EP1040211B1 - Verfahren zum beizen und passivieren von edelstahl - Google Patents
Verfahren zum beizen und passivieren von edelstahl Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1040211B1 EP1040211B1 EP98965754A EP98965754A EP1040211B1 EP 1040211 B1 EP1040211 B1 EP 1040211B1 EP 98965754 A EP98965754 A EP 98965754A EP 98965754 A EP98965754 A EP 98965754A EP 1040211 B1 EP1040211 B1 EP 1040211B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- treatment solution
- pickling
- oxygen
- iii
- process according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/02—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with acid solutions
- C23G1/08—Iron or steel
- C23G1/086—Iron or steel solutions containing HF
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/02—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with acid solutions
- C23G1/08—Iron or steel
- C23G1/081—Iron or steel solutions containing H2SO4
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for pickling and / or passivating Stainless steel (also known as "stainless steel").
- Stainless steel also known as "stainless steel”
- As rustproof or rustproof are generally used in steel, in which under usual Environmental conditions such as B. the presence of atmospheric oxygen and Moisture and rust formation in aqueous solutions is prevented.
- tougher Resist corrosion conditions such as acids and saline solutions the mostly higher alloyed so-called corrosion-resistant or acid-resistant Steels. In summary, these steels are called stainless steels.
- Stainless steels are iron-based alloys that contain at least 10% chromium contain. The formation of chromium oxide on the material surface gives the Stainless steels have a corrosion-resistant character.
- Stainless steels can be divided into families: austenitic steels, ferritic ones Steels, martensitic steels, precipitation hardened steels and duplex steels. These groups differ in their physical and mechanical properties as well as in their corrosion resistance, which is due to the different Alloy components are caused.
- Austenitic stainless steels are called Stainless steels of the 200 and 300 series listed. They are the most common Stainless steels and represent 65 to 85% of the stainless steel market. They are chemical characterized in that it has a chromium content> 17% and a nickel content Have> 8%. They have a face-centered cubic structure and are excellent malleable and weldable. The most common is probably the type UNS S 30400 (type 304), or "18/8".
- Modifications of this are S 32100 (stabilized with titanium) and S 34700 (stabilized with niobium).
- alloys with higher levels of chromium, nickel or Molybdenum available are S 31600, S 31700, S 30900 and S 31000.
- the 200 series of austenitic stainless steels has a reduced one Contains nickel and contains manganese instead.
- the surface forms a layer of scale, which gives the steel surface the desired metallic gloss Appearance takes. After this production step, this must Surface layer can therefore be removed. This can be done by the invention Pickling processes take place.
- the oxide-containing surface layer to be removed differs fundamentally different from the oxide layer on low-alloy steels or on Carbon steels.
- the surface layer contains oxides of Alloy elements such as chrome, nickel, aluminum, titanium or Niobium.
- the surface layer is enriched with chromium oxide, especially during hot rolling because chromium is thermodynamically less noble than iron. This turns chrome enriched against iron in the oxide layer.
- the surface is chemically activated so that it is in the air again covered with an optically disruptive surface layer. This can can be prevented that the freshly pickled surfaces after or passivated during pickling.
- This can be similar to treatment solutions Pickling solutions are used, but one for the passivation is a higher one Redox potential sets as for the pickling process. Through the targeted Passivation step forms an optically invisible on the metal surface Passivation layer. In this way, the steel surface retains its metallic shine Appearance. Whether a treatment solution against stainless steel or has a passivating effect mainly depends on the solutions according to the invention from the set redox potential.
- a possible replacement Fe (III) ions are responsible for the oxidizing effect of nitric acid. Your concentration is by hydrogen peroxide, which is the treatment baths continuously or is added discontinuously, maintained. Such pickling or Passivation baths contain about 15 to about 65 g / l of trivalent iron ions. During the pickling process, trivalent iron ions become a bivalent stage reduced. At the same time, the stained surface becomes more divalent Iron ions released. The pickling bath is therefore depleted during operation trivalent iron ions, while divalent iron ions accumulate. This shifts the redox potential of the treatment solution so that it eventually loses its pickling effect.
- oxidizing agents such as for example hydrogen peroxide or other oxidizing agents such as perborates
- Peracids or organic peroxides are oxidized to divalent iron ions back to the trivalent level. As a result, this remains for the pickling or Passivation effect required redox potential.
