | Способ разделки корпуса боеприпаса из коррозионностойкой стали |
KR102300834B1 (ko) | 2019-11-21 | 2021-09-13 | 주식회사 포스코 | 스테인리스강 산세용 이온성 액체 및 이를 이용한 스테인리스강의 산세방법 |
IT202000005848A1 (it) | 2020-03-19 | 2021-09-19 | Tenova Spa | Processo per decapare e/o passivare un acciaio inossidabile. |
CN112941528B (zh) * | 2021-02-01 | 2022-10-21 | 西安航天发动机有限公司 | 一种06Cr19Ni10增材制造薄壁夹层结构内腔粉末颗粒的去除方法 |
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JPS549120A (en) * | 1977-06-24 | 1979-01-23 | Tokai Electro Chemical Co | Method of controlling acid cleaning liquid for stainless steel |
JPS5442850A (en) * | 1977-09-10 | 1979-04-05 | Kubota Ltd | Method of treating raw sewage |
JPS5551514A (en) * | 1978-10-12 | 1980-04-15 | Osaka Cement | Steel fiber mixing method and its device |
JPS568109A (en) * | 1979-07-03 | 1981-01-27 | Toshikazu Iwasaki | Reflecting telescope |
JPS5920752B2 (ja) * | 1980-08-07 | 1984-05-15 | 川崎製鉄株式会社 | オ−ステナイト系ステンレス鋼板の酸洗方法 |
JPS5844747B2 (ja) | 1980-08-18 | 1983-10-05 | 川崎製鉄株式会社 | ステンレス鋼帯の連続酸洗における過酸化水素の添加方法 |
JPS57198273A (en) * | 1981-05-28 | 1982-12-04 | Daikin Ind Ltd | Pickling accelerator and pickling agent composition containing it |
FR2551465B3 (fr) * | 1983-09-02 | 1985-08-23 | Gueugnon Sa Forges | Procede de decapage acide des aciers inoxydables et solution acide pour sa mise en oeuvre |
DE3588013T3 (de) * | 1985-01-22 | 2002-06-06 | Ugine Sa | Verfahren zum säuren Beizen von Stahlen, insbesondere von rostfreien Stahlen. |
JPS61235581A (ja) * | 1985-04-12 | 1986-10-20 | C Uyemura & Co Ltd | スケ−ル除去剤及びスケ−ル除去方法 |
US5154774A (en) * | 1985-09-19 | 1992-10-13 | Ugine Aciers De Chatillon Et Gueugnon | Process for acid pickling of stainless steel products |
FR2587369B1 (fr) * | 1985-09-19 | 1993-01-29 | Ugine Gueugnon Sa | Procede de decapage acide de produits en acier inoxydable |
GB8922504D0 (en) * | 1989-10-05 | 1989-11-22 | Interox Chemicals Ltd | Hydrogen peroxide solutions |
SE8903452D0 (sv) * | 1989-10-19 | 1989-10-19 | Lars Aake Hilmer Haakansson | Foerfarande foer betning av jaern och staalytor |
FR2673200A1 (fr) * | 1991-02-25 | 1992-08-28 | Ugine Aciers | Procede de surdecapage de materiaux en acier tels que les aciers inoxydables et les aciers allies. |
IT1245594B (it) * | 1991-03-29 | 1994-09-29 | Itb Srl | Processo di decapaggio e di passivazione di acciaio inossidabile senza acido nitrico |
US5354383A (en) * | 1991-03-29 | 1994-10-11 | Itb, S.R.L. | Process for pickling and passivating stainless steel without using nitric acid |
JP2947695B2 (ja) * | 1993-07-30 | 1999-09-13 | 日本ペイント株式会社 | アルミニウム系金属の酸性洗浄水溶液及びその洗浄方法 |
-
1992
- 1992-08-06 IT ITMI921946A patent/IT1255655B/it active IP Right Grant
-
1993
- 1993-07-19 ES ES93111528T patent/ES2143995T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-07-19 DE DE69328139T patent/DE69328139T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-07-19 AT AT93111528T patent/ATE191017T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-07-19 EP EP93111528A patent/EP0582121B1/de not_active Revoked
- 1993-07-19 DE DE0582121T patent/DE582121T1/de active Pending
- 1993-07-21 HU HU9302112A patent/HUT67521A/hu unknown
- 1993-08-05 FI FI933474A patent/FI101981B/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-08-05 RU RU93046281A patent/RU2126460C1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-08-05 JP JP5212109A patent/JP2819378B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-08-06 CZ CZ931618A patent/CZ285442B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1994
- 1994-02-09 BR BR9400478A patent/BR9400478A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-06-13 US US08/874,797 patent/US5908511A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU2126460C1 (ru) | 1999-02-20 |
ATE191017T1 (de) | 2000-04-15 |
EP0582121A1 (de) | 1994-02-09 |
FI933474A (fi) | 1994-02-07 |
JPH06212463A (ja) | 1994-08-02 |
FI101981B (fi) | 1998-09-30 |
FI933474A0 (fi) | 1993-08-05 |
DE69328139D1 (de) | 2000-04-27 |
EP0582121B1 (de) | 2000-03-22 |
JP2819378B2 (ja) | 1998-10-30 |
HU9302112D0 (en) | 1993-11-29 |
DE69328139T2 (de) | 2000-10-19 |
ES2143995T3 (es) | 2000-06-01 |
HUT67521A (en) | 1995-04-28 |
CZ285442B6 (cs) | 1999-08-11 |
CZ161893A3 (en) | 1995-02-15 |
IT1255655B (it) | 1995-11-09 |
BR9400478A (pt) | 1994-05-17 |
ITMI921946A1 (it) | 1994-02-06 |
US5908511A (en) | 1999-06-01 |
ITMI921946A0 (it) | 1992-08-06 |
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