- EP-B-505 606 describes a nitric acid-free process for Pickling and passivation of stainless steel, in which you can treat the Material in contact with a bath that has a temperature between 30 and 70 ° C and at least at the beginning of the pickling process at least 150 g / l Contains sulfuric acid, at least 15 g / l Fe (III) ions and at least 40 g / l HF.
- This bath also contains up to about 1 g / l additives such as nonionic surfactants and pickling inhibitors.
- the bath is given continuously or discontinuously Amounts of hydrogen peroxide increase the redox potential to the desired range is held.
- EP-A-795 628 describes a method for pickling stainless steel, in which the resulting divalent iron catalytically in an external fixed bed reactor trivalent stage is oxidized. Pure oxygen or serves as the oxidizing agent an oxygen-containing gas. In this process, part of the pickling bath is in transferred an oxidation reactor containing a solid catalyst. As Precious metals such as platinum in particular are used as catalysts. Farther can use palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, gold and their alloys become. The catalytic oxidation of the divalent iron is therefore carried out with a heterogeneous catalyst.
- JP-A-02205692 is a process for pickling stainless steel in sulfuric acid solution described.
- the surface covering of the material is obtained by pickling in a sulfuric acid bath, containing Fe (III) and Fe (II) ions, and blowing in air, whereby Fe (II) - are oxidized to Fe (III) ions.
- the object is achieved by a method for pickling and / or passivating Stainless steel, taking the stainless steel with an aqueous treatment solution with a pH less than or equal to 2.5 with a temperature in the range of 30 to 70 ° C, the 15 to 100 g / l Contains iron ions, characterized in that during the pickling process Fe (II) formed is oxidized to the trivalent stage using a treatment solution, the at least 10 g / l Fe (III) ions and hydrogen fluoride as essential Contains component in a concentration of 1 to 60 g / l and free of nitric acid is, the treatment solution for pickling austenitic stainless steel in Presence of 50 to 600 mg / l copper (II) ions, for pickling martensitic, ferritic or precipitation hardened stainless steel or duplex steel in the presence from 50 to 300 mg / l copper ions in contact with oxygen.
- the catalytic oxidation is therefore homogeneous.
- Cu (II) can be used as a water-soluble salt like for example chloride, acetate or preferably sulfate. With less Copper concentrations will slow the oxidation reaction. higher Copper concentrations further accelerate the oxidation but lead increasingly at risk of unwanted copper redeposition the stained surfaces.
- austenitic stainless steels in contrast to martensitic and ferritic Stainless steels have a particularly low tendency to redeposit copper. thats why the method according to the invention in particular for austenitic stainless steel suitable. In the case of austenitic stainless steel, a wider range is available Copper concentrations possible than with other types of stainless steel.
- a treatment solution can be used, the 30 to 180 g / l Contains sulfuric acid.
- a treatment solution is also used which contains 1 to 60 g / l of hydrofluoric acid.
- a treatment solution is preferably used, which contains both sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid.
- nitric acid Because of the ecological and economic Disadvantages of nitric acid are used in the process according to the invention a treatment solution that is free of nitric acid.
- iron (III) ions act as oxidizing agents in a reduction-oxidation reaction, where they impoverished the metallic iron of the chrome Oxidize metallic surface layer to the bivalent stage and thereby dissolve the layer.
- the treatment solution should therefore be at least 10 g / l, preferably contain more than 20 g / l iron (III) ions.
- redox potential reduction-oxidation potential
- the inventive method can also be operated so that instead of of the ratio Fe (III) to Fe (II) the redox potential of the solution for assessment uses whether the solution has sufficient pickling and / or passivation capacity having.
- the treatment solution is said to have a redox potential relative to a silver / silver chloride electrode of at least 200 mV.
- the redox potential is preferably at least 220 mV and in particular at least 250 mV.
- the upper limit of the potential range to be set can be at about 800 mV can be selected.
- Treatment solutions with redox potential are effective below about 350 mV, especially during treatment solutions with a redox potential of 350 mV and above usually have a passivating effect.
- the redox potential depends both on the concentration of the Sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid. This leads to otherwise the same Conditions an increase in the concentration of sulfuric acid to an increase in potential and an increase in the concentration of hydrofluoric acid to a potential decrease.
- the efficiency of the oxidation reaction can be increased if instead of air oxygen enriched air or pure oxygen through the Treatment solution leads.
- the amount of time to contact with Oxygen or the amount of oxygen used is preferably controlled the measurement of the redox potential, for example with a redox electrode. This makes it possible to see whether the desired value of the redox potential or the desired degree of oxidation of the iron ions has been reached.
- An essential component of the pickling bath are hydrogen fluoride or fluoride ions formed therefrom. These particularly complex the trivalent iron ions and keep them in solution. Therefore, the Treatment solution contain the more hydrogen fluoride or fluoride ions, each the concentration of the trivalent iron ions is set higher.
- the Adaptation of the fluoride ion concentration to the iron content is particularly important Treatment solutions important that are used as pickling solutions. By the during the pickling process divalent iron and its catalytic iron Oxidation to the trivalent stage increases the concentration of trivalent Iron during the duration of the procedure. To stabilize this Solutions are therefore fluoride ion concentrations in the upper half of the claimed range, for example from about 25 to about 40 g / l.
- the treatment solution is used as a passivation bath, the Metal surface no more iron loosened, so that it Passivation bath concentration not increased. Accordingly, there is a concentration of Fluoride ions in the lower half of the claimed range, e.g. from 1 to 25 g / l is sufficient.
- pickling solutions of the following composition can be used, which for the catalytic oxidation of Fe (II) according to the invention can additionally preferably contain 200 to 600 mg / l Cu (II) ions (concentrations in g / l): Solution 1 Solution 2 Solution 3 Solution 4 H 2 SO 4 110 110 110 HF 30 10 10 30 Fe (III) 20 40 30 30 Fe (II) 40 20 30 30
- the success of the pickling process depends on the fact that there is sufficient per unit of time Number of Fe (III) ions in contact with the surface of the material to be treated come to trigger the redox reaction with the metallic iron. Therefore it is advisable to treat the material to be treated or, preferably, the treatment solution keep moving. This becomes the boundary layer of the solution quickly renewed on the surface of the material to be treated, so that the formed Fe (II) ions are removed and new Fe (III) ions are brought to the surface become. Too little mass transfer on the surface of the material to be treated leads however not only to a slow pickling reaction, but can also result in the inventive methods have the undesirable consequence that elementary Copper precipitates on the metal surface.
- the pickling solution contained 40 g / l Fe (II) and 200 ppm copper ions. At a solution temperature of 23 ° C., air was passed through 100 ml of solution and the decrease in the content of Fe (II) was determined. Result: Baseline: 40 g / l after 1 hour 39 g / l after 2 hours 38.5 g / l After 3 hours 38 g / l
- the conversion rate ⁇ (in kg / m 3 x day) was determined for different Cu (II) concentrations analogously to Example 1 (bath temperature: 23 ° C.). Result: Cu (II) concentration (ppm) ⁇ (kg / m 3 x day) 200 13.7 400 37.3 600 40
- Example 2 was repeated, with technical grade oxygen gas being passed through the pickling solution instead of air. Result: Cu (II) concentration (ppm) ⁇ (kg / m 3 x day) 200 41.1 400 70.7 600 81.0
- Example 4 was repeated with oxygen instead of air. Result: Temperature (° C) ⁇ (kg / m 3 x day) 23 41.1 40 126.5 60 205.3
- the experiment shows that additional surfaces in the pickling solution make contact with the Pickling solution with the gas and thus also improve the conversion rate.
Description
Lösung 1 | Lösung 2 | Lösung 3 | Lösung 4 | |
H2SO4 | 110 | 110 | 110 | 110 |
HF | 30 | 10 | 10 | 30 |
Fe(III) | 20 | 40 | 30 | 30 |
Fe(II) | 40 | 20 | 30 | 30 |
Ausgangswert: | 40 g/l |
nach 1 Stunde | 39 g/l |
nach 2 Stunden | 38, 5 g/l |
nach 3 Stunden | 38 g/l |
Cu(II)-Konzentration (ppm) | σ (kg/m3 x Tag) |
200 | 13,7 |
400 | 37,3 |
600 | 40 |
Cu(II)-Konzentration (ppm) | σ (kg/m3 x Tag) |
200 | 41,1 |
400 | 70,7 |
600 | 81,0 |
Temperatur (°C) | σ (kg/m3 x Tag) |
23 | 13,8 |
40 | 53,9 |
60 | 73,1 |
Temperatur (°C) | σ (kg/m3 x Tag) |
23 | 41,1 |
40 | 126,5 |
60 | 205,3 |
Luftfluß (Liter/Minute) | σ (kg/m3 x Tag) |
1 | 40 |
0,7 | 37,6 |
Ohne Füllkörper | σ = 32,7 kg/m3 x Tag |
Mit Füllköper | σ = 53,2 kg/m3 x Tag. |
Zeit / Cu-Konzentration | 400 ppm Cu | 1000 ppm Cu | 2000 ppm Cu |
Start | 266 mV | 266 mV | 266 mV |
1 Stunde | 295 mV | 303 mV | 311 mV |
2 Stunden | 310 mV | 317 mV | 330 mV |
3 Stunden | 319 mV | 324 mV | 339 mV |
4 Stunden | 326 mV | 336 mV | 350 mV |
5 Stunden | 330 mV | 342 mV | 356 mV |
Claims (10)
- Verfahren zum Beizen und/oder Passivieren von Edelstahl, wobei man den Edelstahl mit einer wäßrigen Behandlungslösung mit einem pH-Wert kleiner oder gleich 2,5 mit einer Temperatur im Bereich von 30 bis 70°C, die 15 bis 100g/l Eisenionen enthält, in Kontakt bringt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man während des Beizprozesses gebildete Fe(II) zur dreiwertigen Stufe oxidiert unter Verwendung einer Behandlungslösung, die mindestens 10 g/l Fe(III)-Ionen sowie Fluorwasserstoff als wesentliche Komponente in einer Konzentration von 1 bis 60 g/l enthält und frei von Salpetersäure ist, wobei man die Behandlungslösung zum Beizen von austenitischem Edelstahl in Gegenwart von 50 bis 600 mg/l Kupfer(II)-Ionen, zum Beizen von martensitischem, ferritischem oder ausscheidungsgehärtetem Edelstahl oder von Duplexstahl in Gegenwart von 50 bis 300 mg/l Kupferionen mit Sauerstoff in Kontakt bringt.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Behandlungslösung 30 bis 180 g/l Schwefelsäure enthält.
- Verfahren nach einem oder beiden der Ansprüche 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man die Behandlungslösung mit so viel Sauerstoff in Kontakt bringt, daß das Verhältnis von Fe(III) zu Fe(II) mindestens 0,3 ist.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man die Behandlungslösung mit so viel Sauerstoff in Kontakt bringt, daß das Verhältnis von Fe(III) zu Fe(II) mindestens 1 ist.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Behandlungslösung mindestens 20 g/l Fe(III) enthält.
- Verfahren nach einem oder beiden der Ansprüche 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man die Behandlungslösung mit so viel Sauerstoff in Kontakt bringt, daß das Redoxpotential der Behandlungslösung relativ zu einer Silber/Silberchloridelektrode im Bereich von 200 bis 800 mV liegt.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man einen Anteil der Behandlungslösung entnimmt, mit Sauerstoff in Kontakt bringt und anschließend wieder mit dem Rest der Behandlungslösung vereinigt.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man die Behandlungslösung dadurch mit Sauerstoff in Kontakt bringt, daß man Sauerstoffgas oder ein Sauerstoff enthaltendes Gas durch die Behandlungslösung leitet.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Sauerstoff als einziges Oxidationsmittel eingesetzt wird, um Fe(II) zu Fe(III) zu oxidieren.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man die Behandlungslösung durch Einblasen von Luft oder durch Rühr- oder Umpumpeinrichtungen in Bewegung hält
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19755350A DE19755350A1 (de) | 1997-12-12 | 1997-12-12 | Verfahren zum Beizen und Passivieren von Edelstahl |
DE19755350 | 1997-12-12 | ||
PCT/EP1998/007866 WO1999031296A1 (de) | 1997-12-12 | 1998-12-03 | Verfahren zum beizen und passivieren von edelstahl |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1040211A1 EP1040211A1 (de) | 2000-10-04 |
EP1040211B1 true EP1040211B1 (de) | 2004-03-03 |
Family
ID=7851742
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98965754A Expired - Lifetime EP1040211B1 (de) | 1997-12-12 | 1998-12-03 | Verfahren zum beizen und passivieren von edelstahl |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1040211B1 (de) |
AR (1) | AR010966A1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2157999A (de) |
DE (2) | DE19755350A1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2217621T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1999031296A1 (de) |
ZA (1) | ZA9811343B (de) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0974682A1 (de) * | 1998-07-18 | 2000-01-26 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien | Verfahren zur chemischen Behandlung von Metalloberflächen und dazu geeignete Anlage |
IT1302202B1 (it) | 1998-09-11 | 2000-07-31 | Henkel Kgaa | Processo di decapaggio elettrolitico con soluzioni esenti da acidonitrico. |
WO2001058625A1 (en) | 2000-02-10 | 2001-08-16 | Tetronics Limited | Plasma arc reactor for the production of fine powders |
GB0004845D0 (en) | 2000-02-29 | 2000-04-19 | Tetronics Ltd | A method and apparatus for packaging ultra fine powders into containers |
JP5241984B2 (ja) * | 2000-04-10 | 2013-07-17 | テトロニクス リミテッド | ツイン・プラズマ・トーチ装置 |
DE10160318A1 (de) * | 2001-12-07 | 2003-06-18 | Henkel Kgaa | Verfahren zum Beizen von martensitischem oder ferritischem Edelstahl |
AU2002333772A1 (en) * | 2002-08-30 | 2004-03-19 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | An economic method for restoring the oxidation potential of a pickling solution |
KR100777171B1 (ko) | 2002-10-15 | 2007-11-16 | 헨켈 코만디트게젤샤프트 아우프 악티엔 | 강 및 스테인레스강을 위한 산세 또는 광택/부동태화 용액및 방법 |
DE102004041097A1 (de) * | 2004-08-24 | 2006-03-02 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Bauteils |
US20060182674A1 (en) * | 2005-02-02 | 2006-08-17 | Javier Jara | Reduction of copper content in the molybdenite concentrate |
DE102012024542A1 (de) * | 2012-12-14 | 2014-06-18 | Poligrat Gmbh | Thixotropes Beizmittel |
EP3771749A1 (de) * | 2019-07-29 | 2021-02-03 | Ewald Dörken Ag | Verfahren zur passivierung metallischer substrate |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2136303B2 (de) * | 1971-07-14 | 1975-08-28 | New Canadian Processes Ltd., Toronto, Ontario (Kanada) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Eisen (lll)-chlorid aus Eisen (H)-ChIorid |
US4707349A (en) * | 1986-02-28 | 1987-11-17 | Hjersted Norman B | Process of preparing a preferred ferric sulfate solution, and product |
JPH01165783A (ja) * | 1987-12-23 | 1989-06-29 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | ステンレス鋼帯用酸洗浴の更新方法 |
JPH02205692A (ja) * | 1989-02-04 | 1990-08-15 | Nippon Steel Corp | ステンレス鋼の酸洗方法およびその設備 |
FR2673200A1 (fr) * | 1991-02-25 | 1992-08-28 | Ugine Aciers | Procede de surdecapage de materiaux en acier tels que les aciers inoxydables et les aciers allies. |
IT1245594B (it) * | 1991-03-29 | 1994-09-29 | Itb Srl | Processo di decapaggio e di passivazione di acciaio inossidabile senza acido nitrico |
IT1255655B (it) * | 1992-08-06 | 1995-11-09 | Processo di decapaggio e passivazione di acciaio inossidabile senza impiego di acido nitrico | |
IT1276954B1 (it) * | 1995-10-18 | 1997-11-03 | Novamax Itb S R L | Processo di decapaggio e di passivazione di acciaio inossidabile senza impiego di acido nitrico |
FR2745301B1 (fr) * | 1996-02-27 | 1998-04-03 | Usinor Sacilor | Procede de decapage d'une piece en acier et notamment d'une bande de tole en acier inoxydable |
EP0795628B1 (de) * | 1996-03-14 | 2001-05-23 | CONDOROIL IMPIANTI s.r.l. | Beizen von rostfreien Stahlen mit kontinuierliche katalytische Oxidation der Beizlösung |
-
1997
- 1997-12-12 DE DE19755350A patent/DE19755350A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1998
- 1998-12-03 WO PCT/EP1998/007866 patent/WO1999031296A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1998-12-03 EP EP98965754A patent/EP1040211B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-12-03 ES ES98965754T patent/ES2217621T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-12-03 DE DE59810931T patent/DE59810931D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-12-03 AU AU21579/99A patent/AU2157999A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-12-10 ZA ZA9811343A patent/ZA9811343B/xx unknown
- 1998-12-11 AR ARP980106294A patent/AR010966A1/es unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1999031296A1 (de) | 1999-06-24 |
EP1040211A1 (de) | 2000-10-04 |
DE19755350A1 (de) | 1999-06-17 |
ZA9811343B (en) | 1999-06-14 |
ES2217621T3 (es) | 2004-11-01 |
DE59810931D1 (de) | 2004-04-08 |
AR010966A1 (es) | 2000-07-12 |
AU2157999A (en) | 1999-07-05 |
